The History, Topography and Antiquities of the County and City of Waterford

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1. White's shipbuilding establishment across from Waterford city

   Waterford · city · Waterford

   Mr. White's shipbuilding establishment, situated opposite the city, used a combination of wheels and an inclined plane to draw vessels of almost any size out of the water for repair, remedying Waterford port's former poor facilities for shipbuilding and repair.

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   By a simple combination of wheels, and an inclined-plane, vessels of almost any size can with the greatest facility be drawn completely out of the water; — and, by that means, can be examined and repaired with the greatest ease imaginable.

   The vessels which have been built at this establishment are much admired for beauty of model and soundness of workmanship ; — and in justice it must be added, that there seems every convenience in the concern, which an owner or master of a vessel can desire.

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 86

   As the companion tells it

   Waterford was once poorly equipped for building and repairing ships. That changed with Mr. White's shipbuilding establishment, which sits opposite the city. By a simple combination of wheels and an inclined plane, vessels of almost any size can be drawn completely out of the water, and examined and repaired with the greatest ease. The vessels built there are much admired for beauty of model and soundness of workmanship, and the concern seems to hold every convenience an owner or master of a vessel could desire.

2. James Rice's Chapel Built 1482 at Waterford Cathedral

   Waterford · city · Waterford · 1482

   In 1482 James Rice, a citizen of Waterford, erected a chapel twenty-two feet square dedicated to St. James the elder and St. Catherine, generally known as Rice's chapel, on the north side of the cathedral nave.

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   The Church consisted of a large nave, 45 feet long and 66 feet in breadth, the choir, 66 feet long, and two lateral isles. The roof was supported by large gothic columns and arches. Besides this which was the original building, there was at the back of the altar. Trinity Parish Church : on the south side of this church was the Vestry or chapel of St. Nicholas. On the south side of the nave was the bishop's consistory court, or St. Saviours chapel; and on the north side, a chapel twenty-two feet square was erected in the year 1482, by James Rice, a citizen of Waterford, and was dedicated to St. .Tame& the elder, and the virgin St. Catherine. In the manuscript papers of the cathedral, this chapel is called St. James's, but it was more generally named Rice's chapel. Upon one of the gothic columns was an ancient monument, made of stucco or plaster of Pari^i,

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   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 62

   As the companion tells it

   Waterford's cathedral was a large building. The nave ran 45 feet long and 66 feet broad, the choir 66 feet long, with two lateral aisles. The roof stood on large gothic columns and arches. Several chapels filled the spaces around it. On the south side of the nave was the bishop's consistory court, or St. Saviour's chapel. On the south side of the church itself was the vestry, or chapel of St. Nicholas. And on the north side of the nave, a chapel twenty-two feet square was erected in 1482 by James Rice, a citizen of Waterford. It was dedicated to St. James the elder and the virgin St. Catherine. The manuscript papers of the cathedral call it St. James's, but it was more generally named Rice's chapel. Upon one of the gothic columns was an ancient monument, made of stucco or plaster of Paris.

3. King John founds the Priory of St John in Waterford

   Waterford · city · Waterford · 1211

   During his residence in Waterford, King John founded the priory of St John and established Benedictine monks there.

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   the walls built by him are still in existence. He also founded the priory of St. John, and established in it monks of the Benedictine order.

   The long- reign of Henry III. is singularly barren of materials for Irish history ; yet the interests of this country were not neglected. — Waterford received a new charter from this monarch, dated 15th June, 1232. When Edward I. ascended the throne, he found in the intestine divisions of the people the greatest obstacles to the peace and prosperity of Ireland ; it was therefore the great object of this, as well as of the two succeeding monarchs, to introduce the laws of England into all those places, heretofore governed by customs of their own, and to abolish the Irish law, which Edward declared was hateful to God, and repugnant to all justice. The privileges granted to the Ostmen of Waterford were confirmed in this reign by a statute, of which the following is a translation :

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 7

   As the companion tells it

   As the road carries you through Waterford, you are passing through a city where King John once kept residence. In 1211, he founded the priory of St John here and established monks of the Benedictine order within its walls. The history records that walls built by him were still standing at the time the account was written, a visible trace of his presence in the place. Waterford did not stand still after his time. Henry III granted the city a new charter dated the 15th of June 1232. When Edward I came to the throne, he found the intestine divisions of the people to be the greatest obstacles to peace and prosperity in Ireland. His great object, and that of the two succeeding monarchs, was to introduce the laws of England into places governed by customs of their own. Edward declared the Irish law hateful to God and repugnant to all justice.

4. The Waterford Penitentiary Built on Bury Gaol Plan

   Waterford · city · Waterford · 1820

   The Penitentiary, or house of correction, situated in the suburbs of Waterford, was erected in 1820 at a cost of £4,990, built on the plan of the Bury gaol with cells ranged in a semicircle around the governor's house.

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   The Penitentiarij, or house of correction, situated in the suburbs, was erected in the year 1 820, at an expense of £4,990. It seems to be built on the plan of the Bury gaol. An exterior wall surrounds a quadrangular space of considerable extent; at one extremity of which is placed the governor's house, having the cells ranged in a semicircle round it. At the rear of the cells, and within the walls, are gardens and ground where the prisoners are employed in labour. The internal arrangements of this prison are not yet

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 71

   As the companion tells it

   Waterford, as the road passes through, holds a penitentiary, or house of correction, built in 1820 at a cost of £4,990. It was put up on the plan of the Bury gaol. An exterior wall surrounds a quadrangular space of considerable extent. At one end stands the governor's house, with the cells ranged in a semicircle around it. Behind the cells, still within the walls, are gardens and ground where the prisoners are employed in labour. The internal arrangements of this prison were not yet complete.

5. Unhealthy Flooded Valley at Kilbarry

   Kilbarry · townland · Waterford

   The valley of Kilbarry contains 200-300 acres of land submerged for eight or nine months of the year, producing unhealthy vapours; an engineer proposed drainage schemes that could render the land highly productive.

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   In the valley of Kilbarry there is a large tract of land of from two to three hundred acres, covered with water for eight or nine months in the year, and now lying worse than useless, the vapour arising from it at certain periods being exceedingly unhealthy. Two methods have been proposed by Mr. Musgrave, civil engineer to the harbour commissioners, for draining this valley, by either of which, this land might be rendered the best in the county, while at the same time it would afford 70 or 80 per cent, to persons undertaking the work.

   At no great distance from Kilbarry, but on the opposite side of the marsh, may be seen a magnificent cromlech or Druids altar, consisting of an immense flat rock, until very lately supported by three upright pillars.

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 95

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here lies a flooded valley that has troubled this part of Kilbarry for generations. Two to three hundred acres of land lie under water for eight or nine months of the year, and the vapour rising from it at certain times is exceedingly unhealthy. The land sits worse than useless, as the old record puts it. But a civil engineer named Mr. Musgrave, who served the harbour commissioners, proposed two methods for draining this valley. By either plan, the land could be rendered the best in the county, and at the same time it would afford 70 or 80 per cent to persons undertaking the work. Not far from Kilbarry, on the opposite side of the marsh, there stands a magnificent cromlech, a Druid's altar, made of an immense flat rock, until very lately supported by three upright pillars.

6. Cromlech and rath at Pembrokestown

   Pembrokestown · townland · Waterford

   At Pembrokestown, wild rocky hills contain traces of Celtic occupation including a round rath or hill that could only have served as a residence or retreat, along with a cromlech of five upright stones supporting a flat covering stone.

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   monuments which still remain to us incontestibly prove that this was a favourite haunt. A round hill or rath, which commands no distant view, could only have been a residence or retreat ; besides this, there is a cromlech which consists of five upright stones supporting a flat stone or covering. The entire is inconsiderable in size, and possesses no remarkable beauty.

   At Whitfield, the property of Mr. Christmas, the coarse slate passes into roof slate : a quarry of this material has been worked to some extent; but, in consequence of the smallness of the slates, is now disused. Probably, were the quarry sunk to a greater depth, the slates would be found larger.

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 114

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere near here, the wild rocky hills hold traces of old Celtic occupation. A round hill or rath stands among them, commanding no distant view, which means it could only have served as a residence or retreat. Beside it there is a cromlech, made of five upright stones supporting a flat covering stone. The whole thing is modest in size and has no remarkable beauty, but these monuments prove this was a favoured haunt in ancient times.

7. Pearls found in the river Clodagh at Clonea

   Clonea · townland · Waterford

   The river Clodagh, flowing close to Clonea Castle, is noted for a species of muscle in which pale blue pearls are frequently found, though considered of little value.

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   inexpugnable. Only two of the circular towers can be distinctly traced; but there can be no room to doubt, that the .ancient arrangement of the several building's was as described. The little river Clodagh, which flows close to the site of the castle, and some judicious plantations, give interest to the scene. A species of muscle is found in the Clodagh, in which pearls are frequently discovered: some of these are exceedingly beautiful; they are of a pale blue colour, not regularly shaped, and are considered but of little value.

   DECIES WITHOUT DRUM.*

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 127

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here, the little river Clodagh flows close to the site of Clonea Castle. There is a species of mussel found in the Clodagh in which pearls are frequently discovered. Some of these are exceedingly beautiful. They are of a pale blue colour, not regularly shaped, and are considered but of little value.

8. Restoration of City Privileges under Charles I

   Waterford · city · Waterford · 1626

   During the first ten years of James's charter there was no settled government in Waterford; only in 1626 were citizens restored to their former privileges by Charles I's great charter, which remained in force at the time of writing.

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   During the first ten years of James's charter, there was no settled form of government in the city : it was not till the year 1626 that the citizens were restored to all their former privileges by Charles the First's great charter which remains in force at the present day. The charter of James II. can scarcely be considered as having been ever in force ; on the restoration of the protestant government it was immediately set aside.

   While on the subject of the charters of Waterford, it may not be uninteresting to give an account of a curious paper which is lodged in His Majesty's State Paper Office. It is supposed to have been written in the time of Henry VIII. ; the following is a copy of it.

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 92

   As the companion tells it

   Waterford went ten years under James's charter with no settled form of government. It was not until 1626 that the citizens were restored to all their former privileges by Charles the First's great charter, which remains in force to this day. The charter of James the Second can scarcely be considered as having been ever in force. On the restoration of the protestant government, it was immediately set aside.

