Name: The early history of the town of Birr, or Parsonstown : with the particulars of remarkable events there in more recent times, also the towns of Nenagh, Roscrea, Banagher, Tullamore, Philipstown, Frankford, Shinrone, Kinnetty and Ballyboy and the ancient septs, princes, and celebrated places of the surrounding country
Author: Thomas Lalor Cooke

Conal Buighe O'Moore slain at Birr while plundering, 1579

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1579

The Four Masters record that in 1579 Conal Buighe, son of Gillpatrick, son of Pierce O'Moore, was slain at Birr in the territory of Ely, noting it was better he was killed since he had come to plunder the town.

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The Four Masters state that in the year 1579, " Conal Buighe, the son of Gillpatrick, son of Pierce 0' Moore, was slain at Birr in the territory of Ely, and it was better that he was killed, for it was to plunder the town that he had come."
In 1580, Lord Grey, reinforced with 150 cavalry and six companies of infantry, sent him from England, overran the territories of Offaley, Fearcall, Kinelyagh, and Ely. According to Camden and Mageoghegan, he "pacified," amongst others, the O'Carrolls of Ely; and he caused O'Molloy, Lord of Fearcall, to be put to death as a seditious person. As to Fearcall and O'Molloy, see hereafter.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 21

O'Carroll's Petition to Reclaim Ancestral Birr

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1622

Teige M'Callagh O'Carroll, representative of the ancient proprietors, petitioned the King three times claiming Birr had belonged to his ancestors for over a thousand years and asking to be reinstated. The Surveyor General, Sir William Parsons (brother of the new owner), ultimately decided against O'Carroll's claim.

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Shortly after Sir Laurence had been put into possession of Birr, Teige M'Callagh O'Carroll, the representative of the ancient proprietors, petitioned the King, setting forth that Birr belonged to him, and praying to be re-instated. However, this and a second memorial to the same purpose not having produced the wished for effect, he a third time petitioned, referring to his former memorials, and stating that he was seized of this place, and that it was enjoyed by his ancestors for upwards of one thousand years; and praying that it might be peremptorily referred to the Master of the Eequests to re-instate him in Birr, which he called his chief seat. Thereupon the King had the petition transmitted on the 16th of July 1622, to Lord Viscount Falkland, then Lord Deputy of Ireland ; and it was by him. referred to his Majesty's Surveyor General of Lands in Ireland (Sir William Parsons), who, on the 17th of October following, reported thereon, setting forth the title of the Baron of Galtrim, and of the Earl of Ormond, as already mentioned ; and he ultimately decided against the pretensions of O'Carroll as unfounded. _ The Surveyor General also stated in his report, that Sir

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 25

Cambrensis describes Monaincha's Culdees

Monaincha · townland · Tipperary · 1185

Cambrensis, who came to Ireland in 1185, referred to the monastery on the island bordering North Munster and Leinster, where a few Culdees devoutly served God.

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The original monastery of the Culdees, referred to by Archdall, was erected here in the seventh century, but Ware states that Monaincha afterwards became a priory of Regular Canons, and was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin and St. Hillary. Cambrensis, who came to Ireland in 1185, as secretary to King John, then Earl of Morton, refers to this monastery, and states that the island upon which it stands " borders upon North Minister and the confines of Leinster, and that there a few Culdees or Colidei did devoutly serve God." Even at this time there appears to have been a superstitious notion that no person could die in this island be his malady ever so bad, as the merits of the Patron Saint, and his religions, had secured this privilege to an island so favoured. Hence this place
K

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 65

Danes destroy Tirdaglass and slay abbot Hugh MacDuffe Dachrich in 842

Terryglass · townland · Tipperary · 842

In 842 the Danes destroyed the fortress of Dunamase and slew Hugh MacDuffe Dachrich, abbot of Tirdaglass, the same year destroying by fire the town of Tirdaglass with its abbey and churches.

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The abbot Mochoeminus died in 584, and his festival is observed on the 1st of May ; the abbot Colman Stellain died in 625 ; and in 652, the abbot Aihgean died. Clemens was abbot in 801, and in the same year the town and abbey were destroyed by an accidental fire. St. Moyle Dichru, " anachorite " of Tirdaglass, "who was usually styled the Sage, and who uttered many remarkable prophecies," died in 838. In 842 the Danes destroyed the fortress of Dunamase in the Queen's County, and there slew Hugh MacDuffe Dachrich, abbot of Tirdaglass ; and the same year they destroyed by fire Tirdaglass, with the abbey and churches. Hugh M'Duffe's festival is held on the 8th of July. In 880, Cormac, " prior of Tirdaglass and of Clonfert-Brendan," died ; the " abbot and bishop" Maelpeadar MacCuan, died in 890; Maelciaran, " abbot of Tirdaglass and Clonenagh," died in 898, and in 927, the abbot Yirgill died during his

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 121

Ely Troops Fight at the Battle of Clontarf

Clontarf · parish · Dublin · 1014

In 1014 the troops of Ely, commanded by chieftain O'Carroll, fought under Brian Boru at the Battle of Clontarf, serving in the division commanded by Cian and Donald against the Danes.

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The troops of Ely, commanded by their chieftain, 0' Carroll, as appears from good authority, including Dr. Lanigan, fought in 1014, under the celebrated Brian-Borombhe, at the memorable battle of Clontarf, which ended in the total defeat of the Danes. They fought in that division which was commanded by Cian and Donald, two princes of the Eugenian line ; and which was opposed to the second division of the enemy.
Cellach Eamhar, or the Lusty, died in 1079. He was Comorb of St. Brendan of Birr, and Bishop of Saiger. St. Silave, or Silan, Abbot of Birr, died at Lucca, in Italy, in the year 1100.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 17

General Douglas's relief expedition and fortification of Birr

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1690

General Douglas, Major-General Kirk, and Sir John Lanier marched to relieve Birr Castle and drive Sarsfield beyond the Shannon, intending also to destroy the bridge of Banagher, but found it too well defended; the English army then fortified Birr with sodworks over ten or twelve days.

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Although the principal design of this expedition was upon the bridge of Banagher, the attempt to break it down was found to be too hazardous, as the enemy was not only very strong on the Connaught bank of the river, but the bridge was defended by a castle, and another work which protected it on two sides. The English army therefore returned to Birr, where they encamped for ten or twelve days, to countenance the people employed in fortifying with sodworks the town, which had previously been open and defenceless.
To resume from the " Narrative of Sir Laurence Parsons." The fortifications and trenches around Birr were commenced on Saturday, and twelve hundred men were employed at them on Sunday, and six or seven hundred men constantly afterwards for eight or ten days. Both gables of the Sessions-house were pulled down, and all the hedges, ditches and orchards within the works levelled, and the wood converted into fascines for the fortifications. On Major- General Kirk's arrival, his first act was to order all the Eoman Catholics in the town to be seized, and imprisoned in the Market-house, where they remained confined for three or four days, until they became bound, one for another, for their good behaviour, and that they would not depart the town. Kirk's next act was to order Lord Lisburn to burn all the houses between the town and Kacalier-bridge, to prevent the enemy from taking shelter in them. The town itself did not fare much better. Most of the houses without the fortifi-

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 39

James Mac Coghlan killed by gunshot from Clonoony Castle

Clonoony · townland · Monaghan · 1519

In 1519 a great contest arose between rival Mac Coghlan factions, during which James Mac Coghlan, prior of Gallen and heir presumptive of Delvin Rathra, was killed by a shot from a ball fired from the Castle of Clonoony.

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The Castle of Clonoony, which deserves more than a mere local interest, is about a mile west from Cloghan, and eight miles north of Birr. This castle is still in pretty good preservation, although probably erected in the reign of Henry VIII., which began in 1509, as it appears to belong to that period. At all events there was a castle here in 1519, for in that year, according to the Four Masters, "A great contest arose in Delvin between the tribe of Fergal Mac Coghlan and the tribe of Donal, in which James Mac Coghlan, prior of Gallen, and heir presumptive of Delvin Eathra, was killed by the diot of a ball from the Castle of Cluan Damhna." This, as Dr. O'Donovan properly remarks, was the correct original name of Clonoony. The name, therefore, shows that

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 139

Meelick and Clonfert plundered in 1595 rebellion

Clonfert (Butson) · townland · Galway · 1595

In 1595, during a great commotion in which the O'Maddens were engaged, Meelick of O'Madden was taken and demolished, and Clonfert of St. Brendan was plundered and spoiled, with Bishop Stephen Kerovan taken prisoner.

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ment. The Four Masters also tell us, that in 1595, a great commotion arose, in which the O'Maddens were engaged, and " Meelick of O'Madden" was taken and demolished, and " Clonfert of St. Brendan" was plundered and spoiled, Stephen Kerovan or Kirwin, the bishop, being taken prisoner. Amongst those then engaged, was " Owen Du^, the son of Malachy Balv O'Madden, from the district of Lusmagh."
Cloghan Castle in Lusmagh, was heretofore a stronghold of O'Madden's. It is about three miles south from Banagher, situate partly between the Shannon and Little Brusna rivers, and is the property of Major Grogan Graves, of the 82nd Eegiment. This is one of the oldest^ inhabited castles, in, Ireland, and is said to have been erected about the time of King John. It was generally called " Cloghan O'Madden," although it is named "Poghan" on Sir William Petty's maps. The following extract given in the Appendix to Tribes of Hymanie, from the MS. journal of Sir William Russell, Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1595, which is now in the British Museum, shows the importance attached to this castle nearly 300 years ago, and gives some idea of the rough and fierce manners of those now long passed times. It is also curious as a specimen of the diction and spelling of the period. The transaction referred to appears to have taken place about the same time as the taking of Meelick, &c., above mentioned.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 146

Nenagh Castle Built by Theobald Fitz Walter

Nenagh · town · Tipperary · 1200

Theobald Fitz Walter, first Chief Butler of Ireland, fixed his residence where Nenagh now stands and built the castle there around 1200, the ruins of which still remain as a testament to its former grandeur.

