The neighborhood of Dublin : its topography, antiquities and historical associations

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Esker as ancient Royal manor and Esker-Riada boundary

   Esker · parish · Dublin

   The district of Esker was one of the four ancient Royal manors of County Dublin, its revenues once applied to defending the Pale. Esker marks the start of the Esker-Riada, a line of hills fixed as the boundary between north and south Ireland by Owen More and Conn of the Hundred Battles in the 2nd century.

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   I/eaving Lucan by the Esker road up the steep hill, and passing the new cemetery, we presently enter the little village of Esker, more populous in former years, and once possessing a grammar school and a cotton factory. The district of Esker was one of the four ancient Royal manors of the County Dublin, the revenues of which were on occasions applied to the ciefence of the Pale against " the Irish Enemie." Esker means a ridge of sandhills, this place marking the commencement of the great Esker-Riada, a line of low hills which extends almost iininterruptedly to the County Galway, and was fixed upon as the boundary between the North and the South of Ireland in the 2nd century by Owen More and Conn of the Hundred Battles {Irish 'Names oj Places, Vol. I., p. 402).

   On the summit of one of these sand hills, and in a commanding position overlooking the little hamlet, stand the ivied ruins of the ancient church of Esker, probably dating from the 12th century. Within the hallowed circuit of its mouldering walls, a large tombstone, shattered to pieces, marks the restingplace of the murdered priest, Father MacCartan, whose tragic fate i? commemorated in the following epitaph : —

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 152

   As the companion tells it

   The road takes you through the parish of Esker, a place that once carried more weight than its quiet appearance suggests. In earlier centuries this was a village with a grammar school and a cotton factory, but its importance goes back much further. Esker was one of the four ancient Royal manors of County Dublin, and its revenues were sometimes set aside for the defence of the Pale against what the old record calls the Irish Enemie. The name itself means a ridge of sandhills, and this place marks the beginning of the great Esker-Riada, a line of low hills running almost without break to County Galway. In the 2nd century, Owen More and Conn of the Hundred Battles fixed this ridge as the boundary between the north and the south of Ireland. On the summit of one of these sand hills stand the ivied ruins of a church probably dating from the 12th century. Inside its broken walls, a large tombstone, shattered to pieces, marks the resting place of the murdered priest Father MacCartan.

2. Fenian rising skirmish at Stepaside, 1866

   near Stepaside · population centre · Dublin · 1866

   Stepaside village acquired temporary notoriety in the 19th century as the scene of a miniature battle during the Fenian rising in 1866.

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   Returning to the main road, on the opposite side will be seen a steep by-road leading up the side of the mountain to Ballyedmunduff, and adjoining is the picturesque entrance to the demesne of Fern Hill, through which the public are admitted as a short cut to Barnacullia. The road hence falls slightly to Stepaside, a village which acquired a temporary notoriety in the last century as the scene of a miniature battle during the Fenian rising in 1866. High over the village to the right, the dark foliage of the pine woods lends a softening effect to the

   KILTIERNAN— THE SCALP 165

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 81

   As the companion tells it

   As the road falls toward Stepaside, you pass through a village that once held a brief fame. In 1866, during the Fenian rising, a miniature battle was fought here. It was not a large action, but it gave this place a notoriety that lingered through the century.

3. First performance of 'The Kilruddery Hunt' song on Bachelor's Walk

   Bachelor's Walk · street · Donegal · 1744

   The hunting song 'The Kilruddery Hunt', commemorating a famous 1744 fox hunt starting from Kilruddery, was first sung at the Dublin house of one of the sportsmen on Bachelor's Walk shortly after the event.

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   The author of this spirited song was Thomas Mozeen, an actor and singer, who also wrote " An Invitation to Owen Bray's at Loughlinstown," and was a well-known patron of that hunters' hostelry. Before the publication of " The Kilruddery Hunt," and only a few days subsequent to the event which it commemorates, it was sung for the first time at the house of one of the sportsmen who took part in the hunt, at his house on Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.

   "THE KILRUDDERY HUNT"

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 45

   As the companion tells it

   This is Bachelor's Walk, where the hunting song 'The Kilruddery Hunt' was first sung. Thomas Mozeen, an actor and singer, wrote it. He also wrote 'An Invitation to Owen Bray's at Loughlinstown,' and was a well-known patron of a hunters' hostelry. The song commemorates a fox hunt of 1744 from Kilruddery. A few days after the hunt, before publication, it was sung at the house of one of the sportsmen who took part, on Bachelor's Walk, Dublin.

4. Franciscan abbey built at Clane about 1260

   Clane · town · Kildare · 1260

   About the year 1260 Clane was selected as a settlement for the Franciscans, for whom Gerald Fitzmaurice, Lord of Offaly, built a stately abbey, the ruins of which still stand in a conspicuous position south of the village.

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   country, however, a complete change was effected by the advent of the Anglo-Normans — new fashions, new ceremonials, and new foreign orders were introduced, and about the year 1260 this place was selected as a settlement for the Franciscans, for whom Gerald Fitzmaurice, I-ord of Offalv, built a stately abbey, the ruins of which still stand in a conspicuous position a short distance south of the village.

   In the Patent Rolls, it is recorded that on the T4th March, 13QI, the King granted to the Provost, Bailiffs and Commonalty of Clane, the right to impose for a period of

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 111

   As the companion tells it

   The Anglo-Normans brought a complete change to the country — new fashions, new ceremonials, and foreign religious orders. About the year 1260, Clane was chosen as a settlement for the Franciscans. Gerald Fitzmaurice, Lord of Offaly, built them a stately abbey. The ruins of that abbey still stand, a short distance south of the village.

5. Francis Grose the antiquarian buried at Drumcondra

   near Drumcondra · townland · Dublin · 1791

   Francis Grose, the noted antiquarian who produced illustrated volumes on Irish antiquities, died of an apoplectic fit in Dublin in 1791 and was buried in Drumcondra churchyard.

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   on the amiquities of the districts he visited. He then went to Scotland for a similar purpose, but before finishing with that country, came to Ireland, and, as the result of his travels here, brought out two large volumes on Irish antiquities, copiously illustrated. This work appeared in 1791, and soon afterwards in that year the author died of an apoplectic fit at the house of Horace Hone in Dublin.

   Near Grose's grave is buried Thomas Furlong, the Wexford poet, who died in 1827.

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 118

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Drumcondra lies Francis Grose, the antiquarian. He came to Ireland and produced two large illustrated volumes on Irish antiquities, published in 1791. Soon after, that same year, he died of an apoplectic fit at the house of Horace Hone in Dublin. Near Grose's grave is buried Thomas Furlong, the Wexford poet, who died in 1827.

6. Lough Bray Cottage gifted to Sir Philip Crampton

   near Lough Bray · lake or lakes · Wicklow

   Lough Bray Cottage, built in the Old English style overlooking the northern shore of the lake, was originally a gift from the Duke of Northumberland, when Lord Lieutenant, to his medical adviser Sir Philip Crampton, who had cured him of a troublesome skin disease.

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   As an alternative to returning bv Glencree and Enniskerry, the wilder and more mountainous road by Lower and L^pper Loughs Bray, Sally Gap and the Liffey valley may be taken, but this route, besides being longer, will entail more walking owing to the steep ascent. A mile beyond the Reformatory, we pass a cottage from Avhich a pathway leads to Lough Brav — a wild, gloomy tarn, 1,225 ^^^^ o"^^^ sea level, believed by some to be the crater of an old-world volcano. Over its \\ estern shore rises a lofty cliff terminating the ridge of Kippure, behind which the head waters of the Dodder — the stream known as Tromanallison — takes its origin. Lough Brav Cottage, standing on a slight eminence over the northern shore, is picturesqueh- embosomed in a grove of trees, and commands a full view of the lake and the rugged mountain cliffs that partly encompass it. It is built in the Old English style of architecture, and was originally a gift by the Duke of Northumberland when Lord Lieutenant, to his medical adviser, Sir Philip Crampton, ^\ho had cured him of a troublesome skin disease.

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 161

   As the companion tells it

   Lough Bray is a wild, gloomy tarn sitting at 1,225 feet above sea level, and some believe it is the crater of an old-world volcano. Over its western shore rises a lofty cliff that terminates the ridge of Kippure, and behind that cliff the head waters of the Dodder take their origin from a stream known as Tromanallison. A cottage stands on a slight eminence over the northern shore of the lake, embosomed in a grove of trees, commanding a full view of the water and the rugged mountain cliffs that partly encompass it. Lough Bray Cottage is built in the Old English style of architecture. It was originally a gift from the Duke of Northumberland, when he was Lord Lieutenant, to his medical adviser Sir Philip Crampton, who had cured him of a troublesome skin disease. The lake and its cliffs form a sombre landscape, and the cottage looks out over all of it from its grove of trees.

7. Loughlinstown as centre of 18th-century hunting society

   near Loughlinstown · street · Dublin · 1700–1799

   In the 18th century Loughlinstown was the centre of a great hunting district, with a well-known hunters' inn kept by Owen Bray, later altered into the residence Beechwood.

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   In the 1 8th century, Loughlinstown was the centre of a great hunting district, and was much patronised by devotees of the chase. There was then in the village a well-known hunters' inn, owned by one Owen Bray, which, according to Dr. Ball's History of the County of Dublin, has since been altered into the modern residence known as Beechwood, opposite the entrance to Loughlinstown House, These sporting times have been commemorated in the fine old hunting song, " The Kilruddery Hunt," which is reproduced at the end of this chapter. It is interesting by reason of its allusions to many places where fox hunting would now be utterly impossible, but which at that time were wild and unenclosed.

   During the troublous period at the close of the iSth century, the lands lying for a considerable distance to the west of the village were the site of a great military camp, which extended over 1 20 acres, and accommodated 4,000 soldiers. Notwithstanding the scenes of bloodshed and misery which were of frequent occurrence in the neighbourhood, the troops found ample opportunities for amusing themselves, and contemporary writers describe the camp as being n constant scene of gaiety, a ballroom having been specially erected for dancing. Vivid traditions of this camp still survive among the people of the locality.

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 43

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere about Loughlinstown, in the 18th century, this was the centre of a great hunting district, much patronised by devotees of the chase. There was a well-known hunters' inn in the village, owned by one Owen Bray. According to Dr. Ball's History of the County of Dublin, the inn has since been altered into the modern residence known as Beechwood, opposite the entrance to Loughlinstown House. These sporting times are commemorated in the old hunting song, "The Kilruddery Hunt," with its allusions to many places where fox hunting would now be impossible, but which were then wild and unenclosed. At the close of the 18th century, the lands lying for a considerable distance to the west of the village became the site of a great military camp, extending over 120 acres and accommodating 4,000 soldiers. Contemporary writers describe the camp as being a constant scene of gaiety, a ballroom having been specially erected for dancing. Vivid traditions of this camp still survive among the people of the locality.

8. Major Knox's entertainments at Ballinascorney House

   Ballinascorney · electoral division · Dublin · 1860

   About 1860, Major Knox, proprietor of the Irish Times, lived at Ballinascorney House and gave lavish entertainments, bringing guests from town by four-horse drag and providing music from his own brass band.

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   At the top of the Gap, where the road branches off on the left to Kilbride Camp, is a granite cross, evidently of modern date, but of whose origin nothing is known in the neighbourhood. Some distance beyond the top will be seen, lower down on the opposite side of the valley, Ballinascorney House, pleasantly situated in the shelter of its woods, over which rises what is locally known as " The Black Hill." This house was formerly called Dillon Lodge, having been erected as a shooting lodge by the Dillons of Belgard early in the eighteenth century. Some of Robert Emmet's party took possession of it in 1803, to the great alarm of the inmates, who were, however, treated with the greatest courtesy by the party, and suffered no further injury than the consumption of the contents of their pantries. About i860, Major Knox, the proprietor of the Irish Times, lived in this house, and gave numerous entertainments there, taking his guests out from town in a four-horse drag, and providing music for the festivities by a brass band organised by himself.

