The life of James, Duke of Ormond; containing an account of the most remarkable affairs of his time, and particularly of Ireland under his government: with an appendix and collection of letters, serving to verify the most material facts in the said history. New ed., carefully compared with the original MSS (vol. 5)

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read the passage as the book has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too.

1. Lord Maguire's secret journeys to Dublin, the Pale, and Tyrone

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641

   Lord Maguire was observed making very many private journeys during 1641 to Dublin, the Pale, and Sir Phelim O'Neal's house in Tyrone. These frequent trips gave divers people in the country cause to suspect that something harmful was in agitation.

   Read the passage

   The lord Maguire in all that time, as they inform me also, hath been noted to have very many private journeys to Dublin, to the Pale, into Tyrone to sir Phelim O'Neal's, and many other places, this year ; which likewise gives divers of the country cause to doubt that something is in agitation tending to no good ends.

   Upon Saturday last, one of the same gentlemen came again to me, and told me, that as he was going home the day before, he sent his footman a nearer way then the horse way, who met with one of the lord Inskillin's footmen, and demanded of him from whence he came ? who made answer, that he came from home that morning; and the other replying, said, You have made good haste to be here so soon : to which he answered, that his lord came home late last night, and writ letters all that

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 103

   As the companion tells it

   Dublin in 1641 was a city Lord Maguire kept returning to, quietly and often. He was noted that year for making very many private journeys, not only to Dublin but out to the Pale, and up into Tyrone to Sir Phelim O'Neal's house. These were frequent trips, and the frequency itself drew attention. People in the country began to talk. The word was that something was in agitation, tending to no good ends. What those journeys were for, the record does not say outright, only that divers of the country had cause to doubt them. The pattern of a lord moving privately between Dublin, the Pale, and Sir Phelim O'Neal's house was enough to mark him. The suspicion hung over the roads he travelled, and over the city he kept coming back to.

2. Parliament ships blockade Dublin harbour, 1644

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1644

   Ormond, writing from Dublin, reports that parliament ships are lying in the harbour, preventing vessels from bringing relief and supplies. This blockade not only hinders the king's service but threatens the destruction of his Protestant subjects in Dublin. Ormond also describes the miserable wants soldiers have sustained there—lacking victuals, money, clothes, shoes, and stockings.

   Read the passage

   I am prepareing to transport part of his army heere to his service there ; and I trust it will be to the number of 3000 foot at least, and 300 horse. The maine difficulty I find in the worke is shipping, to transport and safely to convay them to that port of Chester, whether, by the king's comand, I am directed. This want is much increased, and our supply thereof made almost impossible, by the coming hether and lying heere certene parlyament shipps, who hinder the coming in of vessells, and the releefe they would bring vs, not only to the difficultting of his service, but to the destruction of his majestie's protestant subiects heere. Which foreseeing might happen, I humbly besought his majestie, in two former dispatches, and doe now againe renue it, that he would imediately comand hether some shipps of force, for the security of this harbour, and the waftage of that part of his army. 1 8 1 And this was promised by letters of the 8th of September from Sudely, but yett wee heere nothing of them.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 206

   As the companion tells it

   Dublin in 1644 was a city under strain. Ormond, writing from here, was preparing to transport part of the king's army to Chester, by the king's command, to the number of 3000 foot at least and 300 horse. The chief difficulty was shipping to carry them safely. That want had been made almost impossible by the arrival of certain parliament ships, lying in the harbour and hindering vessels from bringing relief and supplies. Ormond wrote that this not only troubled the king's service but threatened the destruction of his majesty's Protestant subjects in the city. He had asked the king in two former dispatches, and now renewed the request, that he immediately send ships of force for the security of the harbour and the safe transport of that part of his army. The king had promised such ships by letters of the 8th of September from Sudely, but Ormond wrote that they had heard nothing of them.

3. Poor men taken as witnesses from Carrick-on-Suir

   Carrick-on-Suir · town · Tipperary · 1680–1681

   Murphy took several men from Carrick who professed they could say nothing about the plot or plotters. The Duke of Ormond lamented the ruin of so many poor men taken from their trade and labor, noting they were his own tenants.

   Read the passage

   MR. GEOGHEGAN'S history is brought so farr that wee haue thought it time to transmit it to my lord Sunderland ; and wee hope his villanies will appeare to bee such as will justifie his sending to Newgate. Murphy, sent hether to gather witnesses by virtue of an order of the howse of lords of an old date, is ready to imbark with those hee has pickt vp. His authority bore no direction to the gouernment, nor was any adresse made to the king, as in other cases, to comand mee any thing in that mater. So I haue in no degree interposd ; only when Murphy complaind of want of mony, I furnisht him, by aduice of the councill, with fifty pound. In Hethrington's leter produced by Murphy hee was aduised to good husbandry ; and particularly to take non with him but materiall witnesses ; and yet hee has taken some from Carick that professe here that thay are able to say nothing of the plot or ploters. So that I should haue saud the charge of ten or twelue persons, and presented the ruine of so many poore men, taken from their trade and labor, if thay had bin any man's tenants but my own. In Hethrington's, mention is made of a popish bishop, who, as it was suposd, might bee preuaild with to make a full discouery of the plot, vpon assureance of pardon. Murphy persists to bee of the opinion still, and says hee has fresh reason to bee so. Thereupon I haue giuen a safe conduct to the bishop, and put it into the hand desird by Murphy. If hee comes to mee vpon it, I make no doubt but that hee will make such discouery.s as will

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 58

   As the companion tells it

   There is a town along this road called Carrick-on-Suir. In 1680 and 1681 it became the source of unwilling witnesses in a troubled business. A man named Murphy was sent to gather witnesses by virtue of an old order from the House of Lords. His authority bore no direction to the government, and no address was made to the king, as in other cases, to command anything in that matter. The Duke of Ormond did not interpose himself, except that when Murphy complained of want of money, the council advised furnishing him with 50 pound, and that was done. In a letter produced by Murphy, a man named Hethrington had advised good husbandry, and particularly to take none with him but material witnesses. Yet Murphy took some from Carrick who professed they were able to say nothing of the plot or plotters. The Duke of Ormond lamented the result. He said he should have saved the charge of ten or twelve persons, and the ruin of so many poor men taken from their trade and labor, if they had been any man's tenants but his own. Hethrington's letter also mentioned a popish bishop who, it was supposed, might be prevailed with to make a full discovery of the plot upon assurance of pardon. Murphy persisted in that opinion and said he had fresh reason to be so. A safe conduct was given to the bishop and put into the hand desired by Murphy.

4. Catholics disarmed in Dublin

   Dublin · city · Dublin

   Despite Dublin's long history of loyalty to the English Crown, Catholics there were not only denied arms but actively disarmed by the lords justices. Other loyal cities and corporate towns across Ireland were similarly denied arms for their defence.

   Read the passage

   that manie powerfull members of the parlyament of England stood in opposition to your majestic, made their principall application, and addressed their dispatches full fraught with calumnies and false suggestions against the catholiques of this kingdome, and propounded vnto them, to send seuerall greate forces to conquerr this kingdome ; those of the malignant partie heere were by them armed ; the catholiques were not onely denied armes, but were disarmed, even in the cittie of Dublin, which in all successions of ages past continued as loyall to the crowne of England as anie cittie or place whatsoeuer : all other auncient and loyall citties and corporatt townes of the kingdome (by meanes whereof principallie the kingdome was preserved in former tymes) were denyed armes for their money to defend themselves, and express order given by the said lords justices to disarme all catholiques in some of the said citties and townes, 142 others disfurnished were inhibited to provide armes for their defence ; and the said lords justices and councell having receaved an order of both howses of parlyament in England to publish a proclamation of pardon vnto all those who were then in rebellion (as they termed it) in this kingdome, if they did submitt by a daie to be limmitted, the said sir William Parsons, contrarie to this order, soe wrought with his partie of the councell, that a proclamation was published of pardon onely in two counties, and a verrie short daie prefixed, and therein all freeholders were excepted ; through which everie man saw that the estates of the catholiques were first aymed att, and their Hues next. The said lords justices and their partie having advanced their designe thus farr, and not finding the success answearable to their desires, commanded sir Charles Coote, knight and barronett, deceased, to march to the countie of Wickloe, where hee burnt, killed, and destroyed all in his way in a most cruell manner, man, wooman, and child, persons that had not appearing wills to doe hurt, nor power to execute it. Soone after, some foott companies did march in the night by direction of the said lords justices, and their said partie to the towne of Santrie in Fyngale, three myles of Dublin ; a countrie that neither then, nor for the space of fower or fine hundred yeares before, did feele what troubles were, or warr meant ; but it was too sweete and too neere, and therefore fitt to be forced to armes. In that towne innocent husbandmen, some of them being catholiques, and some protestants taken for catholiques, were murdered in

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 180

   As the companion tells it

   Dublin, the road passing through it now, was a city that had stood loyal to the English Crown through all the ages before this story. Yet the Catholics living there were not merely refused weapons. They were actively disarmed, by order of the lords justices. The same happened across the other ancient and loyal cities and corporate towns of Ireland, the places that had long helped hold the kingdom together. Arms were denied them even for money to defend themselves, and express orders were given to disarm all Catholics in some of those towns. Others, already stripped of weapons, were forbidden to provide any for their own protection. Meanwhile, the lords justices had received an order from both houses of parliament in England to publish a proclamation of pardon to all those then in rebellion in the kingdom, if they submitted by a set day. Sir William Parsons worked against that order, so that the proclamation was published in only two counties, with a very short day given, and all freeholders excepted from it. Through this, people saw that the estates of the Catholics were aimed at first, and their lives next. Sir Charles Coote was then commanded to march to the county of Wicklow, where he burnt, killed, and destroyed all in his way, man, woman, and child. Soon after, foot companies marched by night to Santrie in Fingale, three miles from Dublin. In that town innocent husbandmen, some Catholic and some Protestant taken for Catholic, were murdered.

5. Dublin Castle letter describes dire supply shortage

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

   The lords justices, including Jo. Borlace and Hen. Tichbourne, write from Dublin Castle on 11 May 1643 that continuing easterly winds have brought almost no provisions from England—only a few cheeses and butter. They warn that without urgent supplies the army and kingdom will be lost to the rebels.

   Read the passage

   We have (by the blessing of God) been hitherto prosperous and successfull in your majesty's affairs here, and should be still hopefull, by the mercy of God, under the royall direction of your sacred majesty, to vindicate your majesty's honour, and recover your rights here, and take due vengeance on these traytors for the innocent blood they have spilt, if we might be strengthened and supported therein by needful supplies forth of England ; but those supplies having hitherto been expected to come from the parliament of England, (on which if your majesty had not relyed, we are assured you would in your high wisdom have found out some other means to preserve this your kingdom,) and so great and apparent a failure having happened therein, and all the former and late long continuing easterly winds, bringing us no other provisions than these few cheeses and butter, and no advertisement being brought us of any future supply to be so much as in the way hither, whereby there might be any likelihood that considerable means of support for your majesty's army might arrive here in any reasonable time, before we be totally swallowed up by the rebells, and your kingdom by them wrested from you ; we find our selves so disappointed of our hopes from 1 63 the parliament, as must needs trench to the utter loss of the kingdom, if your majesty in your high wisdom ordain not some present means of preservation for us.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 194

   As the companion tells it

   Dublin, in 1643, was a city holding on by a thread. On the 11th of May, the lords justices wrote from Dublin Castle to the king. Jo. Borlace and Hen. Tichbourne were among those who signed. They told him they had been prosperous and successful in his affairs so far, and that by God's mercy they still hoped to vindicate his honour and recover his rights in Ireland, and take vengeance on the rebels for the innocent blood they had spilt. But they said all of this depended on being strengthened and supported by needful supplies from England. Those supplies had been expected from the parliament of England, and there had been a great and apparent failure. The long continuing easterly winds had brought them no other provisions than a few cheeses and butter. No word had come of any future supply even being in the way. The lords justices warned the king that without some present means of preservation ordained by his high wisdom, they would be totally swallowed up by the rebels, and his kingdom wrested from him.

6. Galway fort relieved with ordnance and provisions

   Galway · city · Galway · 1642

   By granting protection to Francis Darcy, Clanricard gained nearly 3,000 pounds of powder and secured assistance to bring a ship with ten pieces of ordnance and a store of corn provision into the fort at Galway. He had constantly relieved the fort with all manner of provision within his power.

   Read the passage

   gain time by moderation, and to take the benefit of their opinion of my interest in his majestie's favour, to reduce them to that obedience which was not otherwise within the compass of my power to effect. And I will now only add one particular advantage got thereby, which did weigh much with me ; which is, that by this agreement, the granting a protection to Fra. Darcy, I gained almost 3000^. weight of powder to be placed in good and sure hands, and himself to be assisting to capt. Ashley to bring in his ship and ten pieces of ordnance with store of provision of corn into the fort, which would otherwise probably have fallen into very ill hands, and have been of very dangerous consequence to all the English that have maintained themselves in forts within this province. And having from the beginning relieved the fort constantly with all manner of provision within my power, I hope will not be laid upon me as a crime, (having discharged my duty in that important service,) to have some care and regard of the rest of the county long in danger and hazard. And your lordships not having particularly expressed the errors I have committed, I can but guess, upon a review of my dispatch, it may be my accepting of propositions in a stile improper for them to express themselves in ; indeed, my lords, they did not sound well with me; but being earnest in their own way, and my answer but general, I did conceive it was rather a prejudice to them than a disservice to his majestic, whose royal word intrusted with me is but for a short time engaged untill the signification of his pleasure, I hope with more advantage, and that by this time of triall a fit distinguishment may be made between the good and bad affections of the inhabitants of that town. And these true and necessary circumstances being duely considered by your lordships, and represented to the king and parliament, with those former papers of my proceedings, I will confidently hope to receive a pardon and favourable construction of the errors I committed in the management of those difficult affairs, if I do not receive some approbation and allowance of my endeavours therein.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 144

   As the companion tells it

   Galway, in 1642. The fort here was kept alive by constant relief. Every provision that lay within his power, Ormond had sent to it from the beginning, and he hoped that discharging his duty in that important service would not be laid upon him as a crime. He had also to think of the rest of the county, long in danger and hazard. The particular advantage he gained came through an agreement. By granting a protection to Francis Darcy, he secured almost 3,000 pounds of powder, to be placed in good and sure hands. Darcy himself was to assist Captain Ashley in bringing his ship, with ten pieces of ordnance and a store of corn provision, into the fort at Galway. That powder and those guns would otherwise probably have fallen into very ill hands, and been of very dangerous consequence to all the English who had maintained themselves in forts within this province. Ormond wrote to his lordships that they had not particularly expressed the errors he had committed. He could only guess, upon review of his dispatch, that it might be his accepting of propositions in a style improper for them to express themselves in. He admitted these did not sound well with him. But they were earnest in their own way, and his answer was but general. He conceived it was rather a prejudice to them than a disservice to his majesty, whose royal word intrusted with him was engaged but for a short time. He hoped, with these true and necessary circumstances duly considered and represented to the king and parliament, to receive a pardon and favourable construction of the errors he committed in the management of those difficult affairs.

7. Order to burn and destroy towns in Dublin and Meath

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641

   The lords justices and council, writing from Dublin Castle on 3 March 1641, order the earl of Ormond to march with 3,000 foot and 500 horse toward the Boyne and to burn, spoil, waste, and demolish places, towns, and houses in the counties of Dublin and Meath where rebels had been harboured, while sparing everything within five miles of Dublin.

   Read the passage

   IT is thought fitt that our very'good lord the earle of Onnond and Ossory, lievtenant generall of Jhis majestie^s army, doe march with three thousand foote and flue hundred horse towardes the riuer of Boine, and (according to his majestie's proclamation dated the first of January last) to prosecute with fire and sword all rebells and traitors and theire adherents and abetters in the counties of Dublin and Meath, and to burne, spoile, waste, consume, destroy, and demolish, as hee shall think fitt, the places, townes, and houses where'the rebells theire adherents or abetters are, or haue beene releeved and harbored, or now or lately [avsually] resided; yet soe as the said forces doe not passe beyond the riuer of Boine, but march in such places betweene the Boyne and the sea as his lordshipp shall thinke fitt, and soe as his lordshipp take care that noe corne, hay, or houses bee burnt within fiue miles of Dublin. And it is thought fitt that his lordshipp shall not bee absent from hence aboue eight daies, vnles during his absence wee shall send him further direction to that purpose. Giuen at his majestie's castle of Dublin, 3° Martij, 1641.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 125

   As the companion tells it

   Dublin, in 1641, was the seat from which a devastating order went out. On the 3rd of March that year, the lords justices and council, writing from the King's castle here, commanded the Earl of Ormond, lieutenant general of the army, to march with 3,000 foot and 500 horse toward the river Boyne. His orders were to prosecute with fire and sword all rebels and traitors and their adherents and abetters in the counties of Dublin and Meath. He was to burn, spoil, waste, consume, destroy, and demolish the places, towns, and houses where the rebels or their supporters had been relieved and harboured, or where they now or lately resided. The forces were not to pass beyond the Boyne, but to march in such places between the Boyne and the sea as Ormond saw fit. One restraint was placed on the destruction. No corn, hay, or houses were to be burnt within 5 miles of Dublin. Ormond was not to be absent more than 8 days unless further direction was sent. The order cited the King's proclamation dated the 1st of January.