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On thus getting possession of Ormond, Fitz"Walter .^appears to have fixed his residence where Nenagh now stands, almost in the centre of it, and he there built the castle, the extent and grandeur of which may be judged of by the ruins which yet remain. About the same time he founded at Tyone, near Nenagh, an hospital and priory, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the ruins of which are likewise still to be seen ; and, in course of time, a town grew up around the castle, and near the priory. It appears, however, from Carte's Ormond, that Theobald Fitz Walter was interred in the Abbey of Owney, which had also been founded by him. It may be more convenient to conclude a few observations as to Nenagh Castle, before referring to the hospital of St. John.
It appears from the Pipe Rolls in the Record Tower, Dublin Castle, that a considerable sum was charged about the year 1287, by "Walter de la Haye, Escheator of Ireland, for repairs done by him about the Castle of Nanath or Nanach (Nenagh), while in the king's hands, during the minority of Theobald, heir of Theobald le Boteller. There are charges here made for repairing and roofing towers and houses, rebuilding

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft

As the companion tells it

As you pass through the town of Nenagh in Tipperary, the ruins of its castle still stand, giving some sense of the grand scale it once had. Around the year 1200, Theobald Fitz Walter, the first Chief Butler of Ireland, fixed his residence where the town now stands and built the castle there. About the same time, he founded a hospital and priory at Tyone, near Nenagh, dedicated to St. John the Baptist, the ruins of which can still be seen. A town grew up around the castle and near the priory over time. Theobald Fitz Walter was buried in the Abbey of Owney, which he had also founded. Later records tell us that around the year 1287, while the castle was in the king's hands during the minority of Theobald, heir of Theobald le Boteller, a considerable sum was charged by Walter de la Haye, Escheator of Ireland, for repairs done to the castle. The Pipe Rolls in the Record Tower at Dublin Castle record charges for repairing and roofing towers and houses and rebuilding parts of the castle.

Pagan-carved rock at Clonfanlough near Clonmacnoise

Clonfinlough · townland · Offaly · 1133

At Clonfinlough (now Clonfanlough), about a mile and a half from Clonmacnoise, there is a flat rock on a hillside over a lough covered with fantastic crosses and other curious, evidently pagan, symbols similar to those once found at Birr.

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1133. The abbot was robbed at Clonfinlough by the people of Sileanmohy, aided by Connor M'Coghlan ; but through the interference of Prince Connor, the son of the king, the spoils were returned. (This place, now called Clonfanlough, is about a mile and a half from Clonmacnoise. Here, on the side of a hill over a large lough, there is a remarkable flat rock covered with fantastic crosses and other curious symbols, evidently pagan. They are nearly similar to the figures mentioned [p. 8], as having been on the rock formerly at Birr.)
1135. On Easter day, this year, the town of Clon-

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 151

Public floggings in Birr for petty theft

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly

Several persons were flogged in Birr by Moses Lindsay for petty thefts, including Flanagan for stealing wool and Grady for stealing flour from Palmer's mill, inspiring a satirical local poem.

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Prohibiting1 robbing and stealing ; By Moses each thief now is whipp'd thro' the town, When honesty's found to be failing."
The next remarkable event which presents itself in regard to Birr, was of such a public, or rather natorious nature, as to have been brought before the notice of the then expiring Irish Parliament. For the purpose of accomplishing a legislative Union between Great Britain and Ireland, every means was resorted to by those favourable to that measure. In the opening of the year 1800, it was rumoured that a meeting of magistrates and freeholders would be held in Birr to petition against the Union. Upon hearing this report, Major Eogers, who then commanded the artillery in Birr, declared he would disperse the meeting by force, if they attempted to assemble, and he added, that he had applied to Government for instructions. Some days after this several magistrates and respectable inhabitants assembled in the old market- house, then the sessions house of Birr, upon

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 43

Reconsecration of Birr Church for Catholic worship, 1689

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1689–1690

After the Protestant minister fled, Oxburgh's officers seized the church key from the parish clerk and handed it to the Catholic priest Rev. Thomas Kennedy. The church was reconsecrated over several days and Mass was said there from December 1689 until the Battle of the Boyne.

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Soon after the Eev. Mr. Crump's flight, viz., on the 28th of November 1689, Colonel Oxburgh's Officers went to the Clerk of the Parish, and with violent threats, demanded from him the key of the Church, which he was obliged to give them, and it was then handed over by them to the Eev. Mr. Kennedy. Thereupon the Eoman Catholic clergy were summoned, and attended in great numbers at the reconsecration, or reconcilement of Birr Church, which ceremony occupied several days. Mass was solemnized there, on the 5th of December following, and so, afterwards, continued to be until the Battle of the Boyne.
In April 1689, Lord Tyrconnell sent Colonel Sarsfield, with instructions to review the army, and to disband as many as he thought proper ; but so as to leave in each regiment at least thirteen companies. Colonel Sarsfield was an enlightened liberal man, above the prejudices of the day, and carried himself well towards all parties, making no distinction between Protestant or Catholic, but courteously treating all alike. Upon Sarsfield's arrival in Birr, Oxburgh's regiment was drawn up on the Birr meadows, and several officers of distinction, and ladies of the neighbourhood, attended the review. While the Colonel was inspecting the troops, two soldiers threw down their appointments, and ran off from the ranks, upon which Sarsfield put off his jackboots, and pursued

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 36

Repeated Danish and native plundering of the abbey

Clonmacnoise · townland · Offaly · 930–960

Between 930 and 960 the abbey was pillaged repeatedly by the Dublin Danes, by Ceallaghan king of Cashel, by Tomar a Danish general from Limerick, by the Munstermen, and by the people of Ossory, being burned and plundered on multiple occasions.

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930. The Danes of Dublin this year pillaged the abbey, which was also plundered by Ceallaghan, king of Cashel. The Dublin Danes again spoiled it in 935 ; it was plundered again in 940 ; and in 946 it was burned by Tomar, a Danish General from Limerick. This abbey was also plundered in 951, and again two years afterwards by the Danes of Limerick, and the Munstermen ; while in 956, it was plundered by the people of Ossory. In 957, it was pillaged and consumed by fire; and again in 960, this abbey suffered from sacrilegious hands.
964. Died the abbot Cormae O'Kellene, who was famed for extensive knowledge and exemplary goodness, and who was in general styled, " Bishop of Clonmacnoise."

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 149

Rev. Thomas Kennedy holds old Church of Birr until after Boyne

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1689–1704

Rev. Thomas Kennedy was Roman Catholic Parish Priest of Birr in 1689 and held possession of the old Church of Birr until after the Battle of the Boyne. Afterward, oppressive laws required Catholic priests to be registered with sureties.

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It has been seen (p. 76) that the Eev. Thomas Kennedy was Eoman Catholic Parish Priest of Birr in 1689, and that as such he was for some time in possession of the old Church of Birr, and so continued until after the battle of the Boyne. In consequence of political changes, and the oppressive state of the law, it became necessary soon after this time for Eoman Catholic Parish Priests to be registered, with the names of their sureties and other particulars. "We accordingly find the Eev. William Shaghnussy thus registered as Parish Priest of " Birr, Loughkeen, and Kilcoleman," at a General Sessions, held at Philipstown, on the 10th of July 1704, being the reign of Queen Anne, and that he was so returned to the Council Office, Dublin. The other necessary particulars then given were, that he resided at Birr, was sixty years of age, and had been ordained at Dublin in 1667, by Patrick Plunkett, Bishop of Ardagh, and that his sureties were, " Michael Archer, of Birr, Merchant, and Luke Usher, of the same."
It appears (p. 70) that members of the Archer family were resident in Birr at an early date, but there is -scarcely any family whose connexion with Birr can

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 48

Robbery of the great altar's treasures in 1108

Clonmacnoise · townland · Offaly · 1108

In 1108 the great altar of Clonmacnoise was robbed of rich vestments and precious cups and crosses donated by various kings and clergy, prompting the abbey's clergy to pray for the discovery of the thief.

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1108. The great altar was robbed of the rich vestments, which king Moilseaghlin had bequeathed to this church ; the cup of Donogh M'Flyn ; the silver cup, gilt cross, and another jewel, given to the church by king Terlaugh ; a silver chalice, with the arms of the daughter of Eory O'Connor ; and a silver cup, the gift of Ceallagh, primate of Armagh. The clergy of the abbey made incessant prayer to God and St. Kieran, to enable them to discover the guilty person.
1111. The abbey was this year plundered by the

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 150

Sarsfield uses Banagher bridge for advance and retreat during 1690 war

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1690

During the war around August 1690, when Sarsfield attacked Birr Castle, English generals advanced to relieve Birr and attempted to break the bridge of Banagher to stop Sarsfield crossing, but the attempt proved too hazardous as the Irish strongly held the Connaught bank.

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To return to Banagher. It appears from Harris's Life of William ///., that when Sarsfield, about August 1690, attacked Birr Castle with an Irish army, Lieutenant General Douglas, Major General Kirk, and Sir John Lanier, advanced with a strong army to relieve the place, drive Sarsfield beyond the river Shannon, and break down the bridge of Banagher to prevent his crossing over there again. In consequence of this advance Sarsfield again retired beyond the Shannon, but according to Mr. Harris, although the principal object of General Douglas was to destroy the bridge of Banagher, the attempt was found to be too hazardous,
322 THE TOW OF BANAGHER.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 136

St. Canice's Retreats and Miracles at Clonbrone

Clonbrone · townland · Offaly

According to the Life of Saint Canice, who succeeded Saint Kyran at Saiger, Canice used to retire to Clonbrone where he performed several miracles and subjected himself to rigorous acts of penance and fasting, with deer coming to him from a nearby wood.

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The remarkable townland of Clonbrone, is not far from Killyon, being about half way between Killyon and Birr, and a mile or so from each place. It has been already stated that Clonbrone was in ancient Fearcall. The lands of Clonbrone were also included in the grant to Asgill, before referred to. In the account of Birr it has been mentioned (p. 43), that the remains of what must have been celebrated glass works, about the year 1623, were discovered at Clonbrone in late years. There is mention of Clonbrone, however, at a much earlier period. In the Life of Saint Canice, who succeeded Saint Kyran at Saiger, taken from a work in the library of the Dukes of Burgundy at Brussels, and edited by the Most Noble the Marquis of Ormond, it is stated that Saint Canice used to retire to Clonbrone, and that he there performed several miracles, and subjected himself to many rigorous acts of penance and fasting. A full account of this, and of some of the miracles performed by him there, will be found in paragraph 33 and the
184 CLONBRONE.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 79

St. Cronan Founds Roscrea Monastery

Roscrea · town · Tipperary · 600–610

St. Cronan, son of Odran, first built a cell on a small island in Loughkee before erecting a sumptuous monastery near the King's highway at Roscrea, around which a celebrated city later grew. He died in the early seventh century after performing many miracles.