   From the summit of the Gap the road winds along the northern slope of a fine open valley with the Black Hill and the towering form of Seechon on the left, and Knockannavinidee and Tallaght Hill on the right.

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 88

   As the companion tells it

   As you pass through Ballinascorney, the road here runs near a house once called Dillon Lodge, built as a shooting lodge by the Dillons of Belgard early in the 1700s. It stands sheltered in its woods, with what is locally known as the Black Hill rising above it. In 1803 some of Robert Emmet's party took possession of the house, causing great alarm to the inmates. They were treated with courtesy, however, and suffered nothing worse than the loss of the contents of their pantries. Around 1860, Major Knox, the proprietor of the Irish Times, lived in the house. He gave numerous entertainments there, bringing his guests out from town in a four-horse drag, and providing music by means of a brass band he had organised himself. Near the top of the Gap, where the road branches off to Kilbride Camp, stands a granite cross of modern date, whose origin nothing is known in the neighbourhood. From the summit the road winds along the northern slope of an open valley, with the Black Hill and Seechon on one side and Knockannavinidee and Tallaght Hill on the other.

9. Malahide as a fashionable oyster resort

   Malahide · town · Dublin · 1699

   Two hundred years before writing, Malahide was a favourite drive for Dublin folk; John Dunton's 1699 'The Dublin Scuffle' describes it as a place as eminent as Billingsgate for people going to eat oysters.

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   Malahide is a decayed watering-place Avhich attained an ephemeral popularity about sixty years ago consequent upon the construction of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway, and although there are many good houses and terraces in the vicinity, it has, in recent years, shown little signs of revival except as a golfing resort. Two hundred years ago it was a favourite drive for the Dublin folk, and the eccentric John Dunton in The Dublin Scuffle (1699), says : — " Sometimes I would for " my diversion ride out a few miles either to Santry, Swords " or Malahide, a place as eminent as Billingsgate for people " g^i^g to ^^t oysters there."

   A picture of Malahide Castle appears on the maps of the Down Survey, and in the notes is the following description of the town : — " Mallahide contains the town of Mallahide ; " there is a good stone house therein, with orchards and gardens " and many ash trees, with other out-houses in good repair ; " there are also many thatched houses and cabbins by the " seaside or bay, where fishermen dwelleth, and a mill that " goeth by ebb tides."

   Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 126

   As the companion tells it

   Malahide was a favourite drive for Dublin folk two hundred years before writing. The eccentric John Dunton, in The Dublin Scuffle, dated 1699, says: "Sometimes I would for my diversion ride out a few miles either to Santry, Swords or Malahide, a place as eminent as Billingsgate for people go to eat oysters there." The Down Survey maps show the castle, and the notes describe the town. A good stone house stood there, with orchards and gardens and many ash trees, and out-houses in good repair. By the seaside or bay were many thatched houses and cabins where fishermen lived, and a mill that went by the ebb tides. In later years it became a watering-place with an ephemeral popularity about sixty years ago, after the Dublin and Drogheda Railway was built. Good houses and terraces stood nearby, but it showed little sign of revival except as a golfing resort.

10. Netterville's protest muster at Swords, 1641

    Corballis · townland · Dublin · 1641–1648

    Luke Netterville of Corballis assembled a force of 1,200 men at Swords in 1641 to protest against lawless conduct of soldiers from Dublin. After his death in 1648 the estate passed to Lady Harcourt.

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    On the southern side of the peninsula and facing Malahide, is Corballis, which in the 14th century v/as in possession of the Barne walls, and in the 17th century was the residence of Luke Netterville, who in 1641 assembled a force of 1,200 men at Swords as a protest against the lawless conduct of some soldiery from. Dublin. On the death of Netterville in 1648, the estate was granted bv Parliament to Lady Harcourt, -widow of Sir Simon Harcourt, who was killed at the siege of Carrickmines Castle in 1641.

    An appalling shipping disaster, probably remembered by some of the older residents of Dublin, occurred off this coast in 1854. On Thursday, the 19th January in that year, the emigrant ship,

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 135

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Corballis, in the 14th century this land was in the possession of the Barne walls. By the 17th century it was the residence of Luke Netterville. In 1641 he assembled a force of 1,200 men at Swords, as a protest against the lawless conduct of some soldiery from Dublin. On his death in 1648, the estate was granted by Parliament to Lady Harcourt, widow of Sir Simon Harcourt, who had been killed at the siege of Carrickmines Castle in 1641.

11. Old bridge over the Rye Water built by John le Decer, 1308

    Droichead Nua (Newbridge) · town · Kildare · 1308

    The narrow old bridge paradoxically called Newbridge, actually the oldest bridge on the Rye Water, was built in 1308 by John le Decer, Provost of Dublin, at his own expense.

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    arches, while beneath, the waters glide softly onward, until at length they are lost in the distance amidst the luxuriant overhanging foliage. This quaint old bridge was built by John le Decer, Provost of Dublin, at his own expense, in 1308, and was only one of the many public works carried out by this eminent citizen of old Dublin.

    Beside the bridge is the entrance to St. Wolstan's, so called because it contains the ruins of an ancient ecclesiastical establishment, which, according to Archdall's Monasticon Hibernicum was founded in 1202 in honour of St. Wolstan, Bishop of Worcester, for the. Canons of the Order of St. Victor. The ruins now surviving consist of two arched gateways, a square tower with a spiral staircase, an arched way with some apartments adjoining, and some ivy-clad fragments of gable walls, all carefully preserved.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 155

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Droichead Nua, the name Newbridge sits oddly on the oldest bridge over the Rye Water. John le Decer, Provost of Dublin, built it at his own expense in 1308, one of many public works carried out by this eminent citizen of old Dublin. Beside the bridge stands the entrance to St. Wolstan's, named for the ruins of an ecclesiastical establishment founded in 1202 in honour of St. Wolstan, Bishop of Worcester, for the Canons of the Order of St. Victor. What survives now are two arched gateways, a square tower with a spiral staircase, an arched way with adjoining apartments, and ivy-clad fragments of gable walls, all carefully preserved.

12. Ormonde's encampment before Rathmines defeat

    Finglas · parish · Dublin · 1649

    In 1649 the Marquess of Ormonde encamped at Finglas before his overthrow at the battle of Rathmines, obtaining successes over Parliamentarian troops near Drogheda who guarded provision routes.

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    In 1649 the Marquess of Ormonde encamped here prior to his overthrow at the battle of Rathmines, and obtained some successes over small parties of Parliamentarian troops near Drogheda, who had taken up positions there in order to intercept convoys of provisions coming from the north by the Drogheda and Ashbourne Road. His letters to King Charles IL, written at this period, exhibit the utmost confidence as to the final issue of his operations against the city of Dublin.

    In 1690 King William's army encamped at Finglas for a few days on their return from the Battle of the Boyne. Two massive structures known as " King William's Ramparts." the erection of which is ascribed by local tradition to that monarch, remain to the present day — one on the boundary of the Rectory ground, and the other, a larger one, close to the village, on the road running southward from the new church. Both have heavy growths of ivy, and present the appearance of antiquity, but the larger one is strengthened by buttresses which appear to be of recent date, and may have been added to prevent it falling out on the road.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 124

    As the companion tells it

    Finglas has seen armies rest in its fields. In 1649 the Marquess of Ormonde encamped in this parish before his overthrow at the battle of Rathmines. He had obtained some successes over small parties of Parliamentarian troops near Drogheda, who had taken up positions to intercept convoys of provisions coming from the north by the Drogheda and Ashbourne Road. His letters to King Charles II, written at this period, exhibit the utmost confidence as to the final issue of his operations against the city of Dublin. In 1690 King William's army encamped at Finglas for a few days on their return from the Battle of the Boyne. Two massive structures known as "King William's Ramparts," ascribed by local tradition to that monarch, remain to the present day. One stands on the boundary of the Rectory ground, the other, larger, close to the village on the road running southward from the new church. Both have heavy growths of ivy. The larger one is strengthened by buttresses which appear to be of recent date, and may have been added to prevent it falling out on the road.

13. Palmerston village fair and green rivalling Donnybrook

    Palmerston · parish · Dublin

    Beside the ruined old church of Palmerston, thickly covered in ivy overlooking the river, was the once-famed village green where a fair was held on 21st August, regarded as second only to the Donnybrook fair.

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    Beside the old stable referred to above, a by-road on the right leads to the lower and probably the original village, with the ruins of the old church of Palmerston, thickly covered with ivy, in a picturesque position overlooking the river. Adjoining is the once famed village green, where a fair used to be held on the 2ist August, an institution which at one period of its existence was regarded as second only to the historic saturnalia of Donnybrook

    A mile and a half beyond Palmerston, along the main road, is the little hamlet of Cursis Stream, recently improved by the erection of some handsome villa residences. There is nothing in this locality worthy of notice ; and after passing the power station of the Dublin and Lucan Electric Railway, we reach Ballydowd Hill, a considerable elevation over the surrounding country, but commanding only a very restrioted view. About a mile further on we pass the long, straggling hamlet of Ballydowd, consisting mostly of neatly-kept detached cottages, and

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 151

    As the companion tells it

    Through the parish of Palmerston, a by-road leads down to the lower and probably the original village, where the ruins of the old church stand thickly covered with ivy, in a picturesque position overlooking the river. Adjoining is the once famed village green, where a fair used to be held on the 21st of August, an institution which at one period of its existence was regarded as second only to the historic saturnalia of Donnybrook. Beyond, along the main road, is the little hamlet of Cursis Stream, recently improved by the erection of some handsome villa residences. There is nothing in this locality worthy of notice. After passing the power station of the Dublin and Lucan Electric Railway comes Ballydowd Hill, a considerable elevation over the surrounding country, but commanding only a very restricted view. Further on is the long, straggling hamlet of Ballydowd, consisting mostly of neatly-kept detached cottages.

14. Ponsonby Shaw's failed lake and improvements at Friarstown

    Friarstown · townland · Carlow

    Early in the 19th century Ponsonby Shaw, brother of Sir Robert Shaw of Bushy Park, developed Friarstown into a wooded glen with walks, grottoes and waterfalls, and dammed a stream to form a lake, but the dam burst soon after completion and destroyed his work, leaving the place in its present wild state.

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    GLENNASMOLE or the upper valley of the Dodder— the most conspicuous glen in the Dublin range — is well marked out by the slopes of Mount Pelier on the east, and the towering heights of Seechon, Corrig and Seefingan on the west, while Kippure, the highest mountain in the view, forms the southern boundary of the valley, and the watershed between the basins of the Dodder and the Liffey. Pedestrians desirous of exploring this district shoiild take the steam tram to Tallaght, walking thence by Oldbawn bridge to Bohernabreena and turning to the right at the chapel. Immediately after passing Bohernabreena chapel will be seen the entrance to Friarstown, the residence, early in the last century, of Ponsonby Shaw, brother of Sir Robert Shaw, of Bushy Park, Terenure. The murder of Kinlan, Shaw's gamekeeper, by the Kearneys, and the execution of the latter on the bank of the Dodder, are described in another chapter. Shaw spent a deal of money on improvements at Friarstown, reclaiming and planting the grounds, which he converted into a pretty wooded glen, with winding walks, grottoes and miniature waterfalls. At the head of the glen he formed a lake by damming the course of the stream, but it was hardly well finished when it burst and swept all before it, making a complete wreck of his work. He was so much discouraged by this mishap that he made no attempt to repair the damage, and the place is now in a state of wildness, which, however, invests it with a charm it probably never possessed in its former condition. One of the pathways leads to the bottom ot the glen near a

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    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 171

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is Friarstown, where Ponsonby Shaw made his home early in the 1800s. He was the brother of Sir Robert Shaw of Bushy Park, Terenure. Shaw spent a great deal of money on improvements here. He reclaimed and planted the grounds and turned them into a pretty wooded glen, with winding walks, grottoes, and miniature waterfalls. At the head of the glen he formed a lake by damming the course of the stream, but it was hardly finished when the dam burst and swept all before it, making a complete wreck of his work. He was so discouraged by this mishap that he made no attempt to repair the damage, and the place is now in a state of wildness, which, however, invests it with a charm it probably never possessed in its former condition. The book also recalls a darker episode connected to Shaw. His gamekeeper, a man named Kinlan, was murdered by the Kearneys, and the Kearneys were afterwards executed on the bank of the Dodder. That story belongs to another chapter, but it sits alongside the fate of Friarstown in the same account of this district.

