Limerick, its history and antiquities; ecclesiastical, civil, and military,from the earliest ages, with copious historical, archaeological, topographical, and genealogical notes

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. William Arthur elder's open house for foreign exiles in Limerick

   Limerick · city · Limerick · 1587–1622

   William Arthur, eldest son of Thomas, died on 14 March 1622 aged sixty. He was first chosen bailiff of Limerick and was noted for keeping his house open in hospitality to foreign exiles, having married Anastatia Kyce for thirty-five years.

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   thou wert munificent, clement and kind — the prayers of all bless thee ; and thou wert first chosen bailiff, the honour pays thee the meed of merit. Thine old age was venerable ; far from thee was wrath, treacherj^, malice, and the crime of odious avarice. Grave, dignified in merit and aspect, a worshipper of faith and of God, and estimable for thy guileless simplicity. Hence your generous house was open in hospitality to foreign exiles. Anastatia Kyce enjoyed in firm wedlock thee and thy hand for thirty-five years, who rendered thee happy by a numerous offspring. She long abstained from meat and wine ; and on the 1st of March, 1G40, died at the age of 70 years.

   Edmund died on the 15th of November, 1G51. Here ends the idyll.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 206

   As the companion tells it

   Limerick was home to William Arthur, eldest son of Thomas, who died on 14 March 1622 aged sixty. He was the first chosen bailiff of the city. The record calls him

2. Belfry and bell erected at St. Mary's Catholic Chapel

   Limerick · city · Limerick · 1814–1815

   In September 1814 a third belfry was erected in a Catholic Chapel in Limerick, that of St. Mary's Parish, and a bell was put up in January following.

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   In September, 1814, a third belfry was erected in a Catholic Chapel in Limerick, that of St. Mary^s Parish, and a bell was put up in January following.

   The project of building the projected bridge over the Shannon from Custom-House Quay to the opposite side of the river, was publicly abandoned on the 20th September this year (1814), when an advertisement appeared in the public journals of the city to that effect. At this time the north end of Thoraond Bridge near Castle-street, was only eight feet ten inches wide, though one of the greatest thoroughfares in the kingdom, and a resolution was adopted to widen and repair that ancient bridge.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 247

   As the companion tells it

   Limerick saw a third belfry raised at a Catholic chapel in September 1814, this one belonging to St. Mary's Parish. A bell was put up in January of the following year. That same September, the plan for a bridge over the Shannon from Custom-House Quay was publicly given up, announced in the city journals on the 20th of the month. The north end of Thomond Bridge near Castle Street was only eight feet ten inches wide at the time, despite being one of the greatest thoroughfares in the kingdom, and a resolution was adopted to widen and repair that ancient bridge.

3. Confederate assembly at Jamestown commissions envoys

   Jamestown · townland · Leitrim · 1646

   The Catholic Confederate party assembled at Jamestown in County Leitrim on 6 August and on the 10th commissioned the Bishop of Dromore and Dr. Charles Kelly to tell Ormond to quit the kingdom and leave the king's authority in trustworthy hands.

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   In accordance with this resolution they assembled at Jamestown, in the county of Leitrim, on the 6th of August ; and on the 10th, they commissioned the Bishop of Dromore, and Dr. Charles Kelly, the Dean of Tuam, to acquaint him with their desires "that he would speedily quit the kingdom, and leave the king's authority in the hands of some persons faithful to his Majesty and trusty to the nation, and such as the affections and confidence of the people would follow.'' He professed to be astonished at these overtures, but the Bishops intimated to him that instead of his returning a direct reply to their letter, they would meet him at Loughrea on the 26th of the month.