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Eoscrea, according to Archdall's Monasticon and the authorities there mentioned, owes its origin in a great measure to St. Cronan ; for, " St. Cronan, the son of Odran, built a cell on a small island in Loughkee, but finding that situation too retired, he erected a sumptuous monastery near the King's highway, where a celebrated city afterwards sprang up, now only a small town, and called Eoscrea. After the performance of many miracles, the holy and aged founder of this house, ended an exemplary life on the 10th of May, in the beginning of the seventh century, and his feast (as patron of Eoscrea) is held on the 28th of April." St. Cronan and his father were natives of Ely 0' Carroll, and his mother was named Coemri, and was from Corcubaskin, in the County Clare.
Few places for the size can boast of more interesting antiquarian remains, and in greater variety, than Eoscrea, and the appearance of the town from the hill

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 57

St. Cuimin founds monastery at Kilcommon

Kilcommon · townland · Tipperary · 600–668

St. Cuimin, son of Ernan, founded a church at Kilcommon, known as Disert Chuimin, a lonely deserted spot typical of early Irish saints' retreats. He was renowned for his learning and wrote an epistle defending the Roman method of calculating Easter.

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applied to the churches erected in such places. St. Cuimin is reported to have spoken most learnedly in the famous Synod of Leighlin^on the subject of the proper" time for the celebration of Easter, and he afterwards wrote a very learned epistle in defence of the Eoman time for the Paschal. It has been properly remarked that this epistle proves that St. Cuimin had an extraordinary degree of learning of various kinds, and shows how well stocked with books Irish libraries were in the seventh century, when he wrote. In reference to Kilcommon, his place of abode, St. Cuimin says, " Hsec dixi non ut vos impugnarem, sed ut me ut nycticoracem in domicilio lactitantem defenderem ; " which is, "I said these things not for the purpose of arguing with you, but to defend myself as an owl constantly hiding in, the place of my abode.'' These words were quite in place when applied to Kilcommon, in those days when it merited the appellation disert, a lonely place. Archdall says that St. Cuimin was afterwards abbot at Hy, and that he died the 24th of February, in the year 668 ; but Dr. Lanigan asserts that he never was abbot of Hy, and says that St. Cuimin of Ej.lcom.mon has been strangely confounded with Cumineous albus, or "the white." The last mentioned -writer thinks that Cuimin of Kilcommon is the person surnamed Facia, or the long, admitted to have been celebrated for his learning, and who died in November or December, in the year 662. The Four Masters and the Annals of Ulster, as likewise Colgau, have his death at this year.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 91

St Fineen's well and the pilgrim Gorman's death

Clonmacnoise · townland · Offaly

The well of St Fineen near Clonmacnoise was used for religious pilgrimage over 1100 years ago; the Annals of Clonmacnoise record that before 758 a man named Gorman, son of Torbaid, died there while on pilgrimage.

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of the 'Cemetery, towards the river, and is close to the latter. The Annals of Clonmacnoise, compiled by the abbot .Tigernach, as already stated, inform us that a person named Torbaid was comorban of St. Patrick previous to the year 758, when his son Gorman died on a pilgrimage at the well of St. Fineen at Clonmacnoise. Thus we find this well of St. Fineen, resorted to for religious purposes, more than 1100 years ago — not very long after the introduction of Christianity into Ireland.
On the opposite side of the churchyard from the castle, and at a somewhat greater distance from it, is the Reileace Cailleach, a nearly square enclosure the fence of which was originally faced with large rough stones, and appears to have been of very early date indeed. Within this fence or enclosure, was the Teampatt CaiUeach, or " Church of the Nuns." The remains of this small church, were it only for the associations connected with it, would seem to many to be even the most interesting portion of the very interesting antiquarian remains at Clonmacnoise. But, if the " Church of the Nuns " is valuable as a landmark in our history — the exact date of erection being known — it also affords a reliable example of ancient Irish ecclesiastical architecture of the period. We must, however, let others fully describe, and let our readers judge for themselves, the architectural and other beauties of Clonmacnoise, it being our task here to give a general idea of the early history of the place.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 154

St. Sincheal M'Cenenain founds Killeigh Monastery, dies of plague

Killeigh · town · Offaly · 550

St. Sincheal M'Cenenain, Abbot of Killeach, died of the plague in 550, and probably founded the priory of Augustin Canons of the Holy Cross of Killeigh.

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that in the year 550, St. Sincheal M'Cenenain, Abbot of Killeach, died of the plague, and that he probably founded the priory of Augustin Canons of the Holy Cross of Killeigh. In 807, St. Tigernach, Abbot of Killeigh, died ; and in 872, Donogh M'Moylduin, the abbot, was slain in battle by the Danes. A nunnery was founded at Killeigh by the family of Wan-en soon after the arrival of the English, for nuns of the Order of St. Augustin ; and a house for Grey-friars was erected here in the reign of King Edward I. (1272 to 1307), of which O'Conor was supposed to be the founder. Donald O'Bruin, "Guardian" of this friary, was made Bishop of Clonmacnoise in 1303. In the eighteenth year of the reign of Elizabeth, the monastery of Killeigh, with several parcels of lands and tithes, &c., was granted for ever in capite to John Lee, at the yearly rent of forty-five shillings and sixpence. Again, in May 1578, the abbey, with all its temporal possessions, was granted to Gerald, Earl of Kildare, and his heirs, at the yearly rent of thirtythree shillings and fourpence, he to maintain one able horseman.
Killoughy, or Killaghy, also before referred to, was likewise called KiU-achad-dromfoda, from a long ridge of hills near it. This place was either in or adjoining the ancient Hyfaily, and although in the present barony of Ballyboy, is not far from the border of Geashill. We are informed that St. Sincheal M'Cenenain, already mentioned as the founder of Killeigh Monastery, was Abbot and Bishop of Kill-achad-

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 113

Surrender of Birr Castle to Jacobite forces, February 1688

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1688

Sir Laurence Parsons agreed articles with Colonels Hewar Oxburgh and Robert Grace to surrender Birr Castle for King James's use, dispersing his own men while retaining protection of persons and goods for those remaining loyal to the king's government.

Read the passage

" ARTICLES of Agreement made and agreed upon by and between Colonel He war Oxburgh, and Lieut. - Colonel Kobert Grace, for and on his Majesty's (King James) behalf, on the one part, and Sir Laurence Parsons, Bart., as well on his own behalf, as of those other persons now with him in the Castle of Birr, for and touching the surrendering the Castle to his Majesty's use, the 20th day of February 1688.
" Imprimis. — It is agreed upon by and between the

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 162

Synod at Geashill Excommunicates Columkill

Geashill · town · Offaly

A synod held at Geashill issued a sentence of excommunication against Columkill, but Brendan of Birr, having seen a vision of a pillar of light and angels accompanying him, refused to treat him with contempt and the censure was withdrawn.

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pleased to make manifest to me this day concerning this elect of his whom you are dishonouring, you would never have passed this sentence ; whereas the Lord does not in any manner excommunicate him in virtue of your wrong sentence, but rather exalts him more and more." On their asking his meaning, he told them that he saw a pillar of light advancing before Columkill as he was coming there, and that angels accompanied him over the plain, and, "Therefore," said he, "I dare not treat with contempt him whom I see pre-ordained by God as a guide of nations to life." Thereupon the censure was withdrawn, and the whole Synod paid him the greatest respect. It would be impossible to enter here into the many interesting incidents related regarding the remarkable friendship which existed between St. Brendan of Birr and St. Columkill. St. Adamnan refers to St. Brendan thus : — " Brendanus illius monasterii fundator^ quod Scotice Birr a nuncupatur"
A work like this could not be expected to go at length into the life of such a celebrated Saint as Brendan of Birr, who was even reckoned amongst " The Twelve Apostles of Erin." In the appendix to the Canons of St. Patrick is the following: — "In memoriam etiam redueit S. Brenanum Episcopum, Birrensem qui colitur die 29 Novembris" from which it appears that St. Brendan was also Bishop of Birr. There is some difference amongst writers as to the year in which St. Brendan died. It was on the 29th of November, A.D. 571, according to some, while

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 14

The Gap of Glendine, sole pass through Slieve Bloom

Glendine Gap · pass · Laois · 1623

The Gap of Glendine was formerly the only accessible passage through a fourteen-mile highland range between the King's and Queen's Counties. It is marked as 'Bladine' on Mercator's 1623 map, a name thought to mean the green field on the summit.

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such places as Ard-na-Erin, to which access is so easy. The "Height of Ireland" can be most conveniently reached by the well-known — so far as the name goes — opening in the Sliebh Bloom Mountains called " the Gap of Glendine," which was formerly reckoned the only accessible passage from the King's to the Queen's County, in a highland range of fourteen miles in length, for, with this exception, no road or inlet wa.s then to be found between Boherphuca, or "the Devil's Koad," near Eoscrea, and O'Neill's "Well, hereafter mentioned, as being east of Kinnitty and Castle Bernard.
This gap is called " Bladine " in the map published by Mercator, at Amsterdam,, in 1623, which name seems to mean, the green field on the summit. " Glendine " appears to signify the gap on the summit, or, according to others, the deep glen. The place is in reality a very green and grassy opening on the top of the range of mountains. From " the Gap " there is an ascent of some two or three hundred feet to the top of the mountain, and the trouble of ascending will be well repaid. Who has not heard of Ard-na-Erin, "the Height of Ireland ? " The Ordnance mark on the summit is only 1,733 feet over the level of the sea, and this, therefore, although very elevated in itself, is by no means the highest mountain in Ireland, as the name would seem to import. In an ancient Irish poem O'Dugan says, that

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 71

The Lion of Birra defeats the men of Ormond at Lusmagh

Lusmagh · parish · Offaly · 1336–1347

Eoghan O'Madden, praised in an ancient poem as the 'Lion of Birra', defeated the men of Ormond in battles fought at Ballaghanoher, Lusmagh, and Lorrah.

