The life of James, first duke of Ormonde, 1610-1688; (vol. 1)

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read the passage as the book has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too.

1. Galway town eager for treaty, then capitulates

   Galway · city · Galway · 1651–1652

   The town of Galway would gladly have embraced Lorraine's treaty had the Duke responded to its municipality's advances, but the compact lacked official sanction. Galway eventually capitulated on 12 May 1652, practically marking the conclusion of the war.

   Read the passage

   Despite these prohibitions, the town of Galway would gladly have embraced the treaty, had the Duke responded to the advances of its municipality, but he probably felt that a compact lacking all official sanction would be of little advantage ; while, after the defeat of Worcester, James of York was no longer so eligible a husband for his baby girl. Moreover, and this consideration clinched his decision, Lorraine had finally ascertained that subsidies to Ireland would not be accepted by the Curia as a sufficient price for the dispensation of which he stood in need. Thus the whole intrigue crumbled to nothingness, although the bickerings it had aroused materially added to the difficulties of Clanricarde's position. The clergy opposed him with a bitterness that recalled their attacks on Ormonde, and Clanricarde found all his endeavours to withstand the common enemy frustrated by their lies, their violence, and their anathemas.

   In July Athlone fell, and on October the 17th Limerick surrendered to Ireton. The situation was so desperate that Ormonde urged Muskerry to make terms with the English.

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   As the companion tells it

   Galway is a city the road passes through. In 1651 its town leaders wanted to embrace a treaty, and they made advances to the Duke, hoping he would respond. He did not. He probably felt that a compact lacking all official sanction would be of little advantage. After the defeat of Worcester, James of York was no longer so eligible a husband for his baby girl. Lorraine had also finally ascertained that subsidies to Ireland would not be accepted by the Curia as a sufficient price for the dispensation he stood in need of. The whole intrigue crumbled to nothingness. The clergy opposed Clanricarde with a bitterness that recalled their attacks on Ormonde, and he found all his endeavours to withstand the common enemy frustrated by what the record calls their lies, their violence, and their anathemas. In July Athlone fell, and on October the 17th Limerick surrendered to Ireton. The situation was so desperate that Ormonde urged Muskerry to make terms with the English. Galway capitulated on 12 May 1652, practically marking the conclusion of the war.

2. Inchiquin besieged in Cork while Castlehaven ravages countryside

   Cork · city · Cork · 1645

   In April 1645, Inchiquin's truce with the Confederates expired but he could not take the field, remaining entrenched behind the walls of Cork. Castlehaven wasted the surrounding countryside and burned the English harvests until September, when Lord Broghill managed to relieve Youghal.

   Read the passage

   In the beginning of April, Inchiquin's truce with the Confederates expired, but he was unable to take the field, and, entrenched behind the walls of Cork, had to look on while Castlehaven wasted the surrounding country and burned the English harvests. This state of affairs lasted until September, when Lord Broghill contrived to relieve Youghal, and Castlehaven and his force dispersed. Hitherto, Connaught had been spared the worst horrors of civil strife. The inhabitants, it is true, had suffered from Scottish raids, but these were sporadic, and not, as elsewhere, chronic evils ; and, if the Confederates had accepted Ormonde's proposal to undertake the defence of the province, they could have been ended. It was not long before the Supreme Council regretted their refusal of his offer. In the autumn, the long-rumoured union between the English and Scottish forces in the north became an accomplished fact. The alliance seemed at first likely to advance the royal cause, but the alarm it created in England roused the Parliament to fresh

   ' Carte, vol. iii. p. 93.

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   As the companion tells it

   Cork, in 1645, was a city under pressure. In April, Inchiquin's truce with the Confederates expired, but he could not take the field. He stayed entrenched behind the city walls and had to look on while Castlehaven wasted the surrounding country and burned the English harvests. This lasted until September, when Lord Broghill contrived to relieve Youghal, and Castlehaven and his force dispersed. Up to this point, Connaught had been spared the worst horrors of civil strife. The inhabitants had suffered from Scottish raids, but these were sporadic, not the chronic evils felt elsewhere. Ormonde had proposed to undertake the defence of the province, which the Confederates refused. The Supreme Council soon regretted their refusal of his offer. In the autumn, the long-rumoured union between the English and Scottish forces in the north became an accomplished fact. The alliance seemed at first likely to advance the royal cause, but the alarm it created in England roused the Parliament to fresh efforts.

3. Jamestown surrenders to Commonwealth

   Jamestown · townland · Leitrim · 1652

   On 7 April 1652, Jamestown surrendered to Commonwealth forces, shortly after Roscommon's capitulation. The terms allowed Irishmen to transport themselves abroad, though clergy were denied residence within Parliamentary quarters.

   Read the passage

   Some time elapsed before the Confederates could bring themselves to act on Ormonde's advice. Not until February 1652 did Clanricarde make formal overtures of peace to the Commonwealth authorities, and then Ludlow, who had succeeded to the Chief Command of the English Army on Ireton's death, scornfully rejected the advances. The victors knew that they were in a position to dictate their conditions, nor had they long to wait before they accomplished their purpose. Barely a month later Colonel John Fitz Patrick,- commanding in West Meath, inaugurated the long roll of surrenders. His example was rapidly followed by Roscommon on April the 3rd, and by Jamestown on the 7th of April. The Capitulation of Galway on May the 12th practically marked the conclusion of the war. Life and liberty were guaranteed to all combatants, save those who should be convicted of participation in the massacres of Englishmen and Protestants during 164 1 and 1642, or who had subsequently murdered unarmed persons. Irishmen received leave to transport themselves abroad. For the clergy the terms were more severe, since residence within Parliamentary quarters was denied to all priests, regular or secular. The disposition of property was reserved for the consideration of Parliament. Clanricarde, whose noble spirit evoked sympathy even from his opponents, was allowed to retire to his English estates, but rest and peace came too late to save his life, and he died the following year.

   ^ Hist. MSS., Ormonde MSS., N.S., vol. i. p. 214. Ormonde to Lord Muskerry. September 1651. ^ Gardiner, vol. ii. pp. 127-8.

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   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here, Jamestown gave itself up to Commonwealth forces on the 7th of April, 1652. The surrender came just days after Roscommon's capitulation on April the 3rd, part of a sequence of surrenders that began when Colonel John Fitz Patrick, commanding in West Meath, became the first to submit. These surrenders followed the rejection of peace overtures. In February 1652, Clanricarde had made formal approaches to the Commonwealth authorities. Ludlow, who had taken over as Chief Command of the English Army after Ireton's death, scornfully rejected the advances. The victors knew they could dictate their terms, and they did not have long to wait. Life and liberty were guaranteed to all combatants, except those convicted of participation in the massacres of Englishmen and Protestants, or who had subsequently murdered unarmed persons. Irishmen received leave to transport themselves abroad. For the clergy the terms were harder. Residence within Parliamentary quarters was denied to all priests, whether regular or secular. The disposition of property was reserved for Parliament to decide. Clanricarde, whose noble spirit drew sympathy even from his opponents, was allowed to retire to his English estates. But rest and peace came too late to save his life, and he died the following year.

4. Lady Moore sent under guard to Dublin

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1645

   After the discovery and defeat of Lady Moore's plot to betray Drogheda and Dundalk, she was sent under guard to Dublin to face the Lord-Lieutenant, who proved a singularly gallant viceroy in dealing with her.

   Read the passage

   This was not the only check the Puritans received during the winter and early spring of 1645. A conspiracy fomented by Alice, Lady Moore, the widow of one of Ormonde's bravest lieutenants, and the mother of the actual governor of Dundalk, well-nigh brought about the betrayal of both that place and Drogheda to Munroe in January. It was not alone by a vast expenditure of pious cajolery that Lady Moore endeavoured to gain the adhesion of the various commanding officers. This redoubtable matron herself superintended the forging of false keys to admit Munroe into Drogheda, but, despite the masterly character of the design, at the eleventh hour, the plots were discovered and defeated, and Lady Moore was sent under guard to Dublin. Happily for her, she had to deal with a singularly gallant viceroy. Moreover, the discovery that his old friend Sir Patrick Wemyss, though cognisant of the intrigue, had kept silence for fear of injuring his wards, the children of Lady Moore, may have made that lady's sins appear almost venial in comparison. Sir Patrick had done much to bring about Ormonde's marriage, and, in return, the Lord - Lieutenant had admitted him to the closest intimacy. In fact, he had chosen Sir Patrick as guardian to the son and heir who already filled so large a place in all his ambitions, and he had frequently employed the Scotsman to carry confidential messages to the King. In the course of these missions Wemyss must have ingratiated himself with Charles, for the King and Lord-Lieutenant had vied with one another in showing Wemyss favours and good offices. Ormonde felt that Sir Patrick's concealment of the conspiracy was consequently " lesse pardonable, than the contrivance and action of others lesse obleeged." ^ But though he could not condone the knight's backslidings he did not fail to plead for him in the proper quarter.

   ^ Carte, vol. vi. p. 23 1. Ormonde to Clanricarde, Dublin Castle, i6th January 1644-5.

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   As the companion tells it

   Dublin is where Alice, Lady Moore, was brought under guard in January 1645, after her conspiracy to betray Drogheda and Dundalk was discovered and defeated. She was the widow of one of Ormonde's bravest lieutenants, and the mother of the actual governor of Dundalk. Her plot well-nigh brought about the surrender of both places to Munroe. It was not alone by a vast expenditure of pious cajolery that she tried to win over the various commanding officers. This redoubtable matron herself superintended the forging of false keys to admit Munroe into Drogheda. Despite the masterly character of the design, the plot was discovered at the eleventh hour. Happily for her, she had to deal with a singularly gallant viceroy. The Lord-Lieutenant may also have been moved by the discovery that his old friend Sir Patrick Wemyss, though he knew of the intrigue, had kept silence for fear of injuring his wards, the children of Lady Moore. Sir Patrick had done much to bring about Ormonde's marriage, and Ormonde had admitted him to the closest intimacy, choosing him as guardian to his son and heir, and employing him to carry confidential messages to the King. Ormonde felt that Sir Patrick's concealment was, in his own words, "lesse pardonable, than the contrivance and action of others lesse obleeged." Yet he still pleaded for him in the proper quarter.

5. London colonists' lands forfeited in Londonderry plantation

   Derry · townland · Derry · 1635–1639

   The London colonists in Ulster violated their charter by admitting Irish Catholic tenants. The Star Chamber imposed forfeiture and a fine of £70,000 in 1635, later reduced to £12,000, but the forfeiture gave Wentworth significant powers over the Londonderry estates.

   Read the passage

   The conditions by which the London colonists held their vast territory in Ulster had undoubtedly been violated. Some of these breaches of the original covenant were wilful. More were unavoidable. The main object of James I.'s plantation had been the restocking of the country with men of British birth. But, at that date, neither England nor Scotland possessed a surplus population for the task. The number of emigrants, who ventured to face the natives and other discomforts of that wild region, was insufficient to cultivate the undertakers' allotments. In these circumstances, what proprietor could be expected to reject natives as tenants for farms, otherwise condemned to run to waste ? Moreover, it must be admitted that the mere Irish were willing to pay larger rents than the newcomers. Thus, at the first push of necessity, the corner-stone of James I.'s elaborate structure crumbled. Nevertheless, although inevitable, the admission of Papist Irish as leaseholders invalidated the City's Charter. The case was judged by the Star Chamber in 1635 ; and forfeiture and a fine of ^^"70,000 were imposed on the citizens.

   Four years later this enormous sum was reduced to ;^i2,ooo; but the forfeiture was maintained, and conferred powers on Wentworth which he was not slow to use. The

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   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here, the London colonists held vast territory in Ulster under conditions they had violated. Some of these breaches of the original covenant were wilful. More were unavoidable. The main object of James the First's plantation had been to restock the country with men of British birth. But at that date neither England nor Scotland possessed a surplus population for the task. The number of emigrants willing to face the natives and other discomforts of that wild region was insufficient to cultivate the undertakers' allotments. No proprietor could be expected to reject natives as tenants for farms otherwise condemned to run to waste. The mere Irish were willing to pay larger rents than the newcomers. Thus, at the first push of necessity, the cornerstone of James's elaborate structure crumbled. The admission of Papist Irish as leaseholders invalidated the City's Charter. The case was judged by the Star Chamber in 1635, and forfeiture and a fine of 70,000 pounds were imposed on the citizens. Four years later this enormous sum was reduced to 12,000 pounds, but the forfeiture was maintained, and conferred powers on Wentworth which he was not slow to use.

6. Lord Dillon meets insurgents at Longford

   Longford · town · Longford · 1641

   Thomas, Lord Dillon of Costelogh, a Protestant Privy Councillor, had recently met the chief insurgents at Longford and was acquainted with their demands. He was selected by both houses of Parliament to lay their views before the King.

   Read the passage

   Thomas, Lord Dillon of Costelogh, a Protestant Privy Councillor, had been one of the Committee sent to Westminster by the Irish House of Lords in the previous spring. He had recently met the chief insurgents at Longford, and, being acquainted with their demands, was well fitted to enlighten English statesmen on the situation. The two houses, therefore, selected him to lay their views and wishes before the King. We only know these overtures at secondhand, for no sooner did Lord Dillon reach London than he was arrested and examined by a committee of the House of Commons. Evidently, the propositions were no more calculated to find acceptance with that body, of which Pym was the chairman, than with the Lords Justices, for the requirements of the Irish Catholics included freedom of conscience, the independence of the national Parliament — which was to be called together in January — and the appointment of Ormonde as Lord-Lieutenant ; while it was to be anticipated that during the session those officers,' who were more faithful to the Parliament than to the King, would probably be superseded by others of whose loyalty there could be no doubt. On these conditions, the lords and gentlemen, whom Dillon represented,^ declared that they would be answerable with

   ' Carte, vol. ii. p. 69. 2 Gardiner, Idem.

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   As the companion tells it

   In 1641, Longford was where Thomas, Lord Dillon of Costelogh, met the chief insurgents. He was a Protestant Privy Councillor, and he had recently met with them. He knew their demands, which made him well fitted to explain the situation to English statesmen. The two houses of Parliament selected him to lay their views and wishes before the King. He had already served on a committee sent to Westminster by the Irish House of Lords the previous spring. No sooner did Lord Dillon reach London than he was arrested and examined by a committee of the House of Commons, with Pym as chairman. The propositions were unlikely to find acceptance there or with the Lords Justices. The Irish Catholics required freedom of conscience, the independence of the national Parliament, which was to be called in January, and the appointment of Ormonde as Lord-Lieutenant. Officers more faithful to Parliament than to the King would probably be superseded. On these conditions the lords and gentlemen Dillon represented declared they would be answerable.

7. Lord Esmond's surrender and capitulation at Duncannon

   Duncannon · town · Wexford · 1645

   Lord Esmond, fearing Ormonde's troopers would oppose his surrender of Duncannon to Parliament, refused royalist succour. Ill-equipped to resist the Confederate forces, he capitulated to Preston after a protracted blockade in March 1645 and died a week later.

   Read the passage

   Inchiquin's alliance with Parliament had not brought him the aid he anticipated. In fact a certain ridicule attached to his position since,directly after his grandiloquent declaration of war, he had been forced to solicit a truce from the Irish.^ Lord Esmond was in the same plight, and as his raids had exasperated the Confederates, he was not even so lucky as Inchiquin. On the eve of his secession, fearing that the Lord - Lieutenant's troopers might oppose his surrender of Duncannon to Parliament,

   1 Carte, vol. v. p. 9. King to Ormonde, Oxford, i8th January 1644-5. ^ Idem, vol. ix. King to Ormonde. ^ Idem, vol. iii. p. 154.

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   As the companion tells it

   Duncannon, in Wexford. Lord Esmond held this place, and his raids had exasperated the Confederates. He was in the same plight as Inchiquin, whose alliance with Parliament had not brought the aid he anticipated. Lord Esmond was not even so lucky. On the eve of his secession, he feared the Lord-Lieutenant's troopers might oppose his surrender to Parliament. After a protracted blockade, he capitulated to Preston in March 1645, and died a week later.

8. O'Neill marches from Birr to surprise Dublin or Kilkenny

   Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1646

   Ormonde received intelligence that the Ulster General Owen Roe O'Neill was marching from Birr with a large force, intending to surprise either Dublin or Kilkenny. This confirmed the danger of Ormonde's position in Tipperary.

   Read the passage

   Bent alike on conciliation, and on reassuring his troubled supporters, Ormonde earnestly pursued negotiations with the Waterford congregation. On the loth of September, having arranged a meeting with some members of the nobility at Cashel, he was on his way thither, when he was met by a message from the mayor begging him to turn back, since Owen Roe O'Neill had threatened the town with destruction if it admitted the Lord-Lieutenant.^ At the same time, Ormonde received intelligence from two different sources that the Ulster General was marching from Birr with a large force, to surprise either Dublin or Kilkenny.^ Owen himself had preserved his usual reticence about his plans. But the priests were already crowing over the anticipated capture of the Lord-Lieutenant and his subjection— should he prove intractable — to nameless outrage.