   Ormond went to Loughrea, where the Bishops of Cork and Clonfert proceeded to receive his answer to their propositions, which, according to Dr. French, Bishop of Ferns, were loyal, dutiful, and moderate. He replied in a long letter that he was not wilUng to withdraw out of Ireland, as they for the peace of the kingdom and the reconcilement of differences among the Cathohcs, expressed a desire that he should do. They told him plainly that the people seeing no visible army for their defence, despaired of recovering what they had lost or of preserving what remained to them. Finding that they could not persuade him to change his resolution or bend to a just view of afiairs, on the 15th of December, they published a declaration against the continuance of the king's authority in Ormond, and a solemn excommunication, by which they dehvered to Satan, all that should oppose or disobey it, or feed, or help, or adhere to Ormond by giving him subsidy, contribution or intelligence, or by obeying his commands.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 94

   As the companion tells it

   Close to Jamestown, the Catholic Confederate party gathered in August of 1646. They assembled here on the 6th of that month, and on the 10th they commissioned the Bishop of Dromore and Dr. Charles Kelly, the Dean of Tuam, to carry a message to Ormond. Their desire was, in the words of the source, that he would speedily quit the kingdom, and leave the king's authority in the hands of some persons faithful to his Majesty and trusty to the nation, and such as the affections and confidence of the people would follow. Ormond professed to be astonished at these overtures. The bishops told him that rather than returning a direct reply to their letter, they would meet him at Loughrea on the 26th of the month. Ormond went to Loughrea, where the Bishops of Cork and Clonfert received his answer to their propositions. According to Dr. French, Bishop of Ferns, those propositions were loyal, dutiful, and moderate. Ormond replied in a long letter that he was not willing to withdraw out of Ireland, as they had desired for the peace of the kingdom and the reconcilement of differences among the Catholics. They told him plainly that the people, seeing no visible army for their defence, despaired of recovering what they had lost or of preserving what remained to them. Finding they could not persuade him to change his resolution, on the 15th of December they published a declaration against the continuance of the king's authority in Ormond, and a solemn excommunication, by which they delivered to Satan all that should oppose or disobey it, or feed, help, or adhere to Ormond by giving him subsidy, contribution, or intelligence, or by obeying his commands.

4. Cromwell sends propositions to Limerick citizens

   Limerick · city · Limerick · 1649–1650

   Cromwell sent propositions to Limerick offering free exercise of religion, enjoyment of estates and church livings, and free trade without garrison, provided citizens allowed free passage through the city for his forces into County Clare.

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   was not permanent, and that Ormond, as time went on, was not treated with even the outward show of civility, on account of his disingenuousness, and the efforts he continued to make to induce them to receive a garrison. The officers of the city guards neither went to him for orders, nor would they take orders from him. Without special leave of the mayor no officer of the army was admitted to his presence to receive directions to suppress the Parliamentarians, who at the moment were roaming over the country and in the neighbourhood. Lord Kilmallock, a Catholic peer, and officer of the army, was committed to gaol for no other reason than that he quartered a few horsemen, with Ormond's own orders, within the city. These and other reasons worked on him to quit Limerick, and proceed to Loughrea, where he was followed by the Bishops, and where he complained that their Lordships did not treat him in a fair manner. He stated that as soon as he left Limerick, the Bishops of Limerick and Eoss waited on Lord Inchiquin, who was then in the city ; that they desired Inchiquin not to quit the kingdom, stating that he was of an ancient race, and offering him, if he would join them, and put off the Commissioners of Trusts, to place all things in his hands. Ormond and Incliiquin had held up a constant correspondence ; they made these facts known to each other, and concluded, perhaps, with great truth, that the Bishops were anxious to obtain a riddance of both.* Negociations continued to be pressed. The city seemed to desire Colonel Pierce Walsh to be sent to command the militia ; this was done ; they demurred about a garrison ; they thought 3000 foot and 300 horse, the numbers proposed, too great ; they insisted the garrison should be Ulster men j^ that the county of Clare should be set apart entirely for their subsistence and pay ; that the city should be charged with no loans or levies on that account ; that the troops should be quartered in huts without the walls, and under the command of the Bishop of Limerick, Hugh O'jS^eil, or Mortagh O'Brien. The jealousy and suspicion of Ormond continued. Dominick Fanning, gathering a body of resolute young men, entered a Dutch ship in which the Marquis was sending abroad two trunks of papers which he desired to secure, and which Fanning supposed was money. When it was found that the trunks contained papers only, they desisted ; but they took a solemn oath to stand by one another in that action. Sir Nicholas Comyn, mayor, who had received knighthood from Ormond, convened the town council, and called before him the rioters ; they said they were ignorant that the trunks belonged to Ormond, and asked pardon. The mayor compelled them to disclaim theu' oath of combination, and to take a new one of obeying the Lord Lieutenant, and of doing nothing -udthout license of the magistrates. Ormond, to encourage these good inclinations, removed to Clare, quartering the troops he had with him (1700 foot and 350 horse) in the neighbourhood, with orders to be ready to draw to a rendevouz. He did this the rather because Cromwell had at this time sent propositions to Limerick, offering the citizens the free exercise of their religion, the enjoyment of their estates, churches and church livings, a free trade and commerce, without garrison, provided they Avould give a free passage through the city for his forces into the county of Clare. ^ While visiting, on the 11th of June, some troops in Clare, within four miles of the city, two aldermen, Creagli and Bourke, waited on the Marquis, with a request that he would settle a garrison in Limerick.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 93