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chadhu at a later period than O'Hoolaghan. The O'Madagain's were of the race of Clan Colla, and took the name from Madudan More, one of their ancient chiefs. There are many of this sept referred to in the annals, from which we will give a few extracts. Thus, in the year 1201, according to the Four Masters, " Murrogh 0' Madden, chief of the half of Siol Anmchadha, received a wound in his head from an arrow, of which he died ; " and in 1235, "Madden O'Madden, lord of Siol Anmchadha," died. In 1336, Eoghan O'Madden "defeated the clanKickard Burke, and many of their people were slain, viz., sixty-six in number." This Eoghan O'Madden, who was 19th in descent from Eoghan Buac, appears to have beerfone of the most remarkable of the O'Maddens. The name Eoghan is Latinized Eugenius, and in English is Owen. Eoghan O'Madden was chief of Siol Anmcha twenty years, and the Four Masters at the year 1347, record that " Owen O'Madden, chief of Siol Anmcha, died, and was succeeded in the chieftaincy of Siol Anmcha by his son Murrogh." The Annals of Clonmacnoise have his death at the year 1346. This is the " Lion of Birra," who, according to a poem written by an ancient poet in his lifetime, and addressed to himself, defeated the men of Ormond in battles fought at Ballaghanoher (p. 314), in Lusmagh, and at Lorrah. This poem gives the pedigree from Eoghan Buac to Madugan, and pompously described the Eoghan who died in 1347, as "a man with the courage of a true lion, the Lion of Birra, with the venom of the serpent,

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 145

The White Obelisk or Temple of the Sun on Slieve Bloom

near Slieve Bloom Mountains · mountain or mountain range · Laois

A pyramid of white stones on the Sliebh Bloom Mountains was known as the White Obelisk, Temple of the Sun, or Copeall-ban (the white horse). It was said to mark the ancient boundary between Leinster and Munster in the fourth century, or alternatively to be a sepulchral monument.

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It is not for the prospect alone, however, that the Sliebh Bloom Mountains should be interesting. Thesft mountains are frequently mentioned in the old annals of Ireland, and Mr. Seward, in the Topographia Hibernica, tells us that " there is still remaining on these mountains a large pyramid of white stones, the true simulacre of the sunfire amongst all the Celtic
SLTEBH BLOOM MOUNTAINS. 159

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft

King Cormac's Royal Robes Deposited at Roscrea Abbey

Roscrea · town · Tipperary · 909

In 909, King Cormac M'Culenain ordered by will that his royal robes, embroidered with gold and enriched with precious stones, should be deposited in Roscrea Abbey.

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learning and sanctity. Thus in 827, died Ciaran, " a philosopher " of Eoscrea; and in 838, Aidean, Abbot of Koscrea, and Prior of Clonmacnoise, died. King Cormac M'Culenain in 909, ordered by will that his royal robes, embroidered with gold, and enriched with precious stones, should be deposited in this Abbey. In 916, died the Abbot Scanlan M'Gorman, who was a learned scribe and philosopher, and also Abbot of Clonemore Maedhog ; and the Abbot Bran M'Colman died in 926, according to some writers, while others say he was killed by the Danes in 929. The sepulchral slab of this Abbot was to be seen in Monaincha Abbey, near Eoscrea, some years ago, but it has been since placed in the museum of the Eoyal Irish Academy. The Irish inscription on it signified " Pray for Black Bran ;" notwithstanding which, it was erroneously pointed out as the tomb of St. Cronan. In 964, died Cormac O'Killein, Abbot of Eoscrea, and Bishop of Clonmacnoise; in 1119, died Fearghal, the " venerable elder of Eoscrea ; " and in 1161, died Isaac O'Cuanan, "stiled Bishop of Eoscrea." The question as to whether the round tower of Eoscrea, and other similar structures in other parts of Ireland, were erected for Christian or Pagan uses, and what particularly, and about what period, is too intricate to enter into here. There have been, and are, able champions on both sides, and whoever is right, there is no doubt that the venerable tower at Eoscrea is an interesting specimen of its kind. This tower is about eighty feet high, and
136 ROSCREA.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 60

Athlone garrison pillages Clonmacnoise abbey

Clonmacnoise · townland · Offaly · 1552

In 1552 the garrison of Athlone pillaged the town and abbey of Clonmacnoise, carrying away plate, bells, and ornaments, sparing not even the church books.

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1552. The garrison of Athlone pillaged the town and abbey of Clonmacnoise, carrying away the plate, bells, and ornaments, and not sparing even the church books.
The learned Mr. Archdall, in the Monasticon Hibernicum, written nearly a century ago, thus concludes his account of Clonmacnoise : — " This monastery, which belonged to the regular canons of St. Augustin, was peculiarly and universally esteemed, it was uncommonly extensive, and amazingly enriched by various kings and princes ; its landed property was so great, and the number of cells and monasteries

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 152

Bear Skull Found in River Channel at Clonbrone in 1848

Clonbrone · townland · Offaly · 1848

In 1848 the skull of a bear was found at a depth of about seven feet amid prostrate bog oak trees at Clonbrone, discovered by workers cutting a new channel for the Birr or Comcor river, generating discussion at the Royal Irish Academy.

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following paragraphs, in this Life of Saint Canice. It would appear from the words " silva propinqua," the wood near at hand, from which the deer came each day to the Saint, that Clonbrone, as well as Seir Eyran and Breaghmore, had woods in the vicinity at this early period. It has been mentioned in the account of Seir Kyran, that some years ago, the skull of a bear was found at Clonbrone, adjoining the townland of Breaghmore. This skull was found here in 1848, at a depth of about 7 feet, amongst prostrate bog oak trees, by persons making a new channel for the Birr or Comcor river. The finding of this skull caused a good deal of curiosity at the time, and gave rise to considerable discussion in the Boyal Irish Academy. Besides Colgan's statement as to the death of the boy, Chichideus, by wolves in this neighbourhood, and the fact of the adjoining townland being called Breaghmore, from the "great wolf," there are other interesting circumstances connected with the finding of this bear's skull at Clonbrone. Thus it has been seen that the Comcor river — near the bed of which the skull was found — flows on the King's County side, from a branch of the Sliebh Bloom Mountains. On the Queen's County side of the same range, is the source of another river, popularly called " the Delours," of the meaning of which name, the people appear to be ignorant. It seems, however, to be simply, De Vours — that is, the river " of the bear." It is curious how this river received this French appellation, but if there were bears

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 79

Castle of Birr burnt by Murtagh O'Bryan, 1207

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1207

The Annals of Clonmacnoise record that Moriertagh Mac Bryen an Sleyve besieged the castle of Birr in 1207 and burnt the whole town. The same chieftain also destroyed the castles of Kinnetty and Lothra.

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In the year 1205, 0' Carroll, Lord of Ely, was slain by the English. In 1207, according to the Annals of Clonmacnoise, " Moriertagh Mac Bryen an Sleyve besieged the castle of Byrre, and at last burnt the whole town ; " and, again, " the castle of Kinnetty, the castle of Byrre, and the castle of Lothra were broken down and quite destroyed by the said Murtagh O'Bryan." An Sleyve means, " of the mountain; " that is, Tuatharra, in the County Tipperary.
In 1213, the English went to Athlone where they iTected a castle, and "they also erected the castle of Kinnetty, the castle of Bin-, and the castle of Durrow." Dr. O'Donovan — from whose edition of the Four Masters this is taken — states in a note, that the Annals of Clon-

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 18

Drowning of Burke's men at Ath-Crochda (Shannon Harbour) 1266

Shannon Harbour · electoral division · Offaly · 1266

In 1266 William Burke marched with a force to attack O'Melaghlin, but many of his men were drowned at Ath-Crochda while crossing the Shannon, forcing his retreat without hostages.

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Mac Coghlans overtook the O'Maddenfl on their return from Faclden, after having "plundered and burned the town," is on the direct way from Fadden to Shannon Harbour. In like manner Clonfcrt was conveniently situate on the other side in 0 'Madden' s country, for attack by a plundering party from Mao Coghlan's territory, crossing the river here. The old name of Shannon Harbour was Ath-Crochda, Ath- Croichj_ or Ath-Croch, ath signifying a ford, and crocliadh a hanging, grief, or vexation. This ford must have been much used from an early to a comparatively late period, by expeditions crossing the river Shannon between Siol Anmcha on the Connaught side, and Delvin on the other. Thus, we leam from the Four Masters that in 12 G 6, " William Burke marched with a force to attack O'Melaghliu ; and many of his men were drowned at Ath-Crochda, and he was obliged to return without succeeding or gaining hostages." Again we are informed by the same writers, that in 1547, " O'Connor and O'Moore, after some of their clans ^had gone for them to Ath-Croich, crossed the Shannon, and collected a great force for the purpose of taking revenge on the English, who deprived them of their estates and properties, and they afterwards passed into Leinster." There are several other references to hostile parties having crossed the river here, and even so late as the year 1601, when O'Neill, with several other Irish chiefs and their army, " were expeditiously conveyed across the Shannon at Ath- Croch," as already mentioned (p. 1GO).
340 FERBANE, AND GALLEN MONASTERY.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 143

Felim MacCoghlan slain at Banagher after Mass in 1539

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1539

The Four Masters relate that in 1539, after Mass on a Sunday, Felim MacCoghlan, son of Myler, was slain at Banagher (called Beandchor) by the sons of Malachy Godh O'Madden.

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The Four Masters relate that in the year 1539, " after Mass on a Sunday, on the second of the Nones of July,"FelimMacCoghlan,thesonof Myler, was slain at Banagher, here called " Beandchor," by the sons of Malachy Godh O'Madden. They also mention at the year 1544, that "the castle of Banagher was rebuilt by 0' Carroll, i.e., Teigh Caoch, in spite of the opposition of the Clan Colman and the O'Maddens, who were then in contention with each other." The same writers add here, that "in a week after the commencement of the rebuilding of Banagher,"

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 133

Fergananim O'Carroll treacherously slain at Clonlisk castle

Clonlisk · townland · Offaly · 1541

In 1541, Fergananim O'Carroll was treacherously slain in the castle of Clonlis, an event the author says is described further in the account of Clonlisk castle.

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In the year 1541, Ferganainm 0' Can-oil was treacherously slain in the castle of Clonlis. (See more as to this in the account of Clonlisk castle).
By an agreement entered into in 1548, as Mageoghagan tells us, by Thady O'Carroll, (known by the name of one-eyed), with the Lord Chevelier, William Brabazon, Birr, together with the rest of his country, was charged by Thady with an annual tribute, payable into the Exchequer ; and he likewise obliged himself to keep a certain number of troops, as well cavalry as infantry, for the King's service ; and he at

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 19

Foundation of Meelick monastery by O'Madden

Meelick · townland · Galway · 1479

In 1479, the monastery of Meelick was founded by O'Madden on the banks of the Shannon in the diocese of Clonfert, for Franciscan Friars, where he chose his own burial place.

