The county and city of Cork remembrancer; or, Annals of the county and city of Cork

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read the passage as the book has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too.

1. Cork greatly impaired and facing ruin, 1567

   Cork · city · Cork · 1567

   Sidney reported that Cork was greatly impaired and on the high way to utter ruin unless the queen provided speedy redress and justice. The town's deterioration was noted alongside Youghal and Kinsale.

   Read the passage

   Sir Henry Sidney made a jouniey through the kingdom in 1567; and from his letters to the English government, we learn many particulars regarding the condition of the towns at that time. The county of Tipperary was then in a state of devastation, and its corporate and well walled towns, Clonmel, Cashel, and Fethard in great distress : their inhabitants were as men besieged, and ready either to famish within the walls, or abandon the places ; all trade and commerce was at a stand ; the country people dared not bring any thing to the towns, nor dared the townsmen issue from their walls, to buy any thing in the country, from the danger which both incurred of being plundered and killed. Of Cork, Youghal and Kinsale, he tells us that they were greatly impaired and in the high way to utter ruin, if her majesty, by speedy redress and ministering of justice did not prevent it. Limerick was so impaired in wealth since he saw it in queen Mary's reign, chiefly by reason of the spoils committed or permitted by the earl of Thomond, as to fill him with astonishment. Galway he fovmd rather to resemble " a town of war, frontering upon an enemy, than a civil town in a country under one sovereign": "they watch," says he, "their walls mightily, and guard their gates daily, with armed men." They attributed their miseries to the disorders of the earl of Clanrickard's two sons, young boys, (whom he had by two wives both living,) each striving to be acknowledged as heir of his father, who at the same time was likely long to live.

   However, the towns seem not to have been prevented from improving with the rest of Europe in civilization and internal order. Stanihurst, in his account of the Irish, desires the reader not to impute any barbarous custom he should mention, to the citizens, townsmen, and inhabitants of the English pale ; and Sidney calls them nurseries of civilitv.

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 24

2. Cork held by government during rebellion wars

   Cork · city · Cork · 1641–1653

   During the wars of the rebellion period, the city of Cork remained under the dominion of the government and the Protestants, and was unable to participate in the proceedings of the Roman Catholics. This distinguished Cork from other Irish towns which resumed their separate existence during the rebellion.

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   However, after the reduction of the citizens under the power of King James, they appear to have regarded the king's government as an external power, whose requirements (which were only occasional) it would be dangerous to dispute. The towns of Ireland in general continued very obsequious until the rebellion, when they resumed their separate existence ; but the city of Cork was held in the dominion of government or of the protestants during the wars of that period, and was unable to take any part in the proceedings of the Roman Catholics.

   Indeed it is very probable that the sense oilegal rights, even of the inhabitants of the pale, which shevi^ed itself with so much energy in the reign of Elizabeth, was of very recent growth. In an address of Stanihurst, the speaker of the house of commons, to sir Henry Sidney, delivered the 12tli December, 1570, we read the following passage. " In mine experience, who have not yet seen much more than forty years, I am able to say that our realm is at this day an half deal more civil than it was, since noble men and worshipful, with others of ability, have used to send their sons into England to the law, to miiversities or to schools."*" It was probably this recent improvement in education that disseminated more distinct ideas of law and constitutional rights among the leaders of the people, and opened their eyes to the danger of

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

3. Cork illuminated for victories over the French

   Cork · city · Cork · 1793

   A general illumination was held in Cork city to celebrate several victories obtained over the French, with transparent paintings expressing loyalty exhibited across the town. The following day the town of Cove was also grandly illuminated for the same occasion.

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   April 13. — There was a general illumination in this city, ^'^^ several beautiful transparent paintings expressive of loyalty, were exhibited in different parts of the town, and the night concluded with cveiy demonstration of joy for the different victories obtained over the French. On the 14th, the town of Cove was also grandly illuminated for the same joyful occasion.

   July 3. — A number of French prisoners having escaped from the prison at Kinsale, seized on a fishing boat and put off to sea.

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 131

4. Cork impoverished and citizens prevented from fleeing in 1381

   Cork · city · Cork · 1381

   In 1381 Cork was so impoverished by its lawless neighbours that principal citizens resolved to leave. The mayor and bailiffs had to forcibly detain them for the defence of the city.

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   coasts. Yet the latter were generally prosperous and powerful, while the towns of Ireland were comparatively poor and weak. In 1 38 1 , Cork was so impoverished by its lawless neighbours, that some of the principal citizens resolved to go away : and it was found necessary that the mayor and bailiffs should forcibly detain them for the defence of the city. Nevertheless, the inhabitants of towns were not unpractised in military expeditions : they were usually called on to attend hostings; and in some instances, as iu those of Dublin and Drogheda, fomied the most effective part of the armies of government. Hence it is not easy to account for their unhappy condition. We might suppose that they would have engaged in military expeditions on their own account, and have advanced in power and importance like the Grecian colonies. Government, which showered privileges and favours on them, as the bulwarks of its own power, would hardly have denied its approbation to the reduction, by every means, of the common enemies of both ; and yet we have met with only one instance since the arrival of the English, of a warlike expedition having been fitted out by any town on its own account, and at its own discretion. In 1537, the city of Waterford despatched a naval armament, consisting of three vessels and four hundred men, against the castles of O'Driscol, a chieftain of this county, and without much difficulty succeeded in reducing and destroying them. They also destroyed his villages, and ravaged his lands, set fire to his town of Baltimore and broke down another of his castles there, and returned with some booty to Waterford. Their sole aim however was retaliation for outrages committed against one of their trading vessels. They seem to have had no ulterior object, no hope of conquest or permanent acquisition. A Greek city in such a case would probably have repaired and garrisoned the castles, and made them the citadels of colonies; or would at least have continued to amass wealth by similar naval enterprizes, until the resources and magnitude of their state, secure within walls, should have so far encreased, as to enable them to meet the barbarians in the field. Such expeditions however in order to be profitable, should be extended like those of the early Greeks to distant and unobnoxious quarters. This to be sure would be mere piracy, the expediency or propriety of which, perhaps the towns of Ireland did not comprehend ; and as they never gained

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 22

5. Cork Irish ordered to keep markets outside walls

   Cork · city · Cork · 1677

   In 1677, a proclamation ordered the Irish of the city of Cork to keep their markets without the walls of the city.

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   The Irish of the city of Cork were ordered, by a proclamation, 1077 to keep their markets without the walls of the city.

   This year died Dr. Edward Synge, bishop of Cork, Cloyne and ig78 Ross ; by his will he bequeathed the two plowlands of Ballycroueen in the barony of Iraokilly, which formerly belonged to the sees of Cloyne, and were purchased by him from Sir John Fitzgerald, knt, ' to the bishops of Cloyne, and their successors for ever. He also

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 88

6. Cork, Kinsale and Youghal petition against Irish oppression

   Cork · city · Cork

   The inhabitants of Cork, Kinsale and Youghal sent a desperate petition to the lord deputy and council describing the destruction of County Cork by feuding English lords who enlisted Irish allies, reducing formerly wealthy landowners to ruin. They begged for justices and English captains to restore order at their own cost.