9. Ruins near Clashmore mark royal halting place

   Clashmore · town · Waterford · 1211

   Near Clashmore, the ruins of a large square building could still be seen, said to be where the royal cavalcade halted when travelling between Waterford and Cork.

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   nities are conferred upon the citizens ; among others, that no itinerant justices, nor justices of assize in the county of Waterford, should for the future vex or disturb the citizens, or oblige them to appear without the bounds of the city, either at the King's suit, or at the suit of any other complainant. By the whole tenor of this patent it appears, that it was only a recital and confirmation of former liberties and franchises granted to the citizens of Waterford. This charter expressly mentions the county of Waterford as a distinct district from the city. In the year 1211, on the 6th of June, King John landed at Waterford, with the intention of settling the disturbances which had arisen during his absence. While he resided here, his palace was situated where the Widows' Apartments now stand. Some of the vaults and parts of the foundation of the royal residence were discovered when the workmen were preparing the ground for the present building. — The King proceeded with considerable activity to arrange the affairs of Ireland, and personally visited many parts of the country, attended by a large body of knights and soldiers. Near Clashmore, may still be seen the ruins of a large square building, where the royal cavalcade was accustomed to halt when travelling from Waterford to Cork.

   King John, during his residence here, made a large addition to the city of Waterford ; some of

   Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 7

   As the companion tells it

   Clashmore, in County Waterford, holds the remains of something older than the town itself. In 1211, on the 6th of June, King John landed at Waterford. He came to settle disturbances that had arisen during his absence. His palace stood where the Widows' Apartments now stand, and some of its vaults and foundations were found when workmen prepared the ground for the present building. The King set about arranging the affairs of Ireland with considerable activity, visiting many parts of the country in person, attended by a large body of knights and soldiers. Near Clashmore, the ruins of a large square building could still be seen, said to be where the royal cavalcade was accustomed to halt when travelling from Waterford to Cork. King John also made a large addition to the city of Waterford during his residence there. The charter he confirmed made clear that the county of Waterford was a district distinct from the city, and that itinerant justices and justices of assize were not to vex or disturb the citizens, or oblige them to appear outside the city bounds, whether at the King's suit or any other complainant's.

10. Sir William Pelham's ceremonial landing at Ballyhack en route to Waterford

    Ballyhack · town · Wexford

    Sir William Pelham, newly appointed Lord Justice, was met at Ballyhack by the mayor of Waterford with well-appointed boats, then received in Waterford with military honours, cannon salutes, and Latin orations en route to the cathedral.

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    Sir William Pelham, who was appointed Lord Justice on the death of Sir William Drury, made immediate preparations to visit the cities of Munster^ and leaving Dublin, proceeded along the seacoast. When he arrived at Ballyhack, he was met by the mayor of Waterford, who had several well appointed boats ready to receive Iiim.

    Previous to his arrival in Waterford, the officers

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 26

    As the companion tells it

    Ballyhack was where Sir William Pelham landed on his way to Waterford. He had been appointed Lord Justice after the death of Sir William Drury, and set out from Dublin along the seacoast to visit the cities of Munster. At Ballyhack the mayor of Waterford met him with several well-appointed boats ready to receive him.

11. The Blackwater River and its Course through Waterford

    near Blackwater River · river · Kerry

    The Blackwater river, anciently called Avonmore and Broadwater, rises in Kerry and flows through the barony, reaching the sea at Youghal harbour. A canal was cut at the expense of the Duke of Devonshire to aid navigation to Lismore, though navigation was becoming more difficult due to bridges and silting.

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    The Blackwater is navigable for vessels of considerable tonnage as far as the bridge of Cappoquin, and might, without much difficulty, admit ships to a greater distance. A canal was cut at the expense of the late Duke of Devonshire to facilitate the communication with Lismore, but the navigation is every day becoming more difficult, which may be attributed to the checks given to the current by the erection of bridges, and also to the greater extension of the bed of the stream. On the banks of the Blackwater, and to the southward of that river, the land is fertile, and the face of the country highly improved ; but to the northward, there is a range of lofty hills which bounds this barony, and separates it from the county of Tipperary.

    The place of greatest consequence here is Lismore, formerly ranked ainon;;st the most floiuish-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 144

    As the companion tells it

    This is the Blackwater River, anciently called Avonmore and Broadwater. It rises in Kerry and reaches the sea at Youghal harbour. The river is navigable for vessels of considerable tonnage as far as the bridge of Cappoquin, and might admit ships to a greater distance. A canal was cut at the expense of the late Duke of Devonshire to facilitate the communication with Lismore. But the navigation is every day becoming more difficult, attributed to the checks given to the current by the erection of bridges, and also to the greater extension of the bed of the stream. On the banks to the southward the land is fertile and the country highly improved. To the northward a range of lofty hills bounds this barony and separates it from the county of Tipperary. The place of greatest consequence here is Lismore.

12. Turgesius's Castle lost without trace

    near Barronstrand Street · street · Waterford

    Turgesius's Castle once stood near the corner of Barronstrand Street in Waterford, but it has been entirely removed and its exact site is now unknown.

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    St. Martins castle, which was situated at the western angle of the city walls, is partly preserved by being connected with a private dwelling, long known as the Castle. Turgesius's castle, which stood near the corner of Barron-strand street, is entirely removed, so that its exact site is now unknown.

    Besides these castles originally connected with the fortifications of the city, there were other towers and places of strength, erected at the gates to protect them, and in some cases, built to perj)etuate the names of private individuals.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 54

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Barronstrand Street, Turgesius's Castle once stood near the corner. It has been entirely removed, so its exact site is now unknown. Not far away, at the western angle of the city walls, St. Martin's Castle fared better. It is partly preserved, connected with a private dwelling long known as the Castle. These were strongholds tied to the city's old fortifications. Other towers and places of strength stood at the gates to protect them, some built to keep alive the names of private individuals.

13. 1679 Order Requires Corporation to Fund Cathedral Repairs

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1679

    The Corporation of Waterford pleaded poverty and scarcity of timber in Ireland to delay repairs to the Cathedral, but the Earl of Essex, Lord Deputy, ordered them in 1679 to contribute two-thirds toward the repair costs.

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    possessed of in the years 1640 and 1641, and whereof she had not been smce ousted by due course of law. Some portion of the pro])erty of the Cathedral was thus recovered, but, in consequence of the loss of title deeds and other instruments, much inconvenience and confusion still prevailed. The repairs of the Cathedral were a fruitful source of contention; many petitions and orders of Council attest the persevering industry of the Church, and the tardy compliance of the Corporation. In a petition to the Lord Lieutenant and Council, the Corporation, endeavouring to excuse their neglect of two previous orders, set forth their great poverty, and after mentioning the scarcity of timber, a sufficient supply of which, it is stated, could not be procured in Ireland to accomplish the work, they solicit a reasonable delay before they shall be called on to comply with the last order. The question was at length set at rest by an order of the Earl of Essex, Lord Deputy, and Council, to the Mayor of Waterford, requiring the Corporation to contribute to the repairs of the Church. The original document is still preserved, and bears date 5th November, 1679. — It appears that the Corporation were to contribute two-thirds to the repairs and alteration of the Cathedral, the Chapter paying the remainder.

    Having now brought down the history of the Cathedral to the period when its extent and

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 62

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford is a city the road passes through. In the years after 1640 and 1641, some portion of the Cathedral's property had been recovered, but the loss of title deeds and other instruments still caused much inconvenience and confusion. The repairs of the Cathedral became a fruitful source of contention. Many petitions and orders of Council attest to the persevering industry of the Church and the tardy compliance of the Corporation. In a petition to the Lord Lieutenant and Council, the Corporation, endeavouring to excuse their neglect of two previous orders, set forth their great poverty. After mentioning the scarcity of timber, they stated that a sufficient supply could not be procured in Ireland to accomplish the work, and they solicited a reasonable delay before they should be called on to comply with the last order. The question was at length set at rest by an order of the Earl of Essex, Lord Deputy, and Council, to the Mayor of Waterford, requiring the Corporation to contribute to the repairs of the Church. The original document is still preserved and bears date 5th November, 1679. The Corporation were to contribute two-thirds to the repairs and alteration of the Cathedral, the Chapter paying the remainder.

14. Annstown: a picturesque but little-frequented bathing village

    Annestown · townland · Waterford · 1824

    Annstown, three miles from Tramore, is described as built on the western side of a valley with striking coastal scenery, natural arches, and views of the Icane islands. Despite its beauty, lack of markets and distance from Waterford kept it little used as a bathing resort, though a new church had recently been built.

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    The village of Annstown, distant about three miles from Tramore, is built on the v^estern side of a valley which extends from the sea to a considerable distance inland. There are a few^ lodging houses for the accommodation of summer visitors, who are sometimes attracted by the retired situation ; but the want of regular markets, and the distance from Waterford, have rendered Annstown little frequented as a bathing place. A handsome church has recently been erected here. The situation and appearance of this village are striking and picturesque. With few improvements or works of art to recommend it, Annstown possesses within itself many natural beauties: amongst these may be considered, a bold and magnificent coast, stupendous rocks rising abruptly from the sea, and headlands extending into the ocean and exhibiting natural arches of vast extent. To the east, the islands of Icane bound the view : the headland of Dungarvan is seen stretching away to the south-west. The prospect on the land side is chiefly remarkable for an ancient ruin, the castle of Donlsle, which stands above the ravine that extends

    2C0 TOPOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 110

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Annestown, a village sits on the western side of a valley that runs from the sea inland for a considerable distance. It is about 3 miles from Tramore. There are a few lodging houses for summer visitors, drawn sometimes by the retired situation. But the want of regular markets and the distance from Waterford have kept it little frequented as a bathing place. A handsome church has recently been erected here. The situation and appearance of this village are striking and picturesque. With few improvements or works of art to recommend it, it possesses within itself many natural beauties. There is a bold and magnificent coast, stupendous rocks rising abruptly from the sea, and headlands extending into the ocean, exhibiting natural arches of vast extent. To the east the islands of Icane bound the view. The headland of Dungarvan stretches away to the south-west. On the land side, the prospect is chiefly remarkable for an ancient ruin, the castle of Donisle, which stands above the ravine.