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The Four Masters tell us, that Murrogh O'Madden (son of Eoghan), "lord of Siol Anmcha, the most provident man in his own territory, and of the most valiant hand and best government," died in the year 1451 ; and, in 1479, " The monastery of Meelick was founded by O'Madden, on the banks of the Shannon, in the diocese of Clonfert, for Franciscan Friars, in which he selected his own burial place." In 1556, " O'Madden, i.e. John the son of Breasal, lord of Siol Anmcha, was slain by Breasal Duv O'Madden, and two lords were appointed over Siol Anmcha, namely, Breasal Duv and Malachy Modardha." In the year 15G6, " O'Madden, i.e., Malachy Modardha, the son of Malachy, son of Breasal, died; he was learned in Latin and Irish, and the most inoifensive of the chiefs of Ireland in his time, the defender of his land and territory against the invasion of neighbours, the pillar of protection of women, of the poor, of the weak and destitute ; and he was succeeded by Donal, the son of John O'Madden." In the year 1585, this Donal O'Madden attended Queen Elizabeth's Irish Parlia-
350 CLOGHAX CASTLE.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 146

Fraudulent Ribbonman plot exposed through handwriting evidence

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1820

Investigation into the threatening letters found handwriting matching account-books, exposing the entire plot as a fabrication by the letter-bearer. Sir Jonas Green advised the prosecution could not proceed on a legal technicality, so it was abandoned.

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or copies of them, are in the writer's possession, but are too long to be set out in full in this work. From them, however, sufficient evidence appeared upon oath to show that the entire plot was the contrivance of the bearer of the letters, and that an inferior tradesman in Birr was intrusted with some petty part in the management. Sir Jonas Green, afterwards Kecorder of Dublin, who was consulted, gave his opinion, however, that the author of this nefarious plot could not be prosecuted with a certainty of conviction, in consequence of a point of law which bore upon the peculiar circumstances of the case ; and this opinion was the cause of the prosecution having been reluctantly abandoned. The ultimate object of this plot still remains, and probably will for ever remain, a secret ; and lucky as was its early exposure, still some accidents were occasioned by the hasty, armed preparations for defence, and the subsequent occurrences. Thus ended this most audacious contrivance, commonly called "the Birr Kebellion," and "the Siege of Birr," by which, in the nineteenth century, an artful, designing woman duped and terrified for a time, not only a learned, astute nobleman and politician, but likewise most of the inhabitants of the large town of Birr.
In 1820, Wesley Chapel, in Cumberland Street, Birr, was erected, and this date appears on a tablet in front. This very neat place of worship has been much improved in late years, and is attended by a considerable congregation.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 51

Great flood destroys old bridge at Brendan's Well, Birr

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1787

On 12 November 1787 an unprecedented flood on the Birr river swept away the old bridge at Brendan's Well and inundated many houses in the town, rising seven feet above the usual level.

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On the 12th of November 1787, there was a great flood in the Birr river, the most impetuous and highest known, either by history or tradition, to have ever occurred. This river, as already mentioned, has been always noted for sudden and impetuous floods ; but on this occasion it rose to a most unusual height, swept away the old bridge which theretofore crossed the river at Brendan's Well, and inundated many houses in the town. A record of this flood remained at a late period on the oaken staircase of one of the houses on the present old bridge of Birr, where there was a mark with an inscription, showing that this flood rose to the unprecedented height of seven feet over the usual level of the river.
In February 1797, the first Assistant Barrister and Chairman was appointed for the King's County, under the Civil Bill Act, passed the previous year for the first time in Ireland. Henry Doyel of Kildare Street, Dublin,' Esq., Barrister-at-law, was the gentleman then appointed, and he presided soon after at the first

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft

Great plague of 1447 kills Baron of Galtrim

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1447

A dreadful plague raged in the summer and harvest of 1447 according to the Four Masters, killing many including Hussy, Baron of Galtrim, who claimed Birr under an ancient grant. It was said 700 priests died of this plague.

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A dreadful plague raged in the summer and harvest of 1447, as the Four Masters tell us ; and of which, among many others, died Hussy, Baron of Galtrim, who claimed Bin* under the grant to his ancestor already mentioned. It was said by some that 700 priests died of this plague.
About the year 1460, according to Mageoghagan, the English Pale was compelled to pay tribute to the Irish chieftains ; and amongst the rest, the Counties of Kilkenny and Tipperary paid O'Carroll forty livres yearly. The Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters record the death in 1489, of the 0 Carroll, John, son

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 18

MacRiagail's Illuminated Gospel Manuscript from Birr

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 820

MacRiagail, grandson of Maglen, scribe and Bishop and Abbot of Birr, died in 820, having written a quarto copy of the Gospels on parchment known as the Codex Rushworthianus, preserved at Stowe.

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MacEiagail, the grandson of Maglen, a scribe, and Bishop and Abbot of Birr, died in 820, or the following year. He wrote a copy of the Gospels in quarto, upon parchment. The book is of the Yulgate Edition, having some variations from the common. The orthography is Hibernic-Latin, and the work terminates in the same Irish way as the Irish book Psalterna-Rann, namely: — " Finit amen, Finit amen, Finit." In the last page of it is: — " Quicunque legerit et intelligent istam narrationem, orat pro Mac-Eeguil scriptori." This book, which is called Codex RusworthianuS) was preserved in the library of the Duke of Buckingham at Stowe ; the foregoing account of it being taken from " Rerum Hibernicarum Scrip tores Veteres" published at the expense of that nobleman, and compiled by the Eev. Dr. O'Connor.
The Four Masters record that in the year 825, a royal meeting took place at Birr, between Conchabhar, son of Donchadh, King of Ireland, and Feidhlimidh, son of Crimhthann, King of Munster. The Annals of

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 16

Nenagh Franciscan Friary and Notable Burials

Nenagh · town · Tipperary · 1352–1354

A rich Franciscan friary was founded at Nenagh in the reign of Henry III. In 1352 Lord Thomas de Cantwell, a great benefactor, was interred there, and in 1354 Thomas O'Hogain, Bishop of Killaloe, was also buried there. The Annals of Nenagh were written by a friar of this house.

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A friary was founded at Nenagh for Conventual Franciscans, in the reign of King Henry III., by one of the Butler family, or, according to others, by one of the O'Kennedys. This friary was supposed to be one of the richest foundations of the Franciscan order in this kingdom. In 1344, a provincial chapter was held here; the Lord Thomas de Cantwell, "a great and munificent benefactor to the friars of this house," was interred herein 1352 ; and in 1354, Thomas O'Hogain, Bishop of Killaloe, was also interred here. The Annals of Nenagh, a valuable historical work, was written here by one of the learned friars.
The 24th of December, in the 30th year of the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1588), a lease of this abbey was granted to Eobert Collum, for the term of fifty years, at the rent, including other grants, of twenty-two pounds, seventeen shillings, and eight pence, Irish money.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 130

As the companion tells it

The town of Nenagh in Tipperary once held a Franciscan friary, founded in the reign of Henry III by the Butler family or, by some accounts, the O'Kennedys. It was reckoned one of the richest Franciscan foundations in the kingdom. A provincial chapter was held there in 1344. In 1352 Lord Thomas de Cantwell, described as 'a great and munificent benefactor to the friars of this house,' was buried there. Two years later, in 1354, Thomas O'Hogain, Bishop of Killaloe, was laid to rest in the same place. A friar of this house also wrote the Annals of Nenagh, a valuable historical work.

O'Carroll Burns Nenagh Monastery and Town in 1548

Nenagh · town · Tipperary · 1548

According to the Four Masters, O'Carroll burned the Aonach (Nenagh), both monastery and town from the fortress outwards, in 1548, also burning the monastery of Owney and expelling the English, leaving only a few guards in Nenagh's tower.

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It has been seen (p. 287), that in 1548, the " Red Captain " (supposed to be one of the Eutlers), attacked Carraic-an-Chomhraic (Carrigahorig), in 0' Carroll's country, and it was probably in return that 0' Carroll, according to the Four Masters at the same year, "burned the Aonach (N"enagh), both monastery and town from the fortress outwards, and on the same occasion he burned the monastery of Uaithne (Owney), expelled the English therefrom, and confounded them very much, and subdued their power and strength so much, that he commanded them to quit his country (Ormond in Tipperary, which was part of Ely 0' Carroll), except alone a few guards, which were in Nenagh, viz., in the Tower, of the son of Manus." Mr. Archdall gives this occurrence as taking place at Nenagh two years later, thus : — " 1550. In this year O'Carvall burnt to the ground both the friary and town, but the garrison preserved the castle."
The ancient fortress or round tower, still so conspicuous in Nenagh, is the " tower " and " castle " so often referred to in the foregoing pages. The circular keep — not to be equalled in size or height by any other edifice of the kind in Ireland — is the principal portion of the grand old building that now remains.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 128

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Nenagh, that keep still standing is one of the largest of its kind in Ireland. In 1548, according to the Four Masters, O'Carroll burned the Aonach, which is Nenagh, both the monastery and the town, from the fortress outwards. On the same occasion he burned the monastery of Owney, expelled the English from it, and, in the words of the annalists, confounded them very much. He subdued their power and strength to such a degree that he commanded them to quit his country, which was Ormond in Tipperary, part of Ely O'Carroll. The only English he left were a few guards kept in Nenagh, in the tower of the son of Manus. This burning was probably in return for an attack that same year by the Red Captain, thought to be one of the Butlers, on Carrigahorig in O'Carroll's country. Mr. Archdall placed the burning of Nenagh two years later, in 1550, noting that O'Carroll burnt both friary and town to the ground but the garrison preserved the castle. That castle and that tower are the same ancient fortress whose circular keep still stands so conspicuous in Nenagh today, the principal portion of the grand old building that remains.

O'Dempseys contend with Strongbow's English forces

Geashill · town · Offaly · 1173

The O'Dempseys, chiefs of Clanmaliere with their castle at Geashill, contended with the English under Strongbow in 1173.