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   The inhabitants of Cork, being at this time tired witli perpetual oppression of their Irish neighbours, complained, in a general writing directed to the lord Rutland and Cork, the king's deputy there, and to the council of the realm, then assembled at Dublin. The writing was as follows : — " It may please your wisdoms to have pity on us, the king's poor subjects, within the county of Cork, or else we are cast away for ever ; (for where there was in this county, these lords by name, knights, esquires, gentlemen and yeomen, to a great number, that might dispend £800, £600, £400, £200, £100, 100 marks, £20, 20 marks, £10 ; some more, some less, besides those lords following : — first the lord marquis Caro ; his yearly revenue was, besides Dorzeyhaven, and other creeks, £2,200 sterling ; the lord Barnewale of Beerhaven ; his yearly revenue was, besides Bearehaven, and other creeks, £1,600 sterling: the lord Vggan of the great castle ; his yearly revenue was, besides havens and creeks, £1,300 sterling: the lord Balram of Emforte ; his yearly revenues, besides havens and creeks, 1,300 sterling : the lord Courcy of Kilbrittain ; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, 1,500 sterling : the lord Mandeville of Barrenstelly ; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, £1,500 sterling : the lord Arundell of the Strand ; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, £ 1 ,500 sterling : the lord Baron of the Guard ; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, £1,100 sterling: the lord Sleynie of Baltimore; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, £800 sterling : the lord Roche of Poole castle ; his yearly revenue, besides havens and creeks, £1,000 sterling. The king's majesty hath the

   E

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 53

7. Cork legion mounted city guards during French crisis

   Cork · city · Cork · 1796

   In the absence of regular troops during the French expedition crisis, the loyal Cork legion and Cork volunteers mounted the different guards in the city of Cork.

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   then set fire to a prize which they had taken, and five of them •'V^* weighed anchor and sailed down the bay, leaving two ships of the line behind them which appeared to be disabled. On the 3d none of the ships were visible except these last mentioned vessels. Previous to their leaving the bay a council of war was held, and the troops had decided for landing under the guidance of some Irishmen who were with them, but La Fraternite the admiral's ship being still missing, and general Hoche being on board, they resolved to put to sea. On the 15th Paris papers were received, which announced the total failure of this expedition. The greatest loyalty was exhibited by the country-people on this occasion, they received the troops who marched to Bantry in the kindest manner, sharing their provisions with them. In their absence the loyal Cork legion and Cork volunteers, mounted the different guards in the city of Cork.

   Dec. 27" — During a heavy gale of wind, three vessels having broken their moorings, were dashed with violence against Patrick's bridge; one of them had her stern fixed in the centre arch, and part of the portcullis was injured.

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 134

8. Cork Lunatic Asylum commenced with charity play funding

   Cork · city · Cork · 1791

   The Lunatic Asylum in Cork was commenced, funded in part by nearly £200 collected through a charity play organized by Mayor Richard Harris. The asylum represented a new institution for the care of the mentally ill in the city.

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   The Liuiatic Asylum was commenced, for which purpose near £200 was collected by a charity play, owing to the exertions of Richard Harris, the mayor.

   Jul// 30. — The marquis Townsend arrived in this city, and 1792 was waited on by the mayor, sherifis, and common council with an address.

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 131

9. Cork made a county and earliest corporation records

   Cork · city · Cork · 1609

   In 1609 Cork was made a County in itself, marking the commencement of the earliest Corporation book. Earlier mayoral records are uncertain; a Chancery Roll names William Syghin as Mayor in 1381, and ancient memoranda in Trinity College Dublin provide additional scattered names.

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   * We are unaUe to ascertain the source from which Smith procured his List of the Maj'ors of Corlj, prior to the year I6O9, when Cork was made a County in itself, and in which year the earliest book of the Corporation commences ; Imt finding William Syghin named in a Chancery Koll, as Mayor in the year 1381, we conclude, that Smith's list cannot be quite correct. We have also discovered some ancient memoranda among the JISS. in Trinity College, Dublin, of the names of some of the Mayors of Cork, at unconnected periods, evidently taken from records or original documents, which lead us to the same conclusion — we have inserted these latter names underneath. But from the year 1609, and probably from a more remote date. Smith's list may be considered correct, though certainly incomplete. We have procured additions from the ahove-mentioned book, and now give the list of .Sheriffs from their first institution. The officers who preceded them were called Bailiffs. It may be obscived, that for several years the office of Jlayoralty generally lasted only six months.

   r280 Ricardus de leyr, major circa ann.

   Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 185

10. Cork made shire ground by King John

    Cork · city · Cork · 1210

    In 1210, King John established Cork as shire ground along with eleven other counties, appointing sheriffs and other officers to govern it. This was a key step in the formal administration of the county.

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    1208 November 8 — King John, by patent dated at Woodstock, (whereuntoMeylerFitzHenry,Lord Justice is witness) did confirm to William Fitz Philip Barry the three cantreds of Olethan, Muskry — Dunegan, and Killedy, which Fitzstephen had given his father in the kingdom of Cork, to be held of the king by ten knight's fees. 1210 Cork was this year, with eleven other counties, made shire

    ground by King John, who appointed sheriffs and other proper officers to govern them.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 42

11. Cork mayoral election dispute reaches King's Bench

    Cork · city · Cork

    After Mr. Knapp resigned as mayor of Cork, Serjeant Johnson sought a mandamus from the Court of King's Bench on behalf of Mr. Fitton, who had the next majority of votes. The court refused the application and instead granted a mandamus for a new election, which began on November 18.

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    A.D. between Mr. Serjeant Johnson, on the part of Mr. Fitton, and Mr.Serjeant Joy, on the part of the corporation, the court refused Mr. Fitton's application, and expressed their wish that the parties would arrange matters in such a way as to prevent the case from again coming before them. Serjeant Joy then moved for a mandamus, to be directed to the sheriffs and commonalty of Cork, to proceed to a new election of mayor ; his application was grounded upon the affidavit of Mr. Jones the town clerk, and after some opposition from Serjeant Johnson, was granted; and accordingly on the 18th, the election was entered upon, when John Travers, esq. was put forward in opposition to the Friendly club, but his nomination not having been recognized by the presiding officer, the election was carried on in the

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 154

12. Cork mayor punishes refusal of legal halfpence — Hayes sent to Bridewell

    Cork · city · Cork · 1806

    Amid a conspiracy to reject legal halfpence in Cork, the mayor vowed to punish refusers with utmost rigour. Michael Hayes was fined 5s. 5d. and committed to Bridewell in default of payment for refusing the coinage.

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    March 5. — There being, at this time, a conspiracy to cry down the currency of legal half-pence, the mayor determined to punish any person, who refused to take them, with the utmost rigour, and accordingly, one Michael Hayes was this day fined 5s. 5d., and ordered to be committed to Bridewell in default of payment, for an offence of this nature.

    A petition from this city, soliciting leave to erect a new gaol, was presented to the house of commons by Mr. Hutchinson, and referred to a committee.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 142

13. Cork men arrayed against O'Brien's threat to Limerick

    Cork · city · Cork · 1362

    O'Brien, captain of Thomond, was about to make war on the people of Limerick. The sheriff and conservators of Cork were commanded to number and array the able men of the county for defence and provide victuals.