   ^ Gilbert, " Confederation," vol. vi. p. 134. Mayor of Cashel to Ormonde, loth September 1646.

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   As the companion tells it

   Through the town of Birr, in 1646, the Ulster General Owen Roe O'Neill marched with a large force, intending to surprise either Dublin or Kilkenny. Ormonde, the Lord-Lieutenant, received this intelligence from two different sources while on his way to Cashel for a meeting with members of the nobility on the 10th of September. A message from the mayor of Cashel met him, begging him to turn back, because O'Neill had threatened the town with destruction if it admitted the Lord-Lieutenant. O'Neill himself had kept his usual reticence about his plans. But the priests were already "crowing over the anticipated capture of the Lord-Lieutenant and his subjection—should he prove intractable—to nameless outrage."

9. Ormonde departs for peace conference at Castle Martin

   Castlemartin · townland · Kildare · 1643

   With no proposals forthcoming from the Council to meet the military and financial difficulties, Ormonde set out for Castle Martin, where the Catholic Confederate envoys had already assembled to negotiate a cessation of hostilities.

   Read the passage

   declared it was beyond their power, and as no one had any proposals to offer which met the difficulties, the next morning Ormonde started for Castle Martin, where the Catholic envoys were already assembled.

   The wrangling and bargaining that now ensued must have been more wearisome to Ormonde than all the drudgery of an Irish campaign.^ Finally, he agreed that the Confederates should retain the right of making war on all persons not recognising the cessation. The King's army, however, was not to join such punitive expeditions, and breaches of the peace were to be regarded as purely local, and as susceptible, whenever possible, of arbitration. A deputation of lay Roman Catholics was to receive safe conducts to wait upon the King in Enp-land. All women and children, and all men not guilty of crimes, or indicted of high treason, were to be set free with their goods and chattels, within seven days of the cessation. Conditionally on the collection of the King's Revenue, as heretofore practised, free commerce was permitted. These articles met the Confederates' principal demands. Nevertheless, haggling continued unabated, until the Marquis, growing hopeless, determined once more to try the fortunes of war with Preston. And much to the disgust of the delegates, who threatened to complain of his action to the King, he actually left Castle Martin to take command of a military expedition.

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   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Castlemartin, in 1643, Ormonde arrived to negotiate a cessation of hostilities. The Council had no proposals to offer for the military and financial difficulties, so the next morning he set out for Castle Martin, where the Catholic Confederate envoys were already assembled. What followed was wrangling and bargaining that must have been more wearisome to him than all the drudgery of an Irish campaign. He finally agreed that the Confederates should retain the right of making war on all persons not recognising the cessation. The King's army, however, was not to join such punitive expeditions. Breaches of the peace were to be regarded as purely local, and susceptible, whenever possible, of arbitration. A deputation of lay Roman Catholics was to receive safe conducts to wait upon the King in England. All women and children, and all men not guilty of crimes or indicted of high treason, were to be set free with their goods and chattels within seven days of the cessation. Conditionally on the collection of the King's Revenue, as heretofore practised, free commerce was permitted. These articles met the Confederates' principal demands. Nevertheless, haggling continued unabated. Ormonde, growing hopeless, determined once more to try the fortunes of war with Preston. Much to the disgust of the delegates, who threatened to complain of his action to the King, he left Castle Martin to take command of a military expedition.

10. Ormonde re-enters Dublin after retreat

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1646

    On 13 September 1646, Ormonde re-entered Dublin with Lord Castlehaven bearing the Sword of State before him, after his retreat from Kilkenny. The population rejoiced, having been greatly alarmed by sinister rumours.

    Read the passage

    From the hour that Bagnal allowed Ormonde to march past his guns, the chief obstacle in the Lord- Lieutenant's route was surmounted, though there could be no slackening of the pace, until the river at Kilcullen was forded and left in the rear. Nor did it diminish the sense of danger that the powder served out to the soldiers — part of the ;^30,ooo worth of stores paid over by the Confederates at the Cessation — proved worthless. Rapid as were O'Neill's movements, his large army could not equal the speed of Ormonde's slender force.^ The English won to Kilcullen ; and amidst the rejoicings of the population, who had been greatly alarmed by sinister rumours, on the 13th of September, Ormonde re-entered Dublin, with Lord Castlehaven bearing the Sword of State before him. Ormonde's misadventures had taught him the futility of depending on the Supreme Council's pledges. He saw that all power had passed from the

    1 Father D'Alton, " History of Ireland," vol, ii. p. 290. ^ Carte, vol. iii. p. 264.

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    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1646 was a city that had reason to fear. Sinister rumours had spread through the population, and when Ormonde had marched out, his route was anything but certain. Bagnal allowed him to march past his guns, and though that chief obstacle was surmounted, there could be no slackening of pace until the river at Kilcullen was forded and left behind. The danger did not diminish when the powder given to the soldiers proved worthless. This was part of 30,000 worth of stores paid over by the Confederates at the Cession. O'Neill moved rapidly, but his large army could not match the speed of Ormonde's slender force. The English won to Kilcullen. Then, on 13 September 1646, Ormonde re-entered Dublin with Lord Castlehaven bearing the Sword of State before him. The population rejoiced. Ormonde's misadventures had taught him the futility of depending on the Supreme Council's pledges.

11. Spanish garrison put to the sword at Smerwick

    Smerwick · townland · Kerry

    Ormonde was present at Smerwick when the Spanish garrison was put to the sword during the Elizabethan campaigns in Ireland. This was one of the violent methods used to suppress rebellion.

    Read the passage

    A description of the campaigns in which Black Tom took a leading part, would far exceed the limits of this sketch, and those who wish to pursue the subject further, can satisfy their curiosity in Mr Bagwell's history. Guerrilla warfare — and the rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone were little else — generally abounds in picturesque incidents, but is seldom a school of chivalry. Burnings, hangings, and famine were methods common to both sides in Ireland, and it is to be feared that Ormonde discovered no new and better means of pacifying his countrymen. We know also that he assisted without protest at Carrickfoyle and Smerwick, when the Spanish garrisons were put to the sword. He was not, however, an ungenerous foe. On the contrary, when the Baron of Lixnaw, who had done him incredible injury, was driven to bay and had recourse to Ormonde's tender mercies, he was not disappointed. The Earl interceded warmly on his behalf, and obtained a full pardon for the man, who in time past had made havoc of his domains. Nor did Ormonde fail to represent the miserable condition of the unfortunate inhabitants of the island. After Desmond's death ^ he

    ^ Ormonde's announcement of Desmond's death deserves to be quoted for its grim terseness. " I do send," he told Walsingham, " Her Highness profe

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    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, at Smerwick, a Spanish garrison was put to the sword during the Elizabethan campaigns in Ireland. Ormonde assisted without protest when it happened. The rebellions of Desmond and Tyrone were little else than guerrilla warfare, and guerrilla warfare is seldom a school of chivalry. Burnings, hangings, and famine were methods common to both sides in Ireland. It is to be feared that Ormonde discovered no new and better means of pacifying his countrymen. Yet he was not an ungenerous foe. When the Baron of Lixnaw, who had done him incredible injury, was driven to bay and had recourse to Ormonde's tender mercies, he was not disappointed. The Earl interceded warmly on his behalf and obtained a full pardon for the man who had made havoc of his domains. Nor did Ormonde fail to represent the miserable condition of the unfortunate inhabitants of the island. After Desmond's death, his announcement to Walsingham was grim and terse. "I do send," he told Walsingham, "Her Highness profe" — and there the record breaks off.

12. Wentworth imposes Anglican Articles on Irish Church in Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1634

    In Dublin, Wentworth overcame opposition from Convocation to replace the Irish Articles with Anglican Articles. He intimidated Dean Andrews of Limerick, chairing the committee, comparing him to Ananias, and the clergy submissively voted for the canon drafted by the Deputy.

    Read the passage

    independence already affected by these sturdy Northerners was, indeed, scarcely calculated to commend them to the autocratic Viceroy. Unlike his friend and correspondent Laud, Wentworth was no devotee of ritual. But in matters ecclesiastical, as in affairs of State, he had no mind to suffer the intrusion of private judgment. In Dublin, he quickly overbore the timid opposition evoked by his decision to substitute the Anglican Articles for those hitherto adopted by the Irish Church. He had a short way with mutinous clerks, which proved effectual. Learning that Convocation had actually ventured to appoint a committee to consider his order, he told the Chairman, Dean Andrews,

    "that certainly not a Dean of Limerick, but an Ananias had sate in the Chair of the Committee." Nor did the humbler divines escape reproof. They were admonished " how unlike Clergymen that owed canonical obedience to their Superiors they had proceeded ; how unheard a part it was for a few petty clerks to presume Articles of Faith without the privity of their Bishops'." ^

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    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 1634. Wentworth, the Viceroy, decided to substitute the Anglican Articles for those the Irish Church had until then adopted. He had no patience for private judgment in matters ecclesiastical, any more than in affairs of state. A timid opposition rose in Dublin, and he quickly overbore it. When Convocation dared to appoint a committee to consider his order, he dealt with it sharply. The chairman was Dean Andrews of Limerick. Wentworth told him, in words the record preserves, that certainly not a Dean of Limerick, but an Ananias had sat in the chair of the committee. The humbler divines did not escape either. They were admonished how unlike clergymen that owed canonical obedience to their superiors they had proceeded, and how unheard a part it was for a few petty clerks to presume articles of faith without the privity of their bishops. The clergy submitted, and voted for the canon the Deputy had drafted.

13. Ormonde's troubled sojourn in plague-stricken Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1650

    In early March 1650, Ormonde convoked Catholic prelates and Commissioners of Trust to Limerick, hoping to persuade its refractory corporation to accept a garrison. The citizens refused him ordinary civilities, imprisoned Lord Kilmallock for quartering horsemen within the city liberties, and the plague was increasing there.

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    " I cannot yet bragg much of the success of my indevours to satisfy the little assembly that was at Limerick, though I know nothing that was possible or in any degree reasonable that I have not offered. The sickness {i.e. the plague) increasing at Limerick, but much more the dishonour that fell upon His Majesty,

    ' Carte, vol. iii. p. 547.

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    As the companion tells it

    In March 1650 Ormonde came to Limerick hoping its corporation would accept a garrison. He had summoned Catholic prelates and Commissioners of Trust to persuade them. The citizens gave him no ordinary courtesy, and they imprisoned Lord Kilmallock for quartering horsemen within the city liberties. Ormonde wrote that he knew nothing reasonable he had not offered. The plague was increasing there. He could not brag of success.

14. Munroe surrenders Enniskillen to Coote

    near Enniskillen · town · Fermanagh · 1650

    Following the election of the Bishop of Clogher to the supreme military command of the Ulster army, Sir George Munroe's Protestant troops were further alienated. Munroe surrendered Enniskillen to Coote before he and his Scots quitted Ireland.

    Read the passage

    by contentions over its leadership, while Sir George Munroe's Protestant troops were being equally estranged by the fear that the Irish would expel all Scottish planters from the country. The choice of the Bishop of Clogher did not tend to dissipate such alarms. It was impossible for Protestants to regard the selection of a Popish prelate for the supreme military command, as aught but the triumph of the priesthood. Its result was immediately seen at Enniskillen, which Munroe surrendered to Coote before he and his Scots quitted Ireland. Ormonde was on good terms with the Bishop, and believed that the Ulstermen would more readily obey a spiritual than a lay chief. Eventually, therefore, he endorsed M'Mahon's commission, though not without manifold misgivings. On grounds of expediency alone, he deplored " the fatall itch the cleargy have to govern people and command armies." ^ On wider issues, its sinister significance was equally apparent. Already, the priests, emboldened by their victory, were calling with ever-increasing vehemence for the supersession of the Protestant by a Catholic Viceroy. Neither did it seem likely that their votes would be cast for the high-minded Clanricarde, Antrim, " that shallow engine," so justly suspected of double dyed perfidy, was far more likely to be their candidate. Sick at heart, Ormonde longed to resign his office, but the proposal was strongly opposed by those friends whose loyalty deserved consideration.

    " Leve not this kingdom," Castlehaven entreated, " you and your family will perish abroad ; you have noe means, you are an ill shifter ; you will be looked on as lost in reputation ; recover the kingdom or perish ; make friendship with the Bishops and Nation." '-^

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 58

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Enniskillen saw a turning point in 1650. Sir George Munroe's Protestant troops had grown estranged, fearing the Irish would drive out all Scottish planters from the country. When the Bishop of Clogher was chosen for the supreme military command of the Ulster army, Protestants could only see it as the triumph of the priesthood. Munroe surrendered the town to Coote, and then he and his Scots quit Ireland. Ormonde had been on good terms with the Bishop, and believed the Ulstermen would more readily obey a spiritual chief than a lay one. Eventually he endorsed M'Mahon's commission, though not without manifold misgivings. He deplored what he called "the fatall itch the cleargy have to govern people and command armies." The priests, emboldened by their victory, were calling with ever-increasing vehemence for a Catholic Viceroy to supersede the Protestant one. Neither did it seem likely their votes would go to the high-minded Clanricarde. Antrim, "that shallow engine," suspected of double-dyed perfidy, was far more likely to be their candidate. Ormonde, sick at heart, longed to resign his office, but friends whose loyalty deserved consideration strongly opposed it. Castlehaven entreated him: "Leve not this kingdom, you and your family will perish abroad; you have noe means, you are an ill shifter; you will be looked on as lost in reputation; recover the kingdom or perish; make friendship with the Bishops and Nation."

15. Bramhall administers confiscated revenues of Londonderry

    near Derry · city · Derry · 1634–1641

    Wentworth appointed Bishop Bramhall as Receiver-General for the confiscated revenues of Londonderry. Bramhall's diocese of Derry was fanatically puritan, and he became involved in constant litigation and prosecution against nonconformist ministers.

    Read the passage

    Although the Deputy possessed two admirable engines of coercion, both of his own creation, in Bishop Bramhall and the High Commission Court of Dublin, the sturdy settlers were not to be preached or fined into conformity. John Bramhall was the typical Ecclesiastic, who before the Reformation would have gravitated to the Exchequer ; and Wentworth, recognising his business capacities, appointed him Receiver - General for the confiscated revenues of Londonderry. Bramhall was an able administrator, a fair scholar, loyal and upright. All these virtues were, however, vitiated by an arrogant temper and an unlovely vehemence. The trials, conferences, and debates of that period are punctuated by his vitriolic interjections. No style savours less of the Apostle. Delivered in the tone of a termagant, his exhortations, with their exuberance of acrimony, recall choice passages of papal bulls, and at once appal and enliven the modern reader. But Cromwell's vehemently expressed disappointment when he failed to capture the " Irish Canterbury," shows that Bramhall was no mean opponent. The Bishop's temperament, at once orderly and unspiritual, naturally inclined him to share Laud's passion for uniformity. And as his own diocese of Derry was fanatically puritan he was soon involved in every kind of litigation and prosecution.

    It has been already said that the quarrel between the hierarchy and the laity mainly centred on the bodily attitude to be observed at the reception of the Eucharist. In the loud beating of the drum ecclesiastic, the still, small voice of Charity had scant chance of being heard ; and the conferences instituted by the Bishops to bring the preachers to conformity proved rather mischievous than helpful. Considering the manner in which the dispute was conducted, this could hardly be otherwise. Religious controversies have their own vernacular ; and it was not only in matters of the faith that the divines of the seventeenth century took the Fathers of the early Church for their exemplars. In language as emphatic

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 32

    As the companion tells it

    The road takes you through Derry, a city that in the 1630s became a battleground over how people should worship. Wentworth, the Lord Deputy, appointed Bishop John Bramhall as Receiver-General for the confiscated revenues of Londonderry. Bramhall was an able administrator, a fair scholar, loyal and upright. But these virtues were spoiled by an arrogant temper and an unlovely vehemence. His exhortations were delivered, as the record puts it, "in the tone of a termagant," and his language recalled "choice passages of papal bulls." His diocese of Derry was fanatically puritan, and he was soon involved in every kind of litigation and prosecution against nonconformist ministers. He shared Archbishop Laud's passion for uniformity, but the sturdy settlers were not to be preached or fined into conformity. The quarrel between the hierarchy and the laity centred mainly on the bodily attitude to be observed at the reception of the Eucharist. The bishops instituted conferences to bring the preachers to conformity, but these proved rather mischievous than helpful. In the loud beating of the drum ecclesiastic, the still, small voice of Charity had scant chance of being heard. Even Cromwell expressed vehement disappointment when he failed to capture the man called the "Irish Canterbury." Bramhall was no mean opponent, and the trials, conferences, and debates of that period are punctuated by his vitriolic interjections. No style, the writer notes, savours less of the Apostle.