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Clanmaliere comprised parts of the baronies of Geashill, Philipstown, and Ballycowen, in the King's County, with portions of the Queen's County and Kildare. The O'Dempseys had their chief castle at Geashill, and they contended with the English under Strongbow, in 1173. Geashill, thus alluded to, was a very celebrated place, and is frequently mentioned in the old annals. Thus it is recorded that Heremon and Heber Fionn, sons of Miletius, having contended for the sovereignty of Ireland, they fought a great battle at Geisiol (Geashill) about a thousand years before the Christian era, in which Heber *was slain, and his forces were defeated, and Heremon thereupon became the first Milesian monarch of Ireland. There were also some very early synods of the Clergy held at Geashill, one of which, where SS. Brendan and • Columbkill were present, has been already alluded to (p. 11). There were likewise several inquisitions held at Geashill in later times, some of which are referred to in this work.
Maurice Eegan describes an attack made by the I O'Dempseys on the English army, in which Eobert de [Quincy, son-in-law of Strongbow, and standardbearer of Leinster, was slain, and the banner of Leinster was lost. The O'Dempseys were deprived of most of their possessions after the Elizabethian wars, but they afterwards obtained regrants of a considerable portion. Sir Terence O'Dempsey was knighted in 1599, and was created Baron of Philipstown and Viscount Clanmaliere in 1631, but the title appears to have become extinct in 1714,

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 113

O'Kennedy Rebellion and Execution, Nenagh Razed

Nenagh · town · Tipperary

The O'Kennedys rose against James, second Earl of Ormond, but were defeated and their chief Daniel O'Kennedy was hanged. The Irish razed the town of Nenagh to the ground along with all houses and castles in the country except Nenagh Castle itself.

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The O'Kennedys, it seems, rose against James the second Earl of Ormond, but they were defeated, and Daniel O'Kennedy, the chief of their sept, was taken prisoner, and hanged. Before this was accomplished, however, the Irish had effectually banished and rooted out from Ormond the descendants of the English, who had settled there ; and according to an ancient MS. of the Ormonde family, had "razed to the ground the town of Nenagh, being then a town-corporate, and all the houses and castles in that country, except the Castle of Nenagh, which was then strongly guarded by the said James, Earl of Ormond."
In consequence of this state of things, James, the third Earl of Ormond, in the reign of Eichard II., built the Castle of Gowran, in the County Kilkenny, and made it his chief residence. He afterwards, however, in the year 1392, purchased from Sir Hugh le Despenser considerable estates in Kilkenny, including the Castle of Kilkenny, which then became the chief seat of the family, as Nenagh Castle had been in earlier times.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 127

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Nenagh, the town carries an old story of rebellion and ruin. The O'Kennedys rose against James, the second Earl of Ormond. They were defeated, and Daniel O'Kennedy, the chief of their sept, was taken prisoner and hanged. Before that was accomplished, the Irish had driven out from Ormond the descendants of the English who had settled there. According to an ancient manuscript of the Ormonde family, they had "razed to the ground the town of Nenagh, being then a town-corporate, and all the houses and castles in that country, except the Castle of Nenagh, which was then strongly guarded by the said James, Earl of Ormond." Nenagh Castle alone survived. It had been the chief seat of the Ormond family in earlier times. After the destruction, James, the third Earl of Ormond, in the reign of Richard the Second, built the Castle of Gowran in County Kilkenny and made it his chief residence. He later, in 1392, purchased estates from Sir Hugh le Despenser, including the Castle of Kilkenny, which then became the family's chief seat.

Old Banagher bridge frequently used by Sarsfield in wartime

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1690

The old bridge at Banagher was of great military importance owing to its passage over the Shannon, and it frequently afforded safe passage to Sarsfield for advance or retreat while the town and fort were generally held by the Irish.

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as the Irish were very strong on the Connaught bank of the river, and the bridge was defended by a castle and another work, which protected it on two sides. This advance by General Douglas has been already referred to (p. 84), in connexion with Birr. The importance attached to Banagher, in a military point of view, was owing, in a great measure, to the pass over the river Shannon here by this old bridge, which preceded the present elegant bridge there, and which passage was frequently the subject of contention. This old bridge on several occasions afforded a safe passage to the brave Sarsfield either for advance or retreat. The town and fort of Banagher were generally held by the Irish, who at times marched thence to assail the English garrison in Birr, by whom, as has been seen (p. 87), they were occasionally attacked in turn. A Masonic Lodge, No. 306, was founded in Banagher about the middle of the last century. The warrant, which is dated the 2nd of November 1758, was granted by "the Eight Honourable the Earl of Drogheda, Grand Master of the Lodges of Freemasons in the Kingdom of Ireland, and the Worshipful John Bury, Esquire, Deputy Grand Master," to " David Thompson, Benjamin "Woods, and Eliazer Simmons, to be Master and Wardens of a Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons to be held by them and their successors lawfully admitted in the said Lodge for ever." A new warrant, with the same tfumber, was granted in 1820. A Eoyal Arch warrant and a Knight Templar's warrant, were also held by the Banagher Lodge. The

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 136

Old Gaol of Birr: A Place of Confinement and Execution

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1628–1689

The old gaol of Birr, part of which yet remains, stood at the south side of the old bridge. Notable prisoners included Darby the 'Wild Captain' in 1648, and Sir Laurence Parsons and Jonathan Darby of Leap in 1689; several persons were also executed there over time.

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In 1628, the old gaol of Birr, part of which yet remains, stood at the south-side of the old bridge. This now plain looking old building was a remarkable place in past times, and several persons, then of consequence, have been confined there. Thus Darby, "The "Wild Captain," was imprisoned in this gaol, in 1648 ; and Sir Laurence Parsons and Mr. Jonathan Darby, of Leap, were confined here in 1689. Several persons have also been executed here from time to time, and it was likewise occasionally used as a military position. These circumstances will be more fully referred to in their proper places.
About the year 1628, Castle Street was the principal street in Birr. There were then also Laurence Street, St. Brendan's Street, "Northe" Street, and High Street, with some lesser streets and lanes. At this time, however, there were only a few houses, including the gaol, beyond the old bridge; and it appears from a plan of the town, so late as 1691, that even then the town did not extend northwards beyond

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 30

O'Madden 'the Lion of Birra' defeats men of Ormond at Ballaghanoher

Ballaghanoher · townland · Offaly

The road from Birr to Banagher passes through the townland of Ballaghanoher, formerly Bel-atha-an-Fhothair, where Eoghan O'Madden, known as 'the Lion of Birra,' defeated the men of Ormond in battle.

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The road from Birr to Banagher here passes through the celebrated townland of Ballaghanoher, formerly Bel-atha-an-Fhothair, where, as mentioned (p. 22), Eoghan O'Madden "the Lion of Birra," defeated the men of Ormond in a battle. The reader will find more as to this O'Madden further on, in connexion with Lusmagh. The Four Masters also mention, at the year 1548, that "the lieutenant and the English," marched into Delvin, and " burned and plundered from Bealach-an-Fothair to Tochar, and also the town of MacHuallachan in Lusmagh; they remained encamped for a night at Ballynacloiche, and returned home on the following day with prey and booty, without battle or conflict." Sir Francis Bryan, who erected the castle at Philipstown this same year (p. 29), was " the lieutenant" here alluded to. Tochar appears to have been in Lusmagh ; Baile-Mic-TJallachain, "the town of MacHuallachan," now Ballymaccoolahan, was an ancient district also in Lusmagh ; and Baile-na-Cloiche is at present known there, as Coolclough and Ballynacloughe.
About half a mile from Banagher, at the Birr side, are the remains of the castle called in former times Garrdha-an-caislein, (Garrancashlane), that is, " garden of the castle," from which the name Garrycastle seems to have been formed and applied to the barony. There is not much known as to the past history of this castle, unless that it was one of the

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 132

Ruins of Lemanaghan monastery surrounded by impassable bog

Lemanaghan · townland · Offaly · 661–1786

Lemanaghan, near Ferbane, was once a celebrated place with ruins of a monastery and castle. St. Manchan of this monastery died of the plague in 661, and the ruins were described as surrounded by an impassable bog even up to the late 18th century.

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About three miles from Ferbane, on the road to Ballycumber, is Lemanaghaii, once a very celebrated place, and where are still the ruins of a monastery and of a castle. As to this monastery, Mr. Archdall informs us, that it was " so called in the map of the diocese of Meath, in possession of the bishop, but Sir William Petty gives it the name Levanaghane." Mr. Archdall also states, that in the year 661, " St. Manchan of this monastery died of the plague," and that we find another St. Manchan of Loth, who lived
344 LEMANAGHAN, AND THE SHKINE OF ST. MANCHAN.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 144

Sir Laurence Parsons Conveyed in Custody to Ballyboy

Ballyboy · townland · Offaly · 1690

On the 2nd of April 1690, Sir Laurence Parsons, being conveyed to Dublin in custody of the Sheriff, proceeded on the first day only as far as Ballyboy, illustrating the village's role as a traditional first stop on the Birr-Dublin road.

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about the same time. One of these tokens has on it, " Eob. Hutchinson. of. Ballyboy. March" (for Marchant), and was struck in 1668 ; and another — struck about the same time — has "Tho. Maire. of. Ballyboy Tanner." In former times, before railways, or even well appointed coaches, or two-horse cars, were known in Ireland, to Ballyboy appears to have been the first day's journey on the way from Birr to Dublin. For instance, we have seen (p. 80) that when Sir Laurence Parsons was being conveyed to Dublin in custody of the Sheriif, on the 2nd of April 1690, they proceeded on the first day, only as far as Ballyboy. It was likewise so, at least occasionally, in much later times, for there yet remains the leathern saddle-bags which heretofore hung before the writer's father-in-law — who died so late as 1810 — when making his accustomed journey from Birr to Dublin on horseback ; Ballyboy, or the " Blue Ball," between Frankford and Tullamore, being the first day's journey. It is said that a wretched room still exists in Ballyboy, in which King William III. slept a night.
Amongst the castles and strongholds in the ancient Fearcall, we find not far from Frankford, the Castle of Broghall, variously called in former times Broghill, Broghaly, and Broghalloe. This castle stands close to, and on the northern side of, the silver river, and it appears to have been for a considerable time the chief residence of O'Molloy, prince of Fearcall. When in 1537 the Lord Deputy made an incursion into Fearcall against the O'Molloys, he surprised the Castle of

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 101

Sir Laurence Parsons Granted Birr Castle and Town

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1620

Sir Laurence Parsons exchanged his original 1,000-acre plantation grant for the town of Birr, which was described as being of considerable military importance, including its castle and fort. He was put into possession on 7th July 1620 by High Sheriff Captain Francis Acland, and the lands were erected into the manor of Parsonstown.