   As the companion tells it

   As you pass near Limerick, the city carries a story from 1649. Cromwell sent propositions to the citizens here, offering them the free exercise of their religion, the enjoyment of their estates, churches and church livings, and free trade and commerce without garrison. The condition was that they give free passage through the city for his forces into County Clare. At the time, the city was a place of suspicion. Officers of the city guards would not take orders from Ormond, the Lord Lieutenant. Lord Kilmallock, a Catholic peer, was committed to gaol for quartering a few horsemen with Ormond's own orders. Ormond quit Limerick for Loughrea, complaining that the Bishops did not treat him fairly. The Bishops of Limerick and Ross then waited on Lord Inchiquin, still in the city, asking him not to leave the kingdom and offering to place all things in his hands. The city wanted Colonel Pierce Walsh to command the militia but demurred about a garrison. They thought 3000 foot and 300 horse too great. They insisted the garrison be Ulster men, that County Clare be set apart for their subsistence, and that troops be quartered in huts outside the walls under command of the Bishop of Limerick, Hugh O'Neil, or Mortagh O'Brien. Dominick Fanning gathered young men and entered a Dutch ship where Ormond was sending two trunks he wished to secure. Fanning supposed they held money, but finding only papers, they desisted. Sir Nicholas Comyn, the mayor, convened the council and compelled the rioters to disclaim their oath. Ormond moved to Clare, quartering 1700 foot and 350 horse nearby, because Cromwell had sent his propositions. On the 11th of June, two aldermen, Creagh and Bourke, waited on the Marquis, requesting he settle a garrison in Limerick.

5. Limerick city pleads inability to fund Irish army

   Limerick · city · Limerick · 1649

   The city of Limerick was asked for money to meet the exigencies of the Irish army but pleaded inability and offered only £100, reflecting the financial strain and divided loyalties of the period.

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   On the 29th of September, Ormond, who had been some time in France, from which he took his departure by Havre-de-Grace, landed at Cork, accompanied by Lord Castlehaven and others.^ Lord Inchiquin went to Cork to meet and welcome him. Slowly advancing towards his noble palace at Carrick-on-Suir, — a palace which to this day, even in its decay, shows what it had been in its olden splendour, — he gave it to be understood by every one that he was sent by the Queen in order to fuid a means of settling the affairs of Ireland. In Carrick-on-Suir he received a solemn embassy from the Assembly of Kilkenny, at the head of which was the Archbishop of Tuam," standard-bearer to all those who, forgetful of their duty to the Holy See, employ their hands in every act of sacrilegious violence,^ and that person, above all, who had promised the Nuncio that he never would consent to the re-establishment of the Marquis.'* On the 6th of October he published a declaration upon his arrival in Ireland, in which there is the passage : — " We profess and declare, first, to improve our utmost endeavours for the settlement of the Protestant Eeligion, according to the example of the best reformed churches — secondly, to defend the King in his prerogatives. ■'■'^ The city of Limerick, which was applied to for money, to meet the exigencies of the Irish army, pleaded inabihty, and offered only £100.^ The four distinct interests in the kingdom, continuing to remain irreconcilable, viz. the King's, the Presbyterians', the Supreme Council's, and Owen Eoe O'Neil's, the Parliament, on the 28th of March, solemnly resolved that Oliver Cromwell should be constituted General of all their forces then in Ireland, and that he should be sent thither. Cromwell, accordingly, prepared for the expedition with the greatest diligence.'