15. Poorly-sited battery at Loughlinstown river mouth

    near Loughlinstown · street · Dublin

    A battery erected about a hundred years before the book's writing on a cliff south of the Loughlinstown river mouth was so ill-chosen in position that despite being elaborately loop-holed, it commanded no view of the shore or sea.

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    On a high cliff immediately south of the flat stretch of shore where the Loughlinstown river flows into the sea, are the remains of a battery erected about a hundred years ago in what appears to be a very ill-chosen position, for although elaborately loop-holed, no portion of the structure, owing to the rising ground in front, commands a view of the shore, or even of the sea, except in the distance. Remains of the dwelling for the accommodation of the garrison may still be seen, and underneath is a vaulted chamber, probably the ammunition store.

    Adjoining Shankill Railway Station is a village now known as Tillystown or Chantilly, but which seems to have originally been called Shanganagh, as evidenced by a tablet dated 1830 in the wall on the main road. No indication of a village or even house, however, appears here in the Ordnance Survey Map of 1837.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 34

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Loughlinstown, on a high cliff south of where the river meets the sea, are the remains of a battery put up about a hundred years before the book's writing. It was a poor choice of spot, for though the walls were elaborately loop-holed, the rising ground in front meant no part of the structure could see the shore or even the sea, except far off in the distance. You can still make out the garrison dwelling, and underneath it a vaulted chamber that was likely the ammunition store.

16. Primitive fishing village before the railway

    Howth · townland · Dublin · 1800–1844

    Before the railway was completed in 1844, Howth was a very primitive place with the village consisting of wretched thatched cabins inhabited by poor fishermen. Despite this, Sunday drives there in a jingle were a popular Dublin diversion.

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    Prior to 1844, when the railway was completed, Howth was a very primitive place indeed, the village consisting of wretched thatched cabins inhabited by poor fishermen. Nevertheless, a Sunday drive there on a " jingle " was one of the most popular diversions of the Dublin folk 100 years ago, while some were even hardy enough to essay a climb over the rocks and wild heather-clad hills.

    A poet of the day thus describes these excursions and the primitive conveyances in which they were made : —

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 143

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, before the railway was completed in 1844, Howth was a very primitive place. The village was made up of wretched thatched cabins inhabited by poor fishermen. Still, a Sunday drive out here in a jingle was one of the most popular diversions of Dublin folk, and some were hardy enough to climb over the rocks and wild heather-clad hills. A poet of the day described these excursions and the primitive conveyances in which they were made.

17. Rathcoole's poor clay huts in 1777

    Rathcoole · town · Dublin · 1777

    Campbell's Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland (1777) described Rathcoole as mostly composed of awkwardly built and irregularly arranged clay huts, contrasting sharply with the pretty villas nearby, remarking it hurt him to see such poverty so near the capital.

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    Rathcoole must have reached a low ebb in the i8th century, according to the description given by Campbell in his Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland (1777) :— " The " first village I passed through, about seven miles from Dublin, " Rathcoole I think they call it, was mostly composed of clay " huts, which are sometimes, you know, both warm and neat ; " but these were so awkwardly built and so irregularly arranged, " that even Wales would have been ashamed of them. It " hurt me to see them so near the capital, where the landscape " was so prettily chequered by abundance of little white " villas, spangling the country all round, and rendering it " upon the whole very delightful."

    Rathcoole at no very distant period employed a number of skilled tradesmen, and within living memory could boast of a working cutler, at a time when such a craftsman might have been vainly sought in many a more populous place.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 109

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Rathcoole, about seven miles from Dublin, this town in 1777 was a sight that troubled a traveller named Campbell. He was writing a Philosophical Survey of the South of Ireland that year, and Rathcoole is the first village he passed through. He found it mostly composed of clay huts, awkwardly built and irregularly arranged, so rough that he said even Wales would have been ashamed of them. What hurt him was seeing such poverty so near the capital, while all round the countryside was prettily chequered with little white villas spangling the landscape. Rathcoole later employed a number of skilled tradesmen, and within living memory could boast of a working cutler, when such a craftsman might have been vainly sought in many a more populous place.

18. Rathgar Castle damaged in Battle of Rathmines

    near Rathgar · townland · Dublin · 1649

    The castles of Rathmines and Rathgar both suffered considerable injury during the Battle of Rathmines, having been occupied and defended by fugitives from Lord Inchiquin's Royalist forces.

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    The Castles of Rathmines and Rathgar must both have suffered considerable injury at the Battle of Rathmines, having been occupied and defended by parties of fugitives from Lord Inchiquin's portion of the Royalist army. This battle is fully described in the succeeding chapter.

    In March, 1798, a brutal murder took place at Rathgar House, which stood on the site now occupied by Oaklands, Highfield Road. The gate-lodge of that house, situated in what was then a very lonely neighbourhood, was attacked in the middle of the night by three men, who having some grudge against the occupant, a gardener, after some ineffectual resistance on his part, forced their way into the lodge and murdered him. The story of the murder was told in the Freeman's Journal of March 17th, 1798, in the following words : —

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 84

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Rathgar, there was once a castle that saw fighting in 1649. At the Battle of Rathmines, both Rathgar Castle and Rathmines Castle suffered considerable injury. They had been occupied and defended by parties of fugitives from Lord Inchiquin's portion of the Royalist army.

19. Royal Canal reaches Kilcock at vast expense

    Kilcock · town · Kildare

    By the time the Royal Canal had reached Kilcock, only 20 miles from Dublin, about £200,000 had already been spent on its construction, reflecting the extravagant scale of the project.

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    Some forty years later, work was commenced on the Royal Canal, which was really an offspring of the other, originating in a dispute among the directors. Both canals were rather unfortunate at their inception, having been, as stated, constructed on too expensive a scale for the amount of traffic. One of the most costly items in connection with the Royal Canal was the great aqueduct over the valley of the Rye Water at Leixlip, which cost no less than ^^30,000, and by the time the canal had reached Kilcock, only 20 miles from Dublin, about j^200,ooc had been spent ! More capital had then to be raised, and, as in the case of the Grand Canal, the difficulty of paying interest on the total amount drove the directors to levying tolls so high as to constitute a severe check upon the commercial success of the undertaking.

    The following description by the Rev. Caesar Otway in 1839 sets forth tlie facts with the common sense and breezy humour which characterise his writings : —

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 188

    As the companion tells it

    You are coming through Kilcock in County Kildare. The Royal Canal reached this town after a long and costly struggle. By the time it got here, only 20 miles from Dublin, about £200,000 had already been spent on the whole undertaking. The canal was built on too grand a scale for the traffic it would carry. One of the most expensive pieces was the great aqueduct over the valley of the Rye Water at Leixlip, which alone cost £30,000. When the directors ran short, more capital had to be raised, and they set tolls so high that the canal's commercial success was severely checked. It was, in the words of the source, an offspring of the Grand Canal, originating in a dispute among the directors of that earlier waterway.

20. Seven castles built at Dalkey for merchandise storage

    Dalkey · townland · Dublin · 1396–1451

    Because of its importance as a port, seven castles were built at Dalkey to store merchandise and valuables landed there, protecting them from raids by 'the Irish enemie' until safe passage to Dublin could be arranged.

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    It was at this period of its history that the castles of Dalkey, ^ originally seven in number, were built for the storage of the merchandise and valuables landed there, where they could be protected against the predatory incursions of " the Irish " enemie " until such time as they could be safely escorted to Dublin.

    in 1451 the King appointed as bailiff of Dalkey, James Pren-

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 30

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, seven castles once stood. They were built to hold merchandise and valuables landed at Dalkey, guarded against what the source calls "the Irish enemie" until goods could be safely escorted on to Dublin.

21. Stanyhurst's account of Castleknock's windless window

    Castleknock · townland · Dublin · 1584

    Stanyhurst in 1584 wrote of a window in the ruined castle wall that a candle placed there would burn steadily even in stormy, blustering weather, a phenomenon that could still be tested.

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    and has never since been repaired. In one of the walls is a window, of which Stanyhurst (1584), wrote : — " Though it " be neither glazed nor latticed, but open, yet let the weather " be stormy, and the wind bluster boisterously on every side " of the house, and place a candle there, and it will burn as " quietly as if no puff of wind blew. This may be tried at " this day, whoso shall be willing to put it in practice."

    Half a mile further is the village of Castleknock, where an

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 181

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, there was a ruined castle with a strange window that Stanyhurst wrote about in 1584. He said that though it was open, with no glass or lattice, a candle placed there would burn quietly even when the wind blustered on every side of the house. He invited anyone willing to put it to the test.

22. St Patrick's blessing and prophecy over Dublin from Finglas

    Finglas · parish · Dublin

    Tradition holds that St. Patrick came to Finglas from Meath, ascended a rising ground, viewed Dublin at a distance, blessed it, and prophesied it would become the metropolis of the kingdom.

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    According to tradition, St. Patrick having come to Finglas from Meath, ascended a rising ground, and viewing Dublin at a distance, blessed it, and prophesied that although then but a small village, it should one day be a city of importance, and ultimately become the metropolis of the kingdom. Possibly connected with this legend is Sc. Patrick's Well, standing in a field a little to the north-west of the village, and formerly held in great repute for its sanative virtues as a spa.

    272 THE NEIGHBOLRHOOD OF DUBLIN

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 124

    As the companion tells it

    This parish has a tradition that Saint Patrick came here from Meath, climbed a rising ground, and looked out over Dublin in the distance. He blessed it, and prophesied that although it was then but a small village, it would one day be a city of importance, and ultimately become the metropolis of the kingdom. Possibly connected to that legend is Saint Patrick's Well, in a field north-west of the village, once held in great repute as a spa for its healing virtues.

23. Strongbow grants Kilmainham to the Knights Hospitallers

    Kilmainham · townland · Dublin · 1170–1189

    When Strongbow came to Ireland he granted the lands of Kilmainham to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, a gift later confirmed by charter under Henry II.

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    When Strongbow came to Ireland, he granted the lands of Kilmainham to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem, and Henrv II. by charter confirmed the gift. A record of the contents of the original charter will be found in Sir John Gilbert's Historic and Municipal Documents of Ireland. The members of this historic order seem to have combined the functions of soldier, physician, and ecclesiastic, and to have been thoroughly proficient in the arts and duties of all three.

    At the Suppression of the Monasteries this ancient body suffered the common penalty, and was dissolved by the Government of the day, all their property, and estates coming into possession of the Crown.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 150

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, Strongbow gave the lands of Kilmainham to the Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalem when he came to Ireland. Henry the Second confirmed the gift by charter, and a record of what was in that charter can be found in Sir John Gilbert's Historic and Municipal Documents of Ireland. The members of this order seem to have combined the functions of soldier, physician, and ecclesiastic, and to have been thoroughly proficient in the arts and duties of all three. At the Suppression of the Monasteries this ancient body suffered the common penalty. It was dissolved by the Government of the day, and all their property and estates came into the possession of the Crown.

24. Swords round tower and medieval church tower

    Swords · town · Dublin · 1300–1400

    The most conspicuous objects in Swords are the 75-foot round tower, the sole surviving portion of the original monastic establishment, and the 68-foot medieval church tower dating from no later than the 14th century; the round tower was topped with a cross about 100 years ago.