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to exchange it for the town of Birr. The order for giving Sir Laurence possession of Birr is dated the 22nd of June 1620 ; and by the letters patent, dated 26th of the same month, it appears that Birr must have been then looked on as of considerable military importance ; for it is there described as the castle and fort village and land of Birr. It was by the same letters patent erected into the manor of Parsonstown ; and on the 7th of July following, the High Sheriff, Captain Francis Acland, removed the former proprietors, and put Sir Laurence Parsons into possession, in presence, as his return states, of Hobert Dillon, Teige M'Dough O'Carroll of Eathmore, Phillip O'Dwiggan, John Dalton, who was Sub-Sheriff, Gregory O'Dullahan, John Maynaghan, Cullogh Fitzpatrick, Eichard Evans, William Dalton, John Taylor, and John Forde. In these letters patent are also included the lands of Ballindarragh and Bealaneale, otherwise Cappineale, with several other lands, including the castle, town, and lands of Clonoughill, but excepting the castle and bawn and a portion of the lands of Ballindarragh.
Almost immediately after getting the possession of Birr, Sir Laurence Parsons commenced to build and make other improvements there, at considerable expense. On the 23rd of November 1620, he obtained a grant of a Tuesday-market, and two fairs to be held in Birr on the festivals of St. Mark and St. Andrew; and afterwards, on the 27th of April 1627, he obtained a grant from the Crown of a Saturday-market and two

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 24

Skeleton Found Beneath Roscrea Tower Foundation in 1845

Roscrea · town · Tipperary · 1845

In 1845, while sinking a foundation for a mill addition near the round tower, workmen discovered the tower's foundation went ten feet deep through tough clay, and beneath part of it found the skeleton of a man with an unusually thick skull and scarcely any forehead development.

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Towards the end of the year 1845, it became necessary to sink a foundation for an addition to the mill, which is close to this ancient tower. It was then found that the foundation of the tower went to the depth of ten feet, through a tough clay, and consisted of solid masonry, with three offsets decreasing in diameter as the work approached the surface. At this depth, and beneath part of the foundation, the workmen found the skeleton of a man, the skull being nearly half an inch thick, and being remarkable for having scarcely any development of forehead.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 61

Skirmish near Birr as Banagher horse raid cattle, 1690

Burke's Hill · street · Offaly · 1690

In August 1690 a party of horse from Banagher approached Birr and seized cattle, prompting a skirmish with the sallying Birr garrison; soon after, Irish forces under Colonel Geoghegan advanced to Burke's Hill and summoned the castle before retiring.

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On the 8th of August, Sir Laurence, accompanied by Captain Theobald Burke, a younger son of the Earl of Castleconnell, and who was married to a kinswoman of Sir Laurence, arrived at Birr. At this time the Castle of Birr was garrisoned by the English, consisting of about eighty infantry, and a few dragoons, under the command of Captain Curry, of Colonel Tiffan's regiment. The llth of August 1690, information was received that a party of horse from Banagher was approaching Birr, and had taken a great number of cattle, and part of the Birr garrison having thereupon sallied out, a skirmish took place between them, about ten o'clock in the morning. About twelve o'clock the same day, the Irish to the number of about one thousand horse and foot, under the command of Colonel Geoghegan, advanced to Burke's Hill, over Birr, and sent a summons to the castle, but after some parley they retired.
Sir Laurence Parsons being then in Dublin, an Irish army consisting of seven battalions of foot, six regiments of horse, and four of dragoons, with a train of six pieces of artillery, and amounting in all, according to Harris's Life of William ///., to ten thousand men, began, on the ICth of September 1690, to make

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 38

Thomas Armstrong settles at Banagher after capture at Worcester

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1651

Thomas Armstrong, of Scottish Border extraction, was taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester in September 1651, and upon his release came to Ireland and settled at Banagher, later serving several times as sovereign of the town.

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There are several mural slabs referring to the Armstrong family, in the part of the old church at Banagher now used as the family vault. One of these bears date October 1680, and according to the inscription, marks the place where "lyeth the body of Grisell Armstrong;" and on another is, "Armstrong 4 Brothers 1700." At the entrance of the vault there is a stone with the family arms and motto, and an inscription stating that this is the resting place of the Armstrongs of Garrycastle and its Bal Iver branch. This old and respectable family, so long and intimately connected with Banagher, is of Scottish Border extraction, but Thomas Armstrong, one of the family, having been taken prisoner at the battle of Worcester, in September 1651, came to Ireland on his release, and settled at Banagher. He was several times sovereign of that town — then considered a very honourable office — and he is said to have been a liberal contributor, about the year 1686, towards the building or alteration of the old bridge of Banagher.
The reader will excuse a short explanation as to the use of the rather uncommon name Bigo or Bigoe, by the Armstrong family, and by other respectable families about Banagher. It has been seen (p. 41), that the celebrated glass works formerly near Birr,

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 137

1626 order for paving and cleaning the streets of Birr

Birr or Parsonstown · town · Offaly · 1626

An order dated August 1626 required inhabitants of Birr to pave twelve feet of street before their houses at their own charge, using stones provided, with penalties enforced by the constable and churchwardens for default or for dumping dung and rubbish in the forestreet.

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" SINCE I am at great charges in digginge and bringinge of stones, wch I intend to have layed in the middest of the streete onely to serve for comon passage, Therefore it is the least that the inhabitants can doe to pave xii foote broade a well before theire houses as alsoe so longe and as fair as theire houses yards gardens or plotts doe reach and touch upon the streete, still carryinge the pavem*- twelve foote broade. This to bee done at the tennts charge both for stones gravell and workmanshipp. But the prent underteiinte is to beare the charge thereof soe farr as his pte of the plott extends (if he bee able) by the judgment of the steward and constable, otherwise the chief tennte of the plott is to beare the whole charge and such chief tennte is to pave the wast land of his plott howsoever ; This worke to bee done by Whitsuntide next at the farthest as well beyond the bridge as whin the towne, and whosoever shall make default of his pte herein, shall be psented in the Court leete for the same and shall have a heavye aniciamt imposed upon him to bee leavyed of his goods by way of distres, and to bee imployed for the publige good of the towne according the discretion of the constables and churchwardens ; And if any take the stones provided by mee for the middle of the streete the constable or any of the surveyors may take his distresse for xiid ster. for
2s

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 159

Banagher granted market and made corporate borough town in 1628

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1612–1628

A market was granted to be held in Banagher on Thursdays about 1612 to Sir John MacCoghlan; by charter of Charles I in 1628 Banagher was constituted a corporate town, empowered to send two members to the Irish Parliament until the Union.

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A market to be held in Banagher on Thursdays, was granted about the year 1612, to Sir John MacCoghlan, Knight, but the day was subsequently changed to Monday, and the market is now held on Friday. By charter of Charles I., Banagher was constituted a corporate town in 1628, the corporation being styled " the Sovereign, Burgesses and Free Commons of the Borough and Town of Bannacher alias Bannagher," and being empowered to send two members to the Irish Parliament. This corporation consisted of a sovereign and twelve burgesses, with authority to admit freemen, and appoint a recorder and other officers. The charter also gave power to hold a court
318 THE TOWN OF BANAGHER.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 134

Battle at Bel-atha-na-geaorach on the Blackwater river

Cadamstown · townland · Offaly · 1548

In 1548 Edmond a Faihy (Fahy) gained a battle against Cormac MacCoghlan at Bel-atha-na-geaorach, the ford of the sheep, on the Dubh Abhainn (now the Blackwater river), and brought the heads of the slain to Ballymacadam (Cadamstown).

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Bally-mac-Adam (Cadamstown). The Four Masters say that this battle, in which Cormac MacCoghlan and his people were beaten, took place at Bel-atha-nageaorach, the ford of the sheep, on Dubh Abham, the black river. This is a small river now called the Blackwater, in the barony of Garrycastle, and about two miles north of the Greater Brusna river. There is much information as to the MacCoghlan and his territory, to be found in the Annals of the Four Masters under the dates of 1547 and 1548, and thereabouts, and some of which will be noticed hereafter, in connexion with particular places. These writers also mention, that MacCoghlan, lord of Dealbhna Eathra, "namely, John, the son of Art, son of Corinac," attended Queen Elizabeth's Irish Parliament in Dublin, in 1585. It has been seen, however, (p. 265), that notwithstanding this, MacCoghlan, towards the close of the Irish wars in this Queen's reign, joined the O'Connors, O'Molloys, and O'Dunns, in the King's County, with two hundred men against the Queen. The Four Masters, at the year 1590, record the death of this John MacCoghlan, and add that " there was not a man of his estate, of the race of Cormac Cas, whose mansions, castles, and good dwelling houses, were better arranged, or more comfortable than his ; and his son, John Oge, was appointed his successor." They also state, that at the request of O'Neill (Earl of Tyrone), Eedmond Burke, Anthony O'Moore and Capt. Tyrrell, proceeded to the " northern end of the Slieve Bloom mountains to get the Irish of Ormond and Westmeath to join
THOMAS COGHLAN, "THE MAW." 311

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 132

Battle of Aughrim aftermath: Banagher and Cloghan Castle seized

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1691

After the Battle of Aughrim, the Irish quit the fort of Banagher, which Major Collier occupied, while Captain Parsons took Cloghan Castle, garrisoning it under Lieutenant Archibald Armstrong.

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After the siege, the standing garrison of Binconsisted, according to the " Narrative " already mentioned, of three regiments of foot, under the command of Major Collier, who governed the castle. Sir Laurence's son, Captain William Parsons, commanded a troop of Militia cavalry in the town, and his brother was posted in Carolanty House. The Irish occasionally made sallies from their quarters at Banagher, and annoyed the town, but without doing any considerable damage. After the battle of Aughrim, the English army marched to besiege Limerick, and the Irish quitted the fort of Banagher, of which Major Collier immediately took possession, and stationed himself there ; while Captain Parsons, with his troop, took Cloghan Castle, in which he left a garrison, under the command of Lieutenant Archibald Armstrong, and returned to Birr with the remainder of his men. The English army passed through Birr on their way to Limerick in 1691, and converted the castle into an hospital, leaving there four hundred sick and wounded men, who remained in it nearly two months.
Sir Laurence Parsons died in 1698, and his eldest son, Sir William, the second Baronet, succeeded him. This Sir William represented the King's County in the Irish Parliament in 1704, and in several successive Parliaments, and died in 1740. He was succeeded by his grandson Sir Laurence, the third Baronet who, in November 1741, was also chosen to represent the King's County. On the death of this last-mentioned

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 40

Bellingham courts built at Maryborough and Philipstown

Philipstown · townland · Kildare · 1548

After O'Conor and O'Moore's estates of Leix and Offaley were granted to the Lieutenant and the Bellinghams in 1548, they built two large courts at Maryboro' and Philipstown and began letting the lands for rent as their own after expelling the hereditary heirs.