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 92

   As the companion tells it

   On September 29, Ormond landed at Cork, having departed France by way of Havre-de-Grace, accompanied by Lord Castlehaven and others. Lord Inchiquin went to Cork to meet and welcome him. Ormond advanced slowly toward his palace at Carrick-on-Suir, a palace that even in its decay showed its old splendour. He let it be understood that he was sent by the Queen to find a means of settling the affairs of Ireland. At Carrick-on-Suir he received a solemn embassy from the Assembly of Kilkenny, led by the Archbishop of Tuam, described as standard-bearer to all those who, forgetful of their duty to the Holy See, employed their hands in acts of sacrilegious violence, and who had promised the Nuncio he would never consent to the re-establishment of the Marquis. On October 6, Ormond published a declaration upon his arrival in Ireland containing the words: "We profess and declare, first, to improve our utmost endeavours for the settlement of the Protestant Religion, according to the example of the best reformed churches — secondly, to defend the King in his prerogatives." Into this unsettled moment, Limerick, the city you are passing through, was asked for money to meet the exigencies of the Irish army. The city pleaded inability and offered only £100. The four distinct interests in the kingdom remained irreconcilable: the King's, the Presbyterians', the Supreme Council's, and Owen Roe O'Neil's. On March 28, Parliament solemnly resolved that Oliver Cromwell should be constituted General of all their forces then in Ireland, and that he should be sent thither. Cromwell prepared for the expedition with the greatest diligence.

6. Mrs. Butler dies aged 105 at Bunnahow, Co. Clare

   Bunnahow · townland · Clare · 1814

   In the latter end of October 1814 Mrs. Butler died at Bunnahow in the County of Clare, aged 105 years.

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   In the latter end of the month of October, died at Bunnahow, in the Co. of Clare, Mrs. Butler, aged 105 years Limerick Adverliser, November ith, 18l4r.

   In the Summer of this year, the old city Brewery, long since a ruin, began to undergo an entire repair; a new mill wheel, and all necessary machinery erected, by Mr. Michael Rochford, the proprietor.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 247

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Bunnahow, Mrs. Butler died in the latter end of October 1814. She had reached one hundred and five years. The Limerick Advertiser carried the notice in November of that year.

7. Alphra Maunsell memorial in Caherconlish Church

   Caherconlish · town · Limerick · 1662

   Alphra Maunsell, mother of a numerous family, returned from England and resided with her son John at Ballyvorneen near Caherconlish, where she died prior to 1662. She was buried in the Church of Caherconlish, where a memorial was erected by her son John on 12th October 1662.

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   He settled in the County of Cork, at Derrivillane. .John, a fourth son of his, a Captain in the Life Guards and settled first in Ireland, was ancestor to the Maunsells of Ballybrood and Thorpe-Mal^or. Mrs. Alphra Maunsell, the mother of a numerous family, having resided for some time in England, returned to Ireland a, id resided witli her son John at Bally vorneen, near Caherconlish, where she died prior to lt)62. She was buried in the Church of Caherconlish where the following memorial was erected to her by her son : —

   Herelyeth the Bodye of ALPHRA MAUNSELL,^

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 269

   As the companion tells it

   In the town of Caherconlish, a memorial stands in the church for Alphra Maunsell. She was the mother of a numerous family, and had lived for some time in England before returning to Ireland. She came back to live with her son John at Ballyvorneen, near Caherconlish, where she died before 1662. On the 12th of October 1662, her son John erected this memorial to her in the church. The inscription reads: "Herelyeth the Bodye of ALPHRA MAUNSELL." John had been a Captain in the Life Guards, and was ancestor to the Maunsells of Ballybrood and Thorpe-Malor.

8. Brunswick Club initiated at Charleville

   Charleville · town · Cork · 1828

   As part of the ascendancy party's response to Catholic Emancipation agitation, a Brunswick Club was likewise initiated at Charleville.