16. Captain Swanley's planned seizure of Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1645

    Captain Swanley, notorious for drowning whole shiploads of Irish recruits captured at sea, had friends in Dublin ready to facilitate his seizure of the town. Ormonde received notice of the design and took timely steps to prevent a surprise.

    Read the passage

    It was not merely Lady Moore's machinations that gave Ormonde cause for anxiety in the early weeks of the new year. Captain Swanley, the commander of the Parliament's naval squadron, notorious for the noyades of whole shiploads of Irish recruits captured at sea, possessed friends in Dublin ready to facilitate his seizure of the town.* Ormonde had notice of the design, and took timely steps to prevent a surprise, but when his own familiar friend proved untrustworthy he must have

    1 Carte, vol. vi. p. 243. Ormonde to Lord Digby, Dublin Castle, 4th February 1644-5.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 45

    As the companion tells it

    In Dublin, in the early weeks of 1645, Ormonde had cause for anxiety beyond Lady Moore's machinations. Captain Swanley commanded the Parliament's naval squadron and was notorious for drowning whole shiploads of Irish recruits captured at sea. He had friends in Dublin ready to help him seize the town. Ormonde received notice of the plan and took timely steps to prevent a surprise, though his own familiar friend proved untrustworthy.

17. Clanricarde complains of hostile councils at Galway

    Galway · city · Galway · 1643

    In late 1643, Clanricarde wrote to Ormonde from Portumna complaining that councils of every kind except wisdom had been sitting at Galway, achieving nothing but affronts and prejudices against him and allowing him no quarter at all.

    Read the passage

    imagin, except I should pillage them," Clanricarde was not much better pleased. He told Ormonde : " Counsels of all kinds, except those of wisdom and forecast, have satt at Galway this long time, and nothing at all concluded that I can heare of, but to put affronts and prejudices upon me, and to allow me no quarter att all." ^

    Clearly, in the opinion of two such prominent, though dissimilar, men as Inchiquin and Clanricarde, the Cessation had not inaugurated the millennium. And where Irishmen doubted. Englishmen cursed. The Cavaliers did not covet an alliance with those whom they regarded as the authors of the massacre of 1641. The Roundheads greeted the Truce with an outburst of execration, while its announcement undoubtedly drew the Commons closer to the Scots, and produced a kindlier feeling at Westminster towards the Covenant. Not unnaturally, perhaps, Ormonde bore much of the odium connected with the Cessation. Already, in June, Parliament had declared the intention of superseding him in his command, and practical difficulties alone restrained them from acting upon this vote. It was unfortunate that the "doubling ordinance," passed at the same period, was not also allowed to lapse. All subscribers to the Adventurers' Loan who chose to deposit a fourth of their original subscription became thereby entitled to double the amount of land for which they originally contracted. For unwisdom and severity combined, it would be hard to match the "doubling ordinance," even from among the Irish Acts of the Long Parliament.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 43

    As the companion tells it

    Galway was a city of councils in 1643, though not the kind that settle anything useful. Clanricarde, writing from Portumna to Ormonde, said that counsels of all kinds except those of wisdom and forecast had been sitting at Galway for a long time. Nothing had been concluded that he could hear of, except affronts and prejudices put upon him, and no quarter allowed him at all. His words were blunt: he felt the city's gatherings existed only to slight him. He was not alone in his frustration. Inchiquin was similarly displeased, and the Cessation that had recently been agreed had not brought the peace men hoped for. Where Irishmen doubted, Englishmen cursed. The Cavaliers did not want an alliance with those they regarded as the authors of the massacre of 1641. The Roundheads greeted the truce with an outburst of execration, and its announcement drew the Commons closer to the Scots, producing a kindlier feeling at Westminster towards the Covenant. Ormonde himself bore much of the blame connected with the Cessation. In June, Parliament had already declared the intention of superseding him in his command, and only practical difficulties stopped them from acting on that vote. At the same period, the doubling ordinance was passed, allowing subscribers to the Adventurers' Loan who deposited a fourth of their original subscription to receive double the land they had originally contracted for. For unwisdom and severity combined, it would be hard to match that ordinance, even among the Irish Acts of the Long Parliament.

18. Cromwell prepares to assault Kilkenny

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1650

    By the end of January 1650, Cromwell was already in the field preparing to assault Kilkenny, which remained the centre of Confederate organisation. The Commissioners of Trust had convoked deputies from all parts of the kingdom there, but Cromwell's appearance abruptly broke up the conclave.

    Read the passage

    More fortunate than Ormonde, Cromwell had been able to provide comparatively good winter quarters for his troops. By the end of January, he was already in the field, preparing to assault Kilkenny. That city was still the centre of Confederate organisation, and thither the Commissioners of Trust had convoked deputies from all parts of the kingdom. They arrived primed by the Roman Catholic Clergy with complaints against Ormonde, but they were unable to agree on the terms of their arraignment, and, while they were disputing, Cromwell's appearance abruptly broke up the conclave. At Ennis, whither they hurried, they renewed their debates, but their deliberations remained as barren as those of Kilkenny, save that a new district was thereby infected with mistrust of Ormonde. Meanwhile, the Lord- Lieutenant, having hastily collected some five hundred foot and found horses for another hundred of his friends and attendants, " looked," according to his chronicler, " with

    ^ Carte, vol. iii. p. 523.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 57

    As the companion tells it

    By the end of January 1650, Cromwell was already in the field, preparing to assault Kilkenny. The city was still the centre of Confederate organisation, and the Commissioners of Trust had convoked deputies from all parts of the kingdom there. They arrived primed by the Roman Catholic clergy with complaints against Ormonde, but they could not agree on the terms of their arraignment. While they were disputing, Cromwell's appearance abruptly broke up the conclave. They hurried to Ennis, where they renewed their debates, but their deliberations remained as barren as those of Kilkenny, save that a new district was thereby infected with mistrust of Ormonde. Meanwhile, the Lord-Lieutenant had hastily collected some five hundred foot and found horses for another hundred of his friends and attendants, and, according to his chronicler, "looked with"—but there the record breaks off.

19. Deputation to Waterford fails to reconcile with Nuncio

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1646

    The Supreme Council sent a deputation bearing an olive branch to Waterford, but the mission was unsuccessful. The Nuncio and the congregation merely re-stated their demands, leaving the Council at Kilkenny increasingly alarmed.

    Read the passage

    In reply to the Nuncio's invective, the Supreme Council drew up a statement which they did not, however, publish, as they preferred to send a deputation bearing the olive branch to Waterford. The mission was unsuccessful. The Nuncio and the congregation merely re-stated their demands ; and the Supreme Council at Kilkenny began to feel thoroughly uncomfortable. Scared by the excommunication, their soldiers deserted daily ; and as the collection of taxes is never a popular operation it was easily arrested by the first whisper of Ecclesiastical displeasure. In despair, the Supreme Council implored Ormonde to come to their assistance. They felt that his presence at Kilkenny would facilitate the arrangement of terms with the Nuncio. Ormonde thought their request only reasonable. As he had told Bellings, he did " not at all murmur that the greatest share of trouble in making good what he had done should fall to his lot," and on August the 31st, accompanied by Clanricarde and Lord Digby, he accordingly arrived at Kilkenny.

    Five years had passed since James Butler had ridden forth from his old castle at the head of a handful of volunteers to the rescue of the Government. He was

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 52

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford was the city where, in 1646, the Supreme Council sent a deputation bearing an olive branch, hoping to reconcile with the Nuncio. They had drawn up a statement in reply to the Nuncio's invective but chose not to publish it, preferring this approach instead. The mission failed. The Nuncio and the congregation merely restated their demands, and back in Kilkenny the Supreme Council began to feel thoroughly uncomfortable. Their soldiers, scared by the excommunication, deserted daily. The collection of taxes, never a popular operation, was easily arrested by the first whisper of ecclesiastical displeasure. In despair, the Council implored Ormonde to come to their assistance, feeling that his presence at Kilkenny would facilitate the arrangement of terms with the Nuncio. Ormonde thought the request only reasonable. As he had told Bellings, he did "not at all murmur that the greatest share of trouble in making good what he had done should fall to his lot." On August the 31st, accompanied by Clanricarde and Lord Digby, he arrived at Kilkenny.

20. Dillon's force stationed at Finglas during Battle of Rathmines

    Finglas · parish · Dublin · 1649

    Dillon and his two thousand men remained at Finglas guarding the northern approaches to Dublin, separated from the rest of the army by the Liffey and wholly unaware of the battle being fought at Rathmines.

    Read the passage

    The disposition of the royal army was conceived rather for an investment than a general action. Separated from their comrades by the Liffey, Dillon and his two thousand men still remained at Finglas, guarding the Northern approaches to Dublin, and wholly unaware of the fight. The Baggotrath corps, which, roughly speaking, represented the right wing, was non-existent.^ The centre or battaill was composed of Inchiquin's foot, under Colonel Gifiard's orders, and two regiments of horse, one commanded by Ormonde's brother, Richard Butler, the other by Colonel Miles Reily. The energies of the left wing, which did duty for a reserve, were absorbed by the necessity of watching the movements of a body of the enemy whose intentions could not, at first, be divined.

    Had they been properly supported by Butler and ^ Carte, vol. iii. p. 468. - Ormonde refers to this division as the left wing.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 56

    As the companion tells it

    Finglas is the parish the road passes through. In 1649, the royal army was drawn up around Dublin, but its disposition was built for investment rather than a general action. Across the Liffey, separated from their comrades, Dillon and his two thousand men remained at Finglas, guarding the northern approaches to Dublin. They were wholly unaware of the fight being fought at Rathmines. While the battle went on without them, the Baggotrath corps, which served roughly as the right wing, was non-existent. The centre was made up of Inchiquin's foot under Colonel Gifiard, with two regiments of horse, one commanded by Ormonde's brother Richard Butler, the other by Colonel Miles Reily. The left wing, acting as a reserve, was absorbed in watching a body of the enemy whose intentions could not at first be divined.

21. Dublin's panic and Ormonde's rapturous welcome

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641

    Dublin, an unwalled town, was gripped by panic in late 1641 as news from Ulster spread and Irish Papist soldiers waited in the bay. Ormonde's arrival with a small force was greeted with rapture by the citizens, transforming the mood of the capital.

    Read the passage

    In the circumstances, Ormonde's advent was hailed with rapture by the Dublin citizens. His arrival at the head of his diminutive force, says a contemporary,

    " changed that face of sorrow " which overspread the capital. " His presence was more com forte to them than greater succours without him, and the suddenness of their march made even those brought very considerable." ^

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 35

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1641 was a town gripped by panic, its citizens full of sorrow. Then Ormonde arrived at the head of a small force, and the citizens hailed him with rapture. A contemporary wrote that his presence was more comfort to them than greater succours without him, and the suddenness of their march made even that small force seem considerable.

22. Dunmore House set aside for Lady Ormonde

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1652–1653

    The Commissioners for Ireland set aside Dunmore House near Kilkenny with £2,000 per annum for Elizabeth Ormonde and her children, though this was done without leave of Parliament. It was not until February 1653 that she formally received back her own estate.

    Read the passage

    Many as were her advocates, and powerful as were her protectors, some time, however, elapsed before Lady Ormonde's petition was granted. It was without the leave of Parliament that the Commissioners for Ireland had set aside Dunmore House, near Kilkenny, with ^2,000 per annum for her use and that of her children ;^ and it was not until the ist of February 1653 that she received back her own, on the express condition that no portion of the revenue should be diverted to the delinquent Marquis. Finally, on August the 22nd, 1653, she was furnished with the necessary papers of recommendation to the Irish

    1 Hist MSS., Ormonde MSS., N.S., vol. ii. pp. 368-9.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 60

    As the companion tells it

    Near Kilkenny, the Commissioners for Ireland set aside Dunmore House for Lady Ormonde and her children, with 2,000 per annum for their use. This was done without the leave of Parliament. It was not until the 1st of February 1653 that she received back her own estate, on the express condition that no portion of the revenue should be diverted to the delinquent Marquis. On the 22nd of August 1653, she was furnished with the necessary papers of recommendation to the Irish.

23. English transports enter Dublin Bay, April 1647

    near Dublin Bay · bay · Dublin · 1647

    Ormonde had warned Parliament he could not guarantee Dublin's safety beyond 10 March, but it was 30 April before English transports finally entered Dublin Bay, relieving the anxious inhabitants. The treaty was subsequently ratified on 19 June 1647.

    Read the passage

    The peculiar diplomatic methods of the Supreme Council were not unmixed evils to Ormonde. Indeed, the delays they occasioned enabled him to gain time for the arrival of the Parliamentary Commissioners in Dublin. Thanks to such episodes and the co-operation of Lord Inchiquin, who exerted himself actively in the South, Ormonde was enabled to keep the English flag flying far longer than he had judged possible.^ He had told Parliament that he could not answer for the safety of the capital beyond March the loth, but it was the 30th of April before the anxious inhabitants of Dublin were gladdened by the sight of the English transports entering the Bay. Parliament had been suspicious of another repulse, and the ships were not suffered to leave England until Ormonde sent his second son, Lord Richard Butler, as a hostage to Chester. On the 7th of June the Parliamentary Commissioners arrived, and on the 19th of that month the treaty was ratified.

    By this agreement all Protestants were secured in their estates, and protection was given to those who had paid contributions. Free passes were granted to all

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 53

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin Bay, in 1647, was the sight that relieved a frightened city. Ormonde had told Parliament he could not answer for the safety of the capital beyond 10 March. But it was 30 April before the anxious inhabitants of Dublin were gladdened by the sight of English transports entering the bay. The delay had its uses. The peculiar diplomatic methods of the Supreme Council gave Ormonde time, and with the help of Lord Inchiquin, who exerted himself in the south, he kept the English flag flying far longer than he had judged possible. Parliament had been suspicious of another repulse, and the ships were not suffered to leave England until Ormonde sent his second son, Lord Richard Butler, as a hostage to Chester. On 7 June the Parliamentary Commissioners arrived. On 19 June 1647 the treaty was ratified. By this agreement all Protestants were secured in their estates, and protection was given to those who had paid contributions. Free passes were granted to all.

24. Fitz Patrick in Westmeath opens wave of surrenders

    Westmeath · county · Westmeath · 1652

    Colonel John Fitz Patrick, commanding in Westmeath, inaugurated the long roll of Confederate surrenders to the Commonwealth in February 1652. His example was rapidly followed by Roscommon and Jamestown in April.

    Read the passage

    Some time elapsed before the Confederates could bring themselves to act on Ormonde's advice. Not until February 1652 did Clanricarde make formal overtures of peace to the Commonwealth authorities, and then Ludlow, who had succeeded to the Chief Command of the English Army on Ireton's death, scornfully rejected the advances. The victors knew that they were in a position to dictate their conditions, nor had they long to wait before they accomplished their purpose. Barely a month later Colonel John Fitz Patrick,- commanding in West Meath, inaugurated the long roll of surrenders. His example was rapidly followed by Roscommon on April the 3rd, and by Jamestown on the 7th of April. The Capitulation of Galway on May the 12th practically marked the conclusion of the war. Life and liberty were guaranteed to all combatants, save those who should be convicted of participation in the massacres of Englishmen and Protestants during 164 1 and 1642, or who had subsequently murdered unarmed persons. Irishmen received leave to transport themselves abroad. For the clergy the terms were more severe, since residence within Parliamentary quarters was denied to all priests, regular or secular. The disposition of property was reserved for the consideration of Parliament. Clanricarde, whose noble spirit evoked sympathy even from his opponents, was allowed to retire to his English estates, but rest and peace came too late to save his life, and he died the following year.

    ^ Hist. MSS., Ormonde MSS., N.S., vol. i. p. 214. Ormonde to Lord Muskerry. September 1651. ^ Gardiner, vol. ii. pp. 127-8.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 59

25. Inchiquin expels Catholic householders from Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1644

    In July 1644, Lord Inchiquin transferred his allegiance to Parliament and, under the pretext that Catholic householders were plotting to betray his garrisons, expelled all Roman Catholic householders from Cork and seized their goods. This was part of a wider purge across Munster towns including Youghal and Kinsale.