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The Four Masters informs us that in 1536, in the reign of Henry VIII., "O'Conor Faily, that is Bryan, the son of Cahir, was expelled from his territory, and after many of his people had been slain, all his castles were taken and demolished by the Saxon Lord Justice, that is Lord Leonard (Lord Leonard Gray), and it was through the conspiracy and at the instigation of 0' Conor's own brother, Cathal Koe, these acts were perpetrated." The same writers state that O'Conor and O'Moore went to England in 1548, with "the Lieutenant," and the king gave their estates, Leix and Offaley, to the Lieutenant and his kinsmen (the Bellinghams), who built " two large courts " at Maryboro' and at Philipstown. They then began " to let these lands for rent, as if they had been their own rightful inheritance," after having expelled their hereditary heirs, O'Conor and O'Moore, with their families and kindred.
This Bryan O'Conor married Lady Mary Fitzgerald, daughter of the Earl of Kildare, and became

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 111

Castle Bernard built at Kinnitty

Kinnitty · parish · Offaly

Castle Bernard, a large Elizabethan castellated mansion built of grey blue limestone, was erected near Kinnitty by the late Colonel Bernard, bordering the Slieve Bloom Mountains.

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The little town of Kinnitty, and surrounding landb, are the property of Colonel Bernard, Lieutenant and Custos Rotulorum of the King's County, whose beautiful residence, Castle Bernard, is situate in a picturesque demense adjoining the town, and bordering on the Sliebh Bloom Mountains. This large and stately mansion, which is built of grey blue limestone in the Elizabethan castellated style, was erected at great expense by the late Colonel Bernard, father of the present owner, and the latter has also expended a large sum in recent improvements. It has been seen (p. 93) that at the review of the Volunteer corps, near Birr, on 20th February 1784, the left wing was commanded by Colonel Thomas Bernard, jun., who was grandfather of the present Colonel Bernard ; and his own corps, the " Mountain Bangers," was also present on the occasion. This corps was associated on the 15th of August 1779, the uniform was scarlet faced black, and the members of it were mostly from the neighbourhood of Kinnitty. Major George Clarke and Captain John Drought were officers in this corps. The late Colonel Bernard, by whom Castle Bernard was erected, and the father of the present owner, was for many years representative in Parliament for the King's County, and it was by him the first stone of the " Parsons Testimonial " was laid at Birr, in 1827, as already mentioned (p. 119).
In Castle Bernard demense, and close to the castle, there is a very ancient and interesting stone cross. It seems to have been composed of sandstone, and the

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 68

Cenotaph dedication ceremony before seven thousand people

Scurragh · street · Offaly · 1827

After Colonel Bernard laid the first stone at Scurragh and coins were deposited, the Committee chairman proclaimed the cenotaph dedicated to Thomas C. Parsons, before an assemblage of about seven thousand persons who dispersed in solemn silence.

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When the procession had arrived at the intended site, Colonel Bernard laid the first stone, with the usual solemnities; after which Major Holmes, as Treasurer, deposited the current coins in it, and they were covered with the brass inscription plate by the Secretary. Immediately after the stone was laid, the Chairman of the Committee, in an impressive manner, proclaimed aloud as follows : — " The cenotaph of which Colonel Bernard, M.P., has this day laid the first stone, is hereby solemnly dedicated to the memory of our lamented neighbour, Thomas C. Parsons, Esq., deceased, late Assistant Barrister for the King's County." The vast assemblage present, consisting of about seven thousand persons, then quietly dispersed, testifying by their solemn silence the respect in which
120 HISTORY OF BIRR.

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 54

Death of Murrogh O'Madden by arrow wound

Lusmagh · parish · Offaly · 1201

In 1201, according to the Four Masters, Murrogh O'Madden, chief of half of Siol Anmchadha, received a wound in his head from an arrow, of which he died.

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chadhu at a later period than O'Hoolaghan. The O'Madagain's were of the race of Clan Colla, and took the name from Madudan More, one of their ancient chiefs. There are many of this sept referred to in the annals, from which we will give a few extracts. Thus, in the year 1201, according to the Four Masters, " Murrogh 0' Madden, chief of the half of Siol Anmchadha, received a wound in his head from an arrow, of which he died ; " and in 1235, "Madden O'Madden, lord of Siol Anmchadha," died. In 1336, Eoghan O'Madden "defeated the clanKickard Burke, and many of their people were slain, viz., sixty-six in number." This Eoghan O'Madden, who was 19th in descent from Eoghan Buac, appears to have beerfone of the most remarkable of the O'Maddens. The name Eoghan is Latinized Eugenius, and in English is Owen. Eoghan O'Madden was chief of Siol Anmcha twenty years, and the Four Masters at the year 1347, record that " Owen O'Madden, chief of Siol Anmcha, died, and was succeeded in the chieftaincy of Siol Anmcha by his son Murrogh." The Annals of Clonmacnoise have his death at the year 1346. This is the " Lion of Birra," who, according to a poem written by an ancient poet in his lifetime, and addressed to himself, defeated the men of Ormond in battles fought at Ballaghanoher (p. 314), in Lusmagh, and at Lorrah. This poem gives the pedigree from Eoghan Buac to Madugan, and pompously described the Eoghan who died in 1347, as "a man with the courage of a true lion, the Lion of Birra, with the venom of the serpent,

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 145

Earl of Kildare Besieges Castle of Suidhe-an-Roin in 1533

Shinrone · town · Offaly · 1533

The Four Masters record that in 1533 the Earl of Kildare marched into Ely to aid Ferganainm O'Carroll, besieging the castle at Suidhe-an-Roin (Shinrone), during which one of his best constables was slain before he took the castle.

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The Four Masters tell us, that in the year 1533, the Earl of Kildare marched a second time into Ely, to aid Ferganainm 0' Carroll to Suidhe-an-Roin, and that when besieging the castle, one of his best constables was slain, and after having taken the castle he ^ returned home.
The Mac Guilfoyles appear in former times to have ruled over Shinrone and neighbourhood, subject, however, to the O'Carrolls. O'Heerin, in reference to O'Quinlevan, and Mac Giollaphail, or Mac Gilfoyle, has the following : —

Internet Archive earlyhistoryofto00cookuoft, Chapter 80

The stories, best first

Conal Buighe O'Moore slain at Birr while plundering, 1579

O'Carroll's Petition to Reclaim Ancestral Birr

Cambrensis describes Monaincha's Culdees

Danes destroy Tirdaglass and slay abbot Hugh MacDuffe Dachrich in 842

Ely Troops Fight at the Battle of Clontarf

General Douglas's relief expedition and fortification of Birr

James Mac Coghlan killed by gunshot from Clonoony Castle

Meelick and Clonfert plundered in 1595 rebellion

Nenagh Castle Built by Theobald Fitz Walter

Pagan-carved rock at Clonfanlough near Clonmacnoise

Public floggings in Birr for petty theft

Reconsecration of Birr Church for Catholic worship, 1689

Repeated Danish and native plundering of the abbey

Rev. Thomas Kennedy holds old Church of Birr until after Boyne

Robbery of the great altar's treasures in 1108

Sarsfield uses Banagher bridge for advance and retreat during 1690 war

St. Canice's Retreats and Miracles at Clonbrone

St. Cronan Founds Roscrea Monastery

St. Cuimin founds monastery at Kilcommon

St Fineen's well and the pilgrim Gorman's death

St. Sincheal M'Cenenain founds Killeigh Monastery, dies of plague

Surrender of Birr Castle to Jacobite forces, February 1688

Synod at Geashill Excommunicates Columkill

The Gap of Glendine, sole pass through Slieve Bloom

The Lion of Birra defeats the men of Ormond at Lusmagh

The White Obelisk or Temple of the Sun on Slieve Bloom

King Cormac's Royal Robes Deposited at Roscrea Abbey

Athlone garrison pillages Clonmacnoise abbey

Bear Skull Found in River Channel at Clonbrone in 1848

Castle of Birr burnt by Murtagh O'Bryan, 1207

Drowning of Burke's men at Ath-Crochda (Shannon Harbour) 1266

Felim MacCoghlan slain at Banagher after Mass in 1539

Fergananim O'Carroll treacherously slain at Clonlisk castle

Foundation of Meelick monastery by O'Madden

Fraudulent Ribbonman plot exposed through handwriting evidence

Great flood destroys old bridge at Brendan's Well, Birr

Great plague of 1447 kills Baron of Galtrim

MacRiagail's Illuminated Gospel Manuscript from Birr

Nenagh Franciscan Friary and Notable Burials

O'Carroll Burns Nenagh Monastery and Town in 1548

O'Dempseys contend with Strongbow's English forces

O'Kennedy Rebellion and Execution, Nenagh Razed

Old Banagher bridge frequently used by Sarsfield in wartime

Old Gaol of Birr: A Place of Confinement and Execution

O'Madden 'the Lion of Birra' defeats men of Ormond at Ballaghanoher

Ruins of Lemanaghan monastery surrounded by impassable bog

Sir Laurence Parsons Conveyed in Custody to Ballyboy

Sir Laurence Parsons Granted Birr Castle and Town

Skeleton Found Beneath Roscrea Tower Foundation in 1845

Skirmish near Birr as Banagher horse raid cattle, 1690

Thomas Armstrong settles at Banagher after capture at Worcester

1626 order for paving and cleaning the streets of Birr

Banagher granted market and made corporate borough town in 1628

Battle at Bel-atha-na-geaorach on the Blackwater river

Battle of Aughrim aftermath: Banagher and Cloghan Castle seized

Bellingham courts built at Maryborough and Philipstown

Castle Bernard built at Kinnitty

Cenotaph dedication ceremony before seven thousand people

Death of Murrogh O'Madden by arrow wound

Earl of Kildare Besieges Castle of Suidhe-an-Roin in 1533