15. Cromwell's March Delayed at Kilmacthomas by Flood

    Kilmacthomas · town · Waterford · 1649

    Cromwell proceeded to the village of Kilmacthomas on the 2nd of December, where the river was so swollen by land floods that an entire day was consumed transporting the foot soldiers, delaying the army's advance.

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    Whether Cromwell acquired possession in the manner popularly reported, it is now difficult to determine; but there are indubitable proofs of his remorseless hand in the ruins of the castle and the adjoining church, one-half of which has been carried away by the explosion of gunpowder. — The winter season being now far advanced, Cromwell returned to his army, and proceeded, on the 2d of December, to the village of Kilmacthomas. The river here was so greatly swollen by the land floods, that the entire following day was consumed in transporting the foot soldiers : this circumstance retarded the advance of the army, which was able to march only a few miles, and was quartered for the night in several small villages. On the morning of the 4th of December, Cromwell proceeded with his usual rapidity, rifling every place of consequence as he moved

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 36

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Kilmacthomas, in County Waterford, saw Oliver Cromwell and his army arrive on the 2nd of December, 1649. The winter season was far advanced. The river here was so swollen by land floods that the entire following day was consumed just transporting the foot soldiers across. This circumstance retarded the advance of the whole army. They were able to march only a few miles, and were quartered for the night in several small villages. On the morning of the 4th of December, Cromwell proceeded again with his usual rapidity, rifling every place of consequence as he moved. The ruins of the castle and the adjoining church in this area bear what the source calls indubitable proofs of his remorseless hand, one-half of the church carried away by the explosion of gunpowder.

16. Danish semilunar tower surviving at the Ramparts

    The Ramparts · street · Dublin

    Of the several Danish semilunar towers that once stood on Waterford's walls, only the one at the end of the area called the Ramparts still remains, along with the Danish-built Old John's Gate.

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    Some years ago, there were several Danish semilunar towers on the walls ofWaterford; but of these, that at the end of what is called the Ramparts, is now the only one remaining. Old John's gate was also Danish.

    The Anglo-Normans soon covered the district, called the Pale, with castles ; but their castles were all quadrangular.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 54

    As the companion tells it

    A Danish semilunar tower, the last surviving one on Waterford's walls. Some years ago several such towers stood there, but only the one at the end of the Ramparts remains. Old John's Gate was also Danish. The Anglo-Normans later covered the district called the Pale with castles, but theirs were all quadrangular.

17. Decayed town of Tallow included in Raleigh's grant

    Tallow · town · Waterford · 1580

    The warrant granting lands to Raleigh included the decayed town of Tallow along with castles and lands on the rivers Broadwater and Bride.

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    The lands comprized in the warrant were these : " the barony, castle, and lands of Inchiquin, in Imokilly; the castle and lands of Strancally, Ballynatra, Killnatora, and the lands lying on the rivers Broadwater and Bride, late David Mac Shean Roche's and others, with the decayed town of Tallow ; and the castle and lands of Lisfinny, Mogilla, Killacarow and Shean : and if these were not sufficient, the deficiency was to be made up, out of the castle and lands of Mocollop,the castle and lands of Temple Michael, the lands of Patrick Condon, next adjoining unto the Shean, and of the lands called Ahavena, alias Whitesland." It was directed that these lands should be near to the town of Youghall, where Raleigh afterwards fixed his residence : the house in which he lived still remains, and was for many years preserved in the same state in which it was left by its illustrious occupant. There are recorded of this extraordinary man, numberless brave and adventurous exploits, bearing a strong resemblance to the fictions of romance, yet perfectly according with the ideas which history and the delineation

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 27

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Tallow was already a decayed town in 1580, when it was included in a warrant granting lands to Raleigh. The warrant covered the barony, castle, and lands of Inchiquin in Imokilly, the castle and lands of Strancally, Ballynatra, Killnatora, and lands on the rivers Broadwater and Bride, late David Mac Shean Roche's and others, "with the decayed town of Tallow." It also took in the castle and lands of Lisfinny, Mogilla, Killacarow and Shean. If these were not enough, the deficiency was to be made up from the castle and lands of Mocollop, the castle and lands of Temple Michael, the lands of Patrick Condon next adjoining the Shean, and the lands called Ahavena, alias Whitesland. The warrant directed that these lands should be near the town of Youghal, where Raleigh afterwards fixed his residence. The house in which he lived still remains, and was for many years preserved in the same state in which it was left by its illustrious occupant. There are recorded of this extraordinary man numberless brave and adventurous exploits, bearing a strong resemblance to the fictions of romance.

18. Leper Hospital endowed with lands at Poleberry and Leperstown

    Leperstown · townland · Waterford · 1200–1216

    The Leper Hospital was endowed by the king with holdings in St. Stephen's parish, lands at Poleberry outside John's-gate, and the lands of Leperstown in the barony of Gaultier.

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    The King endowed the hospital with the Leper House, and several other holdings in St. Stephen's parish, and with the oblations, obventions, offerings, &c. of the said parish. Also with lands at Poleberry, without John's-gate, (which gate was formerly considered the boundary of the hospital,) and also the lands of Leperstown, in the barony of Gaultier.

    In the middle of the last century, when leprosy had become of very rare occurrence in Ireland, the corporation of Waterford, on the grounds that the funds were intended solely for lepers.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 83

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the king endowed a hospital for lepers. He gave it the Leper House and several other holdings in St. Stephen's parish, with the oblations and offerings of that parish. He gave it lands at Poleberry, outside John's-gate, once considered the boundary of the hospital, and the lands of Leperstown in the barony of Gaultier. By the middle of the last century, leprosy had become very rare in Ireland, and the corporation of Waterford held that the funds were intended solely for lepers.

19. Oon-a-glour cave in Whitechurch parish

    Whitechurch · townland · Waterford

    In the parish of Whitechurch there are two immense caverns; one, called Oon-a-glour, is of great size and divided into two chambers, with a stream sinking underground at Ballinacourty and reappearing at Knockane after nearly a mile.

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    There are some remarkable caves in the limestone district, as is generally the case where this rock prevails. At Shandon is one of considerable extent, and another at Colligan. In the parish of Whitechurch are two immense caverns, situated near each other ; one of them, called Oon-a-glour, is of great size, and is divided into two chambers. In the inner one may be seen a small stream, which sinks under ground at Ballinacourty, and after passing through this cave, is seen again

    320 TOPOGRAPHY AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 137

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Whitechurch there are two immense caverns, set near each other in the limestone. One of them, called Oon-a-glour, is of great size and divided into two chambers. In the inner chamber you can see a small stream. That stream sinks underground at Ballinacourty, passes through the cave, and is seen again at Knockane, nearly a mile from where it vanished.

20. Presentation Convent nuns teach girls gratuitously

    Waterford · city · Waterford

    The principal female Catholic school in Waterford was conducted by the nuns of the Presentation Convent, who gratuitously instructed four hundred girls.

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    sent forth, bear the most unquestionable testimony to the public services of Edmund Rice. In the schools under the superintendence of Mr. Rice, there are nearly nine hundred boys. The teachers are young men, who, from religious motives, have devoted themselves to the instruction of the poor, and who act without reward. The principal female school is conducted by the nuns of the Presentation Convent, who instruct gratuitously four hundred girls. There is also a boarding school at the Ursuline Convent on the Newtown road ; — a short distance from which, a school has recently been established for the gratuitous education of poor females.

    It is much to be lamented that real or fancied obstacles should oppose the generaland national support of establishments which might otherwise be available to the indiscriminate education of the Irish poor. The difference of opinion seems to be confined to two points. One party requires the use, perhaps the too general use, of the holy scriptures, and at the same time, insists on the total exclusion of religious instruction : the Roman Catholic, on the other hand, demands religious instruction as a paramount object, and confines the perusal of scripture within, perhaps, too narrow limits. Would it be unreasonable to expect concessions on both sides ? that a portion of time prior, or subsequent, to school hours should be appropriated to religious instruction;

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 78

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford had a remarkable story of schooling for the poor. The principal female Catholic school in the city was conducted by the nuns of the Presentation Convent, who instructed 400 girls gratuitously. They gave their teaching freely, asking nothing in return. Alongside this, Edmund Rice superintended schools for boys. Under his care were nearly 900 boys, taught by young men who had devoted themselves from religious motives to the instruction of the poor, and who acted without reward. There was also a boarding school at the Ursuline Convent on the Newtown road, and a short distance from it a school had recently been established for the gratuitous education of poor females. The writer of this account lamented that real or fancied obstacles opposed the general and national support of establishments that might otherwise be available to the indiscriminate education of the Irish poor. The difference of opinion turned on two points. One party required the use, perhaps the too general use, of the holy scriptures, while insisting on the total exclusion of religious instruction. The Roman Catholic, on the other hand, demanded religious instruction as a paramount object, and confined the perusal of scripture within perhaps too narrow limits. The writer asked whether it would be unreasonable to expect concessions on both sides.

21. Roman Catholic Chapel Built Near Carrickbeg Monastery

    Carrickbeg · townland · Waterford

    Near the ruins of the Carrickbeg monastery, a handsome Roman Catholic chapel was recently erected with a steeple imitating the ancient monastery's, though unusually oriented north-south rather than the traditional east-west.

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    The figure of a saint is erected in front on the top of the building : at the other extremity, a steeple, a very imperfect imitation of that attached to the monastery, gives an air of splendour to the chapel, and were it not that the ornamental part is too showy, the entire work displays considerable taste and ingenuity in the architect. There is something singular in the position of this chapel, wliicii, contrary to all ancient prece-

    290 TOPOGRAPliy AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 123

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, a Roman Catholic chapel stands near the old Carrickbeg monastery. A figure of a saint is on top at the front. At the other end, a steeple imitates the monastery's,

22. Ruined Church and Stream of Kilbunny

    Kilbunny · ecclesiastical site · Waterford

    At the ruined church and stream of Kilbunny, eight miles from Waterford city, the grounds of Curraghmore begin, marking the start of a romantic walk known as the Gravel Walk.