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    March 27. — O'Brien, captain of his nation of Thomond, with a great multitude of Irish, being about to make war again upon the people of the county of Limerick ; the sheriff, and conservators of the peace in the county of Cork, were commanded to cause the able men of said county, agreeably to their estate, to be numbered, arrayed, and kept for the defence of the county, and sufficient victuals to be provided for them.

    May 30. — The mayor and bailiffs of the city of Cork were commanded to send six of the better citizens to confer at Balahath, about such things as might be the subjects of ordinances before the custos and council of Lvland.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 48

14. Cork merchants build suburbs outside walls

    Cork · city · Cork · 1603

    At the close of Elizabeth's reign, as peace and security returned, merchants of Cork ventured to reside outside the city walls and suburbs began to appear again. This marked a recovery after the feudal authorities had been broken and the crown became strong.

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    However, long before this time, improvement had begun to make rapid advances. On the overthrow of the Desmond family in the reign of Elizabeth, English gentlemen obtained extensive grants of the forfeited lands, on condition of planting them with English tenants on a military system. At the close of her reign the country began to enjoy tranquillity; the feudal authorities being broken, and the crown having become strong, peace and security were the natural results. The merchants of Cork ventured to reside without the walls; and suburbs began to appear again. In a petition of the citizens dated 1630, we find a requisition, " that whereas, the whole city of Cork being the shiere city of the county of Cork, containing only two small parishes, and there being four dissolved abbeys, viz. — Gill Abbey, St. Dominick's abbey, St. Angustin's abbey, and St. Francis's abbey, with their possessions, lying within the ancient franchises and liberties, where there are many merchants residing, and the trade of merchandize more used than in a great part of the said city, that those abbeys, with their possessions and inhabitants, may be within the jurisdiction and government of the officers of the city, to the end they may be liable to contributions, both for

    has been said that the duke of Orniond was the ori^nnator of this sort of lease, but there seems good reason to duubt it, for instances of it earlier than those attributed to that nobleman have been pointed out.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

15. Cork merchants fit out relief vessel off Cape Clear

    Cape Clear · electoral division · Cork · 1785

    The merchants of Cork fitted out a vessel supplied with beef and bread to cruise off Cape Clear, relieving any vessels kept at sea by easterly winds. The supercargo was directed to relieve all in distress regardless of nationality.

    Read the passage

    A. D. April 30. — The merchants of the city of Cork fitted out a

    1785

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 125

16. Cork militia volunteers for service in England

    Cork · city · Cork · 1804

    The city of Cork militia volunteered its services to England, reflecting the mobilisation of forces during the Napoleonic period.

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    Jlpril 9. — The city of Cork militia volunteered its services to England.

    13. — The new quay, directed in the will of Mr. Smith Barry to be built at Cove, was completed by his executors.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 140

17. Cork petitions House of Commons for a new gaol

    Cork · city · Cork · 1806

    A petition from Cork city seeking leave to erect a new gaol was presented to the House of Commons by Mr. Hutchinson and referred to a committee.

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    A petition from this city, soliciting leave to erect a new gaol, was presented to the house of commons by Mr. Hutchinson, and referred to a committee.

    April 14. — In consequence of the remonstrances of the magistrates of this city, government ordered that no more gunpowder should be deposited in the ordnance stores on Charlotte quay, previous to exportation, but conveyed direct from the manufactory at Ballincollig, through roads, not within the city or its suburbs, and deposited at Blackrock, or at some other place equally distant.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 142

18. Cork placed under Colonel Hales after surrender

    Cork · city · Cork · 1690

    After Cork was reduced by siege, the city was placed under the government of Colonel Hales. Brigadier Villiers was detached the same day to take Kinsale, which the enemy had deserted as not tenable.

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    Cork being thus reduced, was put under the government of colonel Hales. Brigadier Villiers was the same day detached with a party to possess himself of Kinsale, which not being tenable was deserted by the enemy. On the 2d of October lord Marlborough came thither with the army, and on the following day major-general Tettau and colonel Fitz-Patrick, with about 800 men, got over in boats unpcrceived near Ringroan castle, and marched down towards the old fort, which they boldly assaulted and took by storm, whereupon the enemy retired into the castle ; but at the same time three barrels of their gunpowder took fire at the gate, and blew it up with about 40 soldiers. At length the governor colonel Driscoil, and 200 of the garrison being killed, the rest sm-rendered upon promise of quarter.

    Colonel Churchill in a state dispatch, says of the English garrison then in Cork. "They are fit to conquer, for they must do that, or starve, which they were very nigh doing, and consequently desperate. They can draw out 500 men, and not 100 pair of shoes among them, which are not to be got there for money if they had it."

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 91

19. Cork principal theatre destroyed by fire

    Cork · city · Cork · 1759

    The principal theatre of Cork, built in 1759, was lately destroyed by fire. The taste for the drama was so feeble that there was no likelihood of its being rebuilt.

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    the profits of which were apphed to a charitable purpose.* A new assembly house was afterwards erected in Gcorgc'sstreet, where gay amusements are still remembered by many. In 1770, a large room with a music gallery and suitable apartments, was built in Tuckey-strect, for the use of a musical club which there held its meetings for several years. A great change has taken place in these matters ; the general reserve and exclusiveness of modern manners now confine frivolous amusements chiefly to private houses, and with the aid of an increasing religious spirit, have extinguished these establishments. The first mentioned assembly-house has furnished the site of a place of worship for the methodists; the second, for the independents, and the music room is temporarily used as a meeting-house of the Scots church. The principal theatre, built in 1759, has been lately destioyed by fire; and so feeble is the taste for the drama, that there is no likelihood of its beingrebuilt.

    In private society, protestants and Eoman catholics have little intercourse with one another : political differences now separate them rather more than formerly. Before Roman catholics obtained political influence, the more respectable portion of them kept aloof from politics, seeing little to be gained in their pursuit, and much advantage in social intercourse with protestants. It is a strange circumstance, that they have

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 33

20. Cork provision prices recorded in July 1770

    Cork · city · Cork · 1770

    In July 1770 the prices of basic provisions in Cork were recorded: wheat at £1 5s. 9d. per bag, oatmeal at 3s. 4d. per peck, potatoes at 7d. per weight, and fresh butter at 6d. per pound. Beef was 4d. per pound and pork 2d. per pound.

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    The prices of Provisions in July, 1770, were as follows : —

    Wheat, £1 5s. 9d. per bag — Oatmeal, 3s. 4d. per peck— Potatoes, 7d. per weight — Fresh Butter, 6d. per pound — Salt Buttsr, 5d. per pound — Mutton, 3|d. per pound — Beef, 4d. per pound —Pork, 2d. per pound.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 208

21. Cork refuses to proclaim King James, restores Catholic worship

    Cork · city · Cork · 1603

    On the death of Queen Elizabeth, the city of Cork forcibly restored Roman Catholic worship and public ceremonies, and refused to proclaim King James. The inhabitants shot at the bishop's palace, killed a clergyman, and one Fagan abused Protestants he met, including Sir Gerald Herbert for not reverencing the cross.