8. Ormond orders destruction of dwellings around Garristown

   Garristown · street · Dublin · 1641

   Ormond sent horse troops from Garristown to destroy all traitors' dwellings within six miles, planning to march to Balruddery and then Dublin. Want of bread prevented the army from extending its campaign towards the Newry.

   Read the passage

   I that proposed it, or any of the rest that approved of it, and signed the letter. But however, that for the most parte there is such confidence reposed in the judgement and faithfulnes of those that are honored with the comand of an army, as that it is left to them, when and where to prosecut and fall on an enemy ; yet I that pretend only to the later, and that am not soe experienced as to make mee relye on myself in point of judgement, am content to depart from that, which (vnder your lordships favors) I take to bee my due, and am now applying myself to performe your last comands : to which end I have this morning sent forth horse with order to destroy all such trayters and their dwellings as they can light on for six mile about this place; which when wee have soe don, I intend to marche to Balruddery, there to quarter to morrow night, and thence to Dublin ; want of bread causing vs not to make vse of the inlargement of time granted by your letters of the Qth, which wee could have been furnished with from Drogheda, if wee had pursued our designe towards the Newry.

   The question I was bould to make touching the burning of the howses belonging to lords of the pale was not that I doubted whether there should bee any difference made betwixt a rebell lord and a rebell comoner, beeing well satisfied in the negative ; but, as I remember it, what the state desired direction in out of England was, whether those lords should bee proclaimed rebells or noe ; to which there having come noe answer, I humbly conceive what I desired was not altogether impertinent ; but having now received your direction in it, I shall trouble your lordships with noe more questions touching that particular.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 131

   As the companion tells it

   This is Garristown, where in 1641 Ormond sent horse troops out with orders to destroy all traitors and their dwellings they could find within six miles. Writing to his lordship, Ormond described what he had done that morning and what he planned next. Once the destruction was carried out, he intended to march to Balruddery and quarter there the following night, then continue on to Dublin. He explained that want of bread had stopped them from making use of the extension of time granted in letters from his lordship. Had they pursued their design towards the Newry, they could have been furnished with supplies from Drogheda. But without bread, they could not extend the campaign in that direction. Ormond had also raised a question about the burning of houses belonging to lords of the Pale. He said it was not that he doubted whether any difference should be made between a rebel lord and a rebel commoner, being, in his words, "well satisfied in the negative." What he asked was whether those lords should be proclaimed rebels or not. The state had desired direction on that matter from England, but no answer had come. He humbly conceived that what he desired was not altogether impertinent. But having now received direction, he said he would trouble his lordship with no more questions on that particular.

9. Provision ships seized from Dublin harbour to Liverpool

   Dublin · city · Dublin · 1642–1643

   Ships carrying provisions to Dublin were seized from the harbour just before the cessation of arms and carried to Liverpool by Captain Dansk. The council lamented the inhumanity toward the distressed army and city inhabitants deprived of vital relief.

   Read the passage

   Holland, with munnition which wee had contracted for heere, was intercepted at sea, and carryed to Callis, and afterwards sett free there by the mediation of his majestie and the houses of parliament in England. And wee finde that some shipps sent hether, it seemes at first with provisions from London, and other shipps bound hether with provisions on private mens adventures, were taken away even from this harbor a few dayes before the cessation of armes heere, as they were comeing in, and carryed to Leverpoole by one captain Dansk, a person imployed by the two houses of parliament there in the command of a shipp.

   And that shipp commanded by Dansk, and other shipps imployed at Leverpoole, doe now, and have a long tyme staid on that side very many vessels loaden with provision of victualls, coales, and other necessarie releife, bound from thence hether, to bee sould, which if they had arrived heere would have brought great releife to this armie and the inhabitants in this cittie, though on the adventure of the bringers, which wee hould necessary to represent thither to the end that theire vncharitableness 191 towards those poore men that would adventure hether to releeve vs, and theire inhumanity towards this distressed army and cittie, and many of his majestie"'s protestant subjects therein, may (beeing found true) receive due punishment there, soe as they or others may not hereafter presume to offend in that kinde.

   Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

   As the companion tells it

   In 1642 and 1643, Dublin was a city cut off from its own supply. Ships carrying provisions were seized from the harbour and carried off to Liverpool by one Captain Dansk, commanding a ship for the two houses of parliament in England. Some of these ships had been sent from London with provisions, and others were bound here with provisions on private men's adventures. They were taken from this harbour a few days before the cessation of arms, as they were coming in. Dansk's ship, and other ships employed at Liverpool, had long stopped very many vessels loaded with provisions of victuals, coals, and other necessary relief, bound from there to be sold here. If they had arrived, they would have brought great relief to the army and the inhabitants of this city. The council held it necessary to represent this, that their uncharitableness toward those poor men who would adventure here to relieve them, and their inhumanity toward this distressed army and city, and many of his majesty's protestant subjects therein, might, being found true, receive due punishment, so that they or others may not hereafter presume to offend in that kind. A ship called Holland, with munition contracted for here, was also intercepted at sea and carried to Calais, and afterwards set free by the mediation of his majesty and the houses of parliament in England.

10. Rebellion appears in the 'planted county of Letrim'

    Leitrim · town · Leitrim · 1641

    Clanricarde reports that the 1641 rebellion has appeared in the north among 'the remains of the ancient Irish rebells' and in the planted county of Leitrim, where it may have been motivated by combination with northern rebels or by local animosities.

    Read the passage

    We begin to recover our witts, scared away by the first reports, and doe discerne that none appears in this detestable conspiracy, or enters into action, but the remains of the ancient Irish rebells in the north, and some in the planted county of Letrim, whether combin'd with them, or out of spleen to some persons in that county, is not yett come to my knowledge. Some other spoils have been made in severall places by loose people, desperate in their fortunes, but most of them appeas'd, and little considerable for any thing yett appears. I doe not hear any man of quality, either of English descent or antient Irish, of any part of this kingdom, that is in action; unless colonell Plunkett of English extraction, and Roger More of the

    262 LETTERS xxxvi—

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 108

    As the companion tells it

    Leitrim, a planted county in the north of Ireland, saw the rebellion of 1641 reach it early. Clanricarde wrote that people were beginning to recover their wits, scared away by the first reports of the rising. He could see that none had entered this detestable conspiracy except what he called the remains of the ancient Irish rebels in the north, and some in the planted county of Leitrim. Whether those in Leitrim were combined with the northern rebels, or acted out of spleen toward certain persons in the county, he said was not yet come to his knowledge. He noted that some other spoils had been made in several places by loose people, desperate in their fortunes, but most of them were appeased. He had not heard of any man of quality, English or Irish, in action, except Colonel Plunkett and Roger More.

11. Bishop of Killala suffers cruelties during rebellion

    Killala · town · Mayo

    The Bishop of Killala endured barbarous cruelties inflicted by rebels, losing both person and fortune. Ormond praised his constancy and orthodox doctrine, noting he 'sealed his orthodox doctrine with his innocent blood' and could find no resting place in Ireland.

    Read the passage

    THE pietie and learning of this most reuerend bishop, the lord of Killalla, haue bin sufitiently aoknowleged, and, if I mistake not, aprooued of by your majestie's vnerreing Judgement. Hee hath sufered vnder the rage and malice of those whoes specious pretences of religion and loyallty are resolued into treason. And such sacrelegious outrages, as haue bin comited vpon the person and fortune of this worthy man, the constancy wherwith hee bore the barbarous cruelltys inflicted vpon him here, for noe other reason but because hee is a venerable light in the protestant church, hath most cleerly manifested the inocencie of his suferings by calumnys as insuportable and vniust elsewhere. Hee hath, both before and since this rebellion, sayd more to vindicate your rights against the furious inuaders vpon them of this age, then most men ether had the courage or were able to say. And sure I am the bloody hands of these rebells haue not fallen heauyer vpon any, then vpon him, his cleargy, and family. In short, hee hath sealed his orthodox doctrine with his inocent blood, and findeing noe resting or subsisting place, hee makes now his adresse to your royall throne, the power and bounty whereof cannot protect and releeue a more iniured, a more worthy person. I haue not the vanity to thinke this leter can improoue the esteeme your majestic already houlds of him, but his condition and merits doe chalenge this iust attestation from Your majestie's most faithfull

    and humble subiect and seruant, (r i of April, 1643.) ORMONDE.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 188

    As the companion tells it

    The road passes through Killala in Mayo. In 1643, Ormonde wrote to the king about its bishop, a man of piety and learning who suffered grievously under the rebellion. The bishop endured barbarous cruelties at the hands of rebels whose claims of religion and loyalty had resolved into treason. Sacrilegious outrages were committed upon his person and his fortune. He bore them with constancy, and Ormonde said the reason was simple: he was a venerable light in the Protestant church. Before and since the rebellion, the bishop had spoken more to vindicate the king's rights against those who furiously invaded them than most men had the courage or ability to say. The bloody hands of the rebels fell no heavier on anyone than on him, his clergy, and his family. Ormonde wrote that the bishop had "sealed his orthodox doctrine with his innocent blood." Finding no resting or subsisting place, he made his address to the royal throne. Ormonde told the king that the power and bounty of the throne could not protect and relieve a more injured, a more worthy person. He signed the letter on the 1st of April, 1643, as the king's faithful and humble subject and servant.

12. Mr. Brent's arrival changes Irish government in Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    Mr. Brent landed in Dublin bringing letters from the king that altered the Irish government. Several Irish councillors were imprisoned by the king's express pleasure upon accusation by Lord Dillon and others, and a commission was appointed to examine the matter.

    Read the passage

    Mr. Brent landed lately here, and hath brought with him such letters as have something changed the face of this government from what it was, when the parliament pamphlets were received as oracles, their commands obeyed as laws, and extirpation preached for gospell. Some of our councellors are now prisoners by his majestie^s express pleasure, and upon the accusation of the lord Dillon, Harry Wilmot, lately created a baron, sir Faithfull Fortescue, Daniel and Bryan O'Neile. A commission is to be directed to my lord chancellor, my self, the earle of Roscommon, and sir Maurice Eustace, to examine and return to his majestie the truth thereof. I wish that the right use may be made of this change.

    By divers good hands we have it, that his majestie's affairs prosper exceedingly. The north is totally in subjection, except Hull, whereunto the lord Fairfax is retired, after a total routing of his forces by the earle of Newcastle. Sir J. Hotham, his son,

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 197

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1643 saw a sudden shift in its government. A man named Mr. Brent landed in the city carrying letters from the king, and those letters changed the face of the government from what it had been. Before his arrival, parliament pamphlets had been received as oracles, their commands obeyed as laws, and extirpation preached for gospel. Now several of the Irish councillors were made prisoners by the king's express pleasure, and upon the accusation of Lord Dillon, Harry Wilmot, lately created a baron, Sir Faithfull Fortescue, and Daniel and Bryan O'Neile. A commission was to be directed to the lord chancellor, the writer himself, the earle of Roscommon, and Sir Maurice Eustace, to examine the matter and return the truth of it to his majesty. The writer of the source closed with the words, "I wish that the right use may be made of this change."

13. Clanricarde's distressed condition at Portumna

    Portumna · town · Galway · 1643

    Writing from Portumna, Clanricarde describes himself as debarred even of ordinary intelligence and of the private exercise of his devotions, caught between neglect from one side and violence from the other. He resolves to remain rather than leave for England, accepting the calamities that must fall upon him if not speedily relieved.

    Read the passage

    I have been informed that there have been private consultations held by some of the confederates to invite the emperor's brother to be their protector. Whether it were rejected by themselves, or how far it has been in agitation abroad, or the probability of it, is far beyond my knowledge. To your majestie^ clear discerning judgment I humbly submit it, holding it my duty to give you a right information of what is delivered to me, how improbable soever, not knowing how to judge thereof in the obscure condition I am in, debarred even of ordinary intelligence ; but this I am sure of, they have very busy and stirring agents abroad.

    I presume your majestie has long since been informed of Preston's coming down upon fort Falkland, with the forces of Leinster, and that it was surrendered to him, there being no power in these parts of the kingdom able to look towards him. And 1 am confident the commanders of that fort have given testimony of me, as that I was not failing to them in any thing, as long as it could be preserved by any power or diligence of mine.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 192

    As the companion tells it

    Portumna in Galway is a town on your road. In 1643 Clanricarde wrote from here to the king, a man cut off and distressed. He said he was in an obscure condition, debarred even of ordinary intelligence. He was caught between neglect from one side and violence from the other, and denied even the private exercise of his devotions. He passed on what reached him: that some of the confederates had held private consultations to invite the emperor's brother to be their protector. He could not judge how probable that was, given how cut off he was, but he knew they had busy and stirring agents abroad. He told the king that Preston had come down upon Fort Falkland with the forces of Leinster, and that it was surrendered, there being no power in those parts able to look towards him. He was confident the commanders of that fort would testify he had not failed them in anything, as long as it could be preserved by his power or diligence. He resolved to remain rather than leave for England, accepting the calamities that must fall upon him if not speedily relieved.

14. Plantation evictions in Wicklow described as affliction

    Wicklow · townland · Wicklow

    Plantations in Wicklow had already been executed, with inhabitants forcibly removed from their estates. The author argues that telling evicted people they can never return to their homes constitutes affliction added to affliction, and questions whether the continuance of an unjust act can be justifiable.

    Read the passage

    With that of Typerarie and Lymbrick doth agree the case of Wickloe and Iduogh, save that theise plantations were alredie executed ; which how farr it may make a difference I leave to your lordships consideration. If the act don be not just, the continuance of it cannot be justifiable. To a people that have been iniuriously turned out of their estates it wil be a compfortless answeare, that they must never come to their owne homes againe. This is affliction added to affliction. Yett in as much as those plantations have the countenance of acts of parliament for their settlement, it may be thought reasonable, that what concernes those two particulars may be referred to indifferent commissioners, who consideringe what concernes the parties planted of the one part, the expence, disbursements, and what else may be offered of the parte of the undertakers, and his majesties honor and justice indifferently as to both, may prepare the business for such an accommodation as may giue content to all parties.

    The exception in the act of oblivion may be grounded uppon the proposition offered by the catholicks, with this alteration, that instede of a tryall by parliament, it may be by indifferent commissioners, and the tryal limitted to a certain tyme ; otherwise the most innocent man, of the one side or the other, will not be secure.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 9

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Wicklow, plantations had already been executed, and the people who lived on these estates were forcibly turned out. The author of this passage put the matter plainly: if the act done was not just, the continuance of it cannot be justifiable. He said that to tell a people who have been injuriously turned out of their estates that they must never come to their own homes again would be, in his words, a compfortless answeare. He called it affliction added to affliction. Yet he acknowledged that these plantations had the countenance of acts of parliament for their settlement. He suggested that what concerned Wicklow and Iduogh might be referred to indifferent commissioners. These commissioners would weigh what concerned the parties already planted, the expenses and disbursements of the undertakers, and his majesty's honor and justice to both sides alike, and prepare the business for an accommodation that might give content to all parties. He also addressed the exception in the act of oblivion. It could be grounded on a proposition offered by the Catholics, with one alteration: instead of a trial by parliament, it might be by indifferent commissioners, and the trial limited to a certain time. Otherwise, he warned, the most innocent man on either side would not be secure.

15. Proclamation barring country residents from Dublin city

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641

    At the outbreak of the insurrection, some petitioners fled to Dublin city for safety but were commanded by proclamation to return to their country houses and prohibited from remaining in the city. They obeyed and continued in daily danger in the countryside until Ormond marched forth with the army.