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    At the distance of eight miles from the city of Waterford, at the stream and ruined church of Kilbunny, the grounds of Curraghmore may be said to commence ; and from this place the pedestrian traveller may enjoy the luxury of a most romantic and retired walk, which leads, without any interruption, to some distance beyond the house of Curraghmore, through woods of varied description, and of the most luxuriant growth. The entrance of this avenue, which is called the " Gravel Walk," may be found by turning up a narrow lane on the left hand side of the road immediately before coming to the stream of Kilbunny; it passes at the rear of the house of Coolfin, (in which the rector of the parish usually resides,) across the road from Portlaw to Kilmacthomas, and at a short distance behind the village of Portlaw, (after passing which, it' crosses a second road, J comes in contact with the river Clodagh on its south bank — passes over the precipice which looks down on the salmon leap, and shortly after enters the Deer Park by a box turnstile. Immediately on entering into the Deer Park, a small wooden bridge presents itself, by which the river may be crossed to the grand avenue which runs along the opposite bank of the river. The Gravel Walk still continues its course along the south bank, and terminates at an antique stone

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 119

    As the companion tells it

    At the ruined church and stream of Kilbunny, eight miles from Waterford city, the grounds of Curraghmore begin. From this place, a pedestrian traveller could once enjoy what the book calls "the luxury of a most romantic and retired walk." The avenue is called the "Gravel Walk," and it leads without interruption to some distance beyond the house of Curraghmore, through woods of varied description and of the most luxuriant growth. The entrance of this avenue may be found by turning up a narrow lane immediately before coming to the stream of Kilbunny. It passes at the rear of the house of Coolfin, in which the rector of the parish usually resides, across the road from Portlaw to Kilmacthomas, and at a short distance behind the village of Portlaw. After passing the village, it crosses a second road and comes in contact with the river Clodagh on its south bank. It passes over the precipice which looks down on the salmon leap, and shortly after enters the Deer Park by a box turnstile. Immediately on entering the Deer Park, a small wooden bridge presents itself, by which the river may be crossed to the grand avenue which runs along the opposite bank of the river. The Gravel Walk still continues its course along the south bank, and terminates at an antique stone.

23. Ruined church on Ardmore headland visited for holy well

    Ardmore · town · Waterford

    On the headland forming the western end of Ardmore bay stand the ruins of another church, remote and rarely visited except by locals drawn by a clear stream and a reputedly holy well, evoking melancholy reflection on faded glory.

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    while vessels intended for religious uses, a clear stream, and a well, reputed holy, draw together the descendants of the ancient worshippers, and excite in their minds melancholy and painful feelings while they meditate on what they consider the faded glory of their country.

    The part of the barony which is in the vicinity of Youghal, is much improved ; and were there a bridge across the Blackwater at this place, great advantages might be anticipated from an increased facility of communication with the county of Cork. Several plans and estimates have been prepared, and it is more than probable that this important public work will be speedily accomplished.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla

    As the companion tells it

    Out along the bay at Ardmore, the headland holds the ruins of another church, remote and seldom seen. A clear stream runs there, and a well, reputed holy, still draws the descendants of the old worshippers to the spot. What they find brings up melancholy and painful feelings, as they meditate on what they consider the faded glory of their country.

24. Ruins of King John's castle at Kilbree

    Kilbree · townland · Cork

    At Kilbree remains of an ancient castle built by King John could still be seen, situated on an eminence commanding the river, which might in former times have been a place of strength.

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    Cappoquin possesses nothing worthy of particular notice, except a new church, ornamented with a neat spire, and a Roman Catholic chapel, which stands immediately contiguous to it. — It is in contemplation, when the new bridge is completed, to open a line of road on the bank of the river, leading directly to Youghal. At Kilbree may still be seen some remains of an ancient castle built by King John : it was situated on an eminence which commands the river, and might in former times have been a place of strength.

    Contiguous to this place is the Deer Park of Lismore, formerly entirely inclosed by high walls, and still partially surrounded by the ruins of its former greatness. A vein of iron ore, running from east to west, passes through this extensive tract, and may be traced by the eye, on account of the sterility occasioned by the proximity of the mineral.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 153

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here are the remains of a castle built by King John. It stood on an eminence that commands the river, and it might in former times have been a place of strength. The ruins could still be seen when the record was written. Close to Kilbree, this was a site chosen for its commanding position over the water, a place that could have served as a stronghold in earlier days. Contiguous to this place is the Deer Park of Lismore, formerly entirely enclosed by high walls, and still partially surrounded by the ruins of its former greatness. A vein of iron ore runs from east to west through this extensive tract, and may be traced by the eye on account of the sterility occasioned by the proximity of the mineral.

25. Sheriffs and County of the City Created by Elizabethan Charter

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1573

    By the second charter of Elizabeth, granted in 1573, the office of sheriffs was first created in Waterford, as well as the county of the city of Waterford.

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    It would occupy too much space to enter into a lengthened description of the remainder of the charters granted to the city of Waterford. With the exception of one of Henry's, the four subsequent charters are merely confirmations of the former. Philip and Mary's charter sets out almost all the charters at full length, confirming them in the fullest manner. The three granted by Elizabeth are new charters ; they occupy much less space than any of the former. By the second charter (1573) the office of sheriffs was first created, as also the county of the city of Waterford.

    During the first ten years of James's charter, there was no settled form of government in the city : it was not till the year 1626 that the citizens were restored to all their former privileges by Charles the First's great charter which remains in force at the present day. The charter of James II. can scarcely be considered as having been ever in force ; on the restoration of the protestant government it was immediately set aside.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 92

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford in 1573 gained something new from Queen Elizabeth. Her second charter, granted that year, created the office of sheriffs in the city for the first time. The same charter also established the county of the city of Waterford. Elizabeth granted three charters to Waterford, all new charters rather than mere confirmations of older grants. They were shorter than the charters that came before. Earlier grants, including one from Philip and Mary, had largely confirmed and set out at full length the previous charters to the city. The 1573 charter stands out because it changed how the city was governed. Sheriffs, unknown in Waterford before that year, became part of its structure. The county of the city, a legal identity separating it from the surrounding countryside, dates from the same grant.

26. Sir Joshua Paul's residency dispute in Lady Lane

    Lady Lane · street · Waterford · 1768–1769

    Sir Joshua Paul was objected to as a freeman of Waterford because he was lodging with his mother in a house in Lady Lane, and was therefore claimed not to be a resident; the matter was ultimately decided in favour of the citizens by the Court of King's Bench.

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    the freedom of the city had been conferred upon foreigners to the exclusion of those legally entitled to it. One of the gentlemen objected to by the corporation was Sir Joshua Paul, who was then lodging with his mother in a house in Ladylane, in consequence of which, it was said he was not a resident. The matter was taken up in a very spirited manner by Mr. Shapland Carew, who, not content with merely stating the claims of the citizens, actually brought the question, at his own expense, into the Court of King's Bench, where, after much procrastination, it was at length decided in favour of the citizens.

    The following was published in justification of the conduct of our chief magistrate on that occasion.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 43

    As the companion tells it

    A street in Waterford, Lady Lane was where Sir Joshua Paul lodged with his mother in a house in 1768. He was objected to as a freeman of the city because of that lodging, and was claimed not to be a resident. The freedom of the city had been conferred upon foreigners, excluding those legally entitled to it. Mr. Shapland Carew took the matter up in a spirited way. Not content with merely stating the claims of the citizens, he brought the question at his own expense into the Court of King's Bench. After much procrastination, it was at length decided in favour of the citizens.

27. Templar Preceptory and Inscribed Tombstone at Kilbarry

    Kilbarry · townland · Waterford · 1598

    A preceptory for Knights Templar was founded at Kilbarry around the same time as the Killure house, later passing to the Knights of St John. Among its ruins is a tombstone dated 1598 bearing an inscription and an ornamented cross.

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    On a tombstone amongst the ruins of the preceptory at Kilbarry, there is the following inscription.

    1598

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 94

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here stand the ruins of a preceptory founded for the Knights Templar, around the same time as the Killure house, later passing to the Knights of St John. Among these ruins is a tombstone with an ornamented cross and an inscription dated 1598.

28. Tree planting at Woodhouse, 1742

    Woodhouse or Tinakilly · townland · Waterford · 1742

    An ancestor of the Uniacke family at Woodhouse, near Stradbally, obtained a premium in 1742 for planting 152,640 trees, which flourished remarkably despite proximity to the sea.

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    In proof of the improving condition of the people in this parish, it may be noticed that the schools are numerously attended. The late Pierce Barron, of Faha, Esq. bequeathed £30 per annum as an. encouragement to education in this place. Adjoining the village of Stradbally, and immediately contiguous to the sea, is Woodhouse, the seat of Robert Uniacke, Esq. It is mentioned in Smith's history of Waterford, that, in the year 1742, an ancestor of the present proprietor obtained a premium for having planted 152,640 trees ; and it is added, '* were they properly taken care of, they would in time make a noble plantation." Notwithstanding their proximity to the sea, these trees have flourished in a remarkable manner, and now demonstrate the practicability of growing timber in almost any situation, provided the requisite care and expense be afforded. Woodhouse was

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 128

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Woodhouse or Tinakilly, there was once a remarkable act of planting. In 1742, an ancestor of the Uniacke family at Woodhouse obtained a premium for having planted 152,640 trees. Woodhouse sits right beside the sea, near Stradbally, and Smith's history of Waterford noted at the time that, were the trees properly taken care of, they would in time make a noble plantation. Notwithstanding their proximity to the sea, those trees flourished in a remarkable manner. They went on to demonstrate the practicability of growing timber in almost any situation, provided the requisite care and expense be afforded. Robert Uniacke was the proprietor of Woodhouse in later years, and the planting stood as proof that with enough attention, timber could take hold even beside the wind and salt of the coast.

29. Cannon Balls Found Near Clonea from Cromwell's Bombardment

    Clonea · townland · Waterford · 1649

    Near Clonea many cannon balls have since been found, supposed to have been fired by Cromwell against the castle of Clonkoscoran.

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    Near Clonea many balls have been since found, which, it is supposed, were directed by Cromwell against the castle of Clonkoscoran.

    On his arrival at Dungarvan, which he reached on the evening of the 4th of December, he regularly invested the place, and while he impatiently awaited the result of his operations, a part of his army was detached to the neighbouring castle of Knockmoan, a place strong in its natural situation, being built upon a high insulated rock, and surrounded on all sides by a deep morass. A few days were sufficient to enable Cromwell to overcome all opposition. Knockmoan was taken by storm, and shortly afterwards Dungarvan surrendered at discretion.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 37

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, near Clonea, many cannon balls have been found since, supposed to have been fired by Cromwell against the castle of Clonkoscoran. He reached Dungarvan on the evening of the 4th of December 1649 and invested the place. While he impatiently awaited the result of his operations, part of his army was detached to the neighbouring castle of Knockmoan, a place strong in its natural situation, being built upon a high insulated rock, and surrounded on all sides by a deep morass. A few days were sufficient to enable Cromwell to overcome all opposition. Knockmoan was taken by storm, and shortly afterwards Dungarvan surrendered at discretion.