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    On perceiving how they were requited, the towns, especially of the south, made a desperate effort to shake off the restraint. They had as yet very little to complain of, being hitherto allowed the private exercise of their religion ; but having been long accustomed to govern their own communities without external controul, they could ill brook the present interference. On the death of the queen, they forcibly restored the Romish worship and its public ceremonies. The city of Cork even refused to proclaim king- James. Its inhabitants announced their sentiments with all that unnecessary insolence which a spirit of democracy usually engenders. They refused to obey any government but that of the mayor. The mayor compared himself to the doge of Venice. Whether in their conduct towards protestants, they were actuated by intolerance, or merely by a spirit of retaliation, seems uncertain. They shot at the bishop's palace and killed a clergyman. One Fagan abused every protestant whom he met, and reviled sir Gerald Herbert, for not doing reverence to the cross, which he carried about in procession. Yet their outcry was for liberty of conscience, an expression which seemingly comprises a principle of general application.

    The Irish countries, as yet free from the infliction of the penal law, and lately subdued by a confederation of their enemies, felt

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

22. Cork rejoicings for rejection of Act of Union

    Cork · city · Cork · 1799

    On January 28th, 1799, bonfires and general rejoicings took place in Cork city for the rejection of the Act of Union by the Irish parliament.

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    28. — There were bonfires and general rejoicings in this city for the rejection of the act of union by the Irish parliament.

    March 16. — General Lake gave directions for all persons in this county to post upon their doors a list of the inhabitants in each house, and that no person on any pretext whatever should be absent from his house, during the hours between eight o'clock at night and sunrise, and that any persons not complying with these directions, should be made prisoners, and immediately sutler whatever punishment a court martial might adjudge.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 134

23. Cork's ancient origins on marshy islands of the Lee

    Cork · city · Cork

    Cork derived its ancient names Corcach and Corcach Bascoin from its situation on marshy islands in the river Lee. The city later extended over other marshy islands separated by channels, which were arched over by the mid-eighteenth century to form principal streets. A 1545 map shows the city chiefly confined to two islands connected by a bridge.

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    Cork, which for extent and importance has been for many years considered the second city in Ireland, derived its ancient names Corcach and Corcach Bascoin, from its situation on marshy islands, on the river Lee. Sir James Ware says that in the time of Ptolemy, the Coriondi inhabited the middle and northern parts of the comity ; he is of opinion that some traces of their name may be observed in the word Cork. The former derivation however appears to be the most probable. The city in latter times extended over other marshy islands, separated by channels, which have been since the middle of the last century arched over, and fomi the sites of some of the principal streets ; their direction and number may be observed in the map of the city of the year 1545, annexed to this work, at which period, the city appears to have been chiefly confined to two of those islands, separated by a channel of the river and connected by a bridge.

    The writer of the life of St. Nessan records that that saint was educated under St. Barr, at a school or monastery founded by the latter at Lough Eire, to which, as the habitation of wisdom, and the sanctuary of all christian virtues, such numbers of disciples flocked from all parts, that it changed a desert as it were into a large city. Where this lough was situate is a matter of uncertainty.* Sir James Ware says, " I take this lake called by the name of Lough Eire, to be that hollow or basin in which a great part of the city

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 38

24. Cork's ancient walls on two marshy islands

    Cork · city · Cork

    Within its ancient walls, Cork occupied two marshy islands separated by a small channel of the river, still partly open near Fishamble-lane, continuing beneath houses at the south side of Castle-street to the arches under the Grand Parade. The channel and Main-street divided the old island into four quarters.

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    We shall now add a few words on the modern progress of the city. Cork within its ancient walls, occupied tv/o marshy islands, separated by a small channel of the river,* still partly open near Fishamble-lane, and which continues its course beneath the houses at the south side of Castle-street, till it reaches the arches under the Grand Parade, at which place it

    religious views of the several classes of Irish, which was presented to the council of Spain, about the year 1618, on the part of the disaiFecteJ Irish. It is a very intelligent and dispassionate statement, and well worthy of perusal.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 35

25. Cork's autonomous local lawmaking after subjugation

    Cork · city · Cork

    Even after their humiliation in contest with the crown, Cork citizens continued for many years to make local laws almost as unlimited as parliamentary acts, imposing taxes, fixing penalties, prohibiting buildings outside the walls, and interfering in commerce with fines and imprisonment.

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    Indeed it seems very manifest that they had little notion of any rights or liberties distinct from the rights and liberties of their city, which they governed with little knowledge of the laws of England, and with a very wide exercise of their discretion ; and even after their humiliation in their contest with the crown, they continued for many years to make laws for tb.eir local government, almost as unlimited in their nature as the laws passed in parliament : they imposed taxes and duties ; fixed the penalties to be paid by those who might refuse the offices of mayor and sheriff; prohibited owners of ground outside the walls from erecting buildings on it, if injurious to the defensive strength of the city ; compelled strangers to enter into bonds and make oath to observe the local laws ; interfered even in transactions of commerce, imposing conditions on the purchase of merchandize ; and attached the punishments of fine and imprisonment to the infringement of their enactments. Indeed

    INTRODUCTORY ESSAY. Ixxiu

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

26. Cork's marshy islands and city expansion under Charles II

    Cork · city · Cork · 1660–1750

    The marshy islands above and below the original walled city of Cork were leased by the corporation beginning in the reign of Charles II, becoming important portions of the city. By 1750 the city was thrice as large as it had been forty years before.

    Read the passage

    had passed the walled islands. There existed, however, from time immemorial, other marshy islands above and below the original city; and though the citizens in ancient times, extended .their improvements on the main-land to the north and south, many centuries elapsed before their exertions were directed towards the marshes ; however, in the reign of Charles II, the corporation began to grant leases of these tracts, and in a few years they became important portions of the city, which in 1750 according to Smith, was thrice as large as it had been forty years before. The advance or rather restoration of the city on the main-land, is of older date; in a tract printed in 1622, the parts on the hill about Shandon castle, are mentioned as an integral portion of the city.* In Storey's map, of which this work contains a copy, may be seen the extent of Cork, in 1690.

    We have seen how the corparation under the friendly club, Avere taunted with their neglect of public improvements. In 1760, they began to obviate complaints on this head; in that year, they purchased the houses at the north side of Tuckey's lane, for £1000, leaving the materials to the seller, and thus opened a good passage to Tuckey's bridge, leading to Dunscombe's marsh, then an advanced part of the city. In 1762, they erected on that bridge, a handsome equestrian statue of king George II. Improvements thus begun, were continued with redoubled energy. The shambles, which formerly occupied the bank of the before-mentioned channel near Castle-street, were transferred to an ampler space on Dunscombe's marsh ; Castle street was widened ; the watercourses which had separated the marshy islands, and then formed canals, intersecting the city in various directions, were gradually filled up or arched over, and with the adjoining quays thus added to them, formed those spacious streets by which Cork is

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 36

27. Cork's northern suburb locality identified

    Cork · city · Cork

    The northern suburb of ancient Cork likely coincided with the present area between North Bridge and the junction of the Mallow road with the old Dublin road, as this was the only great outlet on that side and would naturally attract buildings along its course.