    Read the passage

    THAT your peticioners, by the strength and power of the northren Irish and there adhaerents, uppon the risinge of this unhappie insurrection, were inforced to keepe in there houses in the country, his majestie's army beinge then weake and nott able to take the feild : and when some of your petitioners did make there way through many dangers to his majestie's city of Dublin, with a resolution to continue there, they and all others who had any residence in the country were commanded by procla- 146 mation to returne to theire houses there, and inhibited to come to the said citty : which, in obedience to the said proclamation, your petitioners did, and there continued in daily danger, untill that the right honorable James, earle of Ormond and Ossorie, and now marquess of Ormond, his majestie's lieuetenant generall of his majestie's army in Ireland, did march forth into that part of the country, neere which your petitioners seuerall habitations were ; and your petitioners confidinge in his majestie's and your honours clemency and mercy, addressed themselues unto his lordshipp, some in the country, some in the citty, before his goinge forth, and desired to be receiued into his majestie's service, protection, grace and mercy, accordinge to his highnesse's

    -cxxxvm. CONCERNING STATE-AFFAIRS. 425

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 182

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, in 1641. When the insurrection rose in the north, the Irish there and their adherents had such strength that his majesty's army could not take the field. People in the country were forced to keep within their houses. Some of these petitioners made their way through many dangers to the city of Dublin, resolved to stay there. But a proclamation commanded all who had any residence in the country to return to their houses, and prohibited them from remaining in the city. They obeyed. They went back, and continued in daily danger in the countryside. This lasted until James, Earl of Ormond and Ossory, his majesty's lieutenant general of the army in Ireland, marched forth into the part of the country near where the petitioners lived. Some of them had addressed themselves to him before he went out, in the country and in the city, and asked to be received into his majesty's service, protection, grace, and mercy.

16. Drogheda cleared of rebels; Tichborne kills many

    Drogheda · town · Louth · 1641

    Reports from Barnwall and Reade confirmed that Drogheda was clear of rebels on both sides of the River Boyne. Sir Henry Tichborne had killed divers of the rebels as a farewell gesture as they departed.

    Read the passage

    having mett with noe kinde of resistance in ah1 our march hether; soe that I crave leave humbly to referr you to. information of the officer comanding a small partie of horse, sent heerwith, and for the safe conduct of Mr. Barnwall of Kilbrue, lievtenant collonell Reade, and one Barford. Barford came to mee the last night, Barnwall and Reade this morning. I have thought fit to send all these to bee disposed of according to your lordships pleasures and their own demerit. By the two later it is confidently affirmed, that the towne of Drogheda is cleere of the rebells on both sides of the Boyne ; and that for a farewell, sir Henry Tichborne has killed divers of them. Vppon notice of this I calFd vnto mee sir Simon Harcourt, sir Thomas Lucas, and sir Robert Farrar, who were all of opinion that it was of absolut necessity, for the advancement of the king's service, and the speedy and prosperous ending of this warr, that wee, with such strength as may bee spared out of Drogheda, should prosecut the victory and rebells as farr as the Newry ; if vppon conference with the lord Moore and sir Henry Tichborne, who are best acquainted with the force, and can give likeliest conjecture at the rebells intentions, wee bee not diverted. With this advise I wholly concurr, and therfore doe most humbly and earnestly beseech your lordships, that my authoritie may bee to this end enlarged ; and that I may receive such further instructions as to your great wisdome shall bee thought fit ; which shall, with all possible diligence and faithfulnes, bee pursued by

    Your lordships most humble servant,

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

    As the companion tells it

    Drogheda sits on the River Boyne. In 1641, reports came that the town was clear of rebels on both sides of the river. A man named Barford arrived in the night. Mr. Barnwall of Kilbrue and Lieutenant Colonel Reade came the following morning. From Barnwall and Reade it was affirmed that the rebels had gone from the town, on both sides of the Boyne. As they departed, Sir Henry Tichborne killed divers of them, what the report calls a farewell. Upon notice of this, the commander called to him Sir Simon Harcourt, Sir Thomas Lucas, and Sir Robert Farrar. All three were of opinion that it was of absolute necessity, for the advancement of the king's service and the speedy and prosperous ending of this war, that they should prosecute the victory and pursue the rebels as far as Newry. This would be done with such strength as could be spared from the town, unless upon conference with Lord Moore and Sir Henry Tichborne, who were best acquainted with the force and could give the likeliest conjecture at the rebels' intentions, they were diverted. The commander wholly concurred with this advice, and most humbly and earnestly besought that his authority might be enlarged to this end, and that he might receive such further instructions as should be thought fit. These would be pursued with all possible diligence and faithfulness.

17. Inchiquin at Cork unable to maintain the Munster army

    Cork · city · Cork · 1643

    Writing from Cork, Inchiquin warns he cannot keep the army in Munster together unless given authority to use sums raised locally as necessity requires. He describes the impossibility of feeding 6000 foot and 500 horse with the meagre funds and provisions allocated, noting officers would be reduced to begging upon landing without monetary help.

    Read the passage

    was nott held possible to send them that way. I conceiue convenient that the shipps you hyer be first imployed to carry over these here, seing you are interrupted (att present) in sending from thence ; and that soe the dispatching of ours may take away that occasion which otherwise must needs cause much of the mony to be spent here that you will want there ; for (I must craue leaue to say that) I will not vndertake to keepe the army in Mounster together, except the state giue mee authoritie to make vse of the summ to be raised in itt, as necessitie shall 1 94 require ; and more I will nott vse, though I know the whole sum raised here is nott soe much as vppon an equall divident wee may expect. Muskry makes mee beleeue that things shall be fairely carryed according to what they haue proffessed, butt I finde in my last journey to Limerick that the clergie will opose peace exceedingly, except they haue the churches, with all things belonging to them, left vnto them. Many of the gentrie, espetially those of desperat fortunes, are lyke to stick to them ; and thus farr I am a wittness, that all our parts doe seeme to prepare for warr. First, they permitt no body to goe with vs into England ; they recruite theyr owne companyes ; they make magazins in all walFd townes where they confide ; and they keepe provisions from vs as much as they can, though wee gett what wee are able to buy in spite of theyr threats on them who should bring vs any. And lastly, wee haue iniuries offered dayly on all occasions of disputes, wherein wee are ever behinde hande, because they challenge a possession gained by theyr army; and wee can expect noe right, because the men interrested in what is in contraversie are made commissioners by them to determin what is right according to the articles ; which they soe wrest for theyr owne ends, as that I can expect noe agreement betweene vs, vntill they imploy som of the commissioners that treated aboute the differences in question ; and because there is none of our side that controverted the sense of the artickles with them but sir Maurice Eustace.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 218

    As the companion tells it

    Cork, 1643. Inchiquin writes from here with a warning. He cannot keep the army in Munster together unless the state gives him authority to use the sums raised locally as necessity requires. He will not undertake it otherwise. He says the whole sum raised here is not so much as upon an equal dividend they may expect. The army is 6000 foot and 500 horse. He cannot feed them with the meagre funds and provisions allocated, and officers would be reduced to begging upon landing without monetary help. He writes that ships should first carry over troops from here, since dispatching them would prevent money being spent here that will be wanted elsewhere. He names Muskry, who makes him believe things shall be fairly carried according to what they have professed. But on his last journey to Limerick he found the clergy will oppose peace exceedingly unless they have the churches, with all things belonging to them, left unto them. Many of the gentry, especially those of desperate fortunes, are likely to stick to them. All parts seem to prepare for war. They permit nobody to go with them into England. They recruit their own companies. They make magazines in walled towns where they confide. They keep provisions from them as much as they can, though they get what they are able to buy in spite of threats. Injuries are offered daily, and they are ever behind hand because the other side challenges a possession gained by their army. The men interested in what is in controversy are made commissioners to determine what is right according to the articles. Sir Maurice Eustace is the only one who controverted the sense of the articles.

18. St. Leger writes from Down on military weakness and 'ragged naked rogues'

    Down · townland · Offaly · 1641

    Writing from Down on 8 November 1641, the Lord President of Munster W. St. Leger reports that foot companies have been withdrawn from the province, leaving him defenseless. He describes the enemy as 'a company of ragged naked rogues' who could be routed by a few troops of horse.

    Read the passage

    In which act their lordships will find little advantage to arise vnto their designe vpon the enemy ; for that hee is only to bee beaten downe with the horse troopes; and that hee may bee most fezibly, being only a company of ragged naked rogues, that with a few troopes of horse would bee presently routed. To which purpose I could hartely wish my self with your lordship, if there were no danger in my absence from theis parts ;

    s 2

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 106

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Down, in November 1641, the Lord President of Munster, W. St. Leger, wrote that foot companies had been withdrawn from the province, leaving him defenseless. He called the enemy only a company of ragged naked rogues, who with a few troops of horse would be presently routed. He said he could heartily wish himself with your lordship, if there were no danger in his absence from these parts.

19. Strangers expelled from Dublin and pillaged abroad

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641

    In and since November 1641, all strangers and non-inhabitants of Dublin were commanded by the lords justices to depart the city. Once departed, they were pillaged abroad and their goods seized and confiscated in Dublin, and those seeking to return under state protection were denied it.

    Read the passage

    13. All straungers, and such as were not inhabitants of the cittie of Dublin, being commanded by the said lords justices, in and since the said moneth of November, 1641, to departe the said cittie, were noe sooner departed, then they were by the direction of the said lords justices pilladged abroade, and their goods seised vppon and confiscated in Dublin ; and they desiringe to returne vnder the protection and saftie of the state, before their appearance in any action, were denied the same ; and di- 144 uers other persons of rancke and quallitie, by the said lords justices imploied in publique service, and others keeping close within their dowers, without annoyinge anie man, or sidinge then with anie of the said catholiques in armes, and others in seuerall parts of the kingdome living under, and having the protection and safetie of the state, were sooner pilladged, their howses burnt, themselves, their tennants, and servants killed and destroyed, then any other, by direction of the said lords justices. And by the like direction, when anie commander in chiefe of the armie, promissed, or gaue quarter or protection, the same was in all cases violated ; and many persojis of quallitie, whoe obtained the same, were ruined before others ; others that came into Dublin voluntarilie, and that could not be iustlie suspected of anie crime, if Irishmen or catholiques, by the like direction were imprisoned in Dublin, robbed and pilladged abroade, and brought to their tryall for their Hues. The citties of Dublin and Corcke, and the

    422 LETTERS cxxxvi

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 181

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, in 1641, was a city that turned on the people it sent away. In and since November of that year, the lords justices commanded all strangers and non-inhabitants to depart the city. No sooner had they left than they were pillaged abroad, by direction of those same lords justices, and their goods were seized and confiscated in Dublin. When those expelled people asked to return under the protection of the state, before any accusation or action against them, they were denied. Others of rank and quality, employed by the lords justices in public service, or simply keeping close within their own doors, harming no one and siding with no Catholic party in arms, were pillaged sooner than most. Their houses were burnt. They, their tenants, and their servants were killed and destroyed. And when commanders in chief of the army gave quarter or protection, that promise was violated in every case. People of quality who obtained such protection were ruined before others. Some came into Dublin voluntarily, who could not justly be suspected of any crime, yet if they were Irishmen or Catholics they were imprisoned, robbed, pillaged abroad, and brought to trial for their lives.

20. Suspicious gatherings at Sir Phelim O'Neal's house in Tyrone

    Tyrone · townland · Galway · 1641

    A captain named Hugh Boy O'Neal who had returned from Flanders was reported to be residing at or near Sir Phelim Roe O'Neal's house in Tyrone, drawing an unusually frequent and suspicious resort of people there. Honest countrymen interpreted these gatherings as signs of evil intendments.

    Read the passage

    UPON Friday last, two of the natives of this country, men of good credit, came to my house, and informed me, that Hugh Boy, Mr. Tirlagh, Mr. Henry O'Neal, a captain, which came from Flanders about May last, hath since that time had the chiefest part of his residence in Tyrone, at or near sir Phelim Roe O'Neal's house, to which place it hath been observed there hath been more then an ordinary or former usual resort of people ; so frequent, that it hath bred some suspicion of evil intendments in the minds of sundry men of honest inclinations : and these gentlemen, my authors, do say, that they do hold no good opinion of it, rather construing an evil intention to be the cause thereof. For my own part, I cannot tell what to make or think of it.

    The lord Maguire in all that time, as they inform me also, hath been noted to have very many private journeys to Dublin, to the Pale, into Tyrone to sir Phelim O'Neal's, and many other places, this year ; which likewise gives divers of the country cause to doubt that something is in agitation tending to no good ends.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 103

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in 1641, people were gathering at Sir Phelim Roe O'Neal's house, and it was making honest men uneasy. A captain named Hugh Boy O'Neal had come back from Flanders about May of that year. Since then he spent most of his time in Tyrone, at or near Sir Phelim's house. Two men of good credit from the country came on a Friday to report what they saw. They said there had been more than the ordinary resort of people coming to that place, so frequent that it bred suspicion of evil intendments in the minds of sundry honest men. These gentlemen held no good opinion of it, construing an evil intention to be the cause. The man who received their report wrote that he could not tell what to make or think of it. They also told him that Lord Maguire had been noted that same year for very many private journeys: to Dublin, to the Pale, into Tyrone to Sir Phelim O'Neal's, and many other places. This gave divers of the country cause to doubt that something was in agitation tending to no good ends.

21. Trim garrison officers declare loyalty to the king

    Trim · town · Meath · 1642

    The officers of the garrison at Trim jointly signed a letter to the king with the officers of Drogheda, affirming their unanimous loyalty and professing readiness to obey his commands. Parliamentary agents had visited the garrisons attempting to turn the officers from their allegiance.

    Read the passage

    NOT long after my last of the second of February, the comitee sent from the parliament went to see all the considerable garisons of this prouince ; which (for number of men or oficers) are but three or fower : where, I beleeue, they will make vse of the same arguments to seduce the oficers that they suggested to these here ; but I am confident they will bee disapoynted. For this day I had certaine notice, that all the oficers of Droheda and Tryme haue signed a leter to your majestie, wherin they auow that leter sent by maior Woodhous to bee their vnanimous sence, and farther professe to bee allways ready to obay your comands. This would haue bin sent by this bearer, captaine

    394 LETTERS cxxvi—

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 175

    As the companion tells it

    In 1642, a committee sent from Parliament visited the considerable garrisons of this province, which for number of men or officers were but three or four. They came to turn the officers from their allegiance to the king. But the officers of the town of Trim, together with those of Drogheda, signed a letter to his majesty. They declared that a letter sent by Major Woodhous expressed their unanimous sense, and professed themselves always ready to obey his commands. The writer of the report had certain notice of it that day, and was confident the parliamentary agents would be disappointed.

22. Warning of famine and destruction across the nation

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1642

    Clanricard urges Ormond to propose a cessation of arms, warning that fire, sword, and famine threaten to ruin the whole nation, destroying all means of future subsistence. He argues that innocent and guilty alike would suffer if destructive ways continue unchecked.

    Read the passage

    your lordships there will accompt it a considerable seruice I know not ; but I asure your lordship it was farre aboue my expectation, it being the wonder of these partes how I could subsist all this time without any assistance from the state, my self but newly ariued, and a stranger to my friends and countrey, wanting my natiue languadge, (a greate imperfection in this vnsetled time,) and threatned from all partes for my ©position to my countreye's good and the comon cause, as they were pleased to terme it. But now I hope by God's mercy and fauer I haue ouercome the greatest dificultyes, and shall euer be found armed with cleere and vnspotted loyalty to my prince, and loue and due reguard of my contrey. To which effect, being induced by the desires and inclinations of some persons of quality, I shall presume vpon your lordship's noble disposition to offer to your consideration, whether a generall cessation of arms vntill his majestie's hapy ariuall now frequently spoaken of, or his pleasure otherwise declared, may not be fittly proposed to the lord justices and the rest of your lordships there, which truly, my lord, in my poore opinion canot but be in the thoughts of most men, that haue a being or relation to this kingdome, to preuent the ruine and callamity that moues apace vpon all persons of what quality or condition soeuer ; it being (I conceiue) well knowne to your lordship what strange wayes haue bin vsed, both of perswasion and force, to worke vpon men's minds ; and that many good and faithfull dispositions haue bin wrought vpon by feare or other respects to inuohie themselues in this misfortune ; and those whose vnderstandings haue not bin deepe enough to reach to the discouery of those practices made beleeue that they walkt in loyall and warrantable wayes. And though the humors and errours of the time canot but desarue much reprehention and seuerity vpon many, yet God forbid that fire, sword, and famin, and all other destructiue wayes, should runn on to the ruine of a whole nation, and the inocent and guilty put into one condition by destroyeng all meanes of future subsistence. If your lordship's generous mind and more able iudgment, vpon knowledge of the true state of the kingdome, which comes variously reported to vs in these remote partes, shall inuite your lordship to propose a cessation of arms, I am most ready and willing that my poore conceptions to that effect may waite and atend vpon your lordship's proceedings therin. But if I haue erred in my present expressions, and that it doth not sorte with your lord-

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 137

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 1642. In that year, the Earl of Clanricard wrote to the Duke of Ormond from the remote parts of Ireland, urging him to propose a general cessation of arms to the lord justices and the rest of the council there, until the king's happy arrival, or until his pleasure was otherwise declared. Clanricard had only newly arrived in the country. He called himself a stranger to his friends and country, wanting his native language, which he counted a great imperfection in so unsettled a time. He said he had been threatened from all parts for his opposition to what some called the common cause, and had subsisted all this time without any assistance from the state, which he said was the wonder of those parts. He declared that he would ever be found armed with clear and unspotted loyalty to his prince, and love and due regard of his country. He told Ormond that many good and faithful dispositions had been wrought upon by fear or other respects to involve themselves in this misfortune, and those whose understandings had not been deep enough had been made to believe they walked in loyal and warrantable ways. He said that though the humours and errors of the time deserved much reprehension and severity upon many, God forbid, in his words, that fire, sword, and famine, and all other destructive ways, should run on to the ruin of a whole nation, and the innocent and guilty put into one condition by destroying all means of future subsistence. He offered his poor conceptions to wait upon Ormond's proceedings, if Ormond's judgment should invite him to propose a cessation. But if he had erred in his present expressions, he submitted them to Ormond's correction.