    Read the passage

    bearer, Sir Brian O'Neill, as a person "of small esteeme and not att all gracious to the English. A man with whom I dare not otherwise deale than at the stave's end."^ Since Charles's agents were frequently entrusted with secret negotiations mfinitely more delicate than their ostensible missions, Ormonde had some reason for vexation. Recently, however, the King had committed an error of judgment, which dwarfed all others. It is no exaggeration to say that Lord Inchiquin's abilities, joined to his large following, made him the most important personage on the English side in the south of Ireland. Without the title, he wielded the authority and influence of the President of Munster, and Charles owed a large number of recruits, lately shipped from that province, to his exertions. In the course of the spring, he arrived at Oxford, warmly recommended by Ormonde, and confident that he would at once be promoted to the office of President of Munster. Unluckily, Murough O'Brien had enemies at court ; and Charles, who had given away the post to the Earl of Portland, refused to cancel the appointment in the Irishman's favour.^ " As full of anger as his buttons would endure," Inchiquin returned to Ireland. His evident discontent alarmed Ormonde, who did all in his power to pacify him, but without success. The announcement of Lord Portland's arrival in Munster set the seal on his resolve. Inchiquin was determined to receive no orders from the new President, and in July he transferred his services to the Parliament. By way of celebrating his secession and under the pretext that they were plotting the betrayal of his garrisons, he expelled all Roman Catholic householders from Cork, Youghall, and Kinsale and seized their goods. Parliament naturally welcomed so useful an ally. His example was shortly imitated by Lord Esmond, the Governor of Duncannon, both noblemen declaring war on the Irish and causinp^ their troops to adopt the Covenant. Thus, at a crisis

    * Carte, vol. vi. p. 179. Ormonde to Digby, 22nd July 1644. " Ideni^ p. 38. Arthur Trevor to Ormonde, Oxford, 19th February 1643.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 44

    As the companion tells it

    The road takes you through Cork, a city that in July 1644 saw every Roman Catholic householder driven from their home. Lord Inchiquin, whose name was Murrough O'Brien, was then the most important figure on the English side in the south of Ireland. He held no title to the office, but he wielded the authority and influence of the President of Munster, and the King owed him a great many recruits lately shipped from that province. In the spring of that year, Inchiquin travelled to Oxford, warmly recommended by Ormonde, confident he would at once be given the post of President of Munster. But Murrough O'Brien had enemies at court. Charles had already given the office to the Earl of Portland and refused to cancel the appointment. Inchiquin returned to Ireland, in the words of the source, "as full of anger as his buttons would endure." Ormonde did all in his power to pacify him, but without success. The announcement of Lord Portland's arrival in Munster set the seal on his resolve. He would take no orders from the new President. In July 1644, Inchiquin transferred his services to the Parliament. By way of celebrating his defection, and under the pretext that the Catholic householders were plotting the betrayal of his garrisons, he expelled all Roman Catholic householders from Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale, and seized their goods. Parliament welcomed so useful an ally. His example was shortly followed by Lord Esmond, the Governor of Duncannon, who declared war on the Irish and caused his troops to adopt the Covenant.

26. Kilkenny Castle: feudal stronghold over the Nore

    Kilkenny Castle · castle · Kilkenny

    Kilkenny Castle is described as a perfect expression of the feudal period, with iron-grey towers rising above the Nore and walls fifteen feet thick. One wing was destroyed by Cromwell's cannon. Wentworth said he had not seen anything so noble since coming to Ireland.

    Read the passage

    would perhaps be difficult to find a more perfect expression, in stone and mortar, of the feudal period than the irongrey towers, which rise massive and defiant above the silvery Nore that Edmund Spenser sang. Save that one wing of the great fortress, which so long bridled Tipperary, was annihilated by Cromwell's cannon, it is outwardly much the same castle, of which Wentworth said that " he had not seen anything so noble since his coming into the kingdom." Its grim and splendid strength, its mighty walls fifteen feet thick, against which the " Irish town " huddles for protection, must, in truth, have been in close affinity to Strafford's spirit. A gentler age has beflowered the terraces, and girdled the ancient walls with turf worthy of the Emerald Isle. The exquisite lines of the eighteenth-century bridge, which spans the river, lend grace and charm to the approach. Nevertheless, despite all the chances and changes it has known in the six hundred years of its existence, Kilkenny Castle is still eloquent of its marcher lords, at once the captains and justiciaries of their people, from youth to old age living lives dedicated to battle until, amid the keening of the Irishry, they were at last laid to rest in the grey austerity of St Canice.

    It is amusing to note that the reception Wentworth met with from the burgesses of the little city, when he visited Kilkenny, was evidently less to his taste than Ormonde's Castle. He could have dispensed with " the force of oratory, and fury of poetry," which greeted him, especially as the speakers " rather taught me what I should be, than what I am." Happily Ormonde's family redeemed the situation. Amongst the " news fit and reasonable for ladies," ^ wherewith he gratifies his absent wife, he marks with satisfaction that

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 31

    As the companion tells it

    Kilkenny Castle is a feudal stronghold of iron-grey towers rising massive and defiant above the river Nore, the river Edmund Spenser sang. It would be difficult to find a more perfect expression, in stone and mortar, of the feudal period. Its mighty walls are fifteen feet thick, and the Irish town huddles against them for protection. One wing of the great fortress was annihilated by Cromwell's cannon, but outwardly it remains much the same castle of which Wentworth said he had not seen anything so noble since his coming into the kingdom. Its grim and splendid strength must have been in close affinity to Strafford's spirit. A gentler age has beflowered the terraces and girdled the ancient walls with turf worthy of the Emerald Isle, and the exquisite lines of an eighteenth-century bridge spanning the river lend grace and charm to the approach. Despite all the chances and changes of its six hundred years, the castle is still eloquent of its marcher lords, at once the captains and justiciaries of their people, living lives dedicated to battle from youth to old age until, amid the keening of the Irishry, they were laid to rest in the grey austerity of St Canice. When Wentworth visited Kilkenny, the reception he met from the burgesses was less to his taste than Ormonde's Castle. He could have dispensed with the force of oratory and fury of poetry which greeted him, especially as the speakers rather taught me what I should be, than what I am. Happily Ormonde's family redeemed the situation. He noted to his absent wife the news fit and reasonable for ladies, and marked with satisfaction what he found among them.

27. Kilkenny Castle purchased from the Despencers in 1392

    Kilkenny Castle · castle · Kilkenny · 1392

    Kilkenny Castle was acquired by the Butler family from the Despencers in 1392, becoming one of their chief seats. The Butlers possessed vast and profitable estates in Kilkenny and held Palatinate rights in Tipperary, making them virtually sovereign princes.

    Read the passage

    The geographical position of the broad lands which fell to Theobald's portion, skilfully increased in his descendants' hands by marriage and confiscation, had a distinct influence on the policy of the Butlers. Owning the Palatinate rights of Tipperary,- and possessed of vast and profitable estates in Kilkenny, they were indistinguishable, save in name, from sovereign princes. The importance of Gowran and Carrick-on-Suir was hardly surpassed by that of Kilkenny Castle, purchased from the Despencers in 1392. Arklow provided the means of ready access to England ; and across the Channel, their great possessions, including half Lancashire, and elsewhere castles and manors innumerable, kept alive their connection with the mother country.

    ' Died 1206.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 5

    As the companion tells it

    Purchased from the Despencers in 1392, Kilkenny Castle became one of the chief seats of the Butler family. The Butlers held Palatinate rights in Tipperary and possessed vast and profitable estates in Kilkenny. They were, in the words of the source, indistinguishable save in name from sovereign princes. Gowran and Carrick-on-Suir were places of importance to them, hardly surpassed by Kilkenny Castle itself. Arklow gave them ready access to England, and across the Channel they held great possessions, including half Lancashire, and castles and manors innumerable. Their lands came first to Theobald, whose descendants increased them through marriage and confiscation, shaping the policy of the Butlers for generations.

28. Lady Thurles instrumental in capitulation of Cahir Castle

    Caher · town · Tipperary · 1641–1650

    Lady Thurles employed herself to bring about the capitulation of Cahir Castle, one of several meritorious acts demonstrating her constant good affection to the English Government. Despite this, her Roman Catholic faith and residence in Irish quarters disqualified her from retaining her estates.

    Read the passage

    Lady Thurles had every right to plead constant good affection to the English Government. Her record, indeed, was not merely blameless, it was meritorious. In 164 1 she had rescued divers Enfjlish families from the Irish rebels, maintaining the unhappy creatures for two whole years at her own charge, and supplying them with every necessary at their departure. To the English troops quartered at Archerstown and Beakstown she sent relief; and, while they were besieged, she sheltered some fourteen non-combatants out of their garrison, " maintaining them ever since." When the commander of Archerstown was at last forced to surrender, it was with her that he, his family, and his company sought a refuge to nurse their wounds. At one time she lent ;i^300, at another ;^500 to assist the English army. She had the courage to refuse oxen for transport to Owen Roe O'Neill. She was pillaged by the Irish. She welcomed an English force to garrison Thurles. She employed herself to bring about the capitulation of Cahir Castle. The Commissioners owned that they found her " a very deserving person." But as her residence had been in Irish quarters during the Rebellion, and as, according to law, they had not hitherto "adjudged a constant good affection to any whose constant residence have been in the Irish quarters," they felt themselves obliged to refer the poor lady's case to the consideration of the Lord-Deputy and Council. On the part of the latter, there was no great disposition to show her mercy ; her 4,000 fertile acres was a damning fact. The Adventurers won their suit.'-^ It was a pure

    ^ Rev. J. Graves, "Early Life and Marriage of James Butler, Duke of Ormonde."

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 59

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Caher sits along the road, and its castle figures in the story of a woman who did much for the English cause and lost her land anyway. Lady Thurles was, by every measure, a friend to the English Government in a time of rebellion. In 1641 she rescued several English families from the Irish rebels, keeping them for two whole years at her own charge, and giving them everything they needed when they left. She sent relief to English troops quartered at Archerstown and Beakstown. While those troops were besieged, she took in some fourteen non-combatants from their garrison, maintaining them, as the record says, ever since. When the commander of Archerstown was forced to surrender, he, his family, and his company came to her to nurse their wounds. She lent 300 pounds at one time and 500 at another to assist the English army. She had the courage to refuse oxen for transport to Owen Roe O'Neill. She was pillaged by the Irish for her pains. She welcomed an English force to garrison Thurles. And she employed herself to bring about the capitulation of Cahir Castle. The Commissioners acknowledged that they found her a very deserving person. But her residence had been in Irish quarters during the Rebellion, and by their rule they had not adjudged a constant good affection to anyone whose constant residence had been in the Irish quarters. They felt obliged to refer her case to the Lord-Deputy and Council. There was no great disposition there to show her mercy. Her 4,000 fertile acres was a damning fact. The Adventurers won their suit.

29. Margaret Fitzgerald's civilising influence on Tipperary and Kilkenny

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1485

    Margaret Fitzgerald, wife of Piers Butler, promoted trade and agriculture in the land of Tipperary and encouraged clean living among her husband's people. She settled Flemish weavers near Kilkenny Castle and was long remembered by the Irish with affection as 'Magheen.'

    Read the passage

    A family, in which beauty, vigour, and intelligence characterised each succeeding generation of the men, cannot have been less fortunate in its womankind. Perhaps, the most conspicuous figure in the long line of noble dames, whose effigies adorn St Kenny's Cathedral at Kilkenny, was the " Great Countess," Margaret Fitzgerald,'^ daughter of Gerald, 8th Earl of Kildare. If her marriage did not fulfil its purpose of ending the perennial conflict between the two houses, she was, for other reasons, a blessing to the land of Tipperary. In the quaint phraseology of an old chronicler, " she was the onlie meane whereby her husband, his countrie, was reclaimed from sluttishness and slovenlie to cleane bedding and civilitie."^ Trade and agriculture received no small furtherance from her zealous patronage. Doubtless, it was at her suggestion, for Piers was notoriously governed by his wife, that the Earl devised a legacy of a stone of wheat to every plough in Kilkenny. The settlement of Flemish weavers, under the shadow of the castle, was another of her many endeavours to civilise her wild vassals. And the memory of " Magheen," or " little Margaret," as the Irish dubbed the tall lady to whom " all the estates of the realm crouched," was long held by them in loving veneration.

    Hard fighting, as the story of King David teaches, is not incompatible with piety. In the acts of the Butlers, the enumeration of religious endowments becomes almost monotonous. To build an almshouse, or found a chantry was an occupation they found only less congenial than

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 7

    As the companion tells it

    Kilkenny was shaped in part by a woman the Irish came to call Magheen, little Margaret. Margaret Fitzgerald was the daughter of Gerald, the 8th Earl of Kildare, and she married Piers Butler. The marriage was meant to end the perennial conflict between the two houses, though it did not fulfil that purpose. What she did do, an old chronicler recorded in words still preserved, was bring change to her husband's country. In that quaint phrase, she was the onlie meane whereby her husband, his countrie, was reclaimed from sluttishness and slovenlie to cleane bedding and civilitie. Trade and agriculture received no small furtherance from her zealous patronage. Piers was notoriously governed by his wife, and doubtless at her suggestion the Earl devised a legacy of a stone of wheat to every plough in Kilkenny. She settled Flemish weavers under the shadow of Kilkenny Castle, another of her endeavours to civilise her wild vassals. Her effigy is among those that adorn St Kenny's Cathedral in the city. She was a tall lady, yet the Irish dubbed her Magheen, little Margaret, and all the estates of the realm crouched to her. They held her memory long in loving veneration.

30. Munroe ravages Longford and massacres peasantry

    Longford · town · Longford · 1644

    Munroe's large combined army ravaged Longford and massacred the wretched peasantry. The Confederate forces under Castlehaven and Owen Roe O'Neill could only remain on the defensive, barring the Scots' southward march.

    Read the passage

    During these months, although Munroe had himself embraced the Covenant, he played a neutral part. He was not considered actually inimical to the King, and less optimistic persons than Antrim hoped to win him over to Charles. But in April these fond schemes were definitely shattered. Parliament bestowed on Munroe the chief command of all English and Scottish troops in Ulster, and thereafter no more was heard of his loyalist sympathies. Indeed, while Ormonde's Scottish and English officers were engaged at Belfast in discussing the attitude they should adopt towards Munroe, he treacherously possessed himself of the town and its artillery. He would have done the same at Dundalk and the Newry, but, there, garrisons and officers were on the alert, and thanks to ;^300 worth of stores provided by Ormonde's private purse, they were able to resist the Scots' summons. Although, however, individual commanders refused to admit Munroe within their walls, hunger ultimately forced the English regiments to accept a compromise, and in return for supplies and various other concessions, they agreed to assist Munroe in prosecuting the War against the Irish. And they further qualified their adhesion to the General by stipulating that the alliance should be forthwith dissolved, if the King saw fit to issue orders to that effect. Thanks to this agreement, Munroe collected the largest army hitherto seen in the field, with which he conscientiously ravaged Westmeath and Longford, and massacred the wretched peasantry. The Confederates, relying on the Cessation, had not sufficient forces to oppose the combined force, and when Castlehaven and Owen Roe O'Neill achieved a junction of their troops, they were obliged to remain on the defensive, merely barring the Scots' southward march. Before long their self-restraint was rewarded. For want of rations Munroe was forced to return to his quarters, but the alarm which he had excited did

    1644] ORMONDE'S DILEMMA 239

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 43

    As the companion tells it

    Longford is a town on this road. In 1644 it suffered under the passage of armies. Earlier that year, Munroe had played a neutral part, and some believed he might still be won to the King. In April those hopes ended. Parliament gave him chief command of all English and Scottish troops in Ulster, and his loyalist sympathies were heard of no more. While Ormonde's officers were still discussing what stance to take, Munroe seized Belfast and its artillery. He would have done the same at Dundalk and the Newry, but the garrisons there were alert, and with stores bought by Ormonde's own purse they resisted the Scots' summons. Hunger eventually forced the English regiments to accept a compromise: in return for supplies and concessions they agreed to help Munroe prosecute the war against the Irish, though they added that the alliance would dissolve at once if the King so ordered. With this agreement behind him, Munroe gathered the largest army yet seen in the field. He conscientiously ravaged Westmeath and Longford, and massacred the wretched peasantry. The Confederates, relying on the Cessation, did not have enough forces to oppose him. When Castlehaven and Owen Roe O'Neill joined their troops, they could only stay on the defensive, barring the Scots' southward march. Their restraint was rewarded before long. For want of rations, Munroe was forced to return to his quarters, though the alarm he had raised did not quickly fade.

31. Ormonde retires to Trim after investing Drogheda

    Trim · town · Meath · 1649

    After leaving a garrison at Drogheda, Ormonde retired on Trim but remained in correspondence with Aston there. From Trim he managed affairs and issued orders, such as confining Lady Wilmot to Lord Moore's country house.

    Read the passage

    Meanwhile, the fate of Ireland had already been decided. On August the 15th Cromwell and his army disembarked at Dublin ; and by the 2nd of September Oliver had opened his batteries on Drogheda. Hard pressed, but with his usual tireless patience, Ormonde struggled to stem the course of the inevitable. The Lord-Lieutenant could not shut himself up in a beleaguered town ; but he strained every nerve to provide its commander, Sir Arthur Aston, with men, ammunition, and stores ; and the two thousand foot and three hundred horse he left at Drogheda were the pick of his little army. After he had retired on Trim, Ormonde, likewise, remained in correspondence with Aston, so that almost up to the final catastrophe we are enabled to realise the hopes and fears of the devoted garrison. Aston's difficulties, it seems, were not confined to strategic problems. Before the investment was completed, he was much perturbed to discover a ladies' plot for betraying the town to Cromwell. Nor was the Commander's wrath appeased when the arch-conspirator proved to be his own grandmother, Lady Wilmot. He openly regretted that her young son, the messenger she employed, was " too small to be hanged." But he assured Ormonde, that Lady Wilmot's relationship to himself should avail her naught.