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    The most conspicuous objects in the town are the round tower, 75 feet high, which is the only surviving portion of the original monastic establishment, and the mediaeval church tower, 68 feet high, belonging to a structure which was erected not later than the 14th century. The round tower is surmounted bv a cross, placed there about 100 years ago. The adjoining modern church was built in the early part of the last century out of the remains of the ancient one, an illustration of which latter appears in Grose's Antiquities.

    At the northern end of the street stands the ancient episcopal palace or castle, designed as a defence against the Danes or other marauders, and sufficiently extensive to shelter the whole population of the town and their chattels within the circuit of its formidable walls. Admission to these ruins can be obtained on application at an adjoining house. The visitor is still shown the Constable's residence, the soldiers' quarters, and the Warder's walk, as also •• St, Columbkille's Chapel," to the right of the entrance gate, with several watch towers, one of which looking north, is in excellent preservation. A full description of this ancient establishment is to be found in Alan's Liber Niger, and according to the inquisition recorded therein, it would appear that the place was in a ruinous condition so early as 1326,

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 131

    As the companion tells it

    Swords holds two towers that rise above everything else. The first is a round tower, 75 feet high, the only surviving part of the original monastic establishment. About 100 years ago someone placed a cross on top of it. The second is a medieval church tower, 68 feet high, belonging to a structure built no later than the 14th century. An adjoining modern church was built in the early part of the last century, using the remains of the ancient one. At the northern end of the street stand the ruins of an ancient episcopal palace or castle, designed as a defence against the Danes or other marauders. Its walls were formidable and extensive enough to shelter the whole population of the town and their chattels within their circuit. The visitor is still shown the Constable's residence, the soldiers' quarters, and the Warder's walk, as well as St. Columbkille's Chapel to the right of the entrance gate, and several watch towers, one of which, looking north, is in excellent preservation. A full description appears in Alan's Liber Niger, where an inquisition records that the place was already in a ruinous condition by 1326.

25. The dun of Dunleary destroyed by railway construction

    near Dún Laoghaire · town · Dublin

    The ancient dun or rath from which Dunleary took its name, meaning Leary's Fort, once stood where a Martello tower and later the Coastguard Station were built, but this and other relics were swept away during railway construction.

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    The old picturesque name of Dunleary, meaning Leary's Fort, was originally applied to a dun or rath, standing on ground where a Martello tower, long since taken down, was erected in the last century, and where the Coastguard Station now stands. This dun and many other interesting relics were ruthlessly swept away during the construction of the railway through the district.

    This neighbourhood was in vogue as a summer wateringplace so far back as the beginning of the i8th century, and although communication with England was, at that time, principally made from Ringsend direct, a considerable number of packets also sailed from Dunleary. Arthur Young, in his Tour in Irela7id, relates how on 19th June, 1776, he embarked at Holyhead on board The Claremont packet, and arrived the next day at Dunleary. A hotel and coffee-house for the re-

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 28

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Dún Laoghaire takes its name from an old dun or rath, meaning Leary's Fort. That fort once stood on ground where a Martello tower was later erected, and where the Coastguard Station stands now. The tower itself has long since been taken down. But the dun and many other interesting relics were ruthlessly swept away during the construction of the railway through the district. This neighbourhood was known as a summer watering place as far back as the beginning of the 18th century. At that time, communication with England was made principally from Ringsend, though a considerable number of packets also sailed from Dún Laoghaire. Arthur Young, in his Tour in Ireland, relates how on 19 June 1776 he embarked at Holyhead on board The Claremont packet, and arrived the next day at Dún Laoghaire.

26. The Ghost's Walk - a haunted track by the Owen Dugher

    near Willbrook · street · Dublin

    Along the river bank under the trees near Billy's Bridge is a track called 'The Ghost's Walk,' which enjoys the local reputation of being haunted.

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    STx\RTING from Rathfarnham, we take the road through Willbrook and Ballyboden, small hamlets in semiruinous condition, with the Owen Dugher flowing on the right, and at length reach Billy's Bridge, rebuilt and widened some twenty years ago. No record survives as to the identity of the individual who has been commemorated in the title of this structure, but it is possible that the name may be an irreverent abbreviation for '" King William's Bridge." Along the river bank under the trees is a track called " The Ghost's Walk," enjoying the local reputation of being haunted. Leaving the bridge on our right, and keeping straight ahead past a row of cottages sheltered by lofty trees, we presently enter Edmondstown, a village of modern growth, which probably originated with the cloth mill established here early in the last century. As \vt leave the village, we pass the national school, situated on the very edge of the stream and at the foot of a steep ascent, where cyclists generally dismount and walk the rest of the way to Rockbrook.

    Mount Venus, embosomed in its woods, now comes into view on the right, and as we reach the higher portion of the road, to the north will be seen the flat expanse of country extending away towards the County Meath, while on the coast are Howth, Sutton, Clontarf, the Poolbeg and the Pigeonhouse with its tall red chimney. West of the city are the Phoenix Park, readily identified by the wide green expanse of the Fifteen Acres, the Liffey valley, beyond that Dunsink Observatory, and in the distance the hill of Garristown surmounted by its square ruin.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 75

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Willbrook, along the bank of the Owen Dugher, under the trees near Billy's Bridge, there is a track called the Ghost's Walk. It carries the local reputation of being haunted. No more is said about what walks there, or why. The name stands alone, and the reputation stands with it. The bridge nearby was rebuilt and widened about twenty years ago. No record survives of the person remembered in its name, though it may be an irreverent abbreviation for King William's Bridge. The Owen Dugher flows beside the road, and the hamlets of Willbrook and Ballyboden stand in what the book calls a semiruinous condition. If you leave the bridge behind and keep straight ahead past a row of cottages sheltered by lofty trees, you presently enter Edmondstown, a village of modern growth, which probably began with the cloth mill established there early in the last century. A national school sits on the very edge of the stream, at the foot of a steep ascent, where cyclists generally dismount and walk the rest of the way to Rockbrook. The book that records the Ghost's Walk does not tell its story. It names the place, gives it its reputation, and moves on, as travellers on this road have always done.

27. The Giant's Grave cromlech near Kiltiernan

    Kiltiernan · townland · Dublin

    About half a mile west of Kiltiernan on the mountainside stands one of the largest cromlechs in Ireland, known as 'The Giant's Grave', with a table stone 22 feet long by 15.5 feet wide estimated to weigh about 40 tons.

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    About half a mile west of Kiltiernan, on the wild mountainside, surrounded by fern and heather, is one of the largest cromlechs in Ireland, commonly known as " The Giant's " Grave," the table stone of which is 22 feet long by i$i feet wide, and is estimated to weigh about 40 tons. The supporters, judging from their irregular positions, would appear to have suffered some considerable disturbance.

    Passing out of the village we enter upon a highly picturesque portion of the road shaded on both sides by trees, approaching what was known as " The Novice's Hill " in the early days of cycling, when that pastime was deemed suitable only for athletes or acrobats. In the springtime this place is seen to its best advantage, the young pale foliage of the deciduous trees contrasting finely with the dark blue-green of the pines, while scattered here and there through the woods are open patches all ablaze with the blossoms of the ever-flowering furze.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 81

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Kiltiernan, somewhere around here on the wild mountainside surrounded by fern and heather, stands one of the largest cromlechs in Ireland, known as the Giant's Grave. Its table stone measures 22 feet long by 15.5 feet wide and is estimated to weigh about 40 tons. The supporting stones, judging from their irregular positions, would appear to have suffered some considerable disturbance. Leaving the village, the road becomes highly picturesque, shaded on both sides by trees, approaching what was known as the Novice's Hill in the early days of cycling, when that pastime was deemed suitable only for athletes or acrobats. In springtime this place is seen to its best advantage, the young pale foliage of the deciduous trees contrasting with the dark blue-green of the pines, while scattered through the woods are open patches all ablaze with the blossoms of the ever-flowering furze.

28. Turvey mansion built from Grace Dieu convent materials

    Turvey · townland · Dublin · 1565

    Turvey, the ancestral estate of the Barnewalls, was built in 1565 by Sir Christopher Barnewall, and tradition holds it was constructed from materials taken from the suppressed Convent of Grace Dieu, whose remains have entirely vanished.

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    Situated on the straight road between the village of Donabate and the main road to Drogheda, is Turvey, the ancestral estate of the Barnewalls, Lords Trimblestown, and Barons of Turvey. The original mansion was built by Sir Christopher Barnewall in 1565, according to a tablet which formerly stood over the west gate, but which has since been placed at the back entrance to the residence. It bears the inscription — " The arms of Sir Christopher Barnewall and Dame Marion Sharle, alias Churley, " w^ho made this house in Anno 1565." According to common tradition, the mansion was erected out of the materials of the famous Convent of Grace Dieu (see Index), which had been granted to Sir Patrick Barnewall at the Suppression of the Monasteries, and some colour is lent to this story by the complete disappearance of all vestiges of that extensive establishment, which can hardly be due to the mere efflux of time. Sir Patrick Barnewall seems to have resided at Grace Dieu for some years, as appears by a letter of his dated therefrom in 1540. The original residence was taken down in the i8th century, and the present edifice, a plain building with a terrace in front, erected on its site. It probably is incorporated with some portions of the former structure, as it contains secret hidingplaces, passages and staircases, which would be unlikely to enter into the design of a building of such recent date as the i8th century. In the garden at the back of the house is a tablet with an inscription, dated 1570, in memory of Lady Barnewall,

    304 I'HE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DUBLIN

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 135

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is Turvey, the ancestral estate of the Barnewalls, Lords Trimblestown and Barons of Turvey. The original mansion was built by Sir Christopher Barnewall in 1565. A tablet that once stood over the west gate, now placed at the back entrance, bears the inscription: the arms of Sir Christopher Barnewall and Dame Marion Sharle, alias Churley, who made this house in Anno 1565. According to common tradition, the mansion was erected out of the materials of the famous Convent of Grace Dieu. That convent had been granted to Sir Patrick Barnewall at the Suppression of the Monasteries. Some colour is lent to the story by the complete disappearance of all vestiges of that extensive establishment, which can hardly be due to the mere passage of time. Sir Patrick Barnewall appears to have resided at Grace Dieu for some years, as a letter of his dated from there in 1540 shows. The original residence was taken down in the 18th century, and a plain building with a terrace in front was erected on its site. It probably incorporates portions of the former structure, as it contains secret hiding places, passages and staircases unlikely to belong to a design of so recent a date. In the garden at the back of the house is a tablet dated 1570, in memory of Lady Barnewall.

29. Vandalism of Rathdown graveyard tombstones and bones

    Rathdown · barony · Wicklow · 1838

    When the ancient village of Rathdown disappeared, the local proprietor removed all tombstones from the churchyard of St. Crispin, disinterred the bones, and reburied them in one heap at the eastern end of the church; tradition of this act survived when O'Curry visited in 1838.

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    Near the end of the lane will be seen in a field a little to the southward, the ruins of the church of St. Crispin, thickly enveloped with ivy. The adjacent ground now shows no indication of having been a graveyard, although it certainly was such during the period when the church was in use, and the last interment known to have taken place there was that of the bodv of a sailor which was washed ashore early in the last century. When the ancient village of Rathdown in course of time disappeared, the local proprietor removed all the tombstones, disinterred the bones, and buried them in one heap at the eastern end of the church. Some tradition of this act of vandalism survived when Eugene O'Curry visited the place in 1838.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 46

    As the companion tells it

    You're passing through the barony of Rathdown in Wicklow, where the ruins of St. Crispin's church lie covered in ivy. The ground around it was once a graveyard, and the last known burial there was a sailor whose body washed ashore early in the 1700s. When the ancient village of Rathdown disappeared, the local proprietor pulled up every tombstone, dug out the bones, and reburied them all in one heap at the eastern end of the church. Eugene O'Curry visited in 1838 and found people still talking about what had been done.

30. Welsh gentleman's 1735 crossing and landing at Ringsend

    near Ringsend · street · Dublin · 1735

    A 1735 diary records a nineteen-hour passage from Holyhead, a forced return to Dublin due to contrary winds, and landing at Ringsend where passengers paid boatmen and hired coaches to the city after a four-hour wait.