23. Gentlemen of Wicklow forsake houses in fear of murder

    Wicklow · townland · Wicklow · 1641

    Gentlemen and inhabitants of the country near Dublin, seeing what passed in the march towards County Wicklow and fearing to be murdered, forsook their houses and stood together in their own defence, though ill-provided of arms or ammunition.

    Read the passage

    their inn, and their heads carried triumphant into Dublin. Next morninge complaint being made of this, noe redress was obtayned therein ; wherevppon some gentlemen of qualitie, and others the inhabitants of the countrie, seeing what was then acted, and what passed in the said last march towards the countie of Wickloe, and iustlie fearinge to be all murthered, forsooke their howses, and were constrayned to stand together in their owne defence, though ill provided of armes or amunition. Heerevppon a proclamation was agreed vppon att the board on the thirteenth of December, 1641, and not published or printed till the fifteenth of December, by which the said gentlemen, and George Kinge by name, were required to come in by or vppon the eighteenth of the said moneth, and a saftye was therein promissed them. On the same daie another proclamation was published, summoninge the lords dwellinge in the English pale neere Dublin to a grand councell on the seaventeenth of the said moneth ; but the lords justices and their partie of the councell, to take awaie all hope of accommodation, gaue direction to the said sir Charles Coote, the said fifteenth daie of the said moneth of December, to march to Clontarffe, beinge the howse and towne of the said George Kinge, and two myles from Dublin, to pilladge, burne, kill, and destroie all that there was to be founde ; which direction was readilie and particulerly observed, (in a manifest breach of publique faith,) by meanes whereof the meetinge of the said grand councell was diverted : the lords not daringe to come within the power of such notorious faith breakers : the consideration whereof, and of other the matters afforsaid, made the nobilitie and gen trie of the English pale, and other parts of the province of Leynster, sensible of the present danger, and putt themselves in the best posture they could for their naturall defence, and imployed lieutenant collonell Reade to present their humble remonstrance to your sacred majestie, and to declare vnto yow the state of their affaires, and humbly to beseech releefe and redress ; the said lieutenant collonell, though your majestie's servant, and imploied in publique trust, (in which case the law of nations affoords safety and protection,) was, without regard to either, not onely stopped from proceeding in his imployment, but alsoe tortured on the racke att Dublynn.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 181

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in 1641, gentlemen and inhabitants of the country near Dublin, seeing what passed in the march towards County Wicklow and fearing to be murdered, forsook their houses and stood together in their own defence, though ill-provided of arms or ammunition. A proclamation was agreed upon at the board on the 13th of December 1641, and not published or printed till the 15th of December. By it, the said gentlemen, and George King by name, were required to come in by or upon the 18th of December, and a safety was promised them. On the same day, another proclamation summoned the lords dwelling in the English pale near Dublin to a grand council on the 17th of December. But the lords justices and their party of the council, to take away all hope of accommodation, gave direction to Sir Charles Coote, on the 15th of December, to march to Clontarffe, the house and town of George King, two miles from Dublin, to pillage, burn, kill, and destroy all that there was to be found. This direction was readily and particularly observed, in what the source calls a manifest breach of public faith. The meeting of the grand council was diverted: the lords not daring to come within the power of such notorious faith breakers. The nobility and gentry of the English pale, and other parts of the province of Leinster, put themselves in the best posture they could for their natural defence. They employed Lieutenant Colonel Reade to present their remonstrance to the king, to declare the state of their affairs, and to beseech relief and redress. Reade, though the king's servant and employed in public trust, in which case the law of nations affords safety and protection, was not only stopped from proceeding in his employment, but also tortured on the rack at Dublin.

24. Clanricarde defends County Galway amid rebellion and misery

    Portumna · town · Galway · 1641

    Writing from Portumna in January 1641, the Earl of Clanricarde describes the whole kingdom as being in calamity and misery, with a strange confederacy of vows and covenants. He endeavours to preserve his poor county with much difficulty while neighbouring counties threaten assault.

    Read the passage

    IN the midst of my misfortunes, it was a great comfort to me to be informed by my brother that your grace was pleased to remember soe unusefull a servant at soe great a distance from hence. I can informe of nothing but calamity and misery, the whole kingdom being now in a strange combination and confederacy by vows and covenants; some through fear of their stronger neighbours, who assault all that will not come with them and engage themselves as deeply as the rest ; others through affection to the cause, their declarations being taking ; and some for want of means, that they were not trusted and imployed ; and all generally discontented with those that manage the affairs of state here, whom they charge with secret practiseing, both here and in England, (before the commotions began,) to raise parties and factions to destroy their religion, to divert and hinder the king's graces intended towards them, by that means to put them into desperation, that they might forfeit their lives and fortunes ; and since the distempers began, that they have soe disposed of affaires, as if the designe were laid to put the whole kingdom into rebellion, as now it is ; the persons of my lord of Kildare, Thomond, Ormond, and very few others excepted, and my selfe, and this poore county, whom with very much difficultie I endeavour to preserve, and yett cannot keep

    ORMOND, VOL. v. u

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 121

    As the companion tells it

    Portumna is a town the road passes through or near. In January 1641 the Earl of Clanricarde wrote from here that he could report nothing but calamity and misery. The whole kingdom, he said, was in a strange combination and confederacy by vows and covenants. Some joined through fear of their stronger neighbours, who assaulted all that would not come with them and engage themselves as deeply as the rest. Others joined through affection to the cause, their declarations being taken. Some joined for want of means, that they were not trusted and employed. All were generally discontented with those who managed the affairs of state. They charged those men with secretly practising, both in Ireland and in England before the commotions began, to raise parties and factions to destroy their religion, and to hinder the king's graces intended towards them, so as to put them into desperation. Since the distempers began, Clanricarde wrote, they had so disposed of affairs as if the design were to put the whole kingdom into rebellion, as now it was. The persons of the Lord of Kildare, Thomond, Ormond, and very few others were excepted, and himself. He wrote that with very much difficulty he endeavoured to preserve this poor county, and yet could not keep it.

25. Confederate designs against the fort by Galway

    Galway · city · Galway · 1643

    Clanricarde reports that since Christmas the confederates had been plotting to attack the king's fort near Galway and to fall upon English garrisons in County Roscommon. He claims his private industry stirred up divisions among them sufficient to divert both designs, though he had no public power to resist them.

    Read the passage

    I have hitherto found means to stir up such divisions amongst them here, that they have not been able to attempt your majestie's fort by Gallway, or fall upon the English garrisons in the county of Roscommon ; both which designs have been in agitation ever since Christmas, and still diverted by his private industry, who has no publick power to resist them, and who is now the principal mark at which their malice aims at.

    I render your majesty most humble thanks for confirming your former license for my repair into England, if I found it not prejudicial to your service ; of which you were graciously pleased to make my self the judge. And upon contemplation of your majestie's abundant mercy and favour therein, I have resolved to pronounce judgment against my self, and to abide (unless compelled by inevitable necessity) the calamities that must certainly fall upon me, if I bee not speedily relieved, rather than have my unspotted fidelity and loyalty to your majestic subject to any future question, or my honour or resolution brought to any marshall tryal.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 191

    As the companion tells it

    Galway, in 1643. Clanricarde wrote to the king that since Christmas the confederates had been plotting two designs. They meant to attack the king's fort by Galway, and to fall upon the English garrisons in County Roscommon. He said both plans had been in agitation ever since Christmas, and that he had stirred up such divisions among them that neither design had yet been carried out. He had no public power to resist them, only his private industry, and he was now the principal mark at which their malice aimed. He thanked the king for confirming a former license to repair into England if he found it not prejudicial to the king's service, with himself as judge of that. But he said he had resolved to pronounce judgment against himself, and to abide the calamities that would certainly fall upon him unless he was speedily relieved, rather than have his fidelity and loyalty brought to any future question or his honour subjected to any martial trial.

26. Country near Dublin burned and pillaged by government troops

    Dublin · city · Dublin

    The king's justices resolved to waste all the country, especially near Dublin. Troops were sent to burn, pillage, and destroy the lands and goods of subjects, and a proclamation was issued to burn all the corn.

    Read the passage

    4. It was resolued by your justices and state of this realme to wast all the country here, without excepting any, specially neere Dublin. And in pursuance thereof, they caused diuers of there troopes and bands to burne, pillage, and wast the country, and particulerly the lands and goods of some of your best subiects; and published a proclamation to burne all the corne

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 114

    As the companion tells it

    Near Dublin, the king's justices resolved to waste all the country without exception. Troops were sent to burn, pillage, and destroy the lands and goods of some of the best subjects. A proclamation was issued to burn all the corn.

27. Garrison towns Dublin, Cork, Drogheda, Youghal, Kinsale worse used than Israelites in Egypt

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1641–1642

    The cities of Dublin and Cork, and the corporate towns of Drogheda, Youghal, and Kinsale, voluntarily received garrisons in the king's name, and the adjacent countries relieved them, but they were worse used and lived in worse condition than the Israelites did in Egypt.

    Read the passage

    13. All straungers, and such as were not inhabitants of the cittie of Dublin, being commanded by the said lords justices, in and since the said moneth of November, 1641, to departe the said cittie, were noe sooner departed, then they were by the direction of the said lords justices pilladged abroade, and their goods seised vppon and confiscated in Dublin ; and they desiringe to returne vnder the protection and saftie of the state, before their appearance in any action, were denied the same ; and di- 144 uers other persons of rancke and quallitie, by the said lords justices imploied in publique service, and others keeping close within their dowers, without annoyinge anie man, or sidinge then with anie of the said catholiques in armes, and others in seuerall parts of the kingdome living under, and having the protection and safetie of the state, were sooner pilladged, their howses burnt, themselves, their tennants, and servants killed and destroyed, then any other, by direction of the said lords justices. And by the like direction, when anie commander in chiefe of the armie, promissed, or gaue quarter or protection, the same was in all cases violated ; and many persojis of quallitie, whoe obtained the same, were ruined before others ; others that came into Dublin voluntarilie, and that could not be iustlie suspected of anie crime, if Irishmen or catholiques, by the like direction were imprisoned in Dublin, robbed and pilladged abroade, and brought to their tryall for their Hues. The citties of Dublin and Corcke, and the

    422 LETTERS cxxxvi

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 181

    As the companion tells it

    Youghal is one of the towns the road takes you through in this part of Cork. In November 1641 and the months that followed, this was a garrison town, and what happened here was shared with Dublin, Cork, Drogheda, and Kinsale. These cities and corporate towns voluntarily received garrisons in the king's name, and the surrounding countryside relieved them with supplies. But the people in them came to live in worse condition than the Israelites did in Egypt. The record of it begins in Dublin. Strangers who were not inhabitants of the city were commanded by the lords justices to depart, and no sooner had they left than they were pillaged abroad, their goods seized and confiscated. When they asked to return under the protection of the state, before any action or appearance on either side, they were denied. Persons of rank and quality, employed in public service by the lords justices, and others keeping close within their doors, harming no one and siding with no one in arms, were pillaged sooner than any others. Their houses were burnt, and themselves, their tenants, and servants killed and destroyed. When any commander in chief promised quarter or protection, it was violated in every case, and persons of quality who obtained it were ruined before others. Irishmen and Catholics who came in voluntarily, and could not justly be suspected of any crime, were imprisoned, robbed, pillaged abroad, and brought to trial for their lives.

28. Inchiquin's journey to Limerick and clergy's opposition to peace

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1643

    Inchiquin recounts his journey to Limerick where he found the clergy would strongly oppose any peace settlement unless the churches and all their appurtenances were restored to them. He also observed that gentlemen of desperate fortunes were likely to side with the clergy against peace.

    Read the passage

    was nott held possible to send them that way. I conceiue convenient that the shipps you hyer be first imployed to carry over these here, seing you are interrupted (att present) in sending from thence ; and that soe the dispatching of ours may take away that occasion which otherwise must needs cause much of the mony to be spent here that you will want there ; for (I must craue leaue to say that) I will not vndertake to keepe the army in Mounster together, except the state giue mee authoritie to make vse of the summ to be raised in itt, as necessitie shall 1 94 require ; and more I will nott vse, though I know the whole sum raised here is nott soe much as vppon an equall divident wee may expect. Muskry makes mee beleeue that things shall be fairely carryed according to what they haue proffessed, butt I finde in my last journey to Limerick that the clergie will opose peace exceedingly, except they haue the churches, with all things belonging to them, left vnto them. Many of the gentrie, espetially those of desperat fortunes, are lyke to stick to them ; and thus farr I am a wittness, that all our parts doe seeme to prepare for warr. First, they permitt no body to goe with vs into England ; they recruite theyr owne companyes ; they make magazins in all walFd townes where they confide ; and they keepe provisions from vs as much as they can, though wee gett what wee are able to buy in spite of theyr threats on them who should bring vs any. And lastly, wee haue iniuries offered dayly on all occasions of disputes, wherein wee are ever behinde hande, because they challenge a possession gained by theyr army; and wee can expect noe right, because the men interrested in what is in contraversie are made commissioners by them to determin what is right according to the articles ; which they soe wrest for theyr owne ends, as that I can expect noe agreement betweene vs, vntill they imploy som of the commissioners that treated aboute the differences in question ; and because there is none of our side that controverted the sense of the artickles with them but sir Maurice Eustace.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 218

    As the companion tells it

    In 1643, the road passes near Limerick, where Inchiquin came on a journey and found the clergy set against any peace. He wrote that the clergy would oppose peace exceedingly unless they had the churches, with all things belonging to them, left unto them. Many of the gentry, especially those of desperate fortunes, were likely to stick to them. Inchiquin said he was a witness that all their parts did seem to prepare for war. They permitted nobody to go with them into England. They recruited their own companies. They made magazines in all walled towns where they confided. They kept provisions from his side as much as they could, though his people got what they were able to buy in spite of threats on those who should bring them any. He wrote that injuries were offered daily on all occasions of disputes, in which his side was ever behind hand, because the others challenged a possession gained by their army. He could expect no right, because the men interested in what was in controversy were made commissioners to determine what was right according to the articles. They so wrested the articles for their own ends that Inchiquin could expect no agreement between them, until they employed some of the commissioners that treated about the differences in question. And there was none of his side that controverted the sense of the articles with them but Sir Maurice Eustace.

29. Ireton's executions at Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

    Ormond, in his speech to both houses of parliament on the Act of Settlement, cites Ireton's conduct at Limerick as an example of unjust persons sometimes doing justice, noting that Ireton caused some to be hanged there who deserved it almost as well as himself.

    Read the passage

    It may seem liable to some objection, that whilst I declaim against the proceedings of the usurpers, I undertake to see them ratified : I shall only for the present say, that unjust persons may sometimes and in some things do justice ; and for instance, I will assure you, that Ireton at Lymerick caused some to be hanged that deserved it almost as well as himself; but it will be time enough and easy enough to vindicate the justice of this act, in this particular, when it shall be reproached or questioned.

    XLV. — The duke of Ormond to John Walsh, Esq.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 29

    As the companion tells it

    In 1651, at Limerick, Ireton caused some to be hanged. The Duke of Ormond later spoke of it before both houses of parliament, addressing the Act of Settlement. He acknowledged that it might seem objectionable to decry the usurpers' proceedings while undertaking to see them ratified. He answered that unjust persons may sometimes and in some things do justice. He assured parliament that Ireton at Limerick caused some to be hanged who deserved it almost as well as himself, and said it would be time enough to vindicate the justice of that act when it was reproached or questioned.

30. Letter from Kilkenny noblemen and general assembly

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny

    The writer received a letter from Kilkenny signed by various noblemen and persons of quality, directed by the late general assembly. He notes the recipient's lordship was named in the first rank of signatories and proceeds to reply to the invitation contained in the letter.

    Read the passage

    UPON the 1 8th of this present I received a letter from Kilkenny, signed by divers noblemen and persons of quality, by the direction of the late general assembly, and observing your lordship^s name in the first rank, my former acquaintance and interest in your lordship has invited me to make use of your favour for representing the effect and substance of my answer, graced and adorned by your lordship's more able expressions.