    " I beseech your Excellency's express command," wrote the angry grandson, " to turn her and her malignant family out of the towne, for though she be me grandmother I shall make pouther of her, else if she play me sutch foul play."^

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 57

    As the companion tells it

    In 1649, the road brings you near Trim, a town in Meath where the Duke of Ormonde retired after leaving a garrison at Drogheda. By the 15th of August, Cromwell and his army had disembarked at Dublin, and by the 2nd of September Oliver had opened his batteries on Drogheda. Ormonde could not shut himself up in a beleaguered town. He strained every nerve to provide Drogheda's commander, Sir Arthur Aston, with men, ammunition, and stores. The 2,000 foot and 300 horse he left there were the pick of his little army. After he retired on Trim, Ormonde remained in correspondence with Aston, so that almost up to the final catastrophe, the hopes and fears of the devoted garrison can be followed. Aston's difficulties were not confined to strategic problems. Before the investment was completed, he discovered a ladies' plot for betraying the town to Cromwell. The arch-conspirator proved to be his own grandmother, Lady Wilmot. He openly regretted that her young son, the messenger she employed, was, in his words, "too small to be hanged." But he assured Ormonde that Lady Wilmot's relationship to himself should avail her naught. "I beseech your Excellency's express command," wrote the angry grandson, "to turn her and her malignant family out of the towne, for though she be me grandmother I shall make pouther of her, else if she play me sutch foul play." Ormonde confined Lady Wilmot to Lord Moore's country house.

32. Ormonde's garrison in Dublin under siege, 1646

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1646

    Ormonde held Dublin with a garrison perpetually reduced to shifts and contrivances to stay alive, while negotiating with Parliamentary Commissioners who had arrived before the city. After a week of discussions, Ormonde declined Parliament's proposals, finding their assurances regarding loyal Roman Catholics unsatisfactory, and the Commissioners refused to lend him their stores.

    Read the passage

    If the negotiations with the Parliamentary Commissioners proved a failure in their primary object, they nevertheless assisted Digby and Clanricarde in coming to terms with Preston, Ormonde, perpetually reduced to shifts and contrivances to keep his garrison alive, was a very different adversary to a Puritan General strongly entrenched in Dublin, with England as his base of supplies. The prospect of such a change was naturally distasteful to the Irish Commander. He could not fail to realise that in these altered circumstances their mutual positions would be reversed. Other causes also fought Ormonde's diplomatic battles. The November of 1646 was a season of flood and tempest.^ In his exasperation at the incessant rain, Ormonde spoke of the climate as " certainly retaining a greater part of the primitive curse,

    1 Carte, vol. vi. p. 452. Ormonde to Digby, loth November 1646,

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 52

    As the companion tells it

    In 1646 Dublin was a city under strain. Ormonde held it with a garrison perpetually reduced to shifts and contrivances to keep alive. Parliamentary Commissioners arrived before the city, and for a week they negotiated. Ormonde declined their proposals, finding their assurances about loyal Roman Catholics unsatisfactory. The Commissioners refused to lend him their stores. November that year brought flood and tempest. In his exasperation at the incessant rain, Ormonde called the climate "certainly retaining a greater part of the primitive curse." The negotiations, though they failed in their primary object, did assist Digby and Clanricarde in coming to terms with Preston. Ormonde knew that if a Puritan General took Dublin with England as his base of supplies, their positions would be reversed. That prospect was distasteful to the Irish Commander.

33. Ormonde writes from Dublin of Kilrush victory and warns of prolonged war

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1642

    From Dublin on 15 May 1642, Ormonde wrote to Sir Robert Poyntz reporting his victory at Kilrush with only sixty lost against seven hundred of the enemy. He warned that if the rebels obtained arms and discipline, the war might last longer than any man alive.

    Read the passage

    and discipline the war may last longer than any man alive. " Nor let men deceive themselves with an opinion that the people are cowardly, for it is the want of those forenamed things that makes them seem soe." ^ Large and speedy provisions to enable the English " to goe on roundly this summer" might prevent the rebellion coming to a head again. If, on the one hand, the supplies come sparingly, and on the other, the rebels be

    " put into order and universal despair of pardon, all that we have yet done," he says, " will but teach them how to deal with us. I know not what reasons other men may have to desire the continuance of this war ; but for me, I had rather trust to my rents than entertainments." ^

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 37

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 1642. On the 15th of May, Ormonde wrote from here to Sir Robert Poyntz. He told of a victory at Kilrush, where he lost only sixty men against seven hundred of the enemy. But he warned that if the rebels obtained arms and discipline, the war might last longer than any man alive. He said, "Nor let men deceive themselves with an opinion that the people are cowardly, for it is the want of those forenamed things that makes them seem so." Large and speedy provisions to enable the English to go on roundly that summer might prevent the rebellion coming to a head again. If supplies came sparingly and the rebels were put into universal despair of pardon, all they had done would but teach them how to deal with us. Ormonde said he would rather trust to his rents than the entertainments of war.

34. Scarcity of food and medical care in Tipperary

    Tipperary · town · Tipperary · 1659

    When Lady Elizabeth fell ill in Tipperary, a doctor was summoned but could not procure a chicken for her to eat, considered essential for her recovery, at any rate in that season. The incident illustrates the difficulty of obtaining both medical attendance and basic provisions in Tipperary at the time.

    Read the passage

    indisposed, and this man was sent for ; hee enordred her Ladyship to eate chicken ; it was told him that no chicken could be had, at any rate, in that season, whereupon hee was importunate with my Lady Ormonde that if a whole chicken could not be had, her Ladyship should endeauour to procure halfe an one, so necessary it was that my Lady Elizabeth should eate chicken. Really my Lord, I have a horror in my soule when I consider how easy it was to prostitute a life so considerable in the world as my Lord John's is like to be. If a comely aspect be a letter of recommendacion, and the character of the soule is oftentimes lively impressed in the countenance, if spirit and action accompanyed with a candid and inoffensiue humour is prayseworthy, if excellent endowments of body and mind seconded with a zeale to improoue them by a liberall education, are arguments of a glorious successe ; there is as much to be sayd for my Lord John as for any young gentleman I ever saw." ^

    Unfortunately, however, it would appear that education was no easier to compass in Tipperary than medical attendance.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 69

    As the companion tells it

    In Tipperary, in 1659, Lady Elizabeth fell ill, and a doctor was sent for. He ordered her to eat chicken. But she was told that no chicken could be had, at any rate, in that season. The doctor pressed Lady Ormonde that if a whole chicken could not be had, her Ladyship should endeavour to procure half of one, so necessary was it that Lady Elizabeth should eat chicken. The writer of this account said he had a horror in his soul when he considered how easy it was to “prostitute a life so considerable in the world as my Lord John’s is like to be.” He praised Lord John’s comely aspect, his spirit and action, his candid and inoffensive humour, and his excellent endowments of body and mind, seconded with a zeal to improve them by a liberal education. He said there is as much to be said for Lord John as for any young gentleman he ever saw. It would appear that education was no easier to compass in Tipperary than medical attendance.

35. Tichburne defeats Irish near Ardee

    Ardee · townland · Louth · 1642

    Sir Henry Tichburne reduced various strong places near Drogheda and defeated a large body of Irish near Ardee, while Ormonde was forced to retreat to Dublin.

    Read the passage

    lamentations, Ormonde was forced to turn his back on an almost certain assurance of victory. He must have deplored his retreat the more when he learnt that Sir Henry Tichburne had reduced various strong places in the neighbourhood of Drogheda, defeated a large body of Irish near Atherdee and carried Dundalk by storm. Had Ormonde been able to act with Tichburne, at this juncture, the rebellion might have been brought to an abrupt close.

    Many of the gentlemen who surrendered to Ormonde, and preceded him to Dublin, had never participated in the rising. Lord Dunsany, for instance, vowed he was

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 37

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Ardee, in 1642, Sir Henry Tichburne defeated a large body of Irish. He had already been reducing strong places in the neighbourhood of Drogheda, and he went on to carry Dundalk by storm. The book notes that Ormonde was forced to retreat to Dublin around this same time, turning his back on what seemed an almost certain victory. Had Ormonde been able to act with Tichburne at this juncture, the rebellion might have been brought to an abrupt close.

36. Tichburne storms Dundalk

    Dundalk · town · Louth · 1642

    Sir Henry Tichburne carried Dundalk by storm during the campaign near Drogheda. Had Ormonde been able to act with Tichburne at this juncture, the rebellion might have been brought to an abrupt close.

    Read the passage

    lamentations, Ormonde was forced to turn his back on an almost certain assurance of victory. He must have deplored his retreat the more when he learnt that Sir Henry Tichburne had reduced various strong places in the neighbourhood of Drogheda, defeated a large body of Irish near Atherdee and carried Dundalk by storm. Had Ormonde been able to act with Tichburne, at this juncture, the rebellion might have been brought to an abrupt close.

    Many of the gentlemen who surrendered to Ormonde, and preceded him to Dublin, had never participated in the rising. Lord Dunsany, for instance, vowed he was

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 37

    As the companion tells it

    Dundalk stands along this road, a town with a violent moment in 1642. Sir Henry Tichburne carried it by storm that year, during the campaign near Drogheda. He had already reduced several strong places in that neighbourhood and defeated a large body of Irish near Atherdee. The rebellion was still burning. Had Ormonde been able to act with Tichburne at this juncture, the rebellion might have been brought to an abrupt close. But Ormonde had been forced to turn his back on what looked like an almost certain victory, and the chance passed.

37. Tipperary threatened with reversion to Irish inhabitants

    Tipperary · town · Tipperary · 1530–1534

    Kildare's systematic despoiling of Butler lands was so devastating that the Home Government feared Tipperary would revert to its original Irish inhabitants unless action was taken. Enquiries were instituted and Kildare was summoned to England.

    Read the passage

    The Earl of Kildare, whom Ormonde had previously striven to impeach, set himself systematically to the congenial task of despoiling his brother-in-law. Not content with invading Kilkenny, he incited O'Connor and O'Cearroll, the husbands of his two daughters, to raid the Palatinate. So thorough was the devastation that the Home Government feared that unless something was done to prevent it, Tipperary would revert to its original Irish inhabitants. Enquiries were instituted, and Kildare was summoned to England to answer for his methods of administration. He obeyed, but not until he had fortified his strongholds, and installed his son, Thomas Fitzgerald, as Deputy. During his absence, a rumour spread that he had been imprisoned and beheaded in the Tower, and "Silken Thomas," a youth incapable of self-restraint, broke into open rebellion. Unhappily for his house, " Silken Thomas" was not of the stuff of which successful usurpers are made. After a short-lived triumph, his advance into the Butler domains was checked by Ormonde, and his heir, the Lord James, to whom Thomas, tardily mindful of the ties of kinship, addressed a notable letter. With superb assurance, he offered James the half of the kingdom in return for his assistance in effecting its conquest, a proposal, which elicited an answer characteristic of the Butler race.

    " I muse," wrote James, " in the first line by what

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 8

    As the companion tells it

    Tipperary is the town the road passes through or near, and in the years around 1530 it stood at the centre of a struggle that nearly cost the English crown its hold on the place. The Earl of Kildare, Ormonde's brother-in-law, set himself systematically to despoiling Ormonde's lands. He did not stop at invading Kilkenny. He incited O'Connor and O'Cearroll, the husbands of his two daughters, to raid the Palatinate. The devastation was so thorough that the Home Government feared Tipperary would revert to its original Irish inhabitants unless something was done. Enquiries were instituted, and Kildare was summoned to England to answer for his methods of administration. He obeyed, but not before fortifying his strongholds and installing his son Thomas Fitzgerald as Deputy. Then a rumour spread that Kildare had been imprisoned and beheaded in the Tower. Silken Thomas, a youth incapable of self-restraint, broke into open rebellion. His advance into the Butler domains was checked by Ormonde. Thomas then addressed a notable letter to his heir, the Lord James, offering him half the kingdom in return for his assistance in conquering it. James replied with the words,

38. Dublin citizens unable to raise war loan

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    Ormonde summoned Dublin's Lord Mayor and leading citizens to the Council Board, urging them to raise £10,000 in money and victuals within a fortnight to continue hostilities. They declared it was beyond their power, leaving no alternative to negotiating a cessation.

    Read the passage

    The following day, Ormonde again emphasised his position. If a sum of ;i^io,ooo, half in money and half in victuals, was forthcoming within a fortnight, he declared that he would proceed with hostilities. The Lord Mayor and the leading citizens were hastily summoned to the Council Board, and conjured to raise the loan. They

    * Carte, MSS., vol. v. f. 514, Dublin, 2ist June. " Carte, vol. ii. pp. 495-6.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 40

    As the companion tells it

    In 1643 Dublin faced a hard choice. Ormonde told the Lord Mayor and leading citizens at the Council Board that if £10,000, half in money and half in victuals, came within a fortnight, he would keep fighting. He conjured them to raise the loan. They said it was beyond their power, leaving no path but to negotiate a cessation.

39. Galway pledged as collateral in Lorraine negotiations

    Galway · city · Galway · 1651

    The Abbot agreed to advance £16,000 on the security of Galway and Limerick, effectively pawning the cities to the Duke of Lorraine. Clanricarde opposed these terms but was overruled by Irish delegates who were desperate to secure supplies for what they called their 'gasping country.'

    Read the passage

    Clanricarde, who had accepted his onerous position to keep the country for the King, was not minded to let it go on these terms. He had a hard fight, but he stuck to his flag ; and, in the end, the Abbot agreed to advance ;^i6,ooo on the security of Limerick and Galway, referring the determination of all further points to the joint decision of the Duke and two Irish delegates, Sir Nicholas Plunket and Geoffrey Brown. These gentlemen who were instructed to act in conjunction with Taafe, at once

    ' Gardiner, vol. ii. pp. 113-4.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 59

    As the companion tells it

    The city of Galway was once pledged as security. In 1651, the Abbot agreed to advance £16,000 on it and Limerick, effectively pawning both cities to the Duke of Lorraine. Clanricarde fought hard against these terms, bent on keeping the country for the King, but he was overruled. The Irish delegates, Sir Nicholas Plunket and Geoffrey Brown, were desperate to secure supplies for what they called their gasping country. They were instructed to act in conjunction with Taafe. All further points were left to the joint decision of the Duke and the two delegates.

40. Herald refused admittance at Clonmel

    Clonmel · town · Tipperary · 1646

    When Ulster King-at-Arms attempted to proclaim the Peace at Clonmel, he was refused admittance to the city, preventing the ceremony from taking place.

    Read the passage

    At Kilkenny, Ulster King - at - Arms proclaimed the Peace to an audience of magistrates, the citizens disdaining to countenance the ceremony with their presence. At Waterford, he thought it wiser to follow the mayor's advice, and to leave the city with his mission unfulfilled. At Clonmel he was refused admittance, but it was at Limerick that the full storm burst on the unhappy messenger of Peace. Here, many influential merchants welcomed the herald as a harbinger of returning prosperity, and the mayor and corporation, unlike the city fathers of Waterford, were willing to support Ulster King in the performance of his duty. The populace, however, already inimical, were goaded into madness by the oratory of a certain friar, Dominick Fanning, who having armed them, himself led the Jehad. ^ The mayor was knocked down, wounded, and haled off to prison. And as the law of nations formed no part of Dominick Fanning's creed, the herald and his companions fared badly in the ensuing riot. Vainly did they seek shelter in the mayor's house.

    '■ Gilbert, " Confederation," vol. vi. p. 130.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 52

    As the companion tells it

    Clonmel, in Tipperary, is where a herald met a closed door in 1646. Ulster King-at-Arms was travelling the towns of Ireland to proclaim the Peace. At Kilkenny he carried out the ceremony before magistrates, but the citizens disdained to countenance it with their presence. At Waterford he thought it wiser to follow the mayor's advice and leave the city with his mission unfulfilled. At Clonmel he was refused admittance altogether. The ceremony could not take place. It was at Limerick that the full storm burst on the unhappy messenger of Peace. There, influential merchants welcomed the herald as a harbinger of returning prosperity, and the mayor and corporation were willing to support Ulster King in the performance of his duty. But the populace, already inimical, were goaded into madness by the oratory of a friar, Dominick Fanning, who armed them and himself led the riot. The mayor was knocked down, wounded, and haled off to prison. The herald and his companions fared badly, vainly seeking shelter in the mayor's house.

41. Londoners promised abundance at Coleraine, including dearth relief

    near Coleraine · town · Derry · 1607

    The London companies were enticed to undertake the exploitation of Coleraine by promises of vast quantities of beeves, pork, fish, rye, beer, peas, and beans, enough to furnish London and its fleets, and in times of dearth to minister to the relief of the poor.