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    According to a diary kept by a Welsh gentleman in 1735, during a visit to Dubhn, the passage from Holyhead took nineteen hours, and on the return journey when the packet had got within a few miles of Holyhead, a contrary wind sprung up which obliged the officers to abandon all hope of reaching land on that side, and forced them to turn back to Dubhn where they had to wait several days before the wind was favourable. It is interesting to learn that the voyage cost IDS. 6d. — pretty much the same as at present — but when forced to turn back by stress of weather and make an extra voyage, as in this case, the cost of provisions only was charged. The passengers landed at Ringsend and paid is. a head to the boatman who took them ashore in his boat, and two of them hired a coach to drive them to the city, for which they paid 2s. lod. The passengers complained of being kept four hours waitingbefore, being landed.

    Nathaniel Jeiferys in An Englishman's Descriptive Account of Dublin (1810), gives the following amusing description of the proceedings at the Pigeonhouse landing stage, about a hundred years ago : — " Upon the arrival of the packets at the " Pigeonhouse, the passengers are conducted to the custom- " house ; and it would be a great injustice not to acknowledge " that the manner in which the examination of the luggage is " done (by giving as Httle trouble as possible to persons " frequently fatigued by a tedious passage and sea-sickness) is " very gratifying to strangers. As soon, however, as this " ceremony is over, one of a less accommodating description " takes place, which is the mode of conveying passengers ta " Dublin in the Long Coach. This carriage is upon the plan *' of those elegant vehicles upon low wheels, which are used on

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 12

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Ringsend, passengers came ashore in 1735 after a crossing from Holyhead that had taken 19 hours on the way out. A Welsh gentleman kept a diary of his visit to Dublin, and it records what happened when he tried to go home. The packet had got within a few miles of Holyhead when a contrary wind sprang up. The officers abandoned all hope of reaching land on that side, and the ship was forced to turn back to Dublin. There they had to wait several days before the wind was favourable. The voyage cost 1 shilling and 6 pence, which the diary notes was much the same as at present. When passengers were forced to turn back by stress of weather and make an extra voyage, as in this case, the cost of provisions only was charged. The passengers landed at Ringsend. They paid 1 shilling a head to the boatman who took them ashore in his boat. Two of them hired a coach to drive them to the city, and for that they paid 2 shillings and 6 pence. The passengers complained of being kept 4 hours waiting before being landed. About a hundred years later, Nathaniel Jeffreys gave an account of Dublin in 1810 describing the proceedings at the Pigeonhouse landing stage. When the packets arrived, passengers were conducted to the custom house. Jeffreys wrote that the examination of luggage was carried out giving as little trouble as possible to persons often fatigued by a tedious passage and sea sickness, which he found very gratifying to strangers. But once that ceremony was over, a less accommodating one took place, the mode of conveying passengers to Dublin in the Long Coach.

31. Wreck site behind Blackrock House still identifiable

    Blackrock · townland · Dublin

    The scene of the Prince of Wales wreck remains a reef of dark, jagged rocks projecting from the shore immediately behind Blackrock House, identifiable by an ornamental embattled structure, accessible only on foot at low water.

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    remembered that all the coast along here was much altered by the construction of the railway, and that many of the sharp rocks which proved so fatal to the victims are now covered over by the embankment and by the adjoining road and houses ; moreover, in 1807, the immediate locality was so lonely and unfrequented that a vessel might easily be wrecked there at night without attracting notice. The scene of the Prince of Wales wreck is a reef of dark, jagged rocks projecting from the shore immediately behind Blackrock House, and easily identified by an ornamental embattled structure overlooking this spot of tragic memories. It is accessible on foot at low water only, and is visible from Seapoint Martello Tower, from which it is distant almost exactly half a mile.

    The rocks all along this portion of the shore are so sharp and irregular that even in fine weather it is a difficult task for an active person to climb them without injury, so that it is not surprising that at night during a snowstorm, in a furious sea impelled by an easterly gale, not even one of the unfortunate passengers cast ashore on these cruel crags escaped.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 25

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Blackrock, the wreck site of the Prince of Wales is still identifiable. It is a reef of dark, jagged rocks projecting from the shore immediately behind Blackrock House, marked by an ornamental embattled structure overlooking the spot. It is accessible on foot at low water only, and is visible from Seapoint Martello Tower, almost exactly half a mile away. All the coast along here was much altered by the construction of the railway. Many of the sharp rocks that proved so fatal are now covered over by the embankment and by the adjoining road and houses. In 1807 the immediate locality was so lonely and unfrequented that a vessel might easily be wrecked there at night without attracting notice. The rocks along this portion of the shore are so sharp and irregular that even in fine weather it is a difficult task for an active person to climb them without injury. So it is not surprising that at night, during a snowstorm, in a furious sea impelled by an easterly gale, not even one of the unfortunate passengers cast ashore on these cruel crags escaped.

32. Archbishop Hoadley builds a palace from the ancient Castle of Tallaght, 1729

    near Tallaght · town · Dublin · 1729–1779

    In 1729 Archbishop Hoadley demolished the extensive ruins of the ancient Castle of Tallaght, which stood on the site of an earlier monastic establishment, and used the materials to build a large episcopal mansion. Contemporary visitors like Austin Cooper in 1779 found the resulting building architecturally poor and disorganized.

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    Tallaght is interesting as having been for a time the country residence of the Protestant Archbishops of Dublin. In 1729 Archbishop Hoadley took down the extensive ruins of the ancient Castle of Tallaght which stood on the site of an earlier monastic establishment, and ^vith the materials built a large episcopal mansion, thus described b)- Austin Cooper, the antiquiry, in 1779 : — " For a thing of the kind it is the poorest " ever I saw. It is a large piece of patchwork, so devoid of

    200 'I'HE NEIGHBOIRHOOD OF L)l BUN

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 96

    As the companion tells it

    Tallaght was for a time the country residence of the Protestant Archbishops of Dublin. In 1729 Archbishop Hoadley took down the extensive ruins of the ancient Castle of Tallaght, which stood on the site of an earlier monastic establishment, and with the materials built a large episcopal mansion. The antiquary Austin Cooper saw it in 1779 and called it "the poorest ever I saw," describing it as "a large piece of patchwork, so devoid of" all order.

33. Black Castle at the confluence of the Liffey and Rye Water

    Leixlip · town · Kildare

    The Black Castle of Leixlip stands sentinel-like on a commanding eminence at the confluence of the Liffey and the Rye Water, believed to date from the reign of Henry II, begun by Adam de Hereford on lands ceded by Strongbow.

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    It cannot be stated with certainty when the castle was built, but it is believed to date from the reign of Henry II., and to have been commenced during that period by Adam de Hereford, to whom the adjoining lands had been ceded by Strongbow. In 13 17 the Bruces with their army marched from Castleknock and encamped here for four days, when, according to Camden, " they burnt part of the towne, brake down the " church and spoiled it, and afterwards marched on towards " the Nas " (Naas). One of the apartments in the castle is called " King John's room," from the tradition that it was occupied by that monarch during his stay in Ireland.

    Towards the close of the 15th century the castle and lands of LeixHp were granted by Henry VII. to the Earl of Kildare, but in consequence of the rebellion of Silken Thomas, an Act of Parliament was passed in 1536, whereby the manor reverted to the Crown. In 1646 the Confederate forces under Generals Preston and Owen Roe O'Neill, in their march on Dublin, took up a position adjoining Leixlip, on the LifTey. Dissensions, however, arose between these commanders, and, ultimately, O'Neill, discovering or suspecting a plot against his life, erected a temporary bridge across the river here, and made his way into Meath. The projected attack on DubHn thus proved abortive, though it might have succeeded had the commanders united.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 154

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Leixlip, the Black Castle stands above where the Liffey meets the Rye Water. It is believed to date from the reign of Henry II, begun by Adam de Hereford on lands ceded to him by Strongbow. The Bruces marched from Castleknock and encamped here for four days, when according to Camden they "burnt part of the towne, brake down the church and spoiled it" before marching on towards Naas. A room in the castle is called King John's room, from the tradition that the monarch occupied it during his stay in Ireland. Towards the close of the 15th century the castle and lands were granted by Henry VII to the Earl of Kildare, but after the rebellion of Silken Thomas an Act of Parliament in 1536 returned the manor to the Crown. In 1646 the Confederate forces under Generals Preston and Owen Roe O'Neill took up a position adjoining Leixlip on the Liffey, intending to march on Dublin. Dissensions arose between the two commanders, and O'Neill, suspecting a plot against his life, threw a temporary bridge across the river and withdrew into Meath. The projected attack on Dublin came to nothing, though it might have succeeded had the commanders been united.

34. Burning of Clontarf by Sir Charles Coote, 1641

    Clontarf · parish · Dublin · 1641

    The village of Clontarf was burned by Sir Charles Coote in 1641, an event that caused terror among the nearby villagers of Bullogge.

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    The incident at Clontarf referred to is the burning of the village -by Sir Charles Coote in 1 641.

    A serious affray between a party of smugglers and the local Revenue officers occurred here in 1735, and is described as follows in The Dublin Weekly Journal of 26th April, 1735 : —

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 30

    As the companion tells it

    Clontarf is the parish around you. In 1641 Sir Charles Coote burned the village here. The fire and the soldiers spread terror through the neighbouring villagers of Bullogge.

35. Constable of Rathmore Castle slain by the O'Tooles, 1538

    Rathmore · townland · Kildare · 1538

    In 1538 the Constable of Rathmore Castle, John Kelway, was slain by the O'Tooles under circumstances detailed elsewhere in the book.

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    In 1538 the Coii-^table of Rathmore Castle, one John Kehvay, was slain by the O'Tooles under circumstances which are detailed at length in the next chapter.

    On the 17th September, 1580, an encounter took place near Rathmore between a small body of cavalry belonging to the troops commanded by the Earl of Kildare and Sir Henry Harrington, and a body of the Irish, led by a brother of the redoubtable Feagh MacHugh O'Byrne of Glenmalure. The Irish had burnt Rathmore, and were returning early in the morning towards the mountains with a number of entile

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 165

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Rathmore, in 1538, the Constable of Rathmore Castle, John Kelway, was slain by the O'Tooles. The circumstances were detailed at length elsewhere. On the 17th of September, 1580, an encounter took place near Rathmore between a small body of cavalry belonging to troops commanded by the Earl of Kildare and Sir Henry Harrington, and a body of the Irish, led by a brother of Feagh MacHugh O'Byrne of Glenmalure. The Irish had burnt Rathmore, and were returning early in the morning towards the mountains with a number of cattle.

36. Cusack family and the ruins of Rathgar Castle

    near Rathgar · townland · Dublin · 1609–1782

    The Cusack family held the lands of Rathgar from 1609 for about a century, and the ruins of their old castle or mansion survived into the late 18th century, being visited and described by antiquarian Austin Cooper in 1782.

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    The Cusack family became resident proprietors in this locality in 1609, and remained in possession of the lands of Rathgar 'for about a century. The extensive ruins of their old. castle or mansion survived up to a late period in the l8th century, and were visited in 1782 by Austin Cooper, the well-known antiquarian, and described in his " Not2 book."

    According to Rocque's Map of the County (1776), which, however, is so inaccurate in parts as to render identification difficult, it would seem that these ruins stood on the ground immediately south of the upper end of Rathgar Road, and the Ordnance Survey Map of 1837 shows that there was then near this point a house called " Rathgar Castle Cottage " — .a name which was probably intended to commemorate the site of this old mansion, whose ruins may have survived within the memory of the builder.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 84

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the Cusack family became resident proprietors in 1609 and held the lands of Rathgar for about a century. The extensive ruins of their old castle or mansion survived up to a late period in the 18th century. In 1782, the well-known antiquarian Austin Cooper visited those ruins and described them in his note book. Rocque's map of the county, drawn in 1776, suggests the ruins stood on ground south of the upper end of Rathgar Road, though that map is so inaccurate in parts that identification is difficult. By the time of the Ordnance Survey map of 1837, a house called Rathgar Castle Cottage stood near this point, a name probably meant to commemorate the site of the old mansion, whose ruins may have still survived within the memory of the builder.