30. Dungarvan incorporated by act of parliament

    Dungarvan · townland · Waterford · 1463

    In 1463 the town of Dungarvan was incorporated by act of parliament, noting that its seignory was once a great and ancient honour belonging to the king but had been destroyed by war. Profits from the grant were designated for repair of the town walls.

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    During this reign (1463), the town of Dungarvan was incorporated by act of parliament, which recites, that " as the seignory of Dungarvan was the most great and ancient honour, belonging to the king in Ireland, which through war was, for the most part, destroyed, it is provided, that the portrieve and commons of the said town, their heirs, &c. may enjoy all manner of free gifts and customs, as the inhabitants of the honourable manor of Clare, in England, have used and enjoyed, and as the mayor and commons of Bristol have done ; the profits to go to the reparation of the walls, under the survey of the Earl of Desmond.'^

    24 IlISTOllICAL SKETCH.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 10

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in 1463, the town of Dungarvan was incorporated by act of parliament. The act recited that the seignory of Dungarvan was the most great and ancient honour belonging to the king in Ireland, but had been destroyed through war. It provided that the portrieve and commons of the town, and their heirs, might enjoy all manner of free gifts and customs, as the inhabitants of the honourable manor of Clare in England had used and enjoyed, and as the mayor and commons of Bristol had done. The profits were to go to the reparation of the walls, under the survey of the Earl of Desmond.

31. New charter for Waterford arrives at Passage, 1626

    Passage East · townland · Waterford · 1626

    Charles I granted a new charter to Waterford dated 26 May 1626, which arrived at Passage on 25 July of the same year and cost the city £3000.

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    In a few years afterwards, (1617,) we find the Earl of Thomond and Sir William Jones, lord chief justice of Ireland, commissioners appointed to seize on the liberties and public revenues of Waterford, in consequence of the refusal of the mayor to take the oath of supremacy. ^ — The magistrates persisting in their opposition, the city had no regular government for many years, the charter was withdrawn, and the city continued in this state during the remainder of the reign. Charles I. restored to the citizens all their former privileges by a new charter, dated the 26th of May, 1626. This charter arrived at Passage on the 25th of July, in the same year, and cost the city £3000. In a few years afterwards, the citizens received from the same monarch a new charter, which chiefly related to the

    66 HISTORICAL SKETCH.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 31

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Passage East, a charter for Waterford arrived in July 1626. The trouble had begun in 1617, when the Earl of Thomond and Sir William Jones, lord chief justice of Ireland, were appointed commissioners to seize the liberties and public revenues of Waterford. The mayor had refused to take the oath of supremacy. The magistrates persisted in their opposition, and the city had no regular government for many years. The charter was withdrawn, and Waterford stayed in that state for the rest of the reign. Charles I restored all the citizens' former privileges by a new charter dated 26 May 1626. It arrived here on 25 July of the same year, and cost the city £3000.

32. The Bishop's Cave near Red-head

    Red Head · promontory · Waterford

    West of Dunmore near Red-head promontory lies an immense hole called the Bishop's Cave, 105 feet long and 24 feet wide, approachable by boat at high water despite being eighty yards from the sea.

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    They should be approached at low water : the rock out of which they are excavated is a coarse pudding-stone, which appears to have yielded readily to the influence of a descending stream. In the little bay of Dunmore, a fissure in the rock, of no great extent, is called the Cathedral. To the westward of Dunmore, near a promontory called Red-head, in a field adjoining the cliff, is an immense hole, styled the Bishop's Cave : it is one hundred and five feet long, and twenty-four feet wide ; and, although eighty yards from the sea, it may be approached in a boat at high water. There are several other caves in this neighbourhood, as at Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and at Brownstown-head .

    The natural advantages which this barony derives from its proximity to the sea have not yet been made available to its numerous and peaceful population. The villages of Portally, Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and Summerville, which are principally occupied by fishermen, and which, with suitable encouragement, might be made thriving and industrious places, are now the re-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 102

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Red Head there is a cave the old books call the Bishop's Cave. It lies in a field adjoining the cliff, and it is an immense hole, a hundred and five feet long and twenty-four feet wide. The rock here is a coarse pudding-stone, which seems to have worn away under the influence of a descending stream. Though it stands eighty yards from the sea, a boat can reach it at high water, which is a strange thing for a cave set in a field. The book calls these caves worth approaching at low water. In the little bay of Dunmore itself there is a smaller fissure in the rock, called the Cathedral. There are several other caves in this neighbourhood, at Rathmoylan, at Ballymacaw, and at Brownstown-head. The natural advantages this coast draws from the sea have not yet been made available to its population.

33. Tourin Castle and the geological junction of limestone and slate

    Tourin · townland · Waterford

    The demesne of Tourin, seat of Richard Musgrave, Esq., includes an ancient castle from which the junction of limestone and slate rock formations can be observed alongside picturesque views.

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    Where the house is built, and contiguous to the river, the rock is clay-slate, large masses of which are exposed. The summit of the hill, which bounds the demesne, is a fine white sandstone resembling Portland stone. In a large and deep hollow in the demesne, there is a white clay resembling white powdered sugar, which, it is said, was employed successfully in the manufacture of glass: traces of copper ore are discernible in the rocks near the river, and at no great distance lead has also been found. At the opposite side of the river, and within a few feet of the surface, the substratum is micaceous red sandstone. The junction of the limestone and slate may be observed on the demesne of Tourin, the seat of Richard Musgrave, Esq. The view from the ancient castle which forms a part of this gentleman's residence exhibits the mineralogical divisions as well as the picturesque beauties of the surrounding country. It has always been supposed that a large tract of country in this neighbourhood abounds with mineral productions. At Kilkeamy, near Mountain Castle, on the lands of Mr. Chearnley, there is a fine lead mine ; the ore, in a powdered state, has been taken up with a shovel in considerable quantities, and used by potters for glazing. The ore is close to the surface, and is visible to the most careless observer. From the place where the lead appears, there is a deep ravine, affording the greatest facility to carry off

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 136

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Tourin, somewhere around here, an ancient castle stands as part of the residence of Richard Musgrave. The demesne holds a remarkable meeting of two kinds of rock. The junction of limestone and slate can be observed on these grounds, and the view from the old castle reveals both the mineral divisions of the land and the picturesque beauties of the surrounding country. Where the house is built, beside the river, the rock is clay-slate, and great masses of it lie exposed. The hill that bounds the demesne rises to a fine white sandstone resembling Portland stone. In a deep hollow within the grounds there is a white clay said to resemble white powdered sugar, which, it is said, was employed successfully in the manufacture of glass. Traces of copper ore are discernible in the rocks near the river, and lead has also been found at no great distance. On the opposite side of the river, within a few feet of the surface, the substratum is micaceous red sandstone. It has always been supposed that a large tract of country in this neighbourhood abounds with mineral productions. At Kilkeamy, near Mountain Castle, on the lands of Mr. Chearnley, there is a fine lead mine. The ore, in a powdered state, has been taken up with a shovel in considerable quantities and used by potters for glazing. The ore lies close to the surface, visible to the most careless observer. From the place where the lead appears, a deep ravine affords the greatest facility to carry off.

34. Two friaries founded within Waterford's walls

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1336

    Around the same period, the Dominican Friary of St Saviour and the Holy Ghost Friary were founded within the walls of Waterford city.

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    The city of Waterford was destroyed by fire in the year 1252, and again in about thirty years afterwards : if to these misfortunes we add a long list of murders and insurrections, we shall have all that requires any notice until nearly the close of the fourteenth century. In 1336, James, the first Earlof Ormond, founded the Friary of Little Carig, in the county of Waterford, for Minorites, of which John Clyn, author of the Annals of Ireland, was the first guardian. Two other Friaries were also founded within the walls of the city about this period, namely, the Dominican Friary of St. Saviour, and the Holy Ghost Friary.

    In the year 1394, on the 2d of October, Richard II. landed at Waterford, with an army of 4000 men at arms, and 30,000 archers, and attended by the Duke of (Gloucester, the Earls of Not-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 8

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford passed through hard times before the friaries rose. The city burned in 1252, and again about thirty years later. Murders and insurrections filled the years between. Then in 1336, James, the first Earl of Ormond, founded the Friary of Little Carig in the county of Waterford for Minorites. John Clyn, author of the Annals of Ireland, was its first guardian. Two other friaries were also founded within the walls of the city about this period: the Dominican Friary of St Saviour, and the Holy Ghost Friary.

35. Waterford Dispensary provides free medicine to the poor

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1786

    A Dispensary was established in Waterford in 1786 to provide the sick poor of the city with medicine and medical advice, relieving about 5500 patients annually at low cost.

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    A Dispeiuary was established in Waterford in the year 1786, for the purpose of affording to the sick poor of the city medicine and medical advice. For a short period, previous to the erection of the Fever Hospital, a few patients were received into this institution.

    At the present time, all who are recommended by governors receive medicine and medical advice

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 82

    As the companion tells it

    In 1786 a dispensary was set up in Waterford to give medicine and medical advice to the sick poor of the city. For a short time, before the Fever Hospital was built, a few patients were taken in there. At present, anyone recommended by the governors receives medicine and medical advice.

36. 1535 Agreement Allows 60-Year Leases on Cathedral Lands

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1535

    In 1535 the Dean and Chapter petitioned the Mayor, Bailiffs and citizens of Waterford, meeting in Dearn Hundred, about the decay of divine service, resulting in permission to grant sixty-year leases on cathedral property.