    Read the passage

    When wo consider the moderate extent of the city of Cork in the reign of Elizabeth, we may naturally be surprised at its ancient importance, in comparison with the other towns of the county. But the truth is, that in the time of Elizabeth, it had suffered a very great decline: the island, which is said to have then comprised the city, was not more than about one-third of a statute mile in length, and its breadth was only about one-third of its length, — dimensions, which would seem to give it little pre-eminence over Kinsaleand Youghal, as contained within their ancient walls. It is true, our accounts of it before Elizabeth's reign are very meagre and imperfect; but enough remains to assure us, that it had previously been of much greater extent; we have already seen good reason to infer that the most ancient part of the city stood on the hill, to the south of the island, and that it was destroyed in the wars of the barbarous lords ; and we learn from the charter of king Edward IV, that Cork had, a few years previously to its date, possessed suburbs extending a mile from both parts of the city, and that they were about that time burned and destroyed by the invaders. As they were burned, Ihey must have consisted in a great degree of buildings; and this will give us some idea of the real extent of the city in ancient times, it being by this account upwards of two miles in length, including the island. Doubtless those buildings were interspersed with gardens, as we find to have been usual even within the walls, so late as the reign of Charles I. As to the locality of the suburbs, we may conclude that the northern one coincided with that part of the present city, which lies between north bridge, and the junction of the ]\Iallow road with the old Dublin road ; for this was the only great outlet from the city on that side, and must naturally have attracted the buildings along its course, while the steepness of the hills on either side would prevent improvement from branching off laterally. The southern suburb, which must have been identical with the original town on the hill, probably extended to the lough, and perhaps to a greater distance towards Kinsale, although in its modern increase it has not yet reached the above point, owing to the poverty of the inhabitants in that quarter, and the badness of the approaches to it. It is amusing to speculate on the probability, that the lough, which now presents so retired and rural appearance,

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

28. Cork Society of Arts established for painting and sculpture

    Cork · city · Cork

    The Society of Arts was established in Cork for the advancement of painting and sculpture, initially well supported with numerous students and anatomy lectures. When funds became insufficient, the casts were transferred to the Royal Cork Institution.

    Read the passage

    The Society of Arts was established this year for the advance- ^^^^ ment of painting and sculpture, and was at first liberally encouraged. George 4th, when Prince Regent, presented this Society, in 1820, with a very valuable collection of casts from the antique ; the students were nuftierous, and were instructed in drawing; and a course of lectures on anatomy, as connected with the art of design, was regularly delivered ; but the funds becoming in a few years insufficient to defray the expenses, the casts were transferred to the Royal Cork Institution.

    Jan. 12. — Four fellows, in a state of intoxication, rushed into St. Mary Shandon church, during divine service, disturbed the congregation, interrupted the clergyman, and shocked all present by their horrid blasphemy. They were removed with much difficulty.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 151

29. Cork's southern suburb extended to the Lough

    The Lough · electoral division · Cork

    The southern suburb of ancient Cork, identical with the original town on the hill, probably extended to the Lough and perhaps further towards Kinsale. The author speculates the Lough, now rural in appearance, may have been surrounded by a densely inhabited suburb in ancient times.

    Read the passage

    When wo consider the moderate extent of the city of Cork in the reign of Elizabeth, we may naturally be surprised at its ancient importance, in comparison with the other towns of the county. But the truth is, that in the time of Elizabeth, it had suffered a very great decline: the island, which is said to have then comprised the city, was not more than about one-third of a statute mile in length, and its breadth was only about one-third of its length, — dimensions, which would seem to give it little pre-eminence over Kinsaleand Youghal, as contained within their ancient walls. It is true, our accounts of it before Elizabeth's reign are very meagre and imperfect; but enough remains to assure us, that it had previously been of much greater extent; we have already seen good reason to infer that the most ancient part of the city stood on the hill, to the south of the island, and that it was destroyed in the wars of the barbarous lords ; and we learn from the charter of king Edward IV, that Cork had, a few years previously to its date, possessed suburbs extending a mile from both parts of the city, and that they were about that time burned and destroyed by the invaders. As they were burned, Ihey must have consisted in a great degree of buildings; and this will give us some idea of the real extent of the city in ancient times, it being by this account upwards of two miles in length, including the island. Doubtless those buildings were interspersed with gardens, as we find to have been usual even within the walls, so late as the reign of Charles I. As to the locality of the suburbs, we may conclude that the northern one coincided with that part of the present city, which lies between north bridge, and the junction of the ]\Iallow road with the old Dublin road ; for this was the only great outlet from the city on that side, and must naturally have attracted the buildings along its course, while the steepness of the hills on either side would prevent improvement from branching off laterally. The southern suburb, which must have been identical with the original town on the hill, probably extended to the lough, and perhaps to a greater distance towards Kinsale, although in its modern increase it has not yet reached the above point, owing to the poverty of the inhabitants in that quarter, and the badness of the approaches to it. It is amusing to speculate on the probability, that the lough, which now presents so retired and rural appearance,

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

30. Cork-street in Kinsale burnt to the ground

    Kinsale · town · Cork · 1593

    In 1593, Cork-street in the town of Kinsale was burnt to the ground. This was a destructive fire event in the town during a period of recurring conflict in Munster.

    Read the passage

    Cork-street, in the town of Kinsale, was this year burnt to the jr^... ground.

    Donald Macarthy demolished the castle of Imacallc, and killed iryjG many of the English ; he likewise pkmdered the castle of Kilfea- ^ cle and killed many there : soon after the English from Cork and the neighbouring places, drew a great army against him ; but, by the intercession of some, a peace was concluded, and the armies on both sides withdrew. i

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 68

31. Cork strips Catholics of freeman status

    Cork · city · Cork · 1695

    The common council of Cork ordered that Roman Catholics imposed as freemen by the late King James without taking the usual oaths should no longer be deemed freemen of the city.

    Read the passage

    Jan. 20. — The common council of Cork ordered that the 1095

    Roman Catholics imposed on them as freemen by the late king

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 94

32. Cork suburbs laid waste; king grants cocquet custom for rebuilding walls

    Cork · city · Cork · 1462

    The land anciently belonging to the citizens of Cork, called 'the suburbs,' extended a mile from both parts of the city. It had been totally laid waste by the Irish before 1462, prompting the king to forgive rent arrears and grant a custom called cocquet for rebuilding the city walls.

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    The land which anciently belonged to the citizens of Cork, was in 1462, understood to extend a mile "from both parts" of the city. So much at all events had then remained to them. It was called " the suburbs" ; but had some years before been totally laid waste by the Irish; in consideration of which, the king forgave them all arrears of rent, and granted them a certain custom called cocquet, for rebuilding their walls ; and this they were to receive until they could travel a mile round the city in safety.

    In the middle ages, the cities of Europe were agitated by violent intestine factions. Within their walls stood many castles, in which the principal citizens resided, and which were built for security against sudden ebullitions of popular violence. We find no account of a similar state of things in our cities and towns. Yet we know that John Skiddy, in 1 445, built in the main street of Cork, the castle called after his name. It was a large high tower similaj- to those of the country, and remained until 1785.* It is hardly possible that the citizens could quite so soon have been divided by the claims of York and Lancaster, which some years afterwards aroused all Ireland. However, in 1492, the city of Cork, very imprudently took the lead in support of Perkin Warbeck. The result was, that Walters, a principal citizen, was summoned to Dublin by the Irish parliament, was there seized, sent to London, tried and executed. The city was involved in

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 23

33. Cork supports Perkin Warbeck; citizen Walters executed

    Cork · city · Cork · 1492

    In 1492, the city of Cork imprudently took the lead in supporting Perkin Warbeck. Walters, a principal citizen, was summoned to Dublin by the Irish parliament, seized, sent to London, tried, and executed. The city was involved in the consequences.