37. Dalkey Hill's semaphore station turned into ornamental castle

    Dalkey · townland · Dublin

    The ornamental castle atop Dalkey Hill was fashioned from an old semaphore station used before the electric telegraph, when the hill was known locally as 'Telegraph Hill,' a name still used by old inhabitants.

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    reduced its bulk, and rendered it so precipitous that in places it is steep and rugged enough to test the agility of even an experienced Alpine climber. The ornamental castle on its summit is fashioned out of a semaphore station which stood there in the old days, before the invention of the electric telegraph, when the hill was generally known as " Telegraph Hill " — a name not yet extinct among the aboriginal inhabitants. The castle, which is substantially the same structure, was nearly undermined by the quarrying operations.

    The Caollc on Dalkev Hill. (1906.)

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 35

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Dalkey, there is a castle on Dalkey Hill that was fashioned out of a semaphore station. It stood there in the days before the electric telegraph, when the hill was generally known as Telegraph Hill, a name not yet extinct among the old inhabitants. The castle is substantially the same structure as the old station. It was nearly undermined by quarrying operations, and the hill itself is so precipitous that in places it is steep and rugged enough to test the agility of even an experienced Alpine climber.

38. Failure of Howth Harbour due to silting

    Howth · townland · Dublin · 1807

    The first stone of the new pier at Howth was laid in 1807, but despite spending over £300,000, the harbour filled rapidly with sand and mud, making it difficult to maintain sufficient depth for the Holyhead packets, prompting agitation for a new harbour at Dunleary.

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    Despite the arguments in favour of Dunleary, for which place the pamphleteer evidently held a brief, Ho\vth triumphed, though its triumph was indeed of short duration, and the first stone of the new pier there was laid in 1807. The work was no sooner finished, however, than its worthlessness became evident, and notwithstanding the fact tliat over ^^300,000 had been spent on it, an agitation was set on foot for the construction of another harbour at Dunleary, as that at Howth was filling up so rapidly with sand and mud that it

    X

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 142

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the first stone of a new pier was laid in 1807. Howth had won out over Dunleary as the site for a harbour, but that triumph was short-lived. No sooner was the work finished than its worthlessness became clear. Over £300,000 had been spent, yet the harbour filled so rapidly with sand and mud that an agitation began for a new harbour at Dunleary instead.

39. Highwayman's lair in a hollow tree near Santry

    Santry · townland · Dublin

    Local tradition held that one of the most notorious highwaymen who frequented the woods around Santry made his favourite hiding place in a hollow tree, a spot still pointed out to travellers.

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    been recognised shelters for highwaymen, one of the most noted of whom, according to tradition, made his favourite lair in a hollow tree near Santry, still pointed out to the wayfarer.

    Santry had, at the northern end of the village, toll-gates across the roads to Swords and Ballymun ; they were removed in 1788, but the toll-house, an old red brick cottage, may still be seen at the angle of Santry demesne, and the field opposite the forge is to the present day called " The Turnpike Field."

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 119

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here the woods once sheltered highwaymen. One of the most noted of them, according to tradition, made his favourite lair in a hollow tree near Santry, a spot still pointed out to the wayfarer. At the northern end of the village stood toll-gates across the roads to Swords and Ballymun. They were removed in 1788, but the old red brick toll-house may still be seen at the angle of Santry demesne, and the field opposite the forge is called the Turnpike Field to this day.

40. Kilgobbin Castle passed to Sir Adam Loftus

    Kilgobbin · townland · Dublin · 1625–1649

    Kilgobbin Castle, a tall narrow fortified dwellinghouse without bawn or outworks, originally belonged to the Walsh family before passing by forfeiture or otherwise, in the reign of Charles I, into the possession of Sir Adam Loftus of Rathfarnham.

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    castle. It originally belonged to the Walsh family, from whom it passed by forfeiture or otherwise, in the reign of Charles I, into possession of Sir Adam Loftus, of Rathfarnham.

    Returning to the main road, on the opposite side will be seen a steep by-road leading up the side of the mountain to Ballyedmunduff, and adjoining is the picturesque entrance to the demesne of Fern Hill, through which the public are admitted as a short cut to Barnacullia. The road hence falls slightly to Stepaside, a village which acquired a temporary notoriety in the last century as the scene of a miniature battle during the Fenian rising in 1866. High over the village to the right, the dark foliage of the pine woods lends a softening effect to the

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 81

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Kilgobbin stood a castle that originally belonged to the Walsh family. It was a tall, narrow fortified dwelling house, built without a bawn or any outworks. From the Walshes it passed, by forfeiture or otherwise, during the reign of Charles I, into the possession of Sir Adam Loftus of Rathfarnham. The record gives no detail of how the transfer came about, only that it happened in those years between 1625 and 1649, and that the castle changed hands from one family to the other.

41. Kilsallaghan castle besieged during 1641 rebellion

    Kilsallaghan · townland · Dublin · 1641

    In 1641 Kilsallaghan castle was held by Lieutenant-General Byrne for the Irish army, and the Earl of Ormonde was commissioned to dislodge its garrison, succeeding after an inconsiderable engagement.

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    About a mile further along the road we reach Kilsallaghan, where once a hamlet clustered round the village green, and where a fair was held in former times, while adjoining are the gloomy ruins of its castle, sheltered bv tall trees, and presenting the appearance of having been originally an extensive edifice. In 1 64 1 this castle having been held by Lieut. -General Byrne for the Irish army, the Earl of Ormonde was commissioned to dislodge its garrison, which he succeeded in doing after an inconsiderable engagement. About half a mile westward of the ruin is an eminence called Gallows Hill, where, according to tradition, one of these grim structures stood during the Cromwellian wars.

    We next reach Chapelmid\\a\', now consisting of a few pretty cottages, with the ancient church and churchyard enclosed by trees standing upon an eminence overlooking the hamlet. The ruin appears to be a kind of crypted appanage of the church rather than portion of the edifice itself, the foundations of which may be traced extending eastward of the existing structure. The church, which derived its name from its position midway between Kilsallaghan and St. Margaret's, is reported in an official " Visitation " as being in a ruinous condition so far back as the year 161 5.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 133

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here there once stood a castle at Kilsallaghan, where a hamlet clustered round a village green and a fair was held in former times. The ruins are gloomy and sheltered by tall trees, and they suggest the castle was originally an extensive edifice. In 1641 the castle was held by Lieutenant-General Byrne for the Irish army. The Earl of Ormonde was commissioned to dislodge its garrison, which he succeeded in doing after what the record calls an inconsiderable engagement. Not far from the ruin there is an eminence called Gallows Hill, where tradition holds that a gallows stood during the Cromwellian wars.

42. La Touche family and Bellevue's Huguenot origins

    Bellevue Demesne · townland · Wicklow · 1753

    The La Touche family, Huguenot refugees originally named Digges, purchased the lands of Bellevue (formerly Ballydonough) in 1753, changing its name. David Digges La Touche founded La Touche's Bank in Dublin and died in 1745.

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    The ancient name of Bellevue was Ballydonough, which was changed to its present one in 1753 on the purchase of the lands by David La Touche.

    Atkinson, in The Irish Tourist" (18 15), above quoted, makes the following reference to Delgany : — " The village of Delgany, " situate about fifteen miles south of Dubhn, and ten north " of Wicklow, forms a feature too significant to render its in- " significant extent an adequate apology for wholly neglecting " it, in a description of the beauties of this county. It is " composed principally of thatched cottages in the English " style (something similar to the village of Abbeyleix), and of " these, in which the parsonage house, a large stone edifice, and " the church of Delgany, a very ornamental structure, are not " included, there may be from fifteen to twenty habitations in

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 49

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Bellevue Demesne, the La Touche family, Huguenot refugees originally named Digges, bought these lands in 1753. The place was called Ballydonough before they renamed it Bellevue. David Digges La Touche, who founded La Touche's Bank in Dublin, had died in 1745, so it was his family who made the purchase and gave the estate its new name.

43. Merrion Castle, Seat of the Fitzwilliams

    Merrion · townland · Dublin · 1400–1780

    Merrion Castle was the ancestral home of the Fitzwilliam family who settled there early in the 15th century; it was one of the largest structures of its kind in County Dublin, falling into decay after the family moved to Mount Merrion, and was partly demolished in 1780.

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    At Merrion there formerly stood, on ground nearly opposite the railway crossing, Merrion Castle, the ancestral home of the Fitzwilliam family, who settled in this locality early in the 15th century. The castle, which was one of the largest structures of its kind in the County Dublin, fell into decay early in the .i8th century after its owners moved to Mount Merrion, their

    MERRION— '^THE COACH AND HORSES" 29

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 19

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Merrion stood Merrion Castle, the ancestral home of the Fitzwilliam family, who settled here early in the 15th century. It was one of the largest structures of its kind in County Dublin, but it fell into decay early in the 18th century after the Fitzwilliams moved to Mount Merrion, and it was partly demolished in 1780.

44. O'Byrnes and O'Tooles invade Saggart district in 1312

    Saggart · town · Dublin · 1312

    In 1312 the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles invaded the district around Saggart and struck terror among the inhabitants through both their numbers and their skill in adapting warfare to the mountainous terrain.

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    Saggart was one of the four royal manors in the County Dublin^ and lying so far out from the city, on the verv border of a wild mountainous region, suffered greatly during the centuries of guerilla warfare between the hardy colonists of the Pale and their resolute opponents in the hills. In 1312 the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles invaded all this district and struck terror among the inhabitants, no less by their numbers than by their skill in adapting the arts of warfare to the nature of the country.

    In 1359 William and George Harold (of Harold's Grange) were granted a reward of a hundred shillings for " manfully rescuing " some spoils which the " mountain enemie " were carrying off, and for slaving five of these vmwelcome visitors. The reward would represent about £^0 or £60 at the present d:iy.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 108

    As the companion tells it

    Up ahead is Saggart, one of the four royal manors in County Dublin. It lay far out from the city, on the border of a wild mountainous region, and suffered greatly during centuries of guerrilla warfare between the colonists of the Pale and their opponents in the hills. In 1312 the O'Byrnes and O'Tooles invaded all this district and struck terror among the inhabitants, no less by their numbers than by their skill in adapting the arts of warfare to the nature of the country. Later, in 1359, William and George Harold of Harold's Grange were granted a hundred shillings for, in the words of the record, "manfully rescuing" some spoils the mountain enemy were carrying off, and for slaying five of those unwelcome visitors.

45. Ogham pillar stone destroyed at St Marnock's Well

    Portmarnock · town · Dublin · 1855

    A pillar stone beside St. Marnock's Well bore Ogham inscriptions and unknown symbols, but was broken and partly incorporated into the well's masonry when it was enclosed about 1855.

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    Between the ruin and the road lies St. Marnock's Well, formerly open, and approached by a flight of sixteen stone steps leading down to it. On its northern side grew an old willow tree long since cut down, which, according to tradition, was wont to bend over the waters on the approach of a storm, and on this account was regarded with feelings akin to veneration by the fishing folk of the neighbourhood. Beside the well was a pillar stone, now broken to fragments, some of which have been preserved, having on their angles Ogham inscriptions, and also bearing some unknown symbols, which were never deciphered or explained. It is much to be regretted that portions of this interesting relic were incorporated in the masonry of the well, when it was enclosed about 1855, and a pump erected over it, as the inscription was well defined and undoubtedly genuine.