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    According to the terms of the original grants, which were called the foundation of the property of the cathedral, the Dean and Chapter were restricted from letting their lands for a term of years, and were in consequence subject to much serious inconvenience. To remedy this evil, the Dean and Chapter petitioned the Mayor, Bailiffs and citizens assembled in Dearn Hundred, setting forth the decay of God's divine service in St. James's Chapel and in the Cathedral Church. It was therefore resolved by the whole council in the Dearn Hundred, "to the laud of God and the Apostle St. James, and for the augmentation of divine service in the said church," that the Dean

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    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 60

    As the companion tells it

    Waterford, in 1535. The Dean and Chapter of the cathedral were bound by the terms of their original grants from letting their lands for any term of years, and this caused them much hardship. They petitioned the Mayor, Bailiffs and citizens assembled in Dearn Hundred, saying that God's divine service had fallen into decay in Saint James's Chapel and in the Cathedral Church. The whole council in the Dearn Hundred resolved, in the words of the record, "to the laud of God and the Apostle Saint James, and for the augmentation of divine service in the said church," to allow the Dean and Chapter to grant leases of sixty years on cathedral property.

37. Beacon towers erected at Brownstown-head and Tramore

    near Brownstown Head · promontory · Waterford

    Beacon towers were recently erected on the eastern and western promontories of Tramore bay to help mariners distinguish it from the entrance of Waterford harbour, after opposition to the harbour commissioners' efforts.

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    more, beacon towers have been recently erected, at the earnest solicitation of the harbour commissioners, who had much opposition to contend against : two ^of these towers are situated on the eastern, and three on the western promontory. The intended establishment of a floating light, near the Cunny Rocks, in the neighbourhood of the Saltees, will also tend most effectually to put a stop to the frequent losses of life and property on this part of the coast.

    Near Tramore is a very ancient seat, called Summerville, the property of the Earl Fortescue. At the eastern extremity of the bay is the little liarbour of Rhineshark. To vessels embayed in Tramore, the only chance of safety is to be sought by running directly into the harbour of Rhineshark. The stream which flows into the sea here is very inconsiderable, except when swelled by the winter rains ; it takes its rise from several small springs, and is occasionally supplied from an entensive lake situated near Woodstown, and called Bellake.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 103

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Brownstown Head, beacon towers have been recently erected, at the earnest solicitation of the harbour commissioners, who had much opposition to contend against. Two of these towers stand on the eastern promontory of Tramore Bay, and three on the western. They were built to help mariners tell Tramore Bay from the entrance to Waterford Harbour, for this coast has seen frequent losses of life and property. A floating light was also intended near the Cunny Rocks, in the neighbourhood of the Saltees, to put a stop to those losses. At the eastern extremity of the bay lies the little harbour of Rhineshark. For vessels embayed in Tramore, the only chance of safety was to run directly into Rhineshark. Near Tramore is a very ancient seat called Summerville, the property of the Earl Fortescue. The stream that flows into the sea here is inconsiderable except when swelled by winter rains, rising from small springs and occasionally supplied from a lake near Woodstown called Bellake.

38. Chalybeate spring at Monamintra

    Monamintra · townland · Waterford

    A spring strongly impregnated with iron was found useful in many cases at Monamintra.

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    There are many spas in this barony, principally chalybeate. At Monamintra, a spring strongly impregnated with iron has been found useful in many cases : at the foot of the rising ground, at the rear of the new church and near the " Fairy Bush," there are also mineral waters, which have been proved to be very efficacious in giving health, or, at all events, occupation to those who frequent them.

    The only remnant of Celtic superstition in this barony is to be seen on the hill of Kilmacombe, distant about two miles from Dunmore ; it consists of five large stones, placed side by side, and enclosed in a circle of stones about thirty yards in diameter : it is supposed to have been a seat of justice, or probably the grave of some hero. Within three miles of Waterford, where the road branches off to Passage and Dunmore, a stone is pointed out as a Cromlech, or Druid's altar, and has given the name of Mount Druid to the seat of Mr. Reynett ; but it is altogether too minute to deserve the appellation with which it has been dignified. On the coast of this barony there are several caverns, all of which appear to be na-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 102

    As the companion tells it

    There is a spring somewhere around here at Monamintra, strongly impregnated with iron, that has been found useful in many cases. The record calls it a chalybeate spring, one of many spas in this barony. At the foot of the rising ground, at the rear of the new church and near the Fairy Bush, there are also mineral waters. These have been proved very efficacious in giving health, or, at all events, occupation to those who frequent them. That last note carries a wry edge, suggesting that whatever the waters did for the body, they also gave people something to do. The spring and the mineral waters sit together in the same account, both drawn from the ground at Monamintra, both attracting those in search of relief. The iron in the water is what marks it as chalybeate, a word for springs where that mineral dominates. The Fairy Bush named in the record gives the place its own character, standing alongside the new church and the mineral waters at the foot of the rising ground.

39. Charter School established at Killoteran

    Killoteran · townland · Waterford · 1744

    The Charter School at Killoteran, within the liberties of Waterford city, was built in 1744 and endowed by the Corporation of Waterford with twenty-six acres of land at a nominal rent, providing lodging and instruction for poor children.

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    The Charter School at Killoteran, within the liberties of the city, was built in the year 1744, and was endowed by the Corporation of Waterford with twenty-six acres of land, at a nominal rent.

    N

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 77

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Killoteran, a Charter School was built in 1744. It stood within the liberties of Waterford city. The Corporation of Waterford endowed it with twenty-six acres of land at a nominal rent, a provision meant to support the schooling of poor children.

40. Copper and lead mining at Annstown and Bonmahon

    Bunmahon · population centre · Waterford

    Along the coast at Annstown and Bonmahon, lead and copper mines were worked extensively at no very remote period, with mineral veins running east-west and rich, heavy ore easily accessible due to coastal erosion.

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    A considerable range of high land extends from the sea, through the parishes of Donlsle and Reisk. The rock is mostly pudding-stone and clay-slate, and occasionally large masses of jasper : some of the specimens are very beautiful. Along the coast the rocks are rich in minerals : lead and copper have been found at Annstown and Bon-

    COUNTY OF WATERFORD. 263

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    As the companion tells it

    As the road takes you through Bunmahon, this is a coast rich in minerals. A range of high land rises from the sea through the parishes of Donlsle and Reisk. The rock here is pudding-stone and clay-slate, with large masses of jasper, some of them very beautiful. Lead and copper were found at Annstown and Bonmahon.

41. Sea caves near Woodstown and Credan

    Woodstown · townland · Waterford

    In the headland separating Woodstown Strand from Credan there are three large caves branching into chambers with natural arches, best approached at low water.

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    tural formations, and therefore more remarkable for grandeur and extent than for regularity of a})pearance. In the projecting headland which separates Woodstown Strand from Credan, there are three caves of considerable dimensions, which branch out into various chambers, consisting of natural arches of great symmetry and beauty.

    They should be approached at low water : the rock out of which they are excavated is a coarse pudding-stone, which appears to have yielded readily to the influence of a descending stream. In the little bay of Dunmore, a fissure in the rock, of no great extent, is called the Cathedral. To the westward of Dunmore, near a promontory called Red-head, in a field adjoining the cliff, is an immense hole, styled the Bishop's Cave : it is one hundred and five feet long, and twenty-four feet wide ; and, although eighty yards from the sea, it may be approached in a boat at high water. There are several other caves in this neighbourhood, as at Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and at Brownstown-head .

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 102

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in the headland that separates Woodstown Strand from Credan, there are three caves of considerable dimensions. They branch out into various chambers, consisting of natural arches of great symmetry and beauty. They are natural formations, remarkable for grandeur and extent more than for regularity of appearance. They should be approached at low water. The rock out of which they are excavated is a coarse pudding-stone, which appears to have yielded readily to the influence of a descending stream. In the little bay of Dunmore, a fissure in the rock of no great extent is called the Cathedral. West of Dunmore, near a promontory called Red-head, in a field adjoining the cliff, is an immense hole styled the Bishop's Cave. It is 105 feet long and 24 feet wide, and although 80 yards from the sea, it may be approached in a boat at high water.

42. Swallows nesting in the great sand bank opposite Lismore bridge

    Lismore · townland · Waterford

    Opposite the bridge at Lismore a bank of sand many hundred feet high is exposed, so steep and inaccessible that great flocks of swallows have taken possession of the higher parts to build their nests.

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    At the latter place, immediately opposite the bridge, a bank of sand is exposed, many hundred feet in height, and so steep and inaccessible that great flocks of swallows have taken possession of the higher parts, in which to build their nests securely. The river may be considered the boundary of the preceding formations, although the limestone which occurs at the other side is found at some depth at Saltibridge, and probably under the sand opposite Lismore. The component parts of the hills in this part of the county, though varying in some slight particulars, may generally be classed according to the preceding imperfect description : in some places, the siliceous slate is wanting, and in others the sandstone is red ; but the general character of the dift'erent formations is nearly similar to those already mentioned. There is something extremely curious in the detached masses of sand which occur here and in some other parts of the county, and which are generally found resting on limestone. The round hill near Lismore is a singular instance of these formations. The rocks in this district are rich in mineral productions ; iron, copper and lead ores are of frequent occurrence, and have, at remote periods, engaged the attention of the proprietors of the soil. The great obstacle to the progress of mining pursuits in this county, and which has either discouraged or iinj)eded sucli undertakings, has been a want of fuel ; tiiis want

    354 TOPOGHAPHV AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 153

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Lismore, a bank of sand stands opposite the bridge, many hundred feet in height. It is so steep and inaccessible that great flocks of swallows have taken possession of the higher parts, building their nests securely where nothing else can reach. The river here marks a boundary of the preceding geological formations. Limestone occurs on the other side, and is found at some depth at Saltibridge, and probably also beneath the sand opposite Lismore. The hills in this part of the county vary slightly but follow a general character: in some places the siliceous slate is absent, and in others the sandstone is red, yet the formations remain broadly similar. There is something curious in the detached masses of sand found here and elsewhere in the county, generally resting on limestone. The round hill near Lismore is a singular instance. The rocks in this district are rich in minerals. Iron, copper, and lead ores occur frequently and engaged the attention of landowners at remote periods. The great obstacle to mining has been a want of fuel.

43. The ancient castle of Kilmacthomas and the Le Poer family

    Kilmacthomas · town · Waterford

    An ancient castle at Kilmacthomas belonged to the Le Poer family, whose descendants still hold the principal property in the neighbourhood.

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    Kilmacthomas, situated on the road leading from Waterford to Dungarvan and Cork, is built on a steep and dangerous hill, at the foot of which flows the river Mahon. It would appear that this little river was formerly subject to greater floods than have been observed here for many years. In 1649, Cromwell having raised the siege of Waterford, and passing through Kihnacthomas on his way to Dungarvan, the Mahon had risen to such a height, that an entire day was consumed in sending the foot across the river. There is now a handsome stone bridge here. At this place was an ancient castle, which belonged to the Le Poer family, in whose descendants the principal property in the neighbourhood is still vested.