    Read the passage

    In the middle ages, the cities of Europe were agitated by violent intestine factions. Within their walls stood many castles, in which the principal citizens resided, and which were built for security against sudden ebullitions of popular violence. We find no account of a similar state of things in our cities and towns. Yet we know that John Skiddy, in 1 445, built in the main street of Cork, the castle called after his name. It was a large high tower similaj- to those of the country, and remained until 1785.* It is hardly possible that the citizens could quite so soon have been divided by the claims of York and Lancaster, which some years afterwards aroused all Ireland. However, in 1492, the city of Cork, very imprudently took the lead in support of Perkin Warbeck. The result was, that Walters, a principal citizen, was summoned to Dublin by the Irish parliament, was there seized, sent to London, tried and executed. The city was involved in

    * We have seen the will of Edward Roche, merchant of Cork, made in 1626, which bequeathes "the small castle called the Parentiz, in the city of Cork." What sort of building this may have been we are unable to say; but there seems no reason to conclude with Mr. Crofton Croker, that stone houses were called castles, except in Ulster, where we have heard that the castles built in accordance with the conditions of king James Ist's grants, were merely houses with bawus.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 23

34. Cork unrepresented in Elizabeth's 2nd parliament

    Cork · city · Cork · 1585

    Cork was one of the counties unrepresented in the parliament of the 2nd of Elizabeth, which enacted penal laws. At the time, it was loosely understood that laws expressed generally were intended only for the Pale, but this distinction was later forgotten and penalties were enforced wherever practicable.

    Read the passage

    force in those places. It seems veiy probable that a similar exemption was loosely attributed to remote counties when unrepresented, and that many laws expressed generally, were intended only for the pale. Thus, though the writ of conge d' elire was abolished by the parliament of the 2d of Elizabeth, it was not imagined that the new law could apply to so remote a place as Armagh ; for the election of pnmate, which soon followed, was obliged to be post-poned on account of the absence of several of the chapter. A similar understanding probably prevailed with regard to the penal laws which were enacted by the same parliament, and which at the time of their enactment it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to enforce at a distance from the pale. Cork was one of the counties unrepresented in that parliament. However, after the lapse of some years and a change of circumstances, this distinction, if ever it existed, was forgotten, and the penalties of the law were vmhesitatingly enforced, wherever it was found practicable.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 27

35. Cork workhouse finished and opened

    Cork · city · Cork · 1748

    In 1748 the Cork workhouse was finished and opened for the reception of foundling children, beggars, and others. This institution, funded partly by coal duties, addressed poverty and child welfare in the city.

    Read the passage

    The work-house was fmished, and opened for the reception of foundling children, beggars, Sic.

    The gaol of Kinsale took fire, and 54 prisoners, chiefly Spanish, perished.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 99

36. Cork, Youghal and Kinsale petition for military commanders

    Cork · city · Cork

    The townspeople of Cork, Youghal and Kinsale, impoverished and besieged by the wars of the lords and chieftains, petitioned the administration for competent military commanders. They promised to rise at their own expense against the lords but threatened to complain to the government in England if refused.

    Read the passage

    The lords of the county were gradually weakened by their mutual broils : at last those who were worsted availed themselves of the assistance of the Irish ; and these latter finding the opportvinity favourable, contrived eventually to expel many of the English and repossess themselves of their lands, but pursued a system of barbarous and bloody warfare, murder, and robbery : and the English who remained, following the same courses, and adopting the laws and customs of the Irish, the whole county was reduced to a state of anarchy. Peculiar hostility was directed against the the loyal and peaceable towns, whose inhabitants, shut up within their walls, their lands wasted, their trade destroyed, were reduced to poverty and almost ruined ; and so desperate was their condition, and so little help did they expect from the king's government, that as a last resource, the people of Cork, Youghal and Kinsale, petitioned the administration, representing their miserable condition, requesting that they might be furnished with competent commanders, and promising that if this I'equest were granted, they would rise at their own expense against the lords and chieftans, and punish their enormities ; but if it should be refused (as they plainly expected,) they threatened to complain to the government in England. *

    But the English pale, a district of about twenty miles round Dublin, was as much as the government could hold in subjection. We are accustomed to imagine that the wars with France di\'erted the attention of England from this country ; but it is likely that under any circumstances, little at that time could have been done

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck

37. Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale walled towns of strategic importance

    Cork · city · Cork · 1565–1575

    Sidney reported that Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale were walled towns of great moment for the queen's service. He warned that the king of Spain with 3000 men could dispossess her of all Munster and Connaught, and urged conservation of the towns as their loss would mean the loss of the whole country.

    Read the passage

    He tells us that Cork, Youghal, and Kinsale were walled, and places of great moment for her majesty's service, and that the king of Spain with 3000 men and £20,000, could dispossess her of all Munster and Connaught, or oblige her to employ 20,000 men and £200,000, to recover and defend them ; and earnestly recommends to her, to take care " for the conservation of her towns, as the loss of them would be the loss of the whole country.''

    Going from Cork to Limerick, he met further instances of the loyalty of the towns : being in danger from the earl of Desmond's men, he received from the town of Kilmallock, a reinforcement of eight or nine score of well appointed footmen ; and was soon after joined by three hundred more, whom the city of Limerick sent to meet him: "This partly I write," says he, "to the end your majesty should have regard to these your towns ; they are the only force that your majesty hath to tmst to out of the English pale of this your realm."

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 25

38. Corn market built in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1740

    In 1740 the corn market was built in Cork, providing dedicated infrastructure for grain trade in the city. This was constructed during a year of great scarcity and poverty.

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    1740 The corn market was built.

    During the summer of this year there was a great scarcity, and nimibers of the poor perished, though several were daily fed at a public iness in this city. There was a large pit dug at the back of the Green in Shandon church-yard, where several hundred indigent persons were buried, for want of money to purchase graves for themselves.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 98

39. Corporation shambles for meal and milk in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1733

    In 1733 the corporation built shambles (market stalls) for the sale of meal and milk on the south side of Cork city, at a cost of £140. This provided regulated food retail infrastructure for the urban poor.

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    The corporation erected shambles for the sale of meal and milk 173.3 at the south side of the city, which cost £140.

    Forty carcases of beef were seized, and burnt before the 1735 exchange of Cork, as not being fit for transportation.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 98

40. Cotter land division at Coppingerstown, 1585

    Coppingerstown · townland · Cork · 1585

    In 1585, John Cotter of Coppingerstown transferred 174 acres to his son on condition that he divide and share it with his cousins after the manner of their predecessors. This illustrated the extension of Irish customary land-division practices to land held under English tenure.

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    * The fallowing is a curious illustration of tlio extensiou of Irish usages to land of English tenure : — In 1585, John Cotter, of Coppingerstown, having land to the amount of 174 acres, made it over to his son, on condition however, that he should divide and share it with his cousins aftor the manner of their predecessors.

    Ixxxii INTRODUCTORY ESSAY.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 28

41. Council of war at Cork seizes tobacco to pay army

    Cork · city · Cork

    Lord Inchiquin, facing a lack of pay for his army at Cork, convened a council of war. The council resolved to seize tobacco belonging to patentees to support the troops.