    In the first place, I shall not be scrupulous to acknowledge that my breeding and education has been, where virtue, ability, and loyalty had a firm and secure habitation, and these, as far as I was capable, infused into me by the exact and lively example and precepts of a most indulgent and carefull parent ; and that since many additional advantages have been offered to me by my observance of and application to a most royal, prudent, and gracious master; and I shall never expect or desire a blessing upon any actions of mine, that shall not be punctually conformable to both, as far as my knowledge and observation can attain unto. And to the height of my judgment, with an industrious search and enquiry, I have laboured to render my power and interest most capable of doing service to his majestie, according to the living and dying admonitions and commands of my deceased father, which, to my comfort, is perfectly recorded between God and my own conscience. And for a publick testimony to the world and private joy of my heart, I have his majestie's royal attestation, both by word and writing, approving my ways of service. And having that approbation for a sure foundation to build upon, I have cause to expect, where so much duty and affection is published and declared, I shall no longer stand charged with any crime in my proceedings.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 166

    As the companion tells it

    The city of Kilkenny was where a letter was signed by divers noblemen and persons of quality, by the direction of the late general assembly. The writer received it on the 18th, and observed the recipient's lordship named in the first rank of signatories. His former acquaintance and interest in that lordship invited him to make use of the lordship's favour, for representing the effect and substance of his answer, graced and adorned by the lordship's more able expressions. In the first place, he was not scrupulous to acknowledge that his breeding and education had been where virtue, ability, and loyalty had a firm and secure habitation. These, as far as he was capable, were infused into him by the exact and lively example and precepts of a most indulgent and careful parent. Since then, many additional advantages had been offered to him by his observance of and application to a most royal, prudent, and gracious master. He would never expect or desire a blessing upon any actions of his that were not punctually conformable to both, as far as his knowledge and observation could attain. To the height of his judgment, with an industrious search and enquiry, he had laboured to render his power and interest most capable of doing service to his majesty, according to the living and dying admonitions and commands of his deceased father. This, to his comfort, was perfectly recorded between God and his own conscience. For a public testimony to the world and private joy of his heart, he had his majesty's royal attestation, both by word and writing, approving his ways of service. Having that approbation for a sure foundation to build upon, he had cause to expect, where so much duty and affection was published and declared, that he should no longer stand charged with any crime in his proceedings.

31. Threat to English garrisons in Roscommon

    Roscommon · town · Roscommon · 1643

    Clanricarde writes that Confederate forces had been planning since Christmas to attack the English garrisons stationed in County Roscommon. He diverted these designs by stirring divisions among the confederates, despite lacking any public power to resist them.

    Read the passage

    I have hitherto found means to stir up such divisions amongst them here, that they have not been able to attempt your majestie's fort by Gallway, or fall upon the English garrisons in the county of Roscommon ; both which designs have been in agitation ever since Christmas, and still diverted by his private industry, who has no publick power to resist them, and who is now the principal mark at which their malice aims at.

    I render your majesty most humble thanks for confirming your former license for my repair into England, if I found it not prejudicial to your service ; of which you were graciously pleased to make my self the judge. And upon contemplation of your majestie's abundant mercy and favour therein, I have resolved to pronounce judgment against my self, and to abide (unless compelled by inevitable necessity) the calamities that must certainly fall upon me, if I bee not speedily relieved, rather than have my unspotted fidelity and loyalty to your majestic subject to any future question, or my honour or resolution brought to any marshall tryal.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 191

    As the companion tells it

    This is Roscommon, a town the road passes through. In 1643, Confederate forces had been planning since Christmas to attack the English garrisons stationed in County Roscommon. Clanricarde wrote that he had found means to stir up such divisions among the confederates that they had not been able to fall upon those garrisons, or to attempt the fort by Galway. Both designs had been in agitation ever since Christmas, and were still diverted by his private industry. He had no public power to resist them, and he was now the principal mark at which their malice aimed. He thanked his majesty for confirming a former license to repair into England, if he found it not prejudicial to the service. But upon contemplation of the king's abundant mercy and favour, he resolved to pronounce judgment against himself, and to abide the calamities that must certainly fall upon him unless speedily relieved, rather than have his unspotted fidelity and loyalty brought to any future question, or his honour or resolution brought to any marshal trial.

32. Drogheda exempt from Catholic corporation property restrictions

    Drogheda · town · Louth · 1662

    Under the Act of Settlement, Catholics found innocent were generally not restored to houses in corporations if they were papists, but Drogheda was exempted alongside Dublin from this restriction. This allowed Catholic inhabitants of Drogheda to be restored to their corporate property.

    Read the passage

    It is true it was thought necessary for the security of that kingdom that the corporations should be in the hands of protestants, and that this occasion should be taken to enact it so. Yet, ist, this rule was not universal. For upon the inhabitants of Dublin and Drogheda there was no such restriction. 2dly, In all other places there was a liberty of restoration by the act of settlement to any one whom his majesty should think fit to be restored. And upon signification of his majesty's pleasure, very many and (as I am informed) the greatest part of them who were adjudged innocent, were restored. It is true, this power was afterwards restrained in the act of explanation upon new reasons, and partly upon contracts between the English and Irish that were here ; but it had taken great eifect before in very many cases.

    112 APPENDIX. xci.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 51

    As the companion tells it

    Drogheda was a town where Catholics could hold corporate property in 1662, when most Irish corporations could not. Under the Act of Settlement, it was thought necessary for the security of the kingdom that corporations be in Protestant hands. But this rule was not universal. This town and Dublin were exempted. No such restriction fell on their inhabitants. Elsewhere, the act allowed restoration to anyone whom his majesty thought fit to be restored. Many adjudged innocent were restored, and the greatest part of them, it was said, got their property back. This power was afterwards restrained by the Act of Explanation, upon new reasons and partly upon contracts between the English and Irish. But it had taken great effect before that, in very many cases.

33. Dublin exempt from Catholic corporation property restrictions

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1662

    Under the Act of Settlement, Catholics adjudged innocent were generally barred from being restored to their houses in corporations, but Dublin was exempted from this restriction. The king also retained liberty to restore individuals in other corporate towns, and many were restored before the Act of Explanation narrowed this power.

    Read the passage

    It is true it was thought necessary for the security of that kingdom that the corporations should be in the hands of protestants, and that this occasion should be taken to enact it so. Yet, ist, this rule was not universal. For upon the inhabitants of Dublin and Drogheda there was no such restriction. 2dly, In all other places there was a liberty of restoration by the act of settlement to any one whom his majesty should think fit to be restored. And upon signification of his majesty's pleasure, very many and (as I am informed) the greatest part of them who were adjudged innocent, were restored. It is true, this power was afterwards restrained in the act of explanation upon new reasons, and partly upon contracts between the English and Irish that were here ; but it had taken great eifect before in very many cases.

    112 APPENDIX. xci.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 51

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin was treated differently from most Irish corporations under the Act of Settlement in 1662. It was judged necessary for the security of the kingdom that corporations should be in Protestant hands, and this occasion was taken to enact it so. But the rule was not universal. The inhabitants of Dublin and Drogheda had no such restriction placed upon them. In all other corporate towns, the act gave the king liberty to restore anyone he thought fit. Upon signification of his majesty's pleasure, very many of those adjudged innocent were restored, and by some accounts the greatest part of them. This power was afterwards restrained by the act of explanation, upon new reasons and partly upon contracts between the English and Irish. But it had already taken great effect in very many cases.

34. English plantations rifled as rebels grow well armed

    Portumna · town · Galway · 1641

    Clanricarde reports that those in rebellion have grown well armed during the leisure given them to rifle the English plantations and to send arms beyond sea. Neighbouring counties threaten to assault his county, kept off only by friends of his father's.

    Read the passage

    it without some scarrs and blemishes, which will turne to deeper wounds, if I be not speedily supply 'd with good store of armes and amunition by sea to Gallway, and with some fitt command in the king's pay to support the infinite charge my selfe and followers are now at, and to keep up authority and reputation amongst them ; this not being the way to discharge almost 4OoolL debt. That which doth most perplex me is the consideration of my poore wife and children, all passages being stopt, that I cannot send them into England but by the long sea, which were a cure worse than the disease. Besides the doubt of their welcome there, as reports are brought hither, and I have noe considerable place of strength or safety for them, the fort of Gallway being commanded by captain Anthony Willoughby, in the absence of his father sir Francis, placed there by my lord of Strafford long before my comeing over. I am not willing in these captious and doubtfull times to meddle farther with it, than to furnish him plentifully for the defense thereof, untill I receive order and direction from his majesty to have the full command of it, having written earnestly to the king to that effect. Then my cheif care were taken for the preservation of my family, and I shall have a sure retreat upon all occasions, and without which it is not possible for me to performe any considerable service ; and it did and doth most properly belong to this government. Give me leave earnestly to intreat your grace to move the king effectually therein, as that which most nearly concerns me. I have not written to any other friends thereof, least it might meet with dispute and long debates, and by his majestic"^ owne gracious favour I only desire it ; and not coming speedily, I have cause to feare it may come too late, all the neighbouring countys threatening to assault me, hitherto 59 kept off by some friends and former acquaintance of my father's ; and the state here has neither power nor will to relieve me ; and I am confidently informed that those that are in action grow very well armed by the leisure has been given them to rifle the English plantations, and to send beyond sea.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 121

    As the companion tells it

    Portumna lies along this road, a town in Galway. In 1641, Clanricarde wrote from here in desperation. He begged for arms and ammunition to be sent by sea to Galway, and for a command in the king's pay to support the vast cost he and his followers were bearing. He spoke of a debt of almost 400 pounds. What troubled him most was his wife and children. All passages were stopped. He could not send them to England except by the long sea, which would be a cure worse than the disease. He feared they would find no welcome there, and he had no place of strength or safety for them. The fort of Galway was commanded by Captain Anthony Willoughby, in the absence of his father Sir Francis, placed there by Lord Strafford before Clanricarde came over. He did not wish to meddle with it in those captious and doubtful times, but furnished Willoughby plentifully for its defence, and had written earnestly to the king to take full command of it. He asked that no other friends be told, lest it meet with dispute and long debates. He feared the order might come too late. All the neighbouring counties threatened to assault him, kept off only by some friends and former acquaintance of his father's. The state had neither power nor will to relieve him. And those in rebellion, he said, had grown very well armed, by the leisure given them to rifle the English plantations and to send arms beyond sea.

35. Kilkenny urged to seek a cessation with the King

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1643

    Donellan, writing to the earl of Clanricard, relayed that Ormond had power to conclude a year-long cessation in Ireland. He urged that if the people of Kilkenny would appear to desire it safely and without high demands, it would greatly gain the king's favour.

    Read the passage

    The king would have it carried with secrecy ; I and one more only are acquainted with it yet : there is a course taken to see how the motion would relish, if it might be obtained before it be made known ; yet it is come, Ormond would have me acquaint you with it, that you may with all motives incline that foolish people to desire it. If they of Kilkenny would seem to desire it with safety and without high demands, it would gain much upon the king : if it may be effected, it may do much good, without disadvantage to either side ; but I fear we are not worthy to be so happy. The king had no time, by reason of the late siege, to send any answer concerning the commission to any ; but I conceive the other power is a preparation thereunto, if people would apprehend it.

    Ormond wished me to let you know, that when there is need for your removeal, he will without direction march with all the army to conduct you ; but would have you lose no footing yet. It is written to me, the humour at court inclines to peace here.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

    As the companion tells it

    In 1643, the city of Kilkenny stood at the centre of a quiet effort to bring a cessation to Ireland. Donellan wrote to the earl of Clanricard to say that Ormond had the power to conclude a cessation for a year. The king wanted the matter carried with secrecy. Donellan and one other person alone were acquainted with it. A course had been taken to see how the motion would be received, if it might be obtained before it was made known. Ormond had Donellan acquaint Clanricard with it, so that Clanricard might, with all motives, incline that foolish people to desire it. Donellan urged that if they of Kilkenny would seem to desire it with safety and without high demands, it would gain much upon the king. If it could be effected, it might do much good, without disadvantage to either side. Donellan feared they were not worthy to be so happy. The king had no time, by reason of the late siege, to send any answer concerning the commission. Ormond wished Clanricard to know that when there was need for his removal, Ormond would march with all the army to conduct him, but would have him lose no footing yet. It was written to Donellan that the humour at court inclined to peace.

36. Mayo men join Galway rebellion and seize estates afterward

    Mayo · parish · Mayo · 1642

    Men from County Mayo came to assist the Galway besiegers. After the rebellion's suppression, those of Mayo seized on the estates of Galway participants in that county, punishing the rebels' insolent carriage.

    Read the passage

    detained in England. Soon after they seized on my armes and goods that came out of England, and then got divers of this county and the c. of Mayo to come to their assistance, and to lay siege to the fort. This sudden mischief coming unexpected upon me, put me into great distraction ; but in pursuance of my settled resolution to seal my loyalty with my blood, tho' never so much neglected, I hastened into those parts, and called upon my friends, and within few days marched thither 700 foot and near 200 horse ; but finding their numbers great, and that they had planted ordinance upon the craggy passages of that country near the town, which made horse of no use to me, I resolved to besiege the besiegers, and having castles there convenient for it, I placed strong garrisons round about them, and my horse scowr'd between to keep all relief from them, and, tho' with much difficulty, found means to supply the fort from a castle of mine called Oran More, lying upon the sea, tho1 they had store of boats to guard the passage.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 140

    As the companion tells it

    The parish of Mayo lies along this road. In 1642, men from County Mayo came to assist the Galway besiegers. A letter from a man detained in England tells how those besiegers seized his arms and goods from England, then gathered men from the county and from County Mayo to assist and lay siege. The sudden mischief put him into great distraction. But he says his resolution was "to seal my loyalty with my blood, tho' never so much neglected." He hastened into those parts, called on friends, and within few days marched with 700 foot and near 200 horse. Their numbers were great and they had planted ordinance on the craggy passages near the town, making horse of no use. He resolved to besiege the besiegers, placing strong garrisons in castles round about them, his horse scouring between to keep relief from them. With much difficulty he supplied the fort from his castle called Oran More upon the sea, though they had boats to guard the passage. After the rebellion's suppression, those of County Mayo seized on the estates of Galway participants in that county.

37. Ormond organises troop transport from Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    In November 1643, the Marquis of Ormond writes from Dublin preparing to transport part of the army, around 3,000 foot soldiers, to Chester for the king's service. He warns that the soldiers are in extreme want and distemper, fearing great disorders if their condition is not mended upon landing.

    Read the passage

    In the meane tyme, I hould it necessary for mee by these to second my former leter sent you by captain Bartlet, dated the 25 of October, and to desire you that all possible prouision bee made for the good intertainment of the oficers and souldiers, whoe are in the greatest want that can bee imagined, and in such distemper by reason thereof, that I much feare great inconueniencys will vnauoydably fall vpon the king^s searuice, if they finde not their condition much mended vpon the instant of their landing. And if the case bee such, that plentifull prouision cannot bee instantly readie, it is absolutly needfull that a compitent strength of horse and foote, of whoes affections you are confident, should bee in readinesse by force to keepe the comon souldier in awe. And whateuer prouision is made for them, this will not bee amis ; for they haue goten such a head, and punishment hath bin soe moderatly inflicted on them, by reason of their extreame suferings, that they will bee apt to fall into disorders, and will think

    506 LETTERS CLXXXVIII—

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 222

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, November 1643. The Marquis of Ormond is in the city, writing letters, preparing to move part of the army across the sea to Chester, for the king's service. Around 3,000 foot soldiers are to go. He has sent a letter before this one, carried by Captain Bartlet, dated the 25 of October. Now he writes again, and what he says is troubling. The officers and soldiers are, in his words, "in the greatest want that can bee imagined." Their condition has brought them to such distemper that he fears great inconvenience will fall upon the king's service if they do not find their condition much mended the instant they land. He asks that plentiful provision be ready for them. If it cannot be, he says a competent strength of horse and foot, whose affections are trusted, must be ready by force to keep the common soldier in awe. The soldiers have suffered so extremely that punishment has been only moderately inflicted, and he believes they will be apt to fall into disorders.

38. Ormond reflects on leaving Ireland flourishing

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1684

    Writing from Dublin on 3 December 1684, the Duke of Ormond tells Sir Robert Southwell that he will leave the kingdom more flourishing and easy to govern than he found it, and plans to depart for England around the end of April. He confesses surprise at the king's resolution but notes the burdensome duties of a chief governor had already inclined him to seek retirement.