    Resuming our journey, a laneway will be seen on the left, nearly opposite the church, bearing the picturesque designation of " Blackberry Lane." and after passing the rise in the road, the shore again comes into view at the northern extremity of the Velvet Strand. Just under the point where the Martello tower stands, a small quay for hnding fish was constructed about 100 years ago, when there was a much larger population along this coast than at the present time. The place was then known as Tobermaclaney, meaning Maclaney's well, and a depression in the ground near the tower marks the site of the well, the waters of which, having been disturbed by

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 126

    As the companion tells it

    Portmarnock in Dublin holds a story that runs from a holy well to a lost language carved in stone. St. Marnock's Well lay between a ruin and the road, once open and reached by a flight of sixteen stone steps leading down to the water. On its northern side grew an old willow tree, long since cut down. Tradition held that the willow would bend over the waters when a storm was approaching, and the fishing folk of the neighbourhood regarded it with something close to veneration for that reason. Beside the well stood a pillar stone. It carried Ogham inscriptions on its angles, and also bore unknown symbols that were never deciphered or explained. The stone is now broken to fragments, though some have been preserved. Portions of it were built into the masonry of the well when it was enclosed about 1855 and a pump erected over it. The inscription had been well defined and undoubtedly genuine. Nearby, a laneway called Blackberry Lane runs nearly opposite the church. Past the rise in the road the shore comes back into view at the northern end of the Velvet Strand. Under the point where the Martello tower stands, a small quay for landing fish was built about 100 years ago, when the population along this coast was much larger. The place was known as Tobermaclaney, meaning Maclaney's well. A depression in the ground near the tower marks the site of that well, its waters having been disturbed.

46. Oldbawn house and its remarkable stucco chimneypiece

    Oldbawn · townland · Dublin · 1630–1635

    Oldbawn, built about 1630 by Archdeacon Bulkeley on lands granted by Charles I, contained a remarkable stucco chimneypiece dated 1635 depicting the building of Jerusalem, now preserved in the National Museum, Dublin, after being removed from the deteriorating, smoke-blackened house.

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    some years previously bv grant of Cliarles I. In the dining room -was, until recently, a very remarkable stucco chimneypiece, now i'l the National Museum, Dublin, bearing the date 1635, I'epresenting the building of Jerusalem, as told in the 3rd and 4th chapters of Nehemiah. The accompanying illustration is from a photograph which was taken about 20 \-ears ago, when the place was in a much better state of preservation than at present. Man\' of the figures have since been somewhat defaced, and the A\hole overmantel, which reached to the ceihng, was becoming so much blackened by smoke that it would, in a short time, have been worthless as a relic, if it

    2o6 THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DUBLIN

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 98

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here stood Oldbawn house, built about 1630 by Archdeacon Bulkeley on lands granted by Charles I. In its dining room was a remarkable stucco chimneypiece bearing the date 1635, representing the building of Jerusalem as told in the 3rd and 4th chapters of Nehemiah. The overmantel reached to the ceiling. Over the years many of the figures became defaced, and the whole piece was becoming so blackened by smoke that in a short time it would have been worthless as a relic. It was removed and is now in the National Museum, Dublin.

47. Origin of Tea Lane name at Celbridge

    Celbridge · town · Kildare

    When the mill was started at Celbridge, English mill hands were housed in a row of cottages called English Row, and the Irish inhabitants, impressed by the extravagant quantity of tea used as shown by discarded tea leaves, renamed the adjoining Church Lane as Tea Lane.

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    of the owners brought over a number of mill hands from England, for whom he built a row of superior cottages, still called " English Row." The backs of these cottages adjoined this lane, then known as " Church Lane," and the Irish inhabitants were so impressed by the extravagant quantity of tea used by the occupants, as evidenced by the tea leaves thrown out on the road, that tliey gave it the name of " Tea Lane."

    Adjoining Celbridge is Castletown, built bv the Right Elon. William Conolly, Speaker of the Irish House of Commons about 180 years ago. From Celbridge the road should be taken to Lucan, where pedestrians can avail themselves of the Electric Railwav to town.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 110

    As the companion tells it

    Celbridge got its name for Tea Lane from a small collision of habits. When the mill was started here, one of the owners brought over mill hands from England and built them a row of superior cottages, still called English Row. The backs of those cottages adjoined a lane then known as Church Lane. The Irish inhabitants noticed the tea leaves thrown out on the road, and they were struck by the extravagant quantity of tea the English workers consumed. So they renamed the lane Tea Lane. The cottages of English Row and the lane they backed onto tell you something of the trade that shaped this place, and of how locals read the evidence of it in the scraps left behind.

48. Royal Canal aqueduct over the Rye Water at Leixlip

    Leixlip · town · Kildare

    The Royal Canal's aqueduct over the valley of the Rye Water at Leixlip was an extremely costly engineering work, costing no less than £30,000.

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    Some forty years later, work was commenced on the Royal Canal, which was really an offspring of the other, originating in a dispute among the directors. Both canals were rather unfortunate at their inception, having been, as stated, constructed on too expensive a scale for the amount of traffic. One of the most costly items in connection with the Royal Canal was the great aqueduct over the valley of the Rye Water at Leixlip, which cost no less than ^^30,000, and by the time the canal had reached Kilcock, only 20 miles from Dublin, about j^200,ooc had been spent ! More capital had then to be raised, and, as in the case of the Grand Canal, the difficulty of paying interest on the total amount drove the directors to levying tolls so high as to constitute a severe check upon the commercial success of the undertaking.

    The following description by the Rev. Caesar Otway in 1839 sets forth tlie facts with the common sense and breezy humour which characterise his writings : —

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 188

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Leixlip, the Royal Canal crosses the valley of the Rye Water on a great aqueduct, and it was one of the most expensive single works on the entire canal. The Royal Canal began as an offshoot of the Grand Canal, born out of a dispute among the directors. Both canals were built on too grand a scale for the traffic they carried. The aqueduct here at Leixlip alone cost no less than 30,000 pounds. By the time the canal had reached Kilcock, only 20 miles from Dublin, about 200,000 pounds had been spent. More capital had to be raised. As with the Grand Canal, the difficulty of paying interest on the total drove the directors to levy tolls so high that they became a severe check on the commercial success of the whole undertaking.

49. Sir Edward Fisher builds The Phoenix manor house

    Magazine Fort · feature site · Dublin · 1611–1619

    Sir Edward Fisher erected a country residence called 'The Phoenix' on Thomas Hill, now occupied by the Magazine Fort, commanding an unrivalled view of Dublin city and the Liffey valley, after acquiring the lands from Sir Richard Sutton.

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    Fisher, who erected within the next few years a countryresidence which he called " The Phoenix," on Thomas Hill, now occupied by the Magazine Fort — the finest site in all the district, commanding an unrivalled view of Dublin city, the Liffey valley, and the mountains and country to the southward.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 177

    As the companion tells it

    The Phoenix was a country residence built by Sir Edward Fisher on Thomas Hill, where the Magazine Fort now stands. Fisher called it "The Phoenix," and the site commanded an unrivalled view of Dublin city, the Liffey valley, and the mountains to the south. It was the finest site in all the district.

50. 'The Chains' slum in Rathmines village

    near Rathmines · population centre · Dublin

    A portion of old Rathmines village known as 'The Chains', located where the Belfast Bank later stood, consisted of dilapidated shanties enclosed by chains hung from stone pillars; these insanitary rookeries were swept away about twenty-five years before writing.

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    Rathmines village commenced opposite Rathgar Road, and in addition there was the portion known as " The Chains," which occupied the site where the Belfast Bank and surrounding buildings now stand. " The Chains " were so called, because a number of dilapidated shanties at this point were enclosed by chains hung from stone pillars such as now surround Stephen's Green. These old rookeries were really an unsightlv and insanitary slum, and were swept away some twenty-five vears ago,

    I/O THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF DUBLIN

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 83

    As the companion tells it

    A part of old Rathmines village went by the name The Chains. It stood where the Belfast Bank and its surrounding buildings later rose. The place took its name from chains hung from stone pillars, like those around Stephen's Green, enclosing a cluster of dilapidated shanties. These rookeries were an unsightly and insanitary slum, swept away about 25 years before the book was written.

51. Vauxhall Gardens opened at Fort Lisle, Blackrock

    Blackrock · townland · Dublin · 1793–1804

    The Vauxhall Gardens were opened in Blackrock in 1793 on the site of a house previously called Fort Lisle, built by the first Lord Lisle. They became a fashionable amusement venue before falling into obscurity and were eventually demolished when the People's Park was laid out.

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    The Vauxhall Gardens, which were opened here in 1793, were, for a time, a favourite place of public amusement until the fickleness of fashion consigned them to obscurity. The house had previously been called Fort Lisle by the first Lord Lisle, who built it as a residence for himself. The following notice of the gardens appears in The Dublin Chronicle of 29th June, 1793 :—

    " VAUXHALL GARDENS, BLACKROCK, FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY LORD

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 22

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, Vauxhall Gardens opened in 1793, on the site of a house called Fort Lisle, built by the first Lord Lisle as his residence. They became a favourite place of public amusement until fashion moved on and consigned them to obscurity. The gardens were eventually demolished when the People's Park was laid out.

52. Addison's Walk in the Botanic Gardens

    Botanic Gardens · public park sports field · Dublin

    Addison, an intimate friend of Tickell, often stayed with him at his residence near the site of the Superintendent's house at the Botanic Gardens; the Yew tree walk there is traditionally associated with Addison's memory and still called 'Addison's Walk.'

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    stayed with him at his residence which stood almost on the site of the Superintendent's house, Botanic Gardens. The Yew tree walk is traditionally associated with his memory, and is still called " Addison's Walk."

    14 (p. 320). "The Whiskey Forge" stood at the point of land im-

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 215

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Botanic Gardens, there's a yew tree walk still called Addison's Walk. The essayist Joseph Addison, a close friend of Tickell, often stayed at Tickell's residence, which stood almost on the site of the Superintendent's house. The walk has kept his name by tradition.

53. Ancient Castle of Rathmines and its later uses

    near Rathmines · population centre · Dublin · 1600–1833

    The ancient Castle of Rathmines, built by Sir George Radcliffe in the 17th century, later became the country residence of Lord Chief Justice Yorke, then appeared as 'Rathmines School' on an 1821 map, and by 1833 was described as an uninteresting boarding-house for invalids.

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    The ancient Castle of Rathmines, originally an extensive building erected by Sir George Radcliffe in the 17th century, stood on the site occupied by the house known as " The " Orchards," Palmerston Park, and when Rocque constructed his map of the County Dublin in 1776, was the country residence of Lord Chief Justice Yorke. On Duncan's map of the County DubHn (1821) it appears as "Rathmines School," and in The Dublin Penny Journal of 1833 it is described as "an " irregular, uninteresting building, so far modernised as to " have the appearance of an old whitewashed farmhouse. It " is now occupied as a boarding-house for invalids, and un- " fortunately is seldom empty." The entrance was opposite the end of Highfield Road, beside what is now the terminus of the Palmerston Park tram line.

    The old Castle of Rathmines must not be confounded with the modern edifice of that name in Upper Rathmines, which, owing to its recent origin, possesses no historic interest.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 83

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Rathmines, there was once an ancient castle here, an extensive building erected by Sir George Radcliffe in the 17th century. It stood on the site later known as The Orchards in Palmerston Park. By 1776, when Rocque made his map of County Dublin, it had become the country residence of Lord Chief Justice Yorke. On Duncan's map of 1821 it appears as Rathmines School. Then in 1833 the Dublin Penny Journal described it as "an irregular, uninteresting building, so far modernised as to have the appearance of an old whitewashed farmhouse. It is now occupied as a boarding-house for invalids, and unfortunately is seldom empty." The entrance was opposite the end of Highfield Road. The old castle should not be confused with the modern building of that name in Upper Rathmines, which has no historic interest.

54. Ancient weapons found near Finglas battle site

    Finglas · parish · Dublin

    Antique weapons and armour were discovered in an old quarry near Finglas wood, with dim local traditions pointing to a battle with the Danes at the site. The author suggests the relics more likely belonged to the defeat of King Roderick O'Connor's forces.