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   As a counterpoise to this victory, Brunswick Clubs were now estabHshed everywhere throughout the country by the ascendancy party. At Eathkeale, a great meeting of the gentry of the county of Limerick took place, at which a Brunswick Club was initiated, and of which Lord ]\Iuskerry became the President. At Charleville a club was likewise initiated. At Nenagh, the Tories of the Ormonds established a Club.^ A Protestant declaration, drawn up in Limerick in favor of Catholic claims, lay for a fortnight at the Commercial Buildings, and had not received a dozen signatures during that time. Liberal and Independent Clubs started up side by side with the Brunswick Clubs. It was action and counter action — plot and counter plot. The Order of Liberators, which had been established by O'Connell, who first spoke of his intention to that effect at the great Waterford election in 1826, between VilHers Stuart and Lord George Beresford, received new accessions every day to its members. In the Catholic Association Eichard Shell thundered with Demosthenic fire, while " Bully Boyton'^' fired from behind some " Constitutional" Club, in sustainment of principles which had already become exploded. The faction feuds which had hitherto divided and destroyed the people, ceased in general reconciliations, particularly between the factions in Limerick and in Tipperary, where on one occasion, during this year, 50,000 men assembled, and swore on the altar of their country that they never would fight again among themselves, an event which more than any other struck terror into the hitherto dominant faction.*

   ' Then Moriarty's — afterwards Cruise'3 Royal Hotel, which he never left without calling for Mrs. Cruise and thanking her for her elegant hospitality. This hotel is now (1S65) rented by Mr. John Joseph Clearj', and retains its high character.

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 275

   As the companion tells it

   The town of Charleville, in 1828, saw a Brunswick Club initiated here. This was part of a wider movement. The ascendancy party established Brunswick Clubs everywhere throughout the country as a counterpoise to the victory of Catholic Emancipation. At Rathkeale, a great meeting of the gentry of County Limerick took place, and a Brunswick Club was initiated there, with Lord Muskerry becoming its President. At Charleville, a club was likewise initiated. At Nenagh, the Tories of the Ormonds established their own club. A Protestant declaration, drawn up in Limerick in favour of Catholic claims, lay for a fortnight at the Commercial Buildings and had not received a dozen signatures during that time. Liberal and Independent Clubs started up side by side with the Brunswick Clubs. It was, as the record says, action and counter action, plot and counter plot. The Order of Liberators, established by O'Connell, who first spoke of his intention at the great Waterford election in 1826, between Villiers Stuart and Lord George Beresford, received new accessions every day. In the Catholic Association, Richard Sheil thundered with Demosthenic fire, while one called Bully Boyton fired from behind some Constitutional Club, in sustainment of principles which had already become exploded. The faction feuds which had hitherto divided and destroyed the people ceased in general reconciliations, particularly between the factions in Limerick and Tipperary, where on one occasion during this year 50,000 men assembled and swore on the altar of their country that they never would fight again among themselves, an event which more than any other struck terror into the hitherto dominant faction.

9. Butler consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of Limerick

   Limerick · city · Limerick · 1861

   On 25 July 1861, Dr. George Butler was consecrated Bishop of Cidonia in partibus and Coadjutor Bishop of Limerick. The ceremony was conducted by Archbishop Leahy of Cashel, assisted by the Bishops of Killaloe and Cloyne, with many prelates present.

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   missionary left the West Indies, and arrived in Limerick towards the end of 1840, when he was appointed to the curacy of St. Patrick's, of which the late lamented Rev. Mathew O'Connor was parish priest. Jn Saint Patrick's the Rev. George Butler continued curate for four years. He was then appointed to St. John's, where he remained for one year, at the expiration of which he was sent to St. Michael's, where he was curate lor twelve years, during the last years of which he was administrator. In 1857 he was appointed parish priest of Saint Mary's and dean of the diocese; and in 1861, on the 25th of July, he was consecrated Bishop of Cidonia i7i pao-tihus, and Coadjutor Bishop of Limerick; the consecrating prelate was the Most Rev. Dr. Leahy, Archbishop of Cashel, assisted by the Bishops of Killaloe and Cloyne. The Lord Archbishop of Dublin, and many of the prelates of Munster and Connaught were present, as was also the Bishop of Bombay, as well as the Archimandrite of Lebanon, all attended by their respective chaplains.