    Read the passage

    THOUGH I have seen and acted a part in as many, and some as desperate revolutions as most men, and thought myself as well armed against surprise ; yet to such a friend as you are, I must own that the king's last resolution concerning me and this government, with all the circumstances belonging to it, found me unprovided ; yet I assure you I was, and am still more out of countenance than sorry. It is true, that I shall leave this kingdom in all respects more flourishing and easy to govern, than ever I found it. And though there are no difficulties to struggle with, yet the multiplicity of audiences that must be afforded to every man, and the things which of course must pass a chief governor's hand became so burdensome to me, and so endless in prospect, that I was determined the next year to beg his majesty's leave to retire for the rest of my time, and to think with less distraction of my approaching dissolution.

    172 APPENDIX. cxxxv-

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 69

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 3 December 1684. The Duke of Ormond, chief governor of Ireland, writes to Sir Robert Southwell. He confesses that the king's last resolution concerning him and this government found him unprovided, though he has seen and acted in as many desperate revolutions as most men. He tells Southwell he is more out of countenance than sorry. He says he will leave this kingdom in all respects more flourishing and easy to govern than ever he found it. The duties themselves had already worn him down. The multiplicity of audiences that must be afforded to every man, and the things which of course must pass a chief governor's hand, became so burdensome and so endless in prospect that he was determined to beg his majesty's leave to retire for the rest of his time, and to think with less distraction of his approaching dissolution.

39. Extreme distress of soldiers and inhabitants in Dublin, 1642

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1642

    The justices write from Dublin Castle describing soldiers ready to starve and inhabitants in extreme poverty, unable to provide sustenance. They warn that if conditions continue, the city will be plundered and left desolate, with the army abroad forced back by want, bringing present destruction.

    Read the passage

    possible to bee avoided, where the charge is soe great, and the bearers soe fewe and poore,) have been constrained to breake vp howsekeeping ; others, to scatter their children and families ; others, to prepare themselves for departing the kingdome ; and many heavy and lamentable complaints are brought vnto vs daily from poore and miserable people concerning the same ; soe as what with the sense of the soldiors miseries on the one side, and the now poore inhabitants extremities on the other side, the former crying out for relief, redy to starve before our faces, to the dishonor of his majestic and the English nation, by whom they were sent hether for preservation of this crowne, wherin they have soe valiantlie behaved themselves ; and the later, by reason of their extreme povertie, disabled to render sustenance to the former, noe flesh can imagin how much perplexitie and disquiet of minde wee suffer therby, and into what scorne and contempt the highe authoritie entrusted with vs is therby brought to the highest hazard of all heere ; and the more, in regard wee now finde (what wee formerly foresawe) that even in this way, (this lamentable way,) beeing the highest and last expedient can bee thought of, subsistence cannot bee expected for any considerable time : nay, if this continue but a few daies longer, the cittie wil bee at the best but plundered in an orderly way, and soe left desolat. Besides, if the armie now abroad shal bee, by any distress or through want, forced hether againe, nothing can bee expected but present destruction of all.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 185

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1642 was a city on the edge of collapse. The justices wrote from Dublin Castle describing soldiers ready to starve before their faces and inhabitants sunk in such extreme poverty that they could no longer feed the very troops sent to protect the place. The soldiers had been sent by the King and the English nation for the preservation of the crown, and had behaved valiantly. But now they cried out for relief, and the people of the city were disabled by want from giving them sustenance. The justices said the burden was so great and the bearers so few and poor that it could not be avoided. People had been forced to break up housekeeping. Others scattered their children and families. Others prepared to leave the kingdom altogether. Heavy and lamentable complaints came in daily from poor and miserable people. The justices wrote that no flesh could imagine how much perplexity and disquiet of mind they suffered, and into what scorn and contempt the high authority entrusted to them was brought. They had foreseen it, and now found that even the highest and last expedient could not provide subsistence for any considerable time. If it continued but a few days longer, the city would be plundered, and so left desolate. And if the army abroad were forced back through want, nothing could be expected but present destruction of all. The words of the justices themselves capture it. They wrote that the city would be, in their phrase, "at the best but plundered in an orderly way, and soe left desolat."

40. Clanricarde seeks command of Galway fort during rebellion

    Galway · city · Galway · 1641

    The Earl of Clanricarde reports from Portumna that the fort of Galway is commanded by Captain Anthony Willoughby, placed there by Lord Strafford. Clanricarde seeks the king's order to take full command of the fort as a sure retreat for his family and for performing service.

    Read the passage

    it without some scarrs and blemishes, which will turne to deeper wounds, if I be not speedily supply 'd with good store of armes and amunition by sea to Gallway, and with some fitt command in the king's pay to support the infinite charge my selfe and followers are now at, and to keep up authority and reputation amongst them ; this not being the way to discharge almost 4OoolL debt. That which doth most perplex me is the consideration of my poore wife and children, all passages being stopt, that I cannot send them into England but by the long sea, which were a cure worse than the disease. Besides the doubt of their welcome there, as reports are brought hither, and I have noe considerable place of strength or safety for them, the fort of Gallway being commanded by captain Anthony Willoughby, in the absence of his father sir Francis, placed there by my lord of Strafford long before my comeing over. I am not willing in these captious and doubtfull times to meddle farther with it, than to furnish him plentifully for the defense thereof, untill I receive order and direction from his majesty to have the full command of it, having written earnestly to the king to that effect. Then my cheif care were taken for the preservation of my family, and I shall have a sure retreat upon all occasions, and without which it is not possible for me to performe any considerable service ; and it did and doth most properly belong to this government. Give me leave earnestly to intreat your grace to move the king effectually therein, as that which most nearly concerns me. I have not written to any other friends thereof, least it might meet with dispute and long debates, and by his majestic"^ owne gracious favour I only desire it ; and not coming speedily, I have cause to feare it may come too late, all the neighbouring countys threatening to assault me, hitherto 59 kept off by some friends and former acquaintance of my father's ; and the state here has neither power nor will to relieve me ; and I am confidently informed that those that are in action grow very well armed by the leisure has been given them to rifle the English plantations, and to send beyond sea.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 121

    As the companion tells it

    In 1641, as rebellion spreads through Ireland, the Earl of Clanricarde writes from Portumna about the city of Galway and its fort. He needs arms and ammunition sent by sea, and he carries a debt of nearly 400 pounds. What troubles him most is the safety of his wife and children. All passages are stopped, so he cannot send them to England except by the long sea, which would be, as he says, a cure worse than the disease. He has no considerable place of strength or safety for them, because the fort of Galway is commanded by Captain Anthony Willoughby, standing in for his father Sir Francis, placed there by Lord Strafford long before Clanricarde came over. In these captious and doubtful times he is unwilling to meddle with the fort beyond furnishing Willoughby plentifully for its defense. He has written earnestly to the king to receive order and direction for the full command of it, which he says most properly belongs to his government. With that command, his chief care would be the preservation of his family, and he would have, in his words, a sure retreat upon all occasions. Without it, he says it is not possible to perform any considerable service. He asks the Duke of Ormond to move the king in the matter, and tells no other friends, fearing dispute and long debates. The neighbouring counties threaten to assault him, held off so far by friends and former acquaintance of his father's. Those already in action have grown well armed, he says, given leisure to rifle the English plantations and send beyond sea.

41. Earl of Antrim relieved distressed subjects at Coleraine

    near Coleraine · town · Derry

    The king recalls that the earl of Antrim had relieved and assisted several of the king's distressed subjects in cases of great extremity at Colerain and other parts of Ireland, as verified by attestation. This is cited as evidence of Antrim's loyalty.

    Read the passage

    BIGHT trusty and right wel beloved cousin and councellor, wee greete you well. Some moneths agone (being then at York) wee wrote our letters severally, both to you, and into Ireland to our justices there, that the earle of Antrim (then vnder restraint in Ireland) might either be sent to our citty of Dublin, or to vs, with the reasons of his committment, as he most humbly implored, hoping that he should make cleerely manifest his loyalty to vs, and the good offices he had done to divers of our distressed subiects, releeued and assisted severall times by him, in cases of great extremity, at Colerain and other parts of Ireland, as by attestation hath since appeared. Wee never hitherto received any account of those our letters : on the contrary, wee vnderstand he was driven to make his owne way over into the north of this our kingdom, where in his attendance vpon our deere consort the queene, he so behaved himself, as became the duety of a good and loyall subiect. But that out of an earnest desire to provide for the security of his estate in Ireland, he lately repairing thither, was anew apprehended and imprisoned, and very barbarously treated, and soe remains at Knockfergus, or some other place vnder the command of our Scottish forces. Therefore that wee may well vnderstand what his fault is, and cause him accordingly to be proceeded against, our pleasure and command is, that you faile not, vpon receipt of these our letters,

    — CLXIT. CONCERNING STATE-AFFAIES. 455

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

    As the companion tells it

    Coleraine is a town on the road through Derry, and it was here that the Earl of Antrim relieved and assisted several of the king's distressed subjects, in cases of great extremity, as later verified by attestation. The king had written letters some months before, while at York, to his justices in Ireland, asking that Antrim, then under restraint, be sent either to Dublin or to the king himself, with the reasons for his commitment. Antrim had most humbly implored this, hoping to make clearly manifest his loyalty and the good offices he had done for divers of the king's distressed subjects, relieved and assisted several times by him, at Coleraine and other parts of Ireland. The king never received any account of those letters. Instead, Antrim was driven to make his own way over into the north of the kingdom, where he attended the queen and so behaved himself as became the duty of a good and loyal subject. But out of an earnest desire to provide for the security of his estate in Ireland, he returned thither, and was anew apprehended and imprisoned, and very barbarously treated, and so remained at Knockfergus, or some other place under the command of the Scottish forces. The king's command was to find out what his fault truly was.

42. English settlers sheltered at Portumna

    Portumna · town · Galway · 1642

    Clanricard refers to English settlers long planted in his towns of Loughrea and Portumna who were endangered by hostile forces in Thomond and bordering counties. These settlers and refugees from other counties relied on his protection to avoid destruction.

    Read the passage

    and some gentlemen that adhered unto them into his majestie's protection, the fort by my timely coming thither and putting relief therein, being seconded by the supplies your lordships sent with capt. Ashley, was in a good condition of safety ; but your lordships may be pleased to remember it was a chief part of your former instructions, and I am sure a powerfull inducement to me, that I should have a special care of the English, and there was then above 400 in the town, and many of them of good quality, subject to the fury of inraged multitudes if they had been prosecuted to the highest rigour and extremity. And besides your lordships might be pleased to observe by the letters I sent out of Mayo, and divers advertisements I received out of Thomond and other bordering counties, that resolutions were taken to burn and destroy all behind me, and to inclose my small forces between them, and those formerly confederated with the town; whereby, besides our own danger, not only many English, long since planted in my towns of Logreagh and Portumna, and others lately come in from other counties for relief and preservation, would have been destroyed, but your lordships may be pleased further to consider the difficulty, or rather impossibility, to keep at a siege my own followers, and those other noble gentlemen that have assisted me upon our own charge for almost 8 months, maintained forces without any supplies from your lordships, our ears being daily filled with intelligence, that all we had would be defaced and ruined, and my wife and children and a large family long exposed to danger in a remote 8 2 border during six weeks lying before Gallway not to be totally neglected. And I humbly submit it to your lordships better judgments, whether it were fit to continue longer before the town without any hope to gain the place, or to depart from thence without some settlement, would not have been held a deserting of the service, and an invitation to all ill disposed persons to have gathered therein multitudes from all parts of the kingdom. And further I presume my lord president will testimony with me in what a dangerous condition not only this county but the whole province was in at that time, and all passages so stopped, that we could receive no clear intelligence what were the resolutions taken for the prosecution of this war, or the forces that were in a readiness, either for the general advancement of the service, or our particular relief; which guided me then to believe, that the best present service was to

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

    As the companion tells it

    Portumna in County Galway was one of two towns where English settlers had long been planted, the other being Loughrea. In 1642, those settlers found themselves in grave danger. Clanricard, the local lord, had written that there were above 400 people in the town, many of them of good quality, all subject to what he called the fury of inraged multitudes if pursued to the highest rigour and extremity. And it was not only the long-settled English in Portumna and Loughrea who were at risk. Others had lately come in from other counties, seeking relief and preservation under his protection. The threat came from Thomond and the bordering counties. Clanricard had received divers advertisements from those parts, and letters out of Mayo, warning that resolutions had been taken to burn and destroy all behind him. His small forces risked being enclosed between those hostile forces and others formerly confederated with the town. He had kept his own followers and other noble gentlemen maintained upon their own charge for almost 8 months, without any supplies from the lordships. His wife and children and a large family had long been exposed to danger in a remote border. He had spent 6 weeks before Galway, and all passages were so stopped that no clear intelligence could reach them about what forces were in readiness for their relief. The whole province, he wrote, was in a dangerous condition.

43. Inchiquin's contribution from Imokilly and Barrymore

    Imokilly · barony · Cork · 1643

    The Earl of Inchiquin reports that he previously drew contribution and provisions from the baronies of Imokilly and Barrymore to maintain his army, including preys and town estates that helped sustain his forces. He notes these advantages no longer exist, leaving the army in severe want.

    Read the passage

    Theyr last conclusion is, that I haue many other advantages which they haue nott. It is true I had contribution from Imokilly and Barrymore ; that I had greate helps by preys which were converted to the mainetenance of the army; that I had lykewise townes whose estates were soe preserved that they help'd exceedingly towards our subsistence ; and lastly, that wee lighted into a corne countrie, which for 3 monthes mainetayned 3000 foote and all our horse. Butt that wee haue none of these now is most certainely true ; and for what other advantages are suposed to remayne, if I be nott directed how to use them, truely I canott make them availe this army any thing.

    The few shipps that are left are of noe force, and goe all away to morrow with the remainder of sir John Pawlet's regiment. By them I doe intimate your condition att Dublin. My direction for landing men is att Bristoll, Minhead, or, if wee be driven to itt, in any part of the west of England ; for itt was conceived dangerous to carry any of us towards Chester, as well for the danger of interception as the season. And for our horse, itt

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 218

    As the companion tells it

    The barony of Imokilly in Cork was one of the places that kept an army alive in 1643. The Earl of Inchiquin wrote that he had drawn contribution from Imokilly and from the neighbouring barony of Barrymore. He had great helps, he said, by preys, which were converted to the maintenance of the army. He had towns whose estates were so preserved that they helped exceedingly towards subsistence. And he said they lighted into a corn country, which for 3 months maintained 3000 foot and all their horse. But that they have none of these now, he wrote, is most certainly true. For what other advantages are supposed to remain, if I be not directed how to use them, truly I cannot make them avail this army anything. The few ships left were of no force, and were to go away with the remainder of Sir John Pawlet's regiment. He sent word of their condition to Dublin. His direction for landing men was at Bristol or Minehead, or any part of the west of England. It was judged dangerous to carry any towards Chester, for the danger of interception and the season.

44. Ormond defends soldier quartering in Dublin as no grievance

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1667

    Writing from Dublin in November 1667, the Duke of Ormond defends his practice of quartering soldiers there, noting the regiment was found already quartered by warrants from his predecessors. He observes that quartering had never been accounted or complained of as a grievance to the people since Ireland became part of the English dominion until the present time.

    Read the passage

    I AM now to acknowledge the great kindnesse and freindly information exprest in yours of the 15 and 19 of this moneth; which I could not doe by the last post, by reason of the tyme it tooke me to decypher them. There being in my parte of the cypher noe word added to J 80, 1 haue filFd it with lord Conway ; and though I find your lordship makes vse of 1 80, as I suppose, 49 for Dublin, yet in my coppy 188 signyfies that word. The other person's name, of whome you gaue me very reasonable caution, is put in as you desire. The purpose, or at least the threat, of makeing my quartering of souldiers a criminall article against me, is long since become noe secret ; and I hope, for your lordship's sake, I am well able to answere it. For I found this regiment quartered heere (as I suppose most of the army was elswhere) by iust the same warrants from your lordship, and your colleagues, and the councell, that they continue quartered by mine. Soe that I did but write after your coppy, as you did after those of very many of your predecessors. And this was neuer accounted or complained of as a greeuance to the people, or fault in the cheefe gouernour, since Ireland became parte of the English dominion, till now; noe not against my lord of Strafford, whose faults weare not palliated, or his ouer-sights ouer-seene. The rest I haue not heard of from any other hand ; and though, as they may be drest vp, they may appeare formidable, yet when they shall come to be diuested of their disguises, and appeare in their proper shapes, I shall be found to haue done nothing in them, but on good grounds, by good warrant, and in good company. I cannot for my heart imagine what can be meant by the letter from lord Arlington ; my complaint of that person alwaies being the want of freedome in his letters, perhaps to the degree of a fault, considering the tymes and my station.