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    J\rov. — Lord Inchiquin being at Cork in great distress for want of pay for the army, called a coimcil of war, which came to a resolution to seize on part of the tobacco, of which there were great quantities belonging to the patentees, at Cork, Kinsale, and Youghal, and sell it to subsist the army.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 78

42. Country-people's loyalty during French expedition at Bantry

    Bantry · town · Cork · 1796

    During the failed French expedition to Bantry Bay, local country-people showed great loyalty by receiving troops who marched to Bantry kindly and sharing provisions with them. The French admiral's ship was still missing and General Hoche was on board, causing the expedition to put to sea.

    Read the passage

    then set fire to a prize which they had taken, and five of them •'V^* weighed anchor and sailed down the bay, leaving two ships of the line behind them which appeared to be disabled. On the 3d none of the ships were visible except these last mentioned vessels. Previous to their leaving the bay a council of war was held, and the troops had decided for landing under the guidance of some Irishmen who were with them, but La Fraternite the admiral's ship being still missing, and general Hoche being on board, they resolved to put to sea. On the 15th Paris papers were received, which announced the total failure of this expedition. The greatest loyalty was exhibited by the country-people on this occasion, they received the troops who marched to Bantry in the kindest manner, sharing their provisions with them. In their absence the loyal Cork legion and Cork volunteers, mounted the different guards in the city of Cork.

    Dec. 27" — During a heavy gale of wind, three vessels having broken their moorings, were dashed with violence against Patrick's bridge; one of them had her stern fixed in the centre arch, and part of the portcullis was injured.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 134

43. County Cork gaol insulating wall and guard-house begun

    Cork · city · Cork · 1791

    Construction of the insulating wall and guard-house for the intended county gaol of Cork was begun. This marked the start of a new penal infrastructure project for the county.

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    6. — The insulating wall and guard-house for the intended gaol for the county of Cork was begun.

    Castle street was widened and the merchant's coffee room huilt.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 131

44. Courthouse in King's old castle, Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1610

    The corporation enacted that the old ruinous walls and vault of the king's old castle in Cork should be pulled down to build a new courthouse for the county of Cork, as masons found the old structure unable to bear new work.

    Read the passage

    as the work and building of a courthouse for the county of Cork,

    in the king's old castle, according to the late charter was then

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 210

45. Courtmacsherry cavalry volunteers for service

    Courtmacsherry · town · Cork · 1804

    The Courtmacsherry cavalry volunteered to serve in any part of the kingdom in case of invasion or rebellion.

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    The Courtmasherry cavalry volunteered to serve in any part of the kingdom, in case of invasion or rebellion.

    28. — ^The wooden bridge, called Parliament-bridge, over the south branch of the Lee, was this morning carried away by the flood.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 140

46. Cove chapel congregation expresses contrition for illegal proceedings

    Cobh · municipal district · Cork · 1794

    A great concourse of people assembled at the chapel at Cove and expressed to their parish priest their contrition for engaging in recent illegal proceedings. They stated they had been induced to act by strangers who came into the parish to swear them.

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    23. — A great concourse of people assembled at the chapel at Cove, and expressed to their pastor the parish priest, their contrition for having engaged in the late illegal proceedings, stating that they had been induced to act as they had done by a number of strangers, who had come into that parish to swear them.

    ^pril 29. — Illuminations and general rejoicings in Cork for the surrender of Martinico to his majesty's forces.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 131

47. Cove harbour anxiety and ships towed to sea during alarm

    Cobh · municipal district · Cork

    During the invasion alarm, much anxiety was felt in Cove (Cobh), and men of war in the harbour prepared to put to sea. As the wind was unfavourable, fishermen, boatmen, and everyone able to row assisted in towing the ships out.

    Read the passage

    21. — At a late hour this night. General Campbell received an express, announcing that three large men of war were disembarking troops in Sligo bay. In consequence of the alarm which was caused by this infonnation, the garrison of this City was turned out, and at two o'clock, the 46th, the Queen's German, and a detachment from the light brigade of artillery, were in marching order ; shortly after the yeomanry corps assembled to the number of 1200 in Patrick-street ; about three o'clock, lights were placed in all the windows of the principal streets, which were very necessary, as all the city lamps had been by some chance extinguished. A little before day-break two regiments and a detachment of artillery marched to Mallow, when the garrison duty devolved upon the yeomanry and the Tipperary militia. The arrival of an express about half-past three in the afternoon, stating that the ships were three of our own frigates, put an end to the alarm. In Cove also much anxiety was evinced ; and such men of war as were then in the harbour prepared to put to sea. As the wind was unfavourable it became necessary to tow the ships out, in which all the fishermen and boatmen, and every person who was able to seize an oar, assisted.

    23. — ^The troops which had marched to Mallow returned ; on their march they were hospitably entertained by the peasants in the neighbouring cottages.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 139

48. Cove illuminated for victories over the French

    Cobh · municipal district · Cork · 1793

    The town of Cove was grandly illuminated on April 14th in celebration of the same victories over the French that had been celebrated in Cork the previous day. The illumination demonstrated civic loyalty and rejoicing.

    Read the passage

    April 13. — There was a general illumination in this city, ^'^^ several beautiful transparent paintings expressive of loyalty, were exhibited in different parts of the town, and the night concluded with cveiy demonstration of joy for the different victories obtained over the French. On the 14th, the town of Cove was also grandly illuminated for the same joyful occasion.

    July 3. — A number of French prisoners having escaped from the prison at Kinsale, seized on a fishing boat and put off to sea.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 131

49. Cove shops shut two days mourning Admiral Kingsmill

    Cobh · municipal district · Cork · 1805

    Every shop in Cove was kept shut for two days as a mark of respect and regret for the death of Admiral Kingsmill, demonstrating the town's strong naval connections.

    Read the passage

    Dec. 2. — Every shop in the town of Cove was kept shut for two days, to testify the regret of the inhabitants for the death of Admiral Kingsmill.

    6. — The corporation voted to the late mayor, Charles Evanson, a service of plate worth £200, for the dignified and hospitable manner in which he had supported the office of Chief Magistrate of this city during his mayoralty. 1806 Feb. 11. — About two o'clock, the Britannia of Liverpool,

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 142

50. Creagh obstructs common lane in Cork with stone house

    Cork · city · Cork

    A jury found that John Cretigh (Creagh) had obstructed an ancient common lane in Cork city by building on it, preventing the public from passing through. The lane was to remain five feet wide from end to end.

    Read the passage

    The juiv found that the said common lane had been used time A. D. beyond the memory of man, " where the middle door oi the stone house built by John Cretigh, deceased, was placed, and so through directly between the said John's hoath tatch messuages to the sthiirs on the said walls, and that said Creagh had obstructed and built on said lane, so that his majesty's subjects could not have egress and regress, and that the said lane should be five feet from one end to another."

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 211

51. Criminals escape from north gaol in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1784

    Criminals confined in the north gaol of Cork attempted to escape by breaking inside doors and descending from the top using blankets tied together. John Callaghan, known as Jack-a-boy, and one Linehan escaped successfully, while a third was retaken under a boat on one of the quays.