    On the sea coast, at the distance of six miles from Kilmacthomas, is the village of Stradbally, consisting of one long and irregularly built street.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 128

    As the companion tells it

    Kilmacthomas sits on the road from Waterford to Dungarvan and Cork, built on a steep and dangerous hill with the river Mahon flowing at its foot. That little river was once subject to greater floods than have been seen for many years. In 1649, Cromwell, having raised the siege of Waterford, passed through Kilmacthomas on his way to Dungarvan. The Mahon had risen so high that an entire day was consumed sending the foot across the river. There is now a handsome stone bridge there. At this place stood an ancient castle, which belonged to the Le Poer family, in whose descendants the principal property in the neighbourhood is still vested.

44. Waterford receives new charter from Henry III, 1232

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1232

    Waterford received a new charter from Henry III, dated 15 June 1232, during a reign otherwise sparse in Irish historical material.

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    The long- reign of Henry III. is singularly barren of materials for Irish history ; yet the interests of this country were not neglected. — Waterford received a new charter from this monarch, dated 15th June, 1232. When Edward I. ascended the throne, he found in the intestine divisions of the people the greatest obstacles to the peace and prosperity of Ireland ; it was therefore the great object of this, as well as of the two succeeding monarchs, to introduce the laws of England into all those places, heretofore governed by customs of their own, and to abolish the Irish law, which Edward declared was hateful to God, and repugnant to all justice. The privileges granted to the Ostmen of Waterford were confirmed in this reign by a statute, of which the following is a translation :

    " Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Acquitaine, to his Justice of Ireland, and all other his bailiffs and faithful subjects in Ireland, to whom the present letter shall come, Greeting: Inasmuch as by inspection of the charter of the Lord King Henry, son of the Empress, formerly Lord of Ireland, our ancestor, it appears to us, that our Ostmen of Waterford ought to have the law of the English in Ireland, and according to that

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 7

    As the companion tells it

    The city of Waterford was granted a new charter by Henry III on 15 June 1232. The long reign of Henry III is singularly barren of materials for Irish history, yet the interests of this country were not neglected. When Edward I came to the throne, he found in the intestine divisions of the people the greatest obstacles to the peace and prosperity of Ireland. It became the great object of Edward and the two succeeding monarchs to introduce the laws of England into all those places that had been governed by customs of their own, and to abolish the Irish law, which Edward declared was hateful to God and repugnant to all justice. The privileges granted to the Ostmen of Waterford were confirmed in Edward's reign by a statute. His words begin: "Edward, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, and Duke of Acquitaine, to his Justice of Ireland, and all other his bailiffs and faithful subjects in Ireland, to whom the present letter shall come, Greeting." He states that by inspection of the charter of the Lord King Henry, son of the Empress, formerly Lord of Ireland, their ancestor, it appears that the Ostmen of Waterford ought to have the law of the English in Ireland.

45. Educational bequest of Pierce Barron at Stradbally

    Stradbally · town · Waterford

    The late Pierce Barron of Faha bequeathed £30 per annum as encouragement to education in the parish of Stradbally, reflecting the improving condition of the people there.

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    In proof of the improving condition of the people in this parish, it may be noticed that the schools are numerously attended. The late Pierce Barron, of Faha, Esq. bequeathed £30 per annum as an. encouragement to education in this place. Adjoining the village of Stradbally, and immediately contiguous to the sea, is Woodhouse, the seat of Robert Uniacke, Esq. It is mentioned in Smith's history of Waterford, that, in the year 1742, an ancestor of the present proprietor obtained a premium for having planted 152,640 trees ; and it is added, '* were they properly taken care of, they would in time make a noble plantation." Notwithstanding their proximity to the sea, these trees have flourished in a remarkable manner, and now demonstrate the practicability of growing timber in almost any situation, provided the requisite care and expense be afforded. Woodhouse was

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 128

    As the companion tells it

    Stradbally is a town the road passes through. The schools here are numerously attended, taken as proof of the improving condition of the people in this parish. Pierce Barron of Faha, before his death, bequeathed 30 pounds per annum as an encouragement to education in this place. Adjoining the village and close to the sea stands Woodhouse, the seat of Robert Uniacke. Smith's history of Waterford records that in 1742, an ancestor of the present proprietor received a premium for having planted 152,640 trees. It was added, "were they properly taken care of, they would in time make a noble plantation." Despite their proximity to the sea, these trees have flourished remarkably, demonstrating that timber can grow in almost any situation, provided the requisite care and expense are afforded.

46. Everard Castle Site Lost by Petty's Time

    Churchtown · townland · Waterford

    In Sir William Petty's time the Everard family had an ancient castle near Churchtown, but by the time of writing the site of this castle was no longer known.

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    In Sir William Petty's time, the Everards had an ancient castle in this neighbourhood, the site of which is not known.

    Within a short distance of Chnrchtown glebe, a woollen manufactory has been recently established; this and another establishment nearer to Carrick are, unfortunately for the country, the only remains of the former trade which at one time flourished here, and which was forced to yield to the distractions of Ireland, but more particularly to the jealousy of the English manufacturers. There are several persons employed by this manufactory, who work at their own homes, thus combining the quiet and innocence of rural life with the wealth and enjoyments of commerce. Turning from the direct road to Clonmell, and having ascended a steep hill, the ancient castle of Ballyclough is seen frowning over the valley. Nothing: is known of its former owners or of the particular purpose for which it was erected, save that it was the work of persons by no means destitute of skill, and who lived in contemplation of wars and tumults. The building was rudely but regularly fortified, being defended by a moat and ditch, which are still discernible, and having all the accessible parts of the hill on which it is erected perfectly commanded by loop-holes and embrasures, which still remain. A circular staircase, in tolerable preservation, conducts to the watch-tower, from which there is an extensive view of a wild nnd uninterestiiii> country. \\c-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 124

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Churchtown, the Everard family once had an ancient castle. In Sir William Petty's time, it was still known to stand in this neighbourhood. But by the time the county history was written, the site of that castle was no longer known. Where it stood, what became of it, none of that had survived in record or memory. The castle was already called ancient in Petty's day, which puts it far back. Now even its location is gone. The Everards held ground here once, and their fortress stood among them. What it watched over, what walls it raised, what brought it down, the country has let slip. A place can vanish that thoroughly. A name in a book, a family remembered, a castle lost to the ground it was built on.

47. First salt-house established in William Street, Waterford

    William Street · street · Waterford

    Salt was formerly an article of trade in Waterford made in considerable quantities; the first salt-house was established in William-street by the patentee and John Greene of Greeneville.

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    Salt was another article of trade in Waterford, and was made in considerable quantities. The first salt-house was established in William-street, by the patentee and the late John Greene, Esq. of Greeneville.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 85

    As the companion tells it

    This is the first salt-house in William Street, Waterford. Salt was an article of trade in the city, made in considerable quantities. The salt-house was established in William-street by the patentee and John Greene of Greeneville.

48. Ursuline Convent boarding school on Newtown road

    Newtown · townland · Waterford

    A boarding school was maintained at the Ursuline Convent on the Newtown road in Waterford, with a nearby school recently established for the gratuitous education of poor females.

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    sent forth, bear the most unquestionable testimony to the public services of Edmund Rice. In the schools under the superintendence of Mr. Rice, there are nearly nine hundred boys. The teachers are young men, who, from religious motives, have devoted themselves to the instruction of the poor, and who act without reward. The principal female school is conducted by the nuns of the Presentation Convent, who instruct gratuitously four hundred girls. There is also a boarding school at the Ursuline Convent on the Newtown road ; — a short distance from which, a school has recently been established for the gratuitous education of poor females.

    It is much to be lamented that real or fancied obstacles should oppose the generaland national support of establishments which might otherwise be available to the indiscriminate education of the Irish poor. The difference of opinion seems to be confined to two points. One party requires the use, perhaps the too general use, of the holy scriptures, and at the same time, insists on the total exclusion of religious instruction : the Roman Catholic, on the other hand, demands religious instruction as a paramount object, and confines the perusal of scripture within, perhaps, too narrow limits. Would it be unreasonable to expect concessions on both sides ? that a portion of time prior, or subsequent, to school hours should be appropriated to religious instruction;

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 78

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Newtown, a boarding school was kept at the Ursuline Convent on the Newtown road in Waterford. A short distance from it, a school had recently been established for the gratuitous education of poor females. The author records these alongside broader efforts in the city. Under the superintendence of Edmund Rice, schools taught nearly 900 boys. The teachers were young men who, from religious motives, had devoted themselves to the instruction of the poor and acted without reward. The principal female school was conducted by the nuns of the Presentation Convent, who instructed 400 girls gratuitously. The author laments that real or fancied obstacles opposed the general and national support of establishments that might otherwise be available to the indiscriminate education of the Irish poor. The difference of opinion was confined to two points. One party required the use, perhaps the too general use, of the holy scriptures, and at the same time insisted on the total exclusion of religious instruction. The Roman Catholic, on the other hand, demanded religious instruction as a paramount object, and confined the perusal of scripture within, perhaps, too narrow limits. The author asks whether it would be unreasonable to expect concessions on both sides, that a portion of time prior or subsequent to school hours should be appropriated to religious instruction.

49. Balleen, Dean Scott's Charming Demesne near Lismore

    Balleen · townland · Clare

    To the left of Lismore lies Balleen, a delightful place belonging to Dean Scott, described as a charming spot lacking the grandeur of Lismore Castle but possessing neatness, taste and simplicity worth as much.

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    which stretch away to the eastward : a thickly planted ravine, with rude projecting masses of rock appearing through the foliage, serves to guide the eye from the mountain to the level ground, and connects the wildness of nature with the cultivation and improvements of man. On the right is Cappoquin, with its church spire rising above the houses and its light bridge crossing the Blackwater. The rich vale through which the river flows is thickly planted and ornamented with several handsome residences. To the left of Lismore there is much natural and picturesque beauty of situation, as well as many highly improved demesnes : amongst others is Balleen, a delightful place belonging to Dean Scott. It is a relief to the mind to wander through the garden ground of this charming spot; it is true we miss the grandeur, antiquity and magnificence of Lismore Castle, but the neatness, taste and simplicity exhibited here are worth them all. The view of the surrounding country has a noble termination in the lofty hills seen indistinctly in the distance, exhibiting a dark and irregular outline, and by the contrast adding to the richness of the scenery nearer to the spectator.