   The consecration sermon was preached by the Right Rev. Dr. Moriarty, Bishop of Kerry. On the 6th of June, 1864, on the demise of the Right Rev. Dr. Ryan, the Right Rev. Dr. Butler succeeded to the see of Limerick, of the mitre of which his lordship has in every possible way

   Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 368

   As the companion tells it

   In this city of Limerick, on the 25th of July 1861, a priest named George Butler was consecrated Coadjutor Bishop of Limerick and Bishop of Cidonia in partibus. Butler had come to Limerick at the end of 1840 from the West Indies, and was made curate of Saint Patrick's under the parish priest, Reverend Mathew O'Connor. He stayed at Saint Patrick's for four years, then spent one year at Saint John's, and after that served twelve years as curate at Saint Michael's, where for the last years he was administrator. In 1857 he was appointed parish priest of Saint Mary's and dean of the diocese. The consecrating prelate was the Most Reverend Dr. Leahy, Archbishop of Cashel, assisted by the Bishops of Killaloe and Cloyne. The Lord Archbishop of Dublin was present, and many prelates of Munster and Connaught, as was the Bishop of Bombay and the Archimandrite of Lebanon, all attended by their chaplains. The consecration sermon was preached by the Right Reverend Dr. Moriarty, Bishop of Kerry. On the 6th of June 1864, on the demise of the Right Reverend Dr. Ryan, Butler succeeded to the see of Limerick.

10. Captain O'Dell posted at Athlacca with militia and dragoons

    Athlacca · parish · Limerick · 1691

    During the siege of Limerick, Captain John O'Dell of the O'Dells of Ballingarry was stationed at Athlacca with militia and dragoons as part of the Williamite forces' strategy to harass the country.

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    iStill fears filled the minds of the besiegers^ and parties were constantly sent out to harass the country. Ballingarry and Bruree were burned, and Captain John O'Dell^ was posted at Athlacca with mUitia and dragoons. It was quite well known in WiUiam's camp that unless this stratagetic movement was successfully effected, it would be impossible to make a decisive attack upon the city, though shot and shell were vehemently and constantly poured into it from the guns and mortars of the besiegers. So hard pushed had been the besiegers, that it was disputed in WiUiam's camp whether the siege should be raised and a blockade instituted. For a time it was carried m favor of raising the siege, and of abandoning the strong and obstinate old city ; but as an engineer was proceeding to Kilmallock, for the purpose of fortifying it as a place of retreat or for winter quarters, in the event of the abandonment of Limerick, he was countermanded; and on the 18th of September, orders were sent to the men of war and other English vessels in the river, to set some men on shore in the county of Clare, to destroy all the forage, as it was harvest time. Giakle's war materials was literally enormous.^

    A second great passage of the river by Ginkle himself, the Duke of Wurtemburg, Scravemore, " with aU our horse and dragoons, commanded by Major-General Euvigny, (except Colonel Coy^s horse, and fifty out of each regiment of dragoons), with ten regiments of foot and fourteen guns, viz., ten three-pounders and four twelve-pounders, taking also seven days^ provision along, was made over our bridge of boats into the county of Clare, leaving Major-General Mackay and Major-General Talmash to command on this side.'"' Great difficulty was experienced in this movement ; the forts and batteries played upon the movuig colunms with tremendous precision. At twelve o'clock, however, on the 23nd of September, they all passed the river,^ and they must have been compelled to retreat, had it not been that they were so weU sustained. Some small firings continued about four o'clock,