    I haue not made it my worke to appeare afflicted for the misfortune of the chancellor of England ; but doe satisfy my selfe

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 40

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, November 1667. The Duke of Ormond is writing from the city, and he has a quarrel on his hands. Someone means to make his quartering of soldiers a criminal charge against him. Ormond has heard of the threat, and he is not afraid of it. He tells his correspondent that he found this regiment already quartered in Dublin by warrants from that same lord, his colleagues, and the council. The soldiers continue under Ormond's own warrants on the same authority. He says he did but write after their copy, as they did after many of their predecessors. And this, he says, was never accounted or complained of as a grievance to the people, or a fault in the chief governor, since Ireland became part of the English dominion, until now. Not even against the Lord of Strafford, whose faults, he notes, were not palliated or his oversights overseen. Ormond is firm. When the charges are stripped of their disguises and appear in their proper shapes, he says, he shall be found to have done nothing in them but on good grounds, by good warrant, and in good company. He cannot imagine what is meant by a letter from Lord Arlington, whose letters, he says, always lacked freedom, perhaps to the degree of a fault, considering the times and his station.

45. Ormond reflects on twenty years governing Ireland from Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1684

    Writing from Dublin, the Duke of Ormond responds to the Earl of Rochester about the impending transfer of power. He reflects that he has served two kings in the Irish government for about twenty years and has never personally surrendered the sword to a successor, requesting that his removal be delayed past winter.

    Read the passage

    His majesty having given me liberty to propose what I could wish in the manner of performing his pleasure, I have presumed to desire that my remove may not be during the winter, if the delay, may consist with his service, and that his resolution may be kept such a secret as it is, till your lordship shall be ready to prepare for your journey. And his majesty having given me my choice to stay here or go for England, I have chosen the latter. I have served the two kings my masters in this government at times about twenty years, and never yet personally gave up the sword to any successor; but to save the king charge, and to distinguish between your lordship and others, I shall not move the king to have it done by a deputy or justices, till I have his majesty's pleasure upon what I have humbly proposed. I think I shall have no more to trouble your lordship with. I am, and will be, your lordship's

    Most faithful and most humble servant,

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 66

    As the companion tells it

    In 1684, Dublin was the seat from which the Duke of Ormond governed Ireland, and from here he wrote to the Earl of Rochester about the coming transfer of power. The king had given him liberty to propose what he wished, and Ormond asked that his removal not take place during the winter, if the delay could consist with the king's service. He asked too that the king's resolution be kept secret until Rochester was ready to prepare for his journey. Ormond had served two kings in this government for about twenty years, and he noted that he had never personally given up the sword to any successor. To save the king charge, and to distinguish between Rochester and others, he would not ask the king to have the transfer done by a deputy or justices until he had the king's pleasure on what he had proposed. He signed himself Rochester's most faithful and most humble servant.

46. Preston captures Fort Falkland

    Daingean · town · Offaly · 1643

    Preston brought the forces of Leinster against Fort Falkland, which was surrendered to him because no power in those parts of the kingdom could oppose him. Clanricarde asserts he did everything in his power to preserve the fort as long as possible.

    Read the passage

    I presume your majestie has long since been informed of Preston's coming down upon fort Falkland, with the forces of Leinster, and that it was surrendered to him, there being no power in these parts of the kingdom able to look towards him. And 1 am confident the commanders of that fort have given testimony of me, as that I was not failing to them in any thing, as long as it could be preserved by any power or diligence of mine.

    In the conclusion, I have 3 humble apologies to make : i. for

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft

    As the companion tells it

    Daingean was once the site of Fort Falkland. In 1643, Preston brought the forces of Leinster down upon it. The fort was surrendered to him because, as the record says, there was no power in these parts of the kingdom able to look towards him. Clanricarde wrote to his majesty to say he was confident the fort's commanders would testify that he had not been failing to them in anything, as long as it could be preserved by any power or diligence of his.

47. Reinforcements ordered to lords of Ards and Clandeboye in the north

    near Clandeboye · population centre · Down · 1641

    Secretary Vane reports that orders have been sent for supplies of men and money from England and men from Scotland to reinforce the lords of Ards, Chichester, and Clandeboye in the north of Ireland, following the general revolt. This reflects the strategic effort to hold the northern strongholds against the rebellion.

    Read the passage

    CAPTAINE Weenies will represent vnto your lordship how vnwelcome and vnexpected is happened this general reuolt in Irland to his majestie ; I meane of his majestie's ill subjects of that kingedom, itt beinge fomented by the priests and Jesuists. God's miracolously discouery of itt but the eue before the execution makes mee confident the traytors will haue their iust reward ; and hauinge fayled of their enterprise vppon the castle and cittie of Dublin, by the wisdomes of your lordship and the justices, this storme will blowe ouer. Howeuer, his majestie^ care and affection is such of his faithful and louinge subiects, as all possible diligence is vsed ; and orders are already sent out for supplies of men and money out of England, and men out of Scottland, to reinforce the lordes of Ardes, Chichester, and Clandebois in the north.

    His majesty in his royal letters to your lordship, written with his owne hand, will tell you the valewe and esteme hee hath of you, and of your fidelitie and affection to his person, in a time thus conditioned. Hee reposes much of the safety of that kingedome in your conducte ; and that by your meanes next vnder God you will bee able to beate downe and dissipate this soe dangerous a conspiracie in the budd. My lord, goe on prosperously in itt; for itt will bee honor and glorie, which you will accquire both from kinge and your countery, to bee an instrument to stopp the issewes of blood from runninge as att a ful sea, which cannot bee auoyded, if not timely preuented.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 105

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere along this road lies Clandeboye, a place whose name turns up in the desperate correspondence of 1641, when a general revolt broke across Ireland. Secretary Vane reported that the rising had been fomented by priests and Jesuits, and that it was unwelcome and unexpected to the king. Yet God's miraculous discovery of the plot the eve before its execution gave confidence the traitors would have their just reward. The rebels had failed in their enterprise upon the castle and city of Dublin, through the wisdom of the lordship and the justices, and Vane believed this storm would blow over. The king's care for his faithful and loving subjects was such that all possible diligence was used. Orders were already sent out for supplies of men and money out of England, and men out of Scotland, to reinforce the lords of Ards, Chichester, and Clandeboye in the north. The king wrote royal letters in his own hand, telling of the value and esteem he held for the recipient's fidelity and affection to his person. He reposed much of the safety of that kingdom in his conduct, and that by his means, next under God, he would be able to beat down and dissipate this dangerous conspiracy in the bud. "Goe on prosperously in itt," Vane wrote, "for itt will bee honor and glorie" — to be an instrument to stop the issues of blood from running as at a full sea, which could not be avoided if not timely prevented.

48. Sir Nicholas Whyte and son committed in Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1641–1643

    Ormond's letter to the speaker notes that Sir Nicholas Whyte and his son, being mostly resident in Dublin city, were committed upon suspicion rather than having voluntarily submitted. Ormond affirms he had not heard of any outward hostile act done by any of the petitioners.

    Read the passage

    That part thereof which concerneth their coming of their own accord unto me, and submitting to his majestie's mercy, and the course which hath been since held with them, is very truly set forth ; only that sir Nicholas Whyte and his son, being for the most part resident in this city, were committed upon suspicion, and did not submit to me. More than this I know not, only that I have not heard of any outward hostile act which hath been done by any of them ; and to enter into their hearts, and 148 search what is there, is only peculiar to God. I am not able to judge whether any treason was hatched there or no.

    The wisdom of that great council doth best know how to advise his majesty, when and where, and to whom, for the most advantage of the present service, to distribute mercy; and to their great wisdom I do submit these petitions. Two other petitions of the same nature, with the like subscriptions, I did, according unto the request made to me, in like sort transmit to his majesty. And more than this I have not for the present to trouble you with, &c.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 183

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in those years held men under a cloud of suspicion. A letter from Ormond to the speaker speaks of Sir Nicholas Whyte and his son. They were for the most part resident in this city. Ormond makes a distinction. Some men came to him of their own accord and submitted to his majesty's mercy. Sir Nicholas Whyte and his son did not submit. They were committed upon suspicion. Ormond says he knows no more than this. He had not heard of any outward hostile act done by any of them. To enter into their hearts and search what is there, he writes, is only peculiar to God. He says he is not able to judge whether any treason was hatched there or no. He leaves the petitions to the wisdom of that great council, which best knows how to advise his majesty when and where and to whom to distribute mercy. He transmitted two other petitions of the same nature to his majesty as well.

49. Tichborne urges garrisoning Ardee and Dundalk

    Ardee · town · Louth · 1641

    Sir Henry Tichborne writes to Ormond lamenting a lost opportunity to reduce the whole county of Louth to obedience and to possess Ardee and Dundalk with garrisons to curb the northern rebels.

    Read the passage

    I KNOW not the importnance of the affaires about Dublin, nor what necessity may be of hastinge your lordshipp's returne ; but I am sure there is a fayre occasion lost heere to destroy and reduce the whole county of Louth into obedience, and to possese Ardee and Dundaulke with garrisons to curbe the northern rebells. I would be glad that your lordshipp could spare me, or cause to be sent vnto me, a peece or two of battery with 500 or 600 foote, and another troope of horse, that I might indeavour the takeinge in, ruininge, and burninge all the stronge howses within six or seven miles about me ; which I leaue to your lordshipp's graue consideration, and remaine,

    My lord, Your lordshipp's most humble servant,

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 130

    As the companion tells it

    This is Ardee, a town on the road. In 1641 Sir Henry Tichborne wrote to the Duke of Ormond that a fair occasion had been lost here to reduce the whole county of Louth into obedience. He wanted to possess Ardee and Dundalk with garrisons to curb the northern rebels. He asked Ormond to send him a piece or two of battery, 500 or 600 foot, and another troop of horse. With those he would endeavour the taking in, ruining, and burning of all the strong houses within six or seven miles about him. He left it to Ormond's grave consideration. He signed himself Ormond's most humble servant.

50. Ormond conducts treaty negotiations in Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    The Marquis of Ormond, writing from Dublin in July 1643, describes how he produced the King's letters at the council board and sought the assistance of the lords justices to negotiate a treaty. He also took chief officers of the army with him to the treaty to help preserve the kingdom and vindicate the King's honour.

    Read the passage

    Nicholas, I desired some of the councell might be appointed to goe alonge with me to the treatie ; which being assented too, I alsoe tooke with me some of the chiefe officers of the armie, and proceeded therin, as by the colection maye appeare.

    If in the carriage of this greate affayre, so much beyonde my skill, and aboue my experience, I haue swerued from or exceeded your majestie's directiones in the litterall sense, I haue certainly guided my selfe by that which, to the best of my vnderstanding, was the scope of your commands, and most for the advantage of your seruice, in the preseruation of this kingdome for your majestie, the vindication of your honnor, and the continuance of the affections of this armie, and others your good subiects vnto you. And in confidence of a gracious accepptance of my faythfull indeuores herein, I am bold to subscribe my selfe

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 195

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, in 1643, was where the Marquis of Ormond carried out treaty negotiations on the King's behalf. Writing from the city in July of that year, he described how he produced the King's letters at the council board and sought the assistance of the lords justices. He desired that some of the council be appointed to go along with him to the treaty, and when that was assented to, he also took with him some of the chief officers of the army. Ormond acknowledged that the affair was beyond his skill and above his experience. He told the King that if he had swerved from or exceeded his majesty's directions in the literal sense, he had guided himself by what, to the best of his understanding, was the scope of the commands: the preservation of the kingdom, the vindication of the King's honour, and the continuance of the affections of the army and good subjects.

51. Army officers' petition to parliament in Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    In April 1643, officers of the king's army in Dublin presented a petition to the lords in parliament describing the eminent ruin and insupportable miseries suffered by the army and loyal subjects. They complained that parliament was prorogued for over six months, preventing legal hearing of their grievances and leaving the army without relief or supplies.

    Read the passage

    THAT having (as our last refuge in this kingdome) presented a petition to the lords in parliament assembled, vppon the lords justices promises of giving way to a legall hearing of the complaints therein contayned ; which we doubt not will be presented by theire lordshipps to your majestie, notwithstanding the sayed promise to the officers before their marching forth vppon service, they have made your majestie's power the refuge of the iniuries done to your armie here, in proroguing the parliament for aboue sixe moneths, for noe other reason that we can conceave, but for protection of such persons as have beene the cheefe instruments of the eminent ruine and insupportable miseries that this your majestie 's armie and loyall subiects here groane vnder.

    We therefore humbly desire your majestie to take it into your consideration, and to be gratiously pleased to looke vppon vs, and the government, that your majestie's service and we now suffer vnder; and that your majestie's loyall seruants and sub- 156 iects here may not be soe discountenanced, but that a speedie way may be open to justice, for the releefe of your majestie's armie, and preservation of this kingdome. And your petitioners shall ever pray, &c.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 189

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, April 1643. The officers of the king's army here had reached what they called their last refuge in this kingdom. They presented a petition to the lords in parliament, having been promised by the lords justices that their complaints would receive a legal hearing. The officers believed their petition would be passed on to the king. But before they marched out on service, parliament was prorogued for more than six months. The officers could conceive no reason for this, except to protect those they held responsible for what they called the eminent ruin and insupportable miseries that the king's army and loyal subjects here groaned under. So the army went without relief or supplies, and no legal hearing came. The officers asked the king to look upon them and the government under which they suffered, and to ensure that a speedy way remained open to justice, for the relief of the army and the preservation of this kingdom.

52. Clanricarde's frustrations at Portumna

    Portumna · town · Galway · 1643

    Clanricarde wrote from Portumna in November 1643 expressing deep frustration with the councils sitting at Galway, who put affronts upon him and allowed him no quarter. He was weary of remaining in the area due to the weak unsettled judgments and violent passions of those he dealt with.

    Read the passage

    Counsells of all kinds, except those of wisdome and forecast, 1 95 haue satt at Gallway this long time, and nothing at all concluded that I can heare of, but to put affronts and preiudices vpon me, and allow me no quarter at all. And I asure your lordship their weake vnsetled Judgments and strong and violent passions doth soe much disturbe me, that I am very weary, and vnwilling to make any longer residence in these partes.

    With much presumption vpon your lordship's patience, I send herewith a copy of my instructions to the commissioners for this county., hastely written when I was in extreame paine, and vpon

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 219

    As the companion tells it

    Portumna is the town the road passes through. In November 1643, Clanricarde wrote from here in a state of deep frustration. He said that councils of all kinds, except those of wisdom and forecast, had sat at Galway this long time, and concluded nothing that he could hear of, except to put affronts and prejudices upon him and allow him no quarter at all. He told his correspondent that their weak unsettled judgments and strong and violent passions did so much disturb him that he was very weary and unwilling to make any longer residence in these parts. He had been writing in extreme pain when he sent his instructions to the commissioners for this county.

53. Clanricard requests command of Galway fort

    Galway · city · Galway · 1641–1642

    The Earl of Clanricard petitioned the King for command of the fort of Galway, arguing he had no other place of safety for his family and noting that the current captain, son of Sir Francis Willoughby, lacked the temper and judgement to command there.

    Read the passage

    The late distempers of Scotland, the high proceedings in England, and the present commotions in this kingdom, suffered to grow to so great a height by your majesty's ministers here, are matters farr above my apprehention ; the passages stopt, and all men's tongues and pens soe bound up from giving any right intelligence, that I walk in a strange darkness, from which I cannot be free, but by the light of your majestie's gracious pleasure and royall commands to guide my stepps and actions ; which being known, and made able by your majestie's power, none shall give better testimony of his loyalty and diligence than myself. And to enable me the better for your majestie's service, give me leave to make it my humble suit for the command of the fort of Gallway, having noe other place of safety for my family or to support the power of this government. The captain that now commands there I wish well unto, for his father's sake, sir Francis Willoughby, but the truth is, he has neither temper nor judgement to command in chief in that place. I will presume to hope that the name of papist will not put that blemish upon the antient and constant merit of my

    —LVII. CONCERNING STATE-AFFAIRS. 289

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 120

    As the companion tells it

    Around 1641, the Earl of Clanricard wrote to the King from an Ireland gripped by commotion. He spoke of distempers in Scotland and high proceedings in England, and of troubles in this kingdom let grow to so great a height by the King's ministers. He said the passages were stopped, and men's tongues and pens so bound up that he walked in strange darkness, from which he could not be free except by the light of the King's gracious pleasure and royal commands. None, he said, would give better testimony of his loyalty and diligence than himself. To serve the King the better, he made it his humble suit for the command of the fort of Galway, having no other place of safety for his family or to support the power of this government. The captain that now commanded there he wished well, for his father's sake, Sir Francis Willoughby. But the truth, he said, was that the captain had neither temper nor judgement to command in chief in that place. He hoped the name of papist would not put a blemish upon the ancient and constant merit of his family.

54. Commanders and gentry about Londonderry and the covenant

    near Derry · city · Derry · 1643

    Ormond references letters sent from 'the comanders and gentry about Londonderry' concerning the new covenant, and vindicates Sir William and Sir Robert Stewart for joining in that letter, explaining their reasons for doing so. The episode illustrates the political tensions among Protestant forces in the Derry area.