    Read the passage

    undertake the exploitation of Coleraine by the promise of "beeves, pork, fish, rye, beer, peas, and beans" in such abundance as to furnish London and its fleets with provisions,! and, in times of dearth, to minister to the rehef of the poor. Not only the goodliest timber, it was said, could be found in the forests, fit to compare with any in His Majesty's dominions, but hemp and flax could be grown more profitably in Ulster than elsewhere. And " fells of red deer, foxes, cony, martens and squirrel " in profusion would reward the huntsman's toils.^

    Small wonder that after such a catalogue of riches, actual and potential, the Londoners demanded the whole county of Coleraine with the abbey of Dungevin, the castle of Limavaddy, and "every other part of the said county." Indeed, when they were informed that some Irish freeholders " having done good service to the State could not be removed without inconvenience, besides the discouragement to men of desert," the citizens succintly replied, that though they wished those freeholders well, " they would by no means have any promiscuous habitation with the Irish, unless they were contented to be their tenants." Thus was the fatal impetus given to a scheme responsible for half the difficulties that have confronted English governors in Ireland ; and the Plantation finally resolved itself into so wholesale a dispossession of the natives that they must have been " beaten as in a mortar " to suffer it without resistance.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 18

    As the companion tells it

    In 1607 the London companies were enticed to undertake the exploitation of Coleraine, a town in Derry the road passes through or near, by promises of vast abundance. They were promised "beeves, pork, fish, rye, beer, peas, and beans" enough to furnish London and its fleets, and in times of dearth to minister to the relief of the poor. The goodliest timber, it was said, could be found in the forests, fit to compare with any in His Majesty's dominions. Hemp and flax could be grown more profitably in Ulster than elsewhere. Fells of red deer, foxes, cony, martens, and squirrel in profusion would reward the huntsman's toils. After such a catalogue of riches, the Londoners demanded the whole county of Coleraine with the abbey of Dungevin, the castle of Limavaddy, and every other part of the said county. When informed that some Irish freeholders having done good service to the State could not be removed without inconvenience, the citizens replied that though they wished those freeholders well, they would by no means have any promiscuous habitation with the Irish unless they were content to be their tenants. Thus was the fatal impetus given to a scheme responsible for half the difficulties that have confronted English governors in Ireland. The Plantation resolved itself into so wholesale a dispossession of the natives that they must have been "beaten as in a mortar" to suffer it without resistance.

42. Ormonde granted land in Tipperary after Desmond rebellion

    Tipperary · town · Tipperary

    After Desmond's defeat, Ormonde's claims as heir general to confiscated territories were poorly rewarded. He obtained some land in Tipperary, but the grants were proportioned neither to his deserts nor to his rights.

    Read the passage

    strongly urged that the plantation of Munster should be carried out with due regard to the landholders of that province. And he seems to have pleaded for leniency to those, who, though they had eventually submitted to the Government, might yet have incurred forfeiture. Had his advice been followed in the settlement of Munster, which had been terribly depopulated by a six years' war, many of the evils attendant on that measure would have been avoided. But, he had not long been President of Munster, before his enemies compassed his removal from office ; and he was not more fortunate when he preferred his claims as heir general to Desmond's confiscated territories. For, although he obtained some land in Tipperary and a large, barren tract of Kerry, the grants were proportioned neither to his deserts, nor to his rights.

    Ormonde took as active a share in repressing Tyrone's as Desmond's rebellion ; during the hostilities with the former, encountering an adventure that well-nigh cost him his life. In April 1600, the hope of an accommodation induced him to meet one of the chief ringleaders, Owny MacRory O'More, at a spot not many miles from Kilkenny. The conference proved a trap, and Ormonde was made prisoner, remaining in the hands of Owny and his politicospiritual director, the Jesuit, Father Archer, for three months. To these bandits, with the prospect of the Butlers being let loose on them to avenge their chief, Ormonde alive was infinitely more valuable than Ormonde dead, though the treatment to which he was subjected during that time, well-nigh proved his death.^ To avoid a rescue, this old man of sixty-eight was dragged through bogs and forests, from one hiding-place to another, for weeks never suffered to rest in any place longer than three hours. At any moment, he could have purchased his liberty by assenting to the terms which Archer was perpetually urging on his

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 11

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Tipperary sits along this road. After the Desmond rebellion was crushed, the plantation of Munster followed, and James Butler, who became the first duke of Ormonde, had urged that the settlement be carried out with due regard to the landholders of the province. He pleaded for leniency to those who had submitted to the Government but might yet have incurred forfeiture. Munster had been terribly depopulated by six years of war, and he believed many evils of the measure could have been avoided had his advice been followed. But he had not long been President of Munster before his enemies secured his removal from office. When he then pressed his claims as heir general to Desmond's confiscated territories, the reward was thin. He obtained some land in Tipperary and a large barren tract of Kerry, but the grants were proportioned neither to his deserts nor to his rights. Ormonde had taken as active a share in repressing Tyrone's rebellion as Desmond's. In April 1600, hoping for an accommodation, he met one of the chief ringleaders, Owny MacRory O'More, at a spot not many miles from Kilkenny. The conference proved a trap. Ormonde was made prisoner and remained in the hands of Owny and the Jesuit Father Archer for three months. To these men, Ormonde alive was infinitely more valuable than Ormonde dead, though the treatment well-nigh proved his death. This old man of 68 was dragged through bogs and forests, from one hiding-place to another, for weeks never suffered to rest in any place longer than three hours. At any moment he could have purchased his liberty by assenting to the terms Archer was perpetually urging on him.

43. Ormonde moves army to Rathmines for Dublin investment

    near Rathmines · population centre · Dublin · 1649

    Ormonde moved the greater part of his army to Rathmines as part of a semi-circular investment he sought to trace around Dublin. From there he launched offensive operations, with Rathfarnham Castle as his first objective.

    Read the passage

    fatal to the precarious loyalty of his Irish allies. His refusal to give battle to Jones would have been promptly followed by the desertion of large numbers of swordsmen to O'Neill, while every day that passed brought Cromwell's dreaded advent nearer. That the English should be prevented from making Dublin a base of supplies was imperative. Not without misgivings, therefore, at the Council of War held on July the 27th, Ormonde consented to initiate offensive operations on a large scale. He had already moved the greater part of the army to Rathmines, leaving Lord Dillon of Costelogh and a considerable corps at Finglas to hold the northern extremity of the semicircular investment he sought to trace round Dublin. Rathfarnham Castle, a fortified house belonging to Sir Adam Loftus, was his first objective. It was carried on July the 28th, the victorious troops displaying a humanity rarely seen in Irish wars. Rathfarnham was, however, of secondary importance in Ormonde's calculations. The real struggle turned on the possession of a large meadow between Trinity College and Ringsend, just outside the walls. It was the sole pasturage the English cavalry could use for their horses. If they were cut off from these fields, it seemed almost certain that they must be starved out in five days. Jones was fully alive to its importance ; and on July the 30th turned out all his men to withstand Ormonde's first onslaught. The besiegers were driven back, and the Lord-Lieutenant was forced to relinquish the idea of another frontal attack. He soon perceived, however, that the key to its possession lay with Baggotrath Castle, a mediaeval fortalice, which owed its name and existence to a thirteenth-century Richard Bagot.^ It had been dismantled by Jones, but Ormonde's engineers declared that a few hours' labour would convert it into a stronghold, capable of defying Jones's efforts. It would indeed serve a double purpose, for, entrenched behind its walls, the artillery could shell horses and cattle from their feeding grounds, and also prevent Jones from

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 56

    As the companion tells it

    Rathmines, in 1649, became the staging ground for a siege of Dublin. Ormonde moved the greater part of his army here, seeking to trace a semi-circular investment around the city. He left Lord Dillon of Costelogh with a considerable corps at Finglas to hold the northern end of that line. At a Council of War on July the 27th, Ormonde consented to launch offensive operations on a large scale. He had misgivings. His refusal to give battle to Jones had threatened the loyalty of his Irish allies, who might have deserted in large numbers to O'Neill. Cromwell's arrival was drawing nearer by the day. Rathfarnham Castle, a fortified house belonging to Sir Adam Loftus, was Ormonde's first objective. It was carried on July the 28th. The victorious troops showed a humanity rarely seen in Irish wars. But Rathfarnham was of secondary importance in Ormonde's calculations. The real struggle turned on a large meadow between Trinity College and Ringsend, just outside the walls. It was the sole pasturage the English cavalry could use for their horses. Cut off from those fields, the English seemed almost certain to be starved out in 5 days. Jones understood its importance. On July the 30th he turned out all his men to withstand Ormonde's first onslaught. The besiegers were driven back, and Ormonde was forced to relinquish the idea of another frontal attack. He soon saw that the key lay with Baggotrath Castle, a medieval fortalice named after a 13th-century Richard Bagot. Jones had dismantled it, but Ormonde's engineers declared that a few hours' labour would convert it into a stronghold. Entrenched behind its walls, the artillery could shell horses and cattle from their feeding grounds and prevent Jones from holding the meadow.

44. Ormonde summoned from Carrick-on-Suir to Dublin's defence

    Carrick-on-Suir · town · Tipperary · 1641

    Ormonde was staying at his house in Carrick-on-Suir when the Lords Justices sent an urgent appeal for him to come to Dublin's aid during the 1641 crisis. He spent several days gathering retainers before marching to the capital.

    Read the passage

    Ormonde was at his beautiful house of Carrick-on-Suir, when he received an equally imploring appeal from the Lords Justices, summoning him to the rescue. The standing army of Ireland did not exceed two thousand three hundred men, and since even this small force was scattered about the country, it took Ormonde some few days to collect a hundred personal retainers, and as many friends to accompany him on his march to the capital. In that interval the panic had not subsided. Nor, perhaps, was the news from Ulster calculated to reassure the inhabitants of an unwalled town such as Dublin. At one moment the Lords Justices believed that they had enlisted five hundred stout auxiliaries from the Scottish herring fleet anchored off the coast. The fishermen, however, took fright and fled away, and the presence of an equal number of Papist soldiers in the Bay, waiting to be transported to Spain, added not a little to the popular terrors. The weather

    1

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 35

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Carrick-on-Suir in Tipperary was where Ormonde was staying at his beautiful house when word reached him. The Lords Justices sent an imploring appeal, summoning him to Dublin's rescue. The standing army of Ireland did not exceed 2,300 men, and since even that small force was scattered about the country, it took Ormonde several days to collect a hundred personal retainers and as many friends to march with him to the capital. In that interval the panic had not subsided. The news from Ulster was not calculated to reassure the inhabitants of an unwalled town such as Dublin. At one moment the Lords Justices believed they had enlisted 500 stout auxiliaries from the Scottish herring fleet anchored off the coast. The fishermen took fright and fled, and the presence of an equal number of Papist soldiers in the Bay, waiting to be transported to Spain, added to the popular terrors.

45. Relief expedition to Naas abandoned for custodiums

    Naas · town · Kildare · 1642

    A relief expedition to the important strategical point of Naas was abandoned solely because troops were dispersed guarding various custodiums—estates and castles vacated by Irish Catholics indicted of high treason. The Justices' practice of rewarding partisans with these custodiums weakened and dispersed the army.

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    In truth, Ormonde required all the encouragement and support Charles could bestow, for the interval between the battle of Kilrush and the " eminent and gratious mark of honour from the King's bounteous hand" — as Ormonde described the bestowal of his marquisate — had been crowded with vexations and trials. So frequently and wilfully had opportunities of inflicting blows on the enemy been allowed to slip that Ormonde's soul was hot within him. The Justices, failing to oust the Lieutenant-General from his post, thwarted him in every direction, and since they controlled the military stores and could veto any proposition for active service, he naturally chafed at the situation. The corruption of those in high places was another grievous affliction to Ormonde.^ The Justices were in the habit of rewarding their partisans with "custodiums," tenancies, and rents of estates or castles vacated by Irish Catholics indicted of high treason. As these houses could not be left ungarrisoned, the army was dispersed and weakened to enrich private individuals. In fact, on one occasion a relief expedition to the important strategical point of the Naas was abandoned, solely because the troops were guarding various custodiums. It is characteristic of the two men, that while Lord Lisle, who drew ample supplies from England, obtained a custodium valued at ;^2,ooo per annum, Ormonde, whose revenues were intercepted by the rebels, never received any grant of this nature.

    It cannot have endeared Ormonde to the Justices that the Irish now again gave fresh and eloquent witness of their faith in his integrity. In July, a number of Roman Catholic gentlemen assembled at Kilkenny made another attempt to come to terms with the Sovereign.^ They drew

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 38

    As the companion tells it

    Naas was a strategic point the road passes through, and in 1642 a relief expedition meant for this town was abandoned. The troops who should have gone to relieve it were instead dispersed, guarding estates and castles across the country. These properties were called custodiums, holdings vacated by Irish Catholics who had been indicted of high treason. The Justices had made a practice of rewarding their own partisans with the tenancies and rents of these seized places. But the houses could not be left ungarrisoned, so soldiers were spread thin, guarding private interests rather than concentrating where strategy demanded. Ormonde, the Lieutenant-General, chafed at this. The Justices controlled the military stores and could veto any proposal for active service, and they thwarted him at every turn. He had watched opportunities to strike the enemy slip away so often and so wilfully that his soul was, in the words of the source, hot within him. The corruption of those in high places was a grievous affliction to him. Lord Lisle, who drew ample supplies from England, obtained a custodium valued at 2,000 pounds per annum. Ormonde, whose revenues were intercepted by the rebels, never received any grant of this nature. So the relief of Naas was abandoned, not for lack of need or want of a plan, but because the army had been scattered to enrich private individuals.

46. Sir Richard Preston despatched to Kilkenny with King's letter

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1614

    In September 1614, James I sent Sir Richard Preston to Kilkenny bearing a letter urging the old Earl of Ormonde to support Preston's suit for the hand of the widowed Lady Elizabeth Butler. The King's letter praised Preston's worth and fidelity and pressed Ormonde to favour his designs.

    Read the passage

    Sir Walter's past career afforded. Unluckily, however, Lord Tulleophelim's death offered an obvious opportunity for the advancement of Sir Richard Preston, one of the many needy favourites, who knew so well how to exploit the besotted monarch's infatuation. Walter Butler, who had been on a visit to England, was enjoined to plead Preston's suit with Theobald's rich widow. Nor did the Sovereign confine himself to vague verbal commendation. Sir Richard was despatched to Kilkenny with a letter well calculated to remove any objections the old Earl might entertain to the match. The King was pleased to inform Lord Ormonde,

    " that the gentleman wee have designed is one whome upon sufficient proof of his worth and fidelity wee much esteeme, as he, who being of our owne breeding, hath since his infancie continuallie served us. And as oute of our care for the welfare of your house wee have made speciall choyce of him for that match, so his nearness unto us, may, as occasion shal be offered, fitlie serve for the advancement of such affaire as may concerne the good estate thereof.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 12

    As the companion tells it

    Kilkenny was where a royal favour landed in September 1614. Lord Tulleophelim had died, leaving a rich widow, and Sir Richard Preston, one of the King's needy favourites, saw his chance. James I first enjoined Walter Butler, who had been visiting England, to plead Preston's suit with the widow. Then the King went further. He despatched Preston himself to Kilkenny, bearing a letter for the old Earl of Ormonde, well calculated to remove any objections he might entertain to the match. The King wrote that the gentleman he had designed was one whom, upon sufficient proof of his worth and fidelity, he much esteemed, adding that Preston, being of his own breeding, had since his infancy continually served him. James pressed Ormonde to accept the match, arguing that Preston's nearness to the King might serve for the advancement of such affairs as concerned the good estate of the Ormonde house. A royal letter, a needy courtier, and a widowed lady: all brought to this city.

47. Youghal adheres to the Commonwealth

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1649

    Through Lord Broghill's influence and the memory of the Earl of Cork, Youghal speedily gave its adhesion to the Commonwealth, as English settlers swore allegiance to the Parliamentary cause.

    Read the passage

    Oliver's rebuff before Duncannon was, however, almost discounted by the general trend of affairs in Munster. Lord Broghill's presence in the English army was worth another division to Cromwell. Family influence, a persuasive tongue, local knowledge, and a brilliant intellect were all secured to Oliver's service in the person of his new and distinguished recruit. The English settlers, who still worshipped the memory of the great Earl of Cork, readily swore allegiance to a cause identified with his ablest son ; and Youghal speedily gave in its adhesion to the Commonwealth. The strict discipline maintained in the English army did much also to reconcile the county folk. Cromwell permitted no pillaging, and his camp was an excellent market for the peasants' wares. Like Wellington, Oliver appreciated the fatal effects of living on the country ; while, unlike O'Neill and the

    378 THE LAST CAMPAIGN [1649

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    As the companion tells it

    Youghal is the town you are passing through or near. In 1649, this place gave its adhesion to the Commonwealth, and the story of how it happened runs through Lord Broghill. His presence in the English army was worth another division to Cromwell. Family influence, a persuasive tongue, local knowledge, and a brilliant intellect were all secured to Oliver's service in his new and distinguished recruit. The English settlers here still worshipped the memory of the great Earl of Cork, and they readily swore allegiance to a cause identified with his ablest son. The strict discipline maintained in the English army did much to reconcile the county folk. Cromwell permitted no pillaging, and his camp was an excellent market for the peasants' wares. He appreciated the fatal effects of living on the country.