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    Sept. 20. — An attempt was made by the criminals in north gaol to escape. To effect their purpose they broke several of the inside doors to get to the top of the gaol, and from thence three conveyed themselves down by tying their blankets and sheets together. John Callaghan otherwise Jack-a-boy, a most notorious offender, and one Linehan under sentence of transportation, escaped ; but the third was retaken under a boat on one of the quays.

    Oct. 26. — At five o'clock this day the lord lieutenant and his suite arrived here from Doneraile, and the duchess of Rutland in an hour after. They were conducted to the house of Broderick Chinnery, esq. the streets through which they passed being lined with troops. At 2 o'clock the following day, his excellency was waited on by the mayor, sheriffs, recorder, aldermen and burgesses, with the keys of the city, &c. and an address was read by the recorder in the name of the corporation, after which his excellency conferred the honor of knighthood on John Frankhn the mayor, with whom he dined at the mansion house. On the same day, the bishop and the clergy of the diocese waited on his excellency ; and on the 28th, the merchants of this city did the same. On the 31st his excellency conferred the honor of knighthood on John Haly, M. D. and Richard Kellet, jun. after which he examined the cotton manufactory of Henry Sadleir and Co. on Morrison's Island, with which he was highly pleased ; he then went to see the process of making up beef and pork, at the stores of Vaughan, Hamilton and Co. where he and his suite condescended to cat beef-steaks dressed cellar fashion ; on the same day his excellency dined with the merchants at the King's arms tavern, after which he and the duchess went to the assembly. On the 1st of November Joseph Gray, esq. was knighted by his excellency. During his stay in the south, he also conferred the honor of knighthood on James Carthy, sovereign of Kinsale, and on three military gentlemen.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 126

52. Cromwell departs from Youghal for England

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1650

    Having returned from Clonmel to Youghal, Cromwell embarked for England, leaving his son-in-law Ireton as lord president of Munster to command the army.

    Read the passage

    Jlfaf/ 29 — Cromwell having returned from Clonmel to Youghal, embarked for England, leaving his son-in-law Ireton, the lord president of Munster, to command the army.

    Dec. — The marquis of Ormond and lord Inchiquin quitted the kingdom, and went into France.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 83

53. Cromwell establishes winter quarters at Youghal

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1649–1650

    Through the revolt of Cork county towns, Cromwell gained excellent winter quarters. He made Youghal his personal residence before marching out in early spring towards county Tipperary.

    Read the passage

    A.D. all by lord Broghill's interest, revolted to the parliament. — Ludlow says, that Cromwell sent a party under lord Broghill, to the assistance of the revolters, in case lord Inchiquin made any disturbance; but that the latter was forced to fly into the county Clare among his kindred. Ey the revolt of these places, Cromwell gained excellent winter quarters in this county; Yonghal was made the place of his own residence, from which he marched out early in the spring towards the county Tij^perary. At

    a window the cause ; tliey told me they were all Irish, stripped and wounded, and turned out of the town, and that colonel Jefferies, with some others, had possessed themselves of the town for Cromwell. Upon this, I immediately wrote a letter to my husband, blessing God's providence that he was not there with me, persuading him to patience and hope that I should get safely out of the town, by God's assistance, and desired him to shift for himself, for fear of a surprise, with promise that I would secure his papers.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 83

54. Cromwell lands at Dublin and takes Drogheda

    Drogheda · town · Louth · 1649

    Oliver Cromwell landed at Dublin on 14 August with an army of 9,000 foot and 4,000 horse. His first action was the taking of Drogheda, after which he marched south towards Munster.

    Read the passage

    Aug. 14 — Oliver Cromwell landed at Dublin, with an army of 9000 foot and 4000 horse. His first action was the taking of Drogheda, after which he marched south. The chief places in this county, as Youghal, Cork,* Bandon, Kinsale, and Mallow,

    * Lady Fanshawe, the wife of an officer in the service of the king, addressing her son, gives the following interesting account of her escape from the Red Abbey. After describing an accident she met with by the fall of a stumbling horse, she thus proceeds. " I was in my bed when Cork revolted. By chance that day my husband was gone ou business to Kinsale : it was in the beginning of November, 1650. At midnight I heard the great guns go off, and thereupon I called up my family to rise, which I did as well as I could in that condition. Hearing lamentable shrieks of men, women, and children, I asked at

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 83

55. Cromwell's usurpation suspends Cork's civil magistracy

    Cork · city · Cork · 1645–1655

    During Cromwell's usurpation, Cork had no civil magistrates for ten years. In 1655, Sir William Fenton and four other ancient freemen elected John Hodder as Mayor, after which all Corporation offices were filled by Protestants.

    Read the passage

    For ten years there were no civil Magistrates, it being the period of Cromwell' s usurpation. In the year 1655, Sir William Fenton, and four others, xvho were ancient freemen of the city, met together and elected John Hodder, Mayor, and William Hodder and Philip Matheivs, Sheriffs. Since this time all the offices of the Corporation have been filled by Protestants,

    1656 John Hodder,

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 186

56. Crowd breaks open Callaghan's store over potato rumour in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1812

    A rumour that potatoes had been lodged in Mr. Callaghan's store led a considerable number of persons to break open the doors. Mr. Callaghan's son arrived and offered to open the doors for their inspection.

    Read the passage

    18. — A report having been circulated that potatoes had been lodged in Mr. Callaghan's store, a considerable number of persons proceeded to break open the doors; when Mr. Callaghan's son arrived and offered to open the doors for their inspection.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 148

57. Crowd digs for money near new Cork barrack

    Cork · city · Cork · 1764

    On February 20, 1764, a crowd of people began digging for money near the new barrack in Cork, suggesting a treasure-seeking episode tied to the military site.

    Read the passage

    July 31. — Prayers for fair weather were offered up in all the churches in Cork; it being the wettest summer ever remembered. 1764 Feb. 20. — A crowd of people began to dig for money near the

    new barrack.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 102

58. Custody of rectorial churches of Kinsale

    Kinsale · town · Cork · 1383

    The king committed to John Horsyngton, proctor of the house of St. Peter and St. Paul of Bath, the custody of profits of rectorial churches including those of Kinsale and St. John the Evangelist near Cork.

    Read the passage

    Jem. 28. — The king committed to John Horsyngton, proctor of the house of St. Peter and St. Paul of Bath, in England, the custody of the profits of the rectorial churches of Kinsale, St. John the Evangelist, in the fairffh near Cork, and of Legan, in the county of Cork.

    1384 SejJt. 2. — John Drax was incumbent of Youghal, by presentation of the king.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck

59. Dancing and prize-fighting at Mardyke field

    Mardyke · electoral division · Cork · 1782

    There were dancing, prize-fighting, and running in bags at the Mardyke field in Cork on May 1, 1782, reflecting popular entertainments of the period.

    Read the passage

    J\Iay 1. — There were dancing, prize-fighting and running in bags at the Mardyke field.

    May 9. — Eight sailors and a boy, who had been for some time lurking about Eingskerry near Cove, ran away with a small boat and went alongside a sloop from Waterford, laden with pork, and by some means having obtained admittance on board, they rose on the crew and having secured them, sailed away with the vessel and cargo which was supposed to have been worth £2000.

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 123

60. Danes burn and plunder Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 913

    Cork was burned and plundered by the Danes in 913.

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    Cork was this year burned and plundered by the Danes, who in 913

    Internet Archive countycityofcork00tuck, Chapter 38