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    together with remains of antique weapons and armour, were discovered in an old quarry near Finglas wood. Dim traditions of the neighbourhood point to the place as a scene of a battle in remote times with the Danes, but as no such engagement is recorded in history, it is probable that the relics in question belonged to the battle which resulted so disastrously for the forces of King Roderick O'Connor.

    In 1649 the Marquess of Ormonde encamped here prior to his overthrow at the battle of Rathmines, and obtained some successes over small parties of Parliamentarian troops near Drogheda, who had taken up positions there in order to intercept convoys of provisions coming from the north by the Drogheda and Ashbourne Road. His letters to King Charles IL, written at this period, exhibit the utmost confidence as to the final issue of his operations against the city of Dublin.

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 124

    As the companion tells it

    Finglas is a parish the road passes through, and it has its share of old ground. Remains of antique weapons and armour were found in an old quarry near Finglas wood. Dim traditions in the neighbourhood point to a battle there in remote times with the Danes, but no such engagement is recorded in history. The relics more likely belonged to the battle that resulted so disastrously for the forces of King Roderick O'Connor. In 1649 the Marquess of Ormonde encamped here before his overthrow at the battle of Rathmines. He obtained some successes over small parties of Parliamentarian troops near Drogheda, who had taken up positions there to intercept convoys of provisions coming from the north by the Drogheda and Ashbourne Road. His letters to King Charles II, written at this period, exhibit the utmost confidence as to the final issue of his operations against the city of Dublin.

55. Baldongan Castle: ruins and ancient dun site

    Baldongan · street · Dublin

    The ruins of Baldongan comprise the eastern and western ends of an extensive castle and church, with a great tower 70 feet high built on the site of an ancient dun or moat. The materials were likely reused to build the graveyard's enclosing wall, still in use as a burial ground.

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    entered by an arched doorway, leading to a flight of 53 steps to the battlements, on the eastern side of which is a two-arched bell-turret. The buildings originally formed a spacious quadrangular court, flanked by four square towers, and were erected on the site of an ancient dun or moat.

    In the beginning of the i6th century this castle belonged to the de Berminghams, from whom it passed bv' marriage into possession of the Howth family, subsequently being held by the Barnewalls with their manor of Balrothery. In June, 1642 it was defended bv the Confederates of the Pale against the Parliamentary forces, and according to a contemporarv tract

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 138

    As the companion tells it

    In the beginning of the 1500s, Baldongan Castle belonged to the de Berminghams, from whom it passed by marriage to the Howth family, and later to the Barnewalls with their manor of Balrothery. The buildings formed a spacious quadrangular court flanked by four square towers, erected on the site of an ancient dun or moat. A great tower 70 feet high was entered by an arched doorway, leading up 53 steps to the battlements, where a two-arched bell-turret stands on the eastern side. In June 1642 it was defended by the Confederates of the Pale against the Parliamentary forces. Its materials were likely reused to build the graveyard wall.

56. Blessington church used as a barrack in 1798

    Blessington · town · Wicklow · 1798

    During the troubles of 1798 the church at Blessington was used as a barrack for a garrison temporarily maintained there for the protection of the locality.

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    was awarded at the Union. This sum was paid to the Marquess of Downshire who had sustained serious loss in 1798 through the burning by the insurgents of his handsome mansion, situated with its demesne and deer park, a Httle to the west of the village. The house was never rebuilt, and it still remains in ruins. During the troubles of 1798 the church was used as a barrack for a garrison, temporarily maintained there for the protection of the locality.

    The Compleat Irish Traveller (1788), contains the following reference to this place : — " Blessington, a pleasant place on a " rising ground. The church is very neat, and well kept, " with a sweet ring of bells, a thing not very commonly met " in this Kingdoni. The town is neither large nor rich, but " its chief ornament is the seat of a worthy nobleman, that bears " the title of Lord Blessington, whose house is at the end " of an avenue to the left of the road, with a noble large terrace " walk, a quarter of an English mile in length, that leads to the " church in the town, across the road Avhich faces the house."

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 168

    As the companion tells it

    Up ahead is Blessington, a town in Wicklow. In 1798, during the troubles, the church here was used as a barrack for a garrison temporarily maintained for the protection of the locality. That same year the insurgents burned the handsome mansion of the Marquess of Downshire, situated a little to the west of the village with its demesne and deer park. The house was never rebuilt and still remains in ruins. At the Union the Marquess was awarded compensation for the serious losses he had sustained. A travel writer in 1788 had called Blessington a pleasant place on a rising ground, noting its neat church with a sweet ring of bells, a thing, he said, not very commonly met with in this kingdom. The town itself, he wrote, was neither large nor rich, but its chief ornament was the seat of Lord Blessington, reached by a noble terrace walk a quarter of a mile long leading to the church across the road.

57. Bride's Glen named for St Brigid, once called Cherrywood Glen

    Bride's Glen · street · Dublin · 1700–1799

    The romantic wooded defile of Bride's Glen likely derives its name from St Brigid, to whom the adjacent church at Tully was dedicated; in the 18th century it was called Cherrywood Glen, a name recorded in 'The Kilruddery Hunt'.

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    Continuing our journey by this lane until we reach the main road at the head of Bride's Glen, a sharp descent conducts us to that romantic wooded defile, doubtless deriving its name from St. Brigid or Bride, to whom the adjacent church at Tully was dedicated. Although in the i8th century this glen was called Cherrywood Glen, and as such is referred to in "The Kilruddery Hunt," this name is probably one of comparatively modern origin, which has been discarded in favour of the original one. The name of Cherrywood, however, still remains as the designation of a modern residence at the lower end of the glen. The slopes are thickly planted with larches, Scotch firs, limes, and Spanish chestnut trees, and among them may be seen a few old cherry trees— remnants, perhaps, of the original cherry wood which gave name to the glen. Beneath the shade of the trees a fresh green sward slopes down to the Loughlinstown river, and, as we approach the village of Loughlinstown, the railway is carried across the valley by an imposing stone viaduct, built before iron bridges had come generally into vogue for such purposes.

    From Bride's Glen the return home can be made by Shankill

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 40

    As the companion tells it

    Bride's Glen is a romantic wooded defile, taking its name from St Brigid, or Bride, to whom the adjacent church at Tully was dedicated. In the 1700s it was called Cherrywood Glen, a name recorded in "The Kilruddery Hunt." That name was probably of comparatively modern origin, and has been discarded in favour of the original one. Cherrywood still survives as the name of a modern residence at the lower end of the glen. The slopes are thickly planted with larches, Scotch firs, limes, and Spanish chestnut trees, and among them a few old cherry trees may be seen, remnants perhaps of the original cherry wood that gave the glen its name. Beneath the shade of the trees a green sward slopes down to the Loughlinstown river, and near the village of Loughlinstown the railway is carried across the valley by a stone viaduct, built before iron bridges came into general use.

58. Captain Alland wrecks Tallaght church, 1662

    near Tallaght · town · Dublin · 1662

    In 1662 the Churchwardens of Tallaght petitioned the House of Lords and were awarded £100 to be levied off the estate of Captain Alland, who had wantonly wrecked the church while quartered there with his troop.

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    In 1662 the Churchw-irdens of Tallaght were, on petition to the House of Lords, awarded ^^loo, to be levied oif the estate of a Captain AUand, who wantonly wrecked the church when quartered here with his troop.

    In 1691, according to Dean Story's Impartial History, " a " party of rapparees, coming near Tallaght, took away several " horses and four men belonging to Colonel Donep's regiment " of Danish horse. This being easily believed could not be

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 97

    As the companion tells it

    Tallaght has an old grievance in its church. In 1662 the churchwardens petitioned the House of Lords. They were awarded 100 pounds, to be levied off the estate of a Captain Alland, who wantonly wrecked the church when quartered here with his troop. Then in 1691, according to Dean Story's Impartial History, a party of rapparees, coming near Tallaght, took away several horses and four men belonging to Colonel Donep's regiment of Danish horse.

59. Charter School at Clontarf converted to bathing establishment

    Clontarf · parish · Dublin · 1749–1830

    A Charter School accommodating a hundred scholars opened at Clontarf in 1749, but was discontinued early in the 19th century and converted into a bathing establishment still remembered by many inhabitants.

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    In 1749 a Charter School was opened at Clontarf to accommodate a hvnidred scholars, but, having been discontinued early in the last century, it was converted into a bathing establishment, which is still remembered by many of the inhabitants. The building may still be seen near the railway bridge over the tram road.

    \ll this district is of great historic interest as the scene of the great battle in 1014, at which the Danes were completely vanquished by the Irish under King Brian Boru ; but this battle has been so exhaustively dealt with elsewhere as to render unnecessary any description of it here. It may, however, be mentioned that, in some of the old sagas the battle is styled " The Battle of the Fishing Weir of Clontarf," and that there is little doubt that this weir occupied the same site as the existing one near the Dublin \^ hiskey Distillery

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 116

    As the companion tells it

    Clontarf is a parish the road passes through. In 1749 a Charter School opened to accommodate 100 scholars. It was discontinued early in the 1800s and converted into a bathing establishment, still remembered by many of the inhabitants. The building may still be seen near the railway bridge over the tram road. This district is also the scene of the great battle in 1014, at which the Danes were vanquished by the Irish under King Brian Boru. In some of the old sagas the battle is styled "The Battle of the Fishing Weir of Clontarf," and there is little doubt that this weir occupied the same site as the existing one near the Dublin Whiskey Distillery.

60. Corbally's lost jail, marshalsea, and plague burial ground

    Corbally · townland · Dublin

    According to local tradition, the now-vanished village of Corbally was a place of importance some 250 years earlier with a jail and marshalsea, remains of a town wall, and a toll-house where toll was paid in corn. An adjoining field called 'The Trench' or 'Furrow Pit' was reputed to be the burial place of inhabitants who died of plague about 300 years before.

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    Returning along the old road towards town, in about a mile will be seen a by-road to the left leading to a couple of dilapidated cottages, representing the ancient village of Corbally, according to local tradition, a place of importance some 250 years ago, possessing a jail and marshalsea. Part of a wall still remains which is said to have formed portion of the town wall, and the site of the jail is also pointed out, as well as that of the toll-house, where toll was paid in corn. Adjoining is a field called " The Trench " or " Furrow Pit," reputed to be the burial place of a number of the inhabitants who died of plague about 300 years ago. The history of the locality does not tend to bear out these traditions, which are probably of much earlier date than that which is popularly assigned to tbem.

    Continuing our journey along the high road, in about three quarters of a mile we enter a wood where there is an old farmhouse on the left, with a broken tree surrounded by a stone seat in front. Just beside this house will be seen a disused laneway leading to the ruins of an old country house named Johnville, at one time the residence of Mr. Roe, of distillery fame, who had a very pretty garden sloping up the hill, where still remain some splendid specimens of cypress and other evergreens. While the owner lived, the whole place was maintained in excellent order, but after his death it was untenanted for a long time and became greatly dilapidated. About 1854 ^ ^^- Lutlier, hydropathist and homxopathist, took the house and fitted it up as a hydropathic establishment,

    Internet Archive neighborhoodofdu00joyc, Chapter 101

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, though you would never know it now, there was once a village called Corbally. Nothing is left of it but a couple of dilapidated cottages, and even those, according to local tradition, are all that remain of a place that mattered. The story goes that about 250 years ago Corbally was a place of importance, with its own jail and marshalsea. Part of a wall still stands that people say formed part of the town wall. The site of the jail is pointed out, and so is the site of the toll-house, where toll was paid not in money but in corn. Close by there is a field known as The Trench, or the Furrow Pit, and the reputation of that field is a grim one. It is said to be the burial place of a number of the inhabitants who died of plague about 300 years ago. These traditions are vivid, but the history of the locality does not tend to bear them out. They are probably of much earlier date than that which is popularly assigned to them, which means the stories may be older than people think, or they may have grown in the telling. Either way, the village itself has gone, and the jail, the marshalsea, the wall, and the toll-house are gone with it. What remains is the name of a field, and the memory of a plague.