48. Disease and exhaustion thin Cromwell's ranks at Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1650

    By spring 1650, disease and exhaustion had greatly reduced the ranks of the soldiers who had landed with Cromwell at Dublin. This weakening of his forces contributed to Cromwell's willingness to offer terms he would previously have refused.

    Read the passage

    latter went in constant peril of their lives from their Irish comrades, so-called, Ormonde could not well gainsay the request to discharge his English following. He merely stipulated that he should retain Lieutenant - Colonel Treswell to command his own bodyguard, as he had reason to know that he was threatened by treachery.^ And on their part, three devoted gentlemen, one of them a son of Digby, Lord Bristol, refused to be driven from his side. Otherwise the men were ready to go, and, with the full approval both of Ormonde and Inchiquin, merely desired to make the best and most honourable terms with Cromwell. Colonel Daniel and Dean Boyle were therefore sent to the English camp to discuss the terms of their fellow-countrymen's exodus. Oliver would gladly have enlisted the departing troopers in his service ; but since the envoys firmly declined to consider this alternative, he wisely showed an accommodating spirit, readily granting the desired conditions. By these articles, signed on April the 26th, all Protestants, English or Scots, soldier or civilians were empowered either to leave the country or to retire into Parliamentary quarters. Moreover, until the pleasure of Parliament could be ascertained, they were to retain their estates, compounding for them at the same rate as other English Protestants had lately done. Indeed, it soon became evident that the Lord -General was inclined rather to extend than to limit his favours. The " teaching of events" was never lost on Oliver Cromwell. Disease and exhaustion had greatly reduced the ranks of the splendid soldiery who so short a time ago had landed with him at Dublin. On the eve of his own departure, he began to realise that the conquest of Ireland was still unaccomplished.^ He was consequently prepared to offer terms that nine months previously he would scarcely have discussed, and foreseeing that all semblance of national resistance would collapse with the retirement of Ormonde

    ^ Gardiner, vol. i. p. 151.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 58

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 1650. The soldiers who had landed with Cromwell not long before had been greatly reduced by disease and exhaustion. What remained was a thin shadow of the splendid soldiery that had first arrived. Among the Irish forces, Ormonde's English followers lived in constant peril from their Irish comrades. Ormonde could not refuse the request to discharge them, though he kept Lieutenant-Colonel Treswell to command his bodyguard, having reason to fear treachery. Three devoted gentlemen, one a son of Digby, Lord Bristol, refused to leave his side. The rest were ready to go and, with the approval of Ormonde and Inchiquin, sought honourable terms with Cromwell. Colonel Daniel and Dean Boyle were sent to the English camp to negotiate. Cromwell would gladly have enlisted the departing troopers, but the envoys firmly refused. He showed an accommodating spirit and granted the conditions. By articles signed on April 26th, all Protestants, English or Scots, soldier or civilian, could leave the country or retire into Parliamentary quarters. Until Parliament's pleasure was known, they were to retain their estates, compounding at the same rate as other English Protestants had done. Cromwell was inclined to extend rather than limit his favours. The teaching of events was never lost on him. Disease and exhaustion had thinned his ranks, and on the eve of his own departure he realised the conquest of Ireland was still unaccomplished. He was prepared to offer terms that nine months previously he would scarcely have discussed, foreseeing that national resistance would collapse with Ormonde's retirement.

49. Dublin refuses to yield to Silken Thomas's insurgents

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1534–1535

    While Silken Thomas struggled for control during his rebellion, Dublin stoutly refused to yield to the insurgents. The arrival of English troops and royal ordnance before the city's walls reversed the fortunes of the campaign.

    Read the passage

    James was soon called upon to make good these brave words. Until reinforcements could arrive from England, the advantages of the situation were with Fitzgerald, and in the ensuing fight at Jeripont Lord Butler was beaten and badly wounded. But whilst he was recovering at Dunmore, Lord Ormonde assembled a force strong enough to drive Thomas from Kilkenny. Dublin, moreover, stoutly refused to yield to the insurgents. And with the appearance before its walls of English troops and the still more welcome ordnance, possessed by the sovereign alone, the fortunes of the campaign were reversed. Thenceforward, although " Silken Thomas " struggled on with varying success till 1535, his fate was sealed, and, in spite of James Butler's earnest intercession, on February the 3rd, 1537, in common with his unhappy uncles, he paid the penalty of his folly at Tyburn. At the death of these misguided men, in virtue both of his loyalty and his wife's hereditary claims, much of the Fitzgerald property was granted to Piers.

    With the eclipse of the Kildare power, the Butlers might well have anticipated a period of comparative peace. James Butler's sword was not, however, allowed to rust in its scabbard. After the final subjection of the Fitzgerald country, he almost immediately embarked on the contest with the Geraldines, which was to

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 8

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin stood firm when Silken Thomas and his insurgents rose. During the rebellion, the advantages lay with Fitzgerald until reinforcements could arrive from England. In the fight at Jeripont, Lord Butler was beaten and badly wounded. While he recovered at Dunmore, Lord Ormonde assembled a force strong enough to drive Thomas from Kilkenny. Dublin stoutly refused to yield to the insurgents. The appearance before its walls of English troops and the still more welcome ordnance, possessed by the sovereign alone, reversed the fortunes of the campaign. Thenceforward, Silken Thomas struggled on with varying success till 1535, but his fate was sealed. In spite of James Butler's earnest intercession, on February the 3rd, 1537, in common with his unhappy uncles, he paid the penalty of his folly at Tyburn. At the death of these misguided men, much of the Fitzgerald property was granted to Piers, in virtue both of his loyalty and his wife's hereditary claims. With the eclipse of the Kildare power, the Butlers might have anticipated peace. James Butler's sword was not allowed to rest.

50. Dundalk garrison resists Scots' summons

    Dundalk · town · Louth · 1644

    At Dundalk, the garrison and officers were on the alert against Munroe's approach. Thanks to £300 worth of stores provided from Ormonde's private purse, they were able to resist the Scots' summons, unlike Belfast which fell to treachery.

    Read the passage

    During these months, although Munroe had himself embraced the Covenant, he played a neutral part. He was not considered actually inimical to the King, and less optimistic persons than Antrim hoped to win him over to Charles. But in April these fond schemes were definitely shattered. Parliament bestowed on Munroe the chief command of all English and Scottish troops in Ulster, and thereafter no more was heard of his loyalist sympathies. Indeed, while Ormonde's Scottish and English officers were engaged at Belfast in discussing the attitude they should adopt towards Munroe, he treacherously possessed himself of the town and its artillery. He would have done the same at Dundalk and the Newry, but, there, garrisons and officers were on the alert, and thanks to ;^300 worth of stores provided by Ormonde's private purse, they were able to resist the Scots' summons. Although, however, individual commanders refused to admit Munroe within their walls, hunger ultimately forced the English regiments to accept a compromise, and in return for supplies and various other concessions, they agreed to assist Munroe in prosecuting the War against the Irish. And they further qualified their adhesion to the General by stipulating that the alliance should be forthwith dissolved, if the King saw fit to issue orders to that effect. Thanks to this agreement, Munroe collected the largest army hitherto seen in the field, with which he conscientiously ravaged Westmeath and Longford, and massacred the wretched peasantry. The Confederates, relying on the Cessation, had not sufficient forces to oppose the combined force, and when Castlehaven and Owen Roe O'Neill achieved a junction of their troops, they were obliged to remain on the defensive, merely barring the Scots' southward march. Before long their self-restraint was rewarded. For want of rations Munroe was forced to return to his quarters, but the alarm which he had excited did

    1644] ORMONDE'S DILEMMA 239

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 43

    As the companion tells it

    Around the town of Dundalk, in 1644, a garrison held its nerve when the Scots came calling. The story begins with Munroe, a commander who had embraced the Covenant but played a neutral part. Some hoped he might be won over to the King. But in April, Parliament gave him the chief command of all English and Scottish troops in Ulster, and his loyalist sympathies were heard no more. While Ormonde's Scottish and English officers were still at Belfast, debating what attitude to take towards Munroe, he treacherously seized the town and its artillery. He would have done the same at Dundalk and the Newry. But there, the garrisons and officers were on the alert. Thanks to £300 worth of stores provided by Ormonde's private purse, they were able to resist the Scots' summons. Even so, individual commanders could refuse Munroe entry only so long. Hunger ultimately forced the English regiments to accept a compromise. In return for supplies and other concessions, they agreed to assist Munroe in prosecuting the war against the Irish. They added one condition: the alliance should be forthwith dissolved if the King saw fit to issue orders to that effect. With this agreement, Munroe collected the largest army hitherto seen in the field. He conscientiously ravaged Westmeath and Longford, and massacred the wretched peasantry. The Confederates, relying on the Cessation, had not sufficient forces to oppose the combined force. When Castlehaven and Owen Roe O'Neill achieved a junction of their troops, they were obliged to remain on the defensive, merely barring the Scots' southward march. Before long, for want of rations, Munroe was forced to return to his quarters.

51. Inchiquin's victory at Liscarroll

    Liscarroll · town · Cork · 1642

    On 2 September 1642, Inchiquin, commanding far inferior forces but aided by Lord Cork's band, gained a considerable victory over the rebels at Liscarroll. The battle occurred shortly after Forbes's departure from the western coast.

    Read the passage

    Ormonde was not the only eminent loyalist whose action was obstructed by the Justices that summer, Clanricarde's pacification with Galway was as little to their mind as to that of the Puritans at Westminster. The Justices encouraged Captain Willoughby to violate its articles ; and the London Adventurers despatched Lord Forbes with a fleet of filibusters to the coast of Connaught. On his way to the West, his aid was vainly besought by Inchiquin, then confronted with tremendous odds. Plunder at little or no risk was Forbes's objective.^ His progress was marked by the burning of loyal gentlemen's castles, and starving peasants' cabins. When he had ransacked the dwellings of the living, he desecrated the tombs of the dead. Such ghoulish outrages were not remunerative ; and in September, as the town of Galway refused to surrender at discretion, he finally sailed away, leaving Clanricarde to knit together the ravelled threads of peace. P'orbes's departure appeared to bring luck to the English, for, on September the 2nd, Inchiquin, with far inferior forces but strong in the aid of Lord Cork's band of valiant brethren, gained a considerable victory over the rebels at Liscarrol.

    The 24th of October 1642 is a momentous date in Irish history. On that day, the lords and gentry of the realm met at Mr Robert Shea's house in Kilkenny to organise the public administration of Ireland. The Confederate Catholics — as they were now called — repudiated any pretension to summon a regular parliament, since this was one of the prerogatives, which they were pledged to defend. They were resolved, however, that during the interval which must elapse before the King could restore peace to Ireland, their Government should not lack dignity and order ; and, inspired by Anglo-Saxon traditions, they

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 39

    As the companion tells it

    Liscarroll is a town the road takes you through or near, and in 1642 it was the site of a battle that turned the fortunes of the English side in Ireland that autumn. That summer, loyalists like Ormonde found their actions obstructed by the Justices. Clanricarde had made a pacification with Galway, which pleased neither the Justices nor the Puritans at Westminster. The Justices encouraged Captain Willoughby to violate its articles, and the London Adventurers dispatched Lord Forbes with a fleet of filibusters to the coast of Connaught. On his way west, Forbes was vainly besought for aid by Inchiquin, who was confronted with tremendous odds. But plunder at little or no risk was Forbes's objective. His progress was marked by the burning of loyal gentlemen's castles and starving peasants' cabins. When he had ransacked the dwellings of the living, he desecrated the tombs of the dead. These ghoulish outrages were not remunerative. In September, the town of Galway refused to surrender at discretion, and Forbes finally sailed away, leaving Clanricarde to knit together the ravelled threads of peace. Forbes's departure appeared to bring luck to the English. On 2 September 1642, Inchiquin, with far inferior forces but strong in the aid of Lord Cork's band of valiant brethren, gained a considerable victory over the rebels at Liscarroll.

52. John Livingston's living at Raphoe with modified liturgy

    Raphoe · town · Donegal

    John Livingston obtained a living from the Bishop of Raphoe on conditions similar to those granted to Robert Blair, being allowed to repeat only such responses as met with his approval. This arrangement reflects the early plantation-era tolerance in Ulster, where Calvinist ministers driven from Scotland found refuge and were permitted latitude in worship practices.

    Read the passage

    In the early days of the plantation, the scarcity of clergymen and the mingled sympathy and apathy of the Bishops left the new incumbents a large measure of independence. When ministers such as Robert Blair refused ordination at the hands of the Bishop of the Diocese, the latter calmed his scruples, and "answered the law " by officiating at the service merely as one of the several presbyters.^ Again, John Livingston obtained a living from the Bishop of Raphoe on much the same conditions as Blair, being privileged to repeat only such of the responses as met with his approval. Thus encouraged, the most unbending Calvinists, driven out of Scotland by James I.'s repressive ecclesiastical policy, naturally took refuge in Ulster. Here, they did not lose touch with their native land. The communications between the two countries were remarkably easy ; and large bodies of Scots frequently crossed by Stranraer for the sole purpose of enjoying some favourite pastor's ministrations, sailing home the same evening to Galloway,

    Nothing, indeed, more accurately gauges the mental gulf that divides the seventeenth from the twentieth century than the popular attitude with regard to sacred oratory. Sermons were not only a source of dutiful interest to our forbears, they were often the chief excite-

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 26

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Raphoe sits along this road. In the early days of the plantation, the scarcity of clergymen left new incumbents a large measure of independence. When ministers such as Robert Blair refused ordination at the hands of the Bishop of the Diocese, the Bishop calmed his scruples and answered the law by officiating at the service merely as one of the several presbyters. John Livingston obtained a living from the Bishop of Raphoe on much the same conditions as Blair, being privileged to repeat only such of the responses as met with his approval. The most unbending Calvinists, driven out of Scotland by King James the First's repressive ecclesiastical policy, naturally took refuge in Ulster. They did not lose touch with their native land. Communications between the two countries were remarkably easy. Large bodies of Scots frequently crossed by Stranraer for the sole purpose of enjoying some favourite pastor's ministrations, sailing home the same evening to Galloway. Sermons were not only a source of dutiful interest to our forebears. They were often the chief excitement available to them.

53. Lady Ormonde's Irish estate lands examined by Dublin commissioners

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1653–1655

    Months passed before the Land Commissioners in Dublin consented to examine the schedule of lands and rents assigned for Lady Ormonde's maintenance. The income fell far short of the promised £2,000 per annum, with heavy government taxes swallowing up half the rent in some cases, and tenants preparing to abandon their leases.

    Read the passage

    Lady Ormonde was less prompt in securing justice for herself than for her kinsman. Months passed by before the Land Commissioners consented to examine the schedule of lands and rents assigned for her maintainance ; and then it transpired that the income they produced fell far short of the promised ;^2,ooo per annum. The contribution assessed thereon by Government was enormous. In some instances, this tax swallowed up half the rent, in others, it was in the proportion of ;^39 to ;^5o.^ The tenants were so discouraged that many were preparing to throw up their leases. Nor could she tempt them to make any outlay on their holdings since, the estate being forfeited only for Ormonde's lifetime, she could not grant long leases. Meanwhile, the destruction of the timber and the decay of the farm buildings threatened her with absolute ruin. That she should ultimately have surmounted all these obstacles speaks volumes for Lady Ormonde's perseverance and capacity. By dint of unwearying efforts, she finally obtained the transfer to herself, in trust for Ormonde's life, of all those leases for the year, or for three, five, and seven years, which the Commonwealth had bestowed on her tenants. Moreover, the rents, for which she now became directly liable to the Government, were referred to the valuation of "indifferent persons"; so that in 1655 she found herself at last enabled to return to England, to fetch her family to live with her at Dunmore.