    Read the passage

    I RECEAUED your letters of the 4th and pth of this moneth, together with the vnsigned large narration of passadges there, and all the other papers mentioned in it ; all which are of soe high concearnement to his majestic' s service, and the mater of them threatning soe destructiue a diuision of his protestant subiects heere, that I hould it most needfull to acquaint the lords justices and councell with that important dispatch ; whereby not only a tymely remedy might be prepared to prevent those evills, but your vigilancie and faithfulnesse in his majestie's service made knowen vnto them. And though I had before from another hand some imperfect knowledge of the same things which produced letters from the state to Monroe and all the collonells in the north, forbidding them to take, or suffer to be taken by their officers or souldiers, the new seditious covenant ; yet are wee soe farr inlightned by you into the depth of the businesse, that it hath been held necessary to prepare a dispatch of it for his majestie ; wherein my part shall be to informe him, how industrious you haue been in his affaires, and what danger and damage you are like to incurre thereby. This I owe to his service, but am exceeding glad to pay it to your honnor and advantage ; and because it was held needfull to transmitt a coppy of those letters sent from the comanders and gentry about Londonderry, I thought I could not in Justice, either to you or them, suffer it to goe without that part of your narration which vindicates sir William and sir Robertt Stewart from the preiudice it might otherwise doe them, by glueing the reasons of their ioyneing in that letter. Wherefore I haue extracted out of that narration all I thought necessary for his [vindication,] or [of] advantages to you or them to be knowen.

    In all this I haue gone wholy vpon my owne judgement, and may haue exceeded what you would haue don ; therefore heereafter, in your dispatches, I desire you would point to mee in what you would haue your name concealed, and you shall be sure it shall be soe.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 235

    As the companion tells it

    In 1643, the road takes you through Derry, a city caught in a bitter dispute among the king's own Protestant subjects. Ormond, commanding in Ireland for the king, received letters here from the commanders and gentry about Londonderry, together with an unsigned narration of what had been happening. The matter was serious enough that he judged it a threat of destructive division among Protestants, and felt bound to bring it before the lords justices and council, so a timely remedy might be found. Ormond already knew something of the trouble from another hand. That earlier knowledge had already prompted the state to write to Monroe and all the colonels in the north, forbidding them to take, or to allow their officers or soldiers to take, what he calls the new seditious covenant. But the letters from the commanders and gentry about Londonderry enlightened him further into the depth of the business, and a dispatch was prepared for the king himself. Ormond promised to tell the king how industrious his correspondent had been, and what danger and damage they were likely to incur for it. Because a copy of those letters from the commanders and gentry was being sent on, Ormond took care to include the part of the narration that vindicates Sir William and Sir Robert Stewart. He feared the letters might otherwise do them prejudice, and so he set down the reasons for their joining in that letter. He drew out from the narration everything he thought necessary for their vindication, and for the advantage of his correspondent. He added that he had acted wholly on his own judgement in this, and asked that in future dispatches his correspondent mark what should be kept private.

55. Dublin petition on soldier quartering abuses

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1667

    The city of Dublin petitioned concerning the quartering of soldiers, complaining of abuses committed against inhabitants under the pretence of quartering. Ormond defended his warrants, noting they did not prescribe where soldiers should be lodged, and promised remedy for specific complaints.

    Read the passage

    Sure the petition of the citty of Dublin concerning the quartering of souldiers, and my answer to it, has not been scene, or not considered by those who say there is noe redress giuen, and that it therefore becoms matter of impeachment and treason. The petition complaines not, but rather allowes of quartering ; it proposes wayes, how it may be done with most ease and regularity ; and it discharges me and my warrants from haueing giuen any pretence to the abuses said to haue been committed vnder the notion of quarters. My answer truly declares, that my warrants did not prescribe any place where the souldiers should be quartered ; and that they might haue lodged them in ale-howses or ins, if they had pleased (though by the way there is noe more law to force ale-howse keepers and inn-howlders to lodge men for nothing, against their wills, more then others) ; and it declares, that if the disorders complained of in generall had been made to me by particular instance, redresse should haue been giuen; and that when such complaints should be made, the officers should be punished. In short, there is not, there cannot be, any weight in that objection ; and if it shall be made vse of by way of impeachment, it cannot be my condemnation, by my remoove vpon any slight pretence, that can be aimed at. I haue carefully read the statutes, which, they say, would make it treason ; the ground, the scope, and the words of those lawes are quite to another end. And that is euident, in that quartering of souldiers has constantly been practised by all governors, euer since, and it was neuer objected as a cryme on them ; not on my lord of Strafford, though all things weare dilligently inquired into concerning him, and without any fauour prest against him. This is enough on this subject ; which if it receiue entertainment there, and bring me thither, he is a bold man who will take my place.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 38

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1667 was a city wrestling with the burden of soldiers billeted among its people. The city petitioned about the quartering of soldiers, complaining of abuses carried out under the pretence of quarters. The petition did not object to quartering itself. It proposed ways the practice might be done with ease and regularity, and it cleared Ormond and his warrants of having given any pretence to the abuses said to have been committed. Ormond answered the petition directly. He declared that his warrants did not prescribe any place where the soldiers should be lodged. He said they might have been put in alehouses or inns, though he noted there was no more law to force alehouse keepers and innholders to lodge men for nothing against their wills than anyone else. He stated that if the disorders complained of in general had been brought to him by particular instance, redress should have been given, and that when such complaints were made, the officers should be punished. Some were saying this was a matter of impeachment and treason. Ormond rejected that. He had carefully read the statutes they said would make it treason, and the ground, the scope, and the words of those laws were, in his view, quite to another end. He pointed out that quartering of soldiers had constantly been practised by all governors ever since, and it had never been objected as a crime against them, not even against Lord Strafford, though all things were diligently inquired into concerning him. He finished by saying that if this matter brought him to trial, he is a bold man who will take his place.

56. Mayor of Galway expels strangers from town

    Galway · city · Galway

    Upon notice of strangers resorting to Galway and suspicion that powder was being privately conveyed away, the duke sent a warrant to the mayor, who by proclamation freed the town of strangers. Oliver Oge French was placed on the sheriff's hands, and the duke hoped to have him and others sent into the fort.

    Read the passage

    was not insisted upon by the captain nor my self; finding it impossible to gain it by force, we were in hope by time and fair means to get it from them ; but it had not been of much advantage, as appeareth since; for during the siege and treaty, and upon knowledge of Fr. Darcy's coming to the isle of Aren, as I am informed, they spent and divided among their assistants in town and camp, and conveyed to some others whose aid they expected, if the pacification had not succeeded, all the powder brought by Oliver Oge French, which was accompted about 32 vessels, weight -500; or what was remaining so secretly hid by private merchants, that it could not be discovered. Several moderate and well affected persons of the town were agreed upon by capt.Willoughby and me, who were nominated by those that knew them, and were professed friends to the fort, and to them I gave a large commission under the provincial seal to examine upon oath and all other ways, all those that were suspected to have any powder, armes, or ammunition, and all other witnesses that could discover any thing concerning that subject; and that they should seize upon the same, and deliver over upon accompt to other able and discreet men agreed upon by capt. Willoughby and me, who were upon oath to issue no part thereof but by direction or warrant from me. But for all their care 85 and diligence, there could none considerable be found, but what Fr. Darcy brought, about 2700 weight, which was immediately put into those commissioners hands we had nominated, who approve themselves very honest and faithfull men. After this, upon notice of some resort of strangers to the town, and upon information of some powder suspected to have been privately conveyed away, I sent immediately to the mayor, who by a proclamation freed the town of strangers, and having not force sufficient under my command in his majestie^s pay, I did agree with capt. Willoughby that he should put a garrison into a stone house near the great east gate of the town. I gave him way to put a guard into a castle of mine a mile off the town to keep the passage to the river, and likewise allowed him to place more men about the abbey on the west on Irrconnaght side, both to prevent access of strangers and issuing forth of powder. I sent a warrant to the mayor to apprehend such merchants as were suspected to have hidden and conveyed some powder away, and I am informed that Oliver Oge is put upon the sheriffs hands, and I am in good hope to have him and some others sent into

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 147

    As the companion tells it

    Galway has a story from the time of the Duke of Ormond, when a siege and treaty were underway. During that siege, powder brought by Oliver Oge French, reckoned at about 32 vessels weighing around 500, was spent and divided among those in the town and camp. What remained was so secretly hidden by private merchants that it could not be found. Moderate and well-affected persons of the town were chosen by Captain Willoughby and the narrator, men known to be friends of the fort. They were given a large commission under the provincial seal to examine on oath all those suspected of having powder, arms, or ammunition, to seize the same, and to deliver it to other able and discreet men, who were sworn to issue nothing except by warrant. For all their care, nothing considerable was found except what Fr. Darcy brought, about 2700 weight, which was put into the commissioners' hands. Then came notice that strangers were resorting to Galway, and information that powder was suspected to have been privately conveyed away. The duke sent immediately to the mayor, who by proclamation freed the town of strangers. Captain Willoughby placed a garrison in a stone house near the great east gate. A guard went into a castle a mile off the town to keep the passage to the river, and more men were placed about the abbey on the west, on the Irrconnaght side, to prevent the access of strangers and the issuing forth of powder. A warrant was sent to the mayor to apprehend such merchants as were suspected of having hidden and conveyed powder away. Oliver Oge French was put upon the sheriff's hands, and the duke was in good hope to have him and some others sent into the fort.

57. Military design against County Longford abandoned

    Longford · town · Longford · 1642

    Ranelagh reports that Lord Ormond declined to spend a few days on a particular military design that would have much distressed the county of Longford, choosing instead to retreat to Dublin. Longford is described as a 'mischievous county.'

    Read the passage

    My lord of Ormond came no nearer than within 6 miles of this place, where having the honour to wait upon him on Monday morning, I told him of your lordship's earnest desire to see him, but his resolution being taken for his present retreat to Dublin, I could neither prevail with him for his coming hither, nor to spend a few days upon some particular design that would much have distressed that mischievous county of Longford.

    My directions in the case of submissions and protection arc somewhat suitable to those your lordship received from the lords justices; which if I should observe, would be of such evill consequence, as I have presumed to crave their lordships leave to swerve from that rule ; and as I am informed by my faithfull friend sir Robert King, that those that govern our affairs in England are moderate enough in that kind, so doth my lord of

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 143

    As the companion tells it

    In 1642, Longford was called a mischievous county, and a plan was afoot that would have much distressed it. Ranelagh had been waiting on Lord Ormond on a Monday morning, and told him of your lordship's earnest desire to see him. But Ormond had come no nearer than six miles of this place, and his resolution was already taken for a present retreat to Dublin. Ranelagh could neither prevail with him to come, nor to spend a few days upon some particular military design that would have much distressed that mischievous county of Longford. The design was abandoned, and Ormond withdrew. Ranelagh then turned to other matters, writing of submissions and protection, and how his directions were somewhat suitable to those the lord justices had given, though he feared observing them would be of such evil consequence that he had presumed to crave leave to swerve from that rule.

58. Ormond writes from Dublin on his recall as governor

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1684

    From Dublin on 3 November 1684, the Duke of Ormond writes to the king acknowledging his recall as chief governor of Ireland and requesting that his removal not take place in winter, as it is an unfit season for an old man to travel. He accepts the choice of Lord Rochester as his successor and expresses his intention to return to England to attend the king.

    Read the passage

    I am willing to make use of the liberty your majesty is pleased to give me, to offer what I wish in the manner of executing your pleasure ; having so absolutely, and without the least reluctancy, but rather with satisfaction, resigned myself to it in the matter ; but since your majesty allows me to propose, I humbly offer, that if it may consist with your service, my remove may not be in the winter ; an unfit season for an old man to travel in, or for any man to make provision for his future residence.

    I would further wish, that if it be not too late, your majesty's resolution may be such a secret as it is, till near the time my lord Rochester shall be ready to prepare for his journey.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 68

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, November 1684. The Duke of Ormond, chief governor of Ireland, writes to the king from here. He has been recalled. He accepts it without reluctance, he says, and with satisfaction. But he asks one thing: that his removal not take place in winter. He calls it an unfit season for an old man to travel in, or for any man to make provision for his future residence. He accepts the king's choice of Lord Rochester as his successor. He asks only that the king's resolution be kept secret until near the time Rochester is ready to prepare for his journey. Ormond intends to return to England and attend the king. His own words survive in the letter: an unfit season for an old man to travel in.

59. Wentworth writes from Dublin on customs and tobacco monopoly

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1638

    Lord Deputy Wentworth writes from Dublin in June 1638, urging the king to maintain control over the tobacco monopoly and customs farmers rather than committing too far. He notes that £13,000 has been raised in Ireland and suggests the king should buy out the Earl of Carlisle's interest in certain islands, as it concerns the crown.

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    Now before I leaue this subjectte, I beseech your majesty not to ingage your selfe ouer farre to those farmers of your costoms for there sole buying and selling of the tobaccoes there, but keepe itt still in your power to resume at pleasure, abayting them soe much rent as they aduance for that priuiledge. Be pleased but to consider, if in this poore kingdome wee be able to raise you thirteen thousand pounds, what is to [be] dun in England ; undoubtedly, by the rule of proportion, ten times as much : and I then conceaue your majesty will acknowledge your aduantage weare greate by thus still keeping your hande upon this comodity.

    And admitte me humbly to offer further heareupon to your wisedome how fitt and of greate consequence I conceaue it were for your majesty to buy out for your self my lord of CarluVs interest in those iselands, as not indeed fitt to rest in the hands of any subjecte. If my forsight faile me not extreamly, there are not many things whearon soe much depends, as may in time be mad appeare, and wondrouse worthey your majesty's knowledge and wisdome to operate upon. Let me humbly beseech your majesty not to suffer it to fall out of your memory ; for I am most confident it concerns your crowne most mightily.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 92

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, in 1638. Lord Deputy Wentworth was writing from this city to the king, and one of the things pressing on his mind was tobacco. He begged the king not to bind himself too far to the farmers of the customs, those men granted sole right to buy and sell tobacco. Keep the power to resume it at pleasure, he said, abating their rent by whatever they paid for the privilege. He pointed out that if this poor kingdom could raise thirteen thousand pounds, then England by proportion could yield ten times as much. His advice was to keep the king's hand upon this commodity. He went further. He urged the king to buy out the Earl of Carlisle's interest in certain islands, saying it was not fit for such a thing to rest in the hands of any subject. He told the king there were not many things whereon so much depended, and that it was worthy of the king's knowledge and wisdom to act upon it. Do not suffer it to fall out of your memory, he wrote, for he was confident it concerns your crown most mightily.

60. Cessation articles printed at Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1643

    The articles of a cessation of arms between the King's forces and the Irish rebels, concluded for one year, were printed at Dublin and sent to the King by the lords justices and council, arriving in England on a Saturday.

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    This cessation was concluded on the i5th day of September for one whole yeare ; and the articles thereof, printed at Dublin, were sent to us by our lords justices and councell, and arrived here on Saturday last, with a letter from them to one of our secretarys, expressing the great sufferings of our army there, through want of reliefe out of England. Wee haue thought fitt, with this true and plaine relation, to publish the said articles 177 according to the copy sent us, that all our good subjects may see how wee haue proceeded herein. What opinion the principall persons, as well of our councell as the officers of our army, there, haue of this cessation, may appeare by the testimony which wee haue caused to be printed after the articles, with their names who haue set their hands to the same. And let all our good subjects be assured, that as wee haue for these reasons, and with this caution and deliberation, consented to this preparation to peace, and to that purpose doe continue our parlament there; so wee shall proceed in the accomplishing thereof with that care and circumspection, that wee shall not admitt even peace it selfe, otherwise then as it may be agreeable to conscience, honour, and justice.

    CLXXIV. — The earl of Clanricard to the marquis of Ormond.

    Internet Archive lifeofjamesdukeo05cartuoft, Chapter 202

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin, 1643. The articles of a cessation of arms between the King's forces and the Irish rebels were printed here in this city. The cessation was concluded on the 15th day of September for one whole year. The articles, printed at Dublin, were sent to the King by the lords justices and council. They arrived in England on a Saturday, with a letter from them to one of the secretaries, expressing the great sufferings of the army there through want of relief out of England. The King thought it fit, with a true and plain relation, to publish the said articles according to the copy sent, that all good subjects might see how he had proceeded. The principal persons, as well of the council as the officers of the army there, gave their opinion of this cessation by testimony printed after the articles, with their names who set their hands to the same. The King declared that he had consented to this preparation to peace with caution and deliberation, and that he continued his parliament there for that purpose. He pledged to proceed with care and circumspection, and would not admit even peace itself, otherwise than as it might be agreeable to conscience, honour, and justice.