    The mountain of Knockmeledown, in form resembling a sugar loaf, is situated about four miles to the north of Lismore, and separates the northwestern extremity of this county from the county of Tipperary. As you approach the mountain.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 150

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is Balleen, a delightful place belonging to Dean Scott, close to Lismore. The country to the left of Lismore holds much natural and picturesque beauty, with many highly improved demesnes, and Balleen is among them. A thickly planted ravine runs through, with rude projecting masses of rock appearing through the foliage, guiding the eye from the mountain down to the level ground, joining the wildness of nature with the cultivation and improvements of man. To the right is Cappoquin, with its church spire rising above the houses and its light bridge crossing the Blackwater, and the rich vale through which the river flows is thickly planted and ornamented with several handsome residences. It is a relief to the mind to wander through the garden ground of this charming spot. It is true we miss the grandeur, antiquity and magnificence of Lismore Castle, but the neatness, taste and simplicity exhibited here are worth them all. The view of the surrounding country has a noble termination in the lofty hills seen indistinctly in the distance, exhibiting a dark and irregular outline, and by the contrast adding to the richness of the scenery nearer to the spectator.

50. Embankment plan for Tramore isthmus to connect Gaultier and Middlethird

    Tramore · town · Waterford

    The author proposes constructing a road atop an embankment across the isthmus of Tramore to the town, which would connect the baronies of Gaultier and Middlethird for the benefit of the county.

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    tion of the ground to be embanked — the probable operation of the tides on it — the different methods heretofore pursued in embanking ground in particular situations — to observe in what respect the ground in question differs from ground heretofore taken in, and from a due consideration of all circumstances, to arrange such a plan of embankment as may be likely to combine duration with general utility. The latter term is here introduced, because there can be no doubt but that a good road made on the top of the embankment and along the isthmus of Tramore to the town of Tramore, thus connecting by the sea-side the baronies of Gaultier and Middlethird, would be of essential benefit to that part of the county. Wherever the line of embankment is to run, (if on examination the ground on which it is to be raised should appear to be soft and insecure,) it might be well to drive a row of piles dovetailed into each other, after the manner of sliding blacklead pencils formerly so much in use, by which means it would be impossible for water to penetrate through or under them, if driven to a proper depth, as they would thus form one complete shut, and, if made of fir, the dovetailing would swell and grow close. Tliese piles arc to be made long or short according to circumstances, while the method of dovetailing keeps each pile in its proper groove while it is driving. 'I'his |)I;ui appears to have been originally the invention of a Captain Parry, who, nboiit a iuiiulrt-d years ago.

    370 TOPOGUAPIIY AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 162

    As the companion tells it

    Tramore is the place. Someone once set out a plan to build an embankment across the isthmus here, with a road running along the top of it and into the town. The idea was to join the baronies of Gaultier and Middlethird by the sea-side, and the author of the plan called this of essential benefit to that part of the county of Waterford. The plan begins with careful thought about the ground to be embanked: how the tides would act on it, what methods had been used before for embanking ground in particular situations, and how this ground differed from ground previously taken in. From all of this the author hoped to arrange a plan combining duration with general utility. Wherever the line of embankment was to run, if the ground proved soft and insecure, the author proposed driving a row of piles dovetailed into each other. He compares the method to sliding blacklead pencils formerly in use. Driven to a proper depth, these piles would form one complete shut against water. If made of fir, the dovetailing would swell and grow close. The piles would be long or short according to circumstances, the dovetailing keeping each pile in its proper groove while it was driven. This method appears to have been the invention of a Captain Parry, about a hundred years before the book was written.

51. Foy's Blue School relocated to Grantstown

    Grantstown · townland · Waterford · 1808–1824

    With accumulated funds, the trustees resolved to board and lodge the master, ushers, and children, and the school was established on the lands of Grantstown within the liberties of the city.

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    The school was shortly afterwards established on the lands of Grantstown, within the liberties of the city, in a recently erected house, which, by numerous and rather unsightly additions to the original building, was rendered large and commodious.

    The estates of the charity consist of about four-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 76

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, Foy's Blue School was established on the lands of Grantstown, within the liberties of the city. With accumulated funds, the trustees resolved to board and lodge the master, ushers, and children. The school occupied a recently erected house, made large and commodious by numerous and rather unsightly additions to the original building.

52. The Cathedral fissure at Dunmore bay

    Dunmore East · town · Waterford

    In the little bay of Dunmore, a fissure in the rock is called the Cathedral.

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    They should be approached at low water : the rock out of which they are excavated is a coarse pudding-stone, which appears to have yielded readily to the influence of a descending stream. In the little bay of Dunmore, a fissure in the rock, of no great extent, is called the Cathedral. To the westward of Dunmore, near a promontory called Red-head, in a field adjoining the cliff, is an immense hole, styled the Bishop's Cave : it is one hundred and five feet long, and twenty-four feet wide ; and, although eighty yards from the sea, it may be approached in a boat at high water. There are several other caves in this neighbourhood, as at Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and at Brownstown-head .

    The natural advantages which this barony derives from its proximity to the sea have not yet been made available to its numerous and peaceful population. The villages of Portally, Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and Summerville, which are principally occupied by fishermen, and which, with suitable encouragement, might be made thriving and industrious places, are now the re-

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 102

    As the companion tells it

    Dunmore East sits on the coast, and in its little bay there is a fissure in the rock that people call the Cathedral. It is not large. The rock is a coarse pudding-stone, and it looks as though a descending stream carved the fissure out of it. You would approach it at low water. Westward of Dunmore, near a promontory called Red-head, in a field right beside the cliff, there is an immense hole known as the Bishop's Cave. It is 105 feet long and 24 feet wide. Though it stands 80 yards from the sea, a boat can reach it at high water. There are several other caves in this neighbourhood, at Rathmoylan, Ballymacaw, and at Brownstown-head. The natural advantages this barony draws from its proximity to the sea had not, at the time of writing, been made available to its numerous and peaceful population.

53. Dangerous sunken rocks at Fileskirt

    Swines Head · promontory · Waterford

    At the headland called Fileskirt or Swinehead there are sunken rocks nearly covered at high water, making the approach particularly dangerous to mariners.

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    From the pier at Dunmore to Brownstown-head the coast is rocky, and in stormy weather almost inaccessible : at the projecting headland called Fileskirt or Swinehead, there are sunken rocks, nearly covered by the sea at high water, which render the approach at this place particularly dangerous. Brownstown-head forms the eastern promontory of the bay of Tramore ; and, from the similarity of its appearance, has been frequently mistaken for the land at the entrance of Waterford harbour. To enable mariners to distinguisli, and consequently to avoid, the dangerous bay of Tra-

    246 TOPOGRAPHY AND ANTKJUITIKS,

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 103

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Swines Head lies a headland called Fileskirt, where sunken rocks lie nearly covered by the sea at high water, making the approach particularly dangerous for mariners. The coast from the pier at Dunmore to Brownstown Head is rocky, and in stormy weather almost inaccessible. Brownstown Head forms the eastern promontory of the bay of Tramore, and from its appearance has been frequently mistaken for the land at the entrance of Waterford harbour.

54. Fitzgerald Family Monument Erected 1770 in Waterford Cathedral

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1770

    A splendid marble monument to Nicholas Fitzgerald of King's Meadow was erected in 1770 in Waterford Cathedral, featuring statues of Time and veiled Piety in Italian statuary marble with the Fitzgerald arms.

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    THIS monument was ERECTED TO THE MEMORY OF NICHOLAS FITZGERALD, LATE OF KINg's MEADOW,

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 65

    As the companion tells it

    In Waterford, the cathedral holds a marble monument to Nicholas Fitzgerald of King's Meadow, erected in 1770. It shows statues of Time and veiled Piety in Italian statuary marble, with the Fitzgerald arms.

55. Ancient seat of Summerville near Tramore

    Summerville · townland · Waterford

    Near Tramore stands a very ancient seat called Summerville, property of the Earl Fortescue.

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    Near Tramore is a very ancient seat, called Summerville, the property of the Earl Fortescue. At the eastern extremity of the bay is the little liarbour of Rhineshark. To vessels embayed in Tramore, the only chance of safety is to be sought by running directly into the harbour of Rhineshark. The stream which flows into the sea here is very inconsiderable, except when swelled by the winter rains ; it takes its rise from several small springs, and is occasionally supplied from an entensive lake situated near Woodstown, and called Bellake.

    MIDDLETHIRD.*

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 103

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here stands a very ancient seat called Summerville, the property of the Earl Fortescue. Near Tramore, it marks a long-held family seat. At the eastern end of the bay is the little harbour of Rhineshark. For vessels caught embayed in Tramore, the only chance of safety was to run directly into Rhineshark harbour. The stream flowing into the sea here is slight, except when swollen by winter rains. It rises from several small springs and is occasionally fed from an extensive lake near Woodstown, called Bellake.

56. Discovery of limestone at Lady's Cove, Tramore

    Lady's Cove · strand · Waterford

    Limestone previously thought absent from the area was discovered in the vicinity of Tramore village at a place called the Lady's Cove, embedded in indurated clay slate, a find considered a public benefit for agriculture.

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    This stone is found in the immediate vicinity of the village of Tramore, at a place called the Lady's Cove, where it is embedded in indurated clay slate. The rocks on both sides of the limestone effervesce with acids, and hence it appears that they contain some portion of calcareous matter, which is probably the cause of their exhibiting a tabular structure. Sulphurct of iron is found crystallized and granular, in small veins running through limestone next the indurated

    256 TOPOORAT'IIY AND ANTIQUITIES.

    Internet Archive historytopograph00ryla, Chapter 108

    As the companion tells it

    Lady's Cove is a strand where limestone was discovered near the village of Tramore, a find that surprised people because limestone was thought absent from the area. The stone lies embedded in indurated clay slate. The rocks on both sides of it effervesce with acids, showing they contain some portion of calcareous matter, which is probably the cause of their tabular structure. Sulphuret of iron is found crystallized and granular, in small veins running through the limestone next the indurated slate.