    As little in London as in Dublin was Elizabeth Ormonde, however, fated to enjoy peace. During her residence in the capital, Cromwell, having received notice that she was involved in one of her husband's enterprises against his Government, caused all her papers to be seized, and was, indeed, on the point of arresting Lady

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 60

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin is where Lady Ormonde fought to hold onto her husband's estate. She had been less prompt in securing justice for herself than for her kinsman. Months passed before the Land Commissioners consented to examine the schedule of lands and rents assigned for her maintenance. When they finally did, the income fell far short of the promised 2,000 pounds per annum. The government tax assessed on the estate was enormous. In some cases it swallowed up half the rent. In others, the proportion was 39 to 50. The tenants were so discouraged that many were preparing to throw up their leases. She could not tempt them to make any outlay on their holdings. The estate being forfeited only for Ormonde's lifetime, she could not grant long leases. The destruction of the timber and the decay of the farm buildings threatened her with absolute ruin. By dint of unwearying efforts, she obtained the transfer to herself, in trust for Ormonde's life, of all those leases for the year, or for 3, 5, and 7 years, which the Commonwealth had bestowed on her tenants. The rents, for which she now became directly liable to the Government, were referred to the valuation of "indifferent persons." In 1655 Elizabeth Ormonde found herself at last enabled to return to England, to fetch her family to live with her at Dunmore. Yet in London as before, she was not fated to enjoy peace. Cromwell, having received notice that she was involved in one of her husband's enterprises against his Government, caused all her papers to be seized, and was on the point of arresting her.

54. Lord Digby arrives in Dublin and falls under Ormonde's charm

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1645

    At the end of 1645, Charles I's Secretary of State Lord Digby arrived in Dublin to reinforce royal mandates regarding the peace negotiations. Digby was immediately impressed by Ormonde, describing him as the wisest and most virtuous young man he had ever known.

    Read the passage

    The King's irritation had been great on discovering that the Irish Privy Councillors were offering a determined resistance to the Peace. Ormonde had told Digby that a pacification concluded without, or against, the advice of that body, would be called " no Peace, but a countenancing of the Irish by the Royal authority against the English and Protestants, who will certainly disobey if the Council disavows the Peace." ^ Legally also, there were grave objections to passing acts through Parliament, which had not first received the Council's confirmation. Charles was enraged at the thought that "compliments and respects " should hinder a Peace, which every day became of such absolute necessity, and he peremptorily commanded Ormonde to execute the directions contained in his letter of the 27th of February. As for the recalcitrant Councillors, if they gave their assent, well and good. Otherwise, Ormonde must not hazard the Peace "or soe much as an affront by their foolish refusing to concur with him ! " The episode probably brought home to Charles that Ormonde's difficulties lay no less in Dublin than at Kilkenny. The Secretary of State's presence would confirm the royal mandates. His silver tongue would not only spur Ormonde into defiance of Protestant prejudice, but might also convert the Lord- Lieutenant to the royal councils of opportunism. At the end of the year Digby therefore arrived in Dublin, and, by his own account, straightway fell under Ormonde's charm.- He told Hyde :

    " The Marquis of Ormonde is not only the wisest young

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 48

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1645 was where a king's impatience met the caution of his councillors. Charles I was furious that the Irish Privy Councillors resisted the peace. Ormonde had told Digby that a peace concluded without the Council's advice would be called "no Peace, but a countenancing of the Irish by the Royal authority against the English and Protestants, who will certainly disobey if the Council disavows the Peace." There were legal objections too: acts passed through Parliament without the Council's confirmation carried grave doubts. Charles was enraged that "compliments and respects" should hinder a peace of absolute necessity. He commanded Ormonde to execute the directions in his letter of the 27th of February. If the Councillors gave assent, well and good. Otherwise, Ormonde must not hazard the Peace "or soe much as an affront by their foolish refusing to concur with him." At the end of the year the Secretary of State, Lord Digby, arrived in Dublin to confirm the royal mandates. His silver tongue was meant to spur Ormonde past Protestant prejudice and perhaps convert the Lord-Lieutenant to the king's way of thinking. Instead, by his own account, Digby fell straightway under Ormonde's charm. He told Hyde: "The Marquis of Ormonde is not only the wisest young"

55. Ormonde sends surrender propositions from Dublin to Westminster

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1646

    On 29 September 1646, a deputation bearing Ormonde's propositions left Dublin for Westminster. In return for surrendering his garrisons, Ormonde demanded a relief force and protections for English and Irish adherents, offering either to carry on the war in Parliament's name or to resign.

    Read the passage

    On the 29th of September 1646, a deputation bearing the Lord-Lieutenant's propositions left Dublin for Westminster. In return for the surrender of his garrisons, Ormonde demanded the instant despatch of a relief force of three thousand five hundred men to Ireland. He stipulated also that all Englishmen and Irishmen, both Protestants and Roman Catholics, whether previously associated with the Confederates or not, should be protected in their persons and estates, if recognised as adherents by himself and the Privy Council, and he offered either to carry on the war against the rebels in the Parliament's name or to resign. In the latter case, both he and his officers were to be indemnified for their public expenditure, protected for six months against private suits for debt, and given leave to transport themselves and their effects whither they pleased.^ He stated, however, that these arrangements were subject to his obtaining the King's sanction to his resignation ; and with that object he begged the houses to forward a letter from him to Charles.

    True to the attitude he had consistently maintained, Ormonde, likewise, charged the agents to represent the difference in guilt " between the first contrivers and bloody actors of the rebellion, and those who by the torrent thereof, were afterwards engaged in it, contrary to their inclinations." 2 He argued that the confiscation of the original rebels' lands should amply satisfy the subscribers to the Adventurers' Loan. And he urged the wisdom of not increasing existing divisions amongst Protestants in Ireland by the enforcement of the Covenant and the prohibition of the Book of Common Prayer. The prospect of acquiring the capital, the chief harbour, and main garrisons of Ireland, without striking a single blow, was naturally not displeasing to the Puritan assembly at Westminster ; though they were determined neither to suffer the Marquis to remain in Dublin, nor to entrust him with the management of the war. Ormonde must go ; and they simply ignored his stipulations regarding

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 52

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1646 was the seat from which the Lord-Lieutenant Ormonde sent his terms to Parliament. On the 29th of September that year, a deputation left the city for Westminster carrying his propositions. In return for the surrender of his garrisons, Ormonde demanded the instant despatch of a relief force of three thousand five hundred men to Ireland. He stipulated that all Englishmen and Irishmen, Protestant and Roman Catholic alike, whether they had been associated with the Confederates or not, should be protected in their persons and estates, if recognised as adherents by himself and the Privy Council. He offered either to carry on the war against the rebels in Parliament's name, or to resign. If he resigned, he and his officers were to be indemnified for their public expenditure, protected for six months against private suits for debt, and given leave to transport themselves and their effects whither they pleased. These arrangements were subject to his obtaining the King's sanction, and with that in mind he asked the houses to forward a letter from him to Charles. Ormonde charged his agents to represent what he called the difference in guilt, in his words, "between the first contrivers and bloody actors of the rebellion, and those who by the torrent thereof, were afterwards engaged in it, contrary to their inclinations." He argued that confiscating the original rebels' lands should amply satisfy the subscribers to the Adventurers' Loan. He urged the wisdom of not deepening divisions among Protestants in Ireland by enforcing the Covenant and prohibiting the Book of Common Prayer. The prospect of acquiring the capital, the chief harbour, and the main garrisons of Ireland without striking a single blow was not displeasing to the Puritan assembly at Westminster. But they were determined neither to let Ormonde remain in Dublin nor to entrust him with the management of the war. Ormonde must go, and they simply ignored his stipulations.

56. Palatinate rights of Tipperary granted to Earl of Ormonde

    Tipperary · town · Tipperary · 1328

    James le Botiller obtained the Palatinate rights of Tipperary in 1328 and was created Earl of Ormonde. The Butlers owned these Palatinate rights alongside vast estates in Kilkenny, making them indistinguishable from sovereign princes save in name.

    Read the passage

    The geographical position of the broad lands which fell to Theobald's portion, skilfully increased in his descendants' hands by marriage and confiscation, had a distinct influence on the policy of the Butlers. Owning the Palatinate rights of Tipperary,- and possessed of vast and profitable estates in Kilkenny, they were indistinguishable, save in name, from sovereign princes. The importance of Gowran and Carrick-on-Suir was hardly surpassed by that of Kilkenny Castle, purchased from the Despencers in 1392. Arklow provided the means of ready access to England ; and across the Channel, their great possessions, including half Lancashire, and elsewhere castles and manors innumerable, kept alive their connection with the mother country.

    ' Died 1206.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 5

    As the companion tells it

    Tipperary was the heart of Butler power. In 1328 James le Botiller obtained the Palatinate rights of Tipperary and was created Earl of Ormonde. The Butlers held these rights alongside vast and profitable estates in Kilkenny, and the book says they were, save in name, indistinguishable from sovereign princes. Gowran and Carrick-on-Suir were hardly less important than Kilkenny Castle, which they purchased from the Despencers in 1392. Arklow gave them ready access to England. Across the Channel they held great possessions, including half Lancashire, and castles and manors innumerable. The broad lands had fallen to Theobald's portion, increased by marriage and confiscation, shaping Butler policy for generations.

57. Strafford's royal chase around Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1635–1641

    Strafford established a protected zone, a royal chase, around Dublin to preserve game, which earned him considerable ill-will from the Irish gentry. The forge and the mill were driving woodland creatures from their ancient sanctuaries, and the destructive instincts of new settlers threatened certain species with extinction.

    Read the passage

    In work and play the resemblance between the two men was equally marked ; Wentworth, whose labours were characterised by a fierce, consuming energy, was not more indefatigable than his disciple. For half a century, as six o'clock struck, James Butler was in his saddle or at his desk. As he himself said, the Duke of Ormonde and the Duke of Buckingham, remarkable for diametrically opposed habits, " would between them have made a good gentleman of the Bedchamber." ^ It is to this custom of early rising that we owe the long and happily expressed letters which, in the stillness of the morning hours, Ormonde was wont to indite. Yet hard workers as were Wentworth and Ormonde, they were too typical of their age and class not to find leisure for woodcraft. All the cares of office in later years did not distract Ormonde from the congenial task of improving the breed of Irish partridges by a judicious importation of Welsh birds. Nor would Strafford have disdained such efforts. Few things gained him, in fact, so much ill-will with the gentry of Ireland as his attempts to preserve game. These attempts were doubtless often ill-judged and arbitrary. It is impossible for instance, to justify his establishment of a protected zone, a royal chase, round Dublin. Yet no sportsman could have seen without dismay the unchecked slaughter of bird and beast, which already threatened certain species with extinction. The forge and the mill were driving the woodland creatures from their ancient sanctuaries. The destructive instincts of the new settlers were even more formidable to their survival.

    ^ Carte, vol. iv. p. 699. 2 Idem, p. 697.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 31

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, between 1635 and 1641, became the centre of a controversy over game and woodland. Strafford, whose energy in office was fierce and consuming, established a protected zone around the city, a royal chase, to preserve game. Few things earned him so much ill-will with the gentry of Ireland. His attempts were often ill-judged and arbitrary, and the record says it is impossible to justify his establishment of this protected zone. Yet the land was under pressure. The forge and the mill were driving woodland creatures from their ancient sanctuaries. The destructive instincts of the new settlers were even more formidable to their survival. Unchecked slaughter of bird and beast already threatened certain species with extinction. No sportsman could have seen this without dismay. Strafford and Ormonde were both hard workers, typical of their age and class in finding leisure for woodcraft. Ormonde, in later years, did not let the cares of office distract him from improving the breed of Irish partridges by importing Welsh birds. Strafford would not have disdained such efforts. But the royal chase, whatever its purpose, left a lasting resentment among the Irish gentry.

58. Capitulation of Maynooth, 1536

    Maynooth · town · Kildare · 1536

    The capitulation of Maynooth in 1536 marked the beginning of the end for the Anglo-Norman lords' power in Ireland. The event is described as sounding the knell of the nobles' greatness, preceding Tyrone's final surrender in 1603.

    Read the passage

    Many of these changes had been initiated as unwillingly as they were suffered. The complete reduction of Ireland was most reluctantly undertaken by the Tudors, since the immense expenses which it entailed met with an utterly inadequate return. Henry VIII.'s quarrel with the Papacy which, under Elizabeth, developed into a national struggle for existence, made the subjugation of the sister-isle an imperative necessity. If England was to retain her civil and religious liberties, Ireland could not be allowed to become a Spanish province. Therefore, step by step, first, the Anglo-Norman lords, and, then the native chieftains were humbled and brought low. The capitulation of Maynooth in 1536 sounded the knell of the nobles'

    46

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 17

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through or near Maynooth, you are near where the power of the Anglo-Norman lords in Ireland began to break. In 1536, the capitulation of Maynooth, in the words of the source, "sounded the knell of the nobles'" greatness. The Tudors had most reluctantly undertaken the reduction of Ireland, the expenses immense and the returns inadequate. But Henry the Eighth's quarrel with the Papacy, which under Elizabeth grew into a national struggle, made subjugation necessary. If England was to keep her civil and religious liberties, Ireland could not become a Spanish province. Step by step, the Anglo-Norman lords were humbled, then the native chieftains. Tyrone's final surrender came in 1603.

59. Cromwell takes Drogheda

    Drogheda · town · Louth · 1649

    Drogheda fell to Cromwell's forces on the 12th of September 1649, a key event in the campaign that paralysed Irish resistance and struck terror into the population.

    Read the passage

    It must be admitted that the rapidity of Cromwell's movements almost excused the "stupefied" condition of the unhappy Irish. Drogheda fell on the 12th of September. Two days later, Dundalk surrendered, and its example was instantly followed by Carlingford. On October the nth Wexford was carried, partly by force and partly by treachery, amid scenes that recalled the worst horrors of Drogheda. The story of Wexford's downfall aptly

    1649] WEXFORD 375

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 57

    As the companion tells it

    The road takes you through Drogheda. In September 1649, Cromwell's forces took this town on the 12th of the month. His movements were so rapid that the Irish were, in the source's word, "stupefied." Two days later Dundalk surrendered, and Carlingford followed at once. In October, Wexford fell, partly by force, partly by treachery, amid scenes that recalled the worst horrors of Drogheda.

60. Gage of battle flung down on the Hill of Tara

    near Tara · hill or hills · Meath · 1642

    The gage of battle flung down on the Hill of Tara was not necessarily bound to result in a fight to the death between the two races, until the English Parliament passed the Adventurers' Act on 19 March 1642, deliberately cutting off all retreat for the Irish.

    Read the passage

    possibilities, the possibilities of peace, or at least of compromise, which never recurred after the six months that elapsed between the Ulster rising and Ormonde's victory. Had the Justices, by their prorogation of Parliament on November the i6th, 164.1, not shown themselves the irreconcilable foes of the Irish nation, the fatal alliance of the Anglo-Irish and the Ulstermen on the 22nd of December might not have followed. From that date onwards, the English Government was no longer confronted with an insurrection — largely localised — but with a national secession. Yet the gage of battle flung down on the Hill of Tara was not bound to result in a combat to the death between the two races, until the English Parliament, in passing the "Adventurers' Act," on the 19th of March, 1642, deliberately cut off all retreat from the Irish. For a space, though the King had given his consent to the measure, a section of the Irish might still pin their faith on his justice or mercy, when he came to his own. But disillusion was bound to come. It culminated in 165 1 in the offer of the sovereignty of Ireland to a foreign and Roman Catholic Prince by the envoys of the Supreme Council.

    From another point of view, also, the period ending with the battle of Kilrush marks the end of previous conditions. Thereafter, the unravelling of the Irish coil was effected mainly by events exterior to Ireland. Doubtless, for another decade, Irish soil was to drink Irish blood. Truces were made only to be broken. Skirmishes, sieges, and massacres succeeded each other. But because the victory of Kilrush, victory for the English " interest " though it was, could not, owing to the causes already enumerated, terminate the struggle, the adjudication of the quarrel was inevitably transferred to England — to England where every Roundhead success counted as an Irish defeat; to Westminster, where the Puritan legislated for the Papist ; to the City, where the subscribers to the " Adventurers' Loan " could only retrieve both capital and dividend from the confiscation of Ireland.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesfirst01burg, Chapter 38

    As the companion tells it

    Tara is a hill the road passes through, and what happened here changed the shape of a whole nation's fate. A gage of battle was flung down on this hill, a challenge thrown between two races. But that challenge was not bound to end in a fight to the death. There was still a space where things might have gone another way. The English Parliament changed that on the 19th of March, 1642, when it passed the Adventurers' Act. That act deliberately cut off all retreat for the Irish. The King gave his consent to the measure, and for a time a section of the Irish might still pin their faith on his justice or mercy, hoping that when he came to his own he would deal fairly with them. But disillusion was bound to come. The period ending with the battle of Kilrush marks the end of previous conditions. After that, the unravelling of the Irish coil was effected mainly by events exterior to Ireland. For another decade, Irish soil was to drink Irish blood. Truces were made only to be broken. Skirmishes, sieges, and massacres succeeded each other. But the victory of Kilrush could not terminate the struggle, and the adjudication of the quarrel was inevitably transferred to England. To Westminster, where the Puritan legislated for the Papist. To the City, where the subscribers to the Adventurers' Loan could only retrieve both capital and dividend from the confiscation of Ireland.