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 143

    As the companion tells it

    The parish of Athlacca saw its share of the war in 1691. During the siege of Limerick, fears filled the minds of the besiegers, and parties were constantly sent out to harass the country. Ballingarry and Bruree were burned. Captain John O'Dell, of the O'Dells of Ballingarry, was posted at Athlacca with militia and dragoons. It was well known in William's camp that unless this strategic movement was successfully effected, it would be impossible to make a decisive attack upon the city, though shot and shell were vehemently and constantly poured into it from the guns and mortars of the besiegers. The besiegers had been so hard pushed that it was disputed in William's camp whether the siege should be raised and a blockade instituted. For a time the argument was carried in favour of raising the siege and abandoning the strong and obstinate old city. But as an engineer was proceeding to Kilmallock, for the purpose of fortifying it as a place of retreat or for winter quarters in the event of the abandonment of Limerick, he was countermanded. On the 18th of September, orders were sent to the men of war and other English vessels in the river to set some men on shore in the county of Clare, to destroy all the forage, as it was harvest time. Ginkle's war materials were literally enormous. A second great passage of the river by Ginkle himself, the Duke of Wurtemburg, and Scravemore followed, with all their horse and dragoons, commanded by Major-General Euvigny, except Colonel Coy's horse and fifty out of each regiment of dragoons, along with ten regiments of foot and fourteen guns, ten three-pounders and four twelve-pounders, taking also seven days' provision. They passed over their bridge of boats into the county of Clare, leaving Major-General Mackay and Major-General Talmash to command on the other side.

11. Duke of Wirtemberg encamped at Ballyboy

    Ballyboy · townland · Offaly · 1691

    Ginkle sent the Rev. Mr. Trench to the Duke of Wirtemberg, then at Ballyboy, to encamp thereabouts until the rest of the army joined him, or to attempt surprising a passage over the Shannon.

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    At MuUingar Ginkle gave certain directions as to the contraction of the works that had been made the winter before for the sucurity of that place. The design of passing the Shannon at Meelck or Banagher, appeared to be the most plausible to Ginkle while he lay at MulUngar ; and he sent the Rev. Mr. Trench, who at an earlier period had done service to the cause,* to the Duke of Wirtemberg, then at Ballyboy, to encamp thereabouts until the rest of the army had joined him, or if he could, to sm*prise a passage over the Shannon while the Irish army which were watching the other portion of the English. Mr. Trench, with a party of thirty horse, got to his destination, though surrounded by the Irish ; knomng the passes, and the by-ways, he reached Roscrea where the Duke Avas encamped. For certain causes, however, an express was sent to Athlone directing that the Duke should march forward in order to join the army at Athlone. This was done — and matters proceeded in a regular course of operation on both sides. One of the principal wants of the Irish army was an efficient cavalry. Storey teUs a very curious tale in reference to the manner in which this want was supplied by the Irish Generals. On a certain day they sent directions that all the gentlemen volunteers and yeomen in the neighbourhood of Limerick should appear on the Kiug^s Island with their best horses and arms. They appeared accordingly, wheu the majority of them were ordered to dismount and dehver up their horses for the use of the army. In a few days after this occurrence the whole body of Irish moved on towards Athlone, whither they had been informed, by spies and outscouts, the army of the WiUiamites designed to march. Ginkle, meantime, left nine twenty-four pounders, one eighteen pounder, and three mortars at Mullingar, and marched on Saturday the 6th of June, to Eathcondra about sis miles between Meers Court and Cairus Castle. He was joined by several general officers and their regiments and troops, at the head of whom was Lieutenant General Douglas, General Milo Burke was Governor of Athlone. He spurned the

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 140

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in 1691, the Duke of Wirtemberg was at Ballyboy. Ginkle, lying at Mullingar, had formed the design of passing the Shannon at Meelick or Banagher. He sent the Reverend Mr. Trench, a man who had done service to the cause at an earlier period, to the Duke with orders to encamp thereabouts until the rest of the army joined him, or if he could, to surprise a passage over the Shannon. The Irish army was watching the other portion of the English. Mr. Trench set out with a party of 30 horse. Though surrounded by the Irish, he knew the passes and the by-ways and reached Roscrea, where the Duke was encamped. For certain causes, an express was sent to Athlone directing that the Duke should march forward to join the army at Athlone. This was done, and matters proceeded in a regular course of operation on both sides. One of the principal wants of the Irish army was an efficient cavalry. The Irish Generals sent directions that all the gentlemen volunteers and yeomen near Limerick should appear on the King's Island with their best horses and arms. When they appeared, the majority were ordered to dismount and deliver up their horses for the use of the army. In a few days, the whole body of Irish moved towards Athlone, having been informed by spies and outscouts that the Williamites designed to march there. Ginkle, meantime, left nine 24-pounders, one 18-pounder, and three mortars at Mullingar, and marched on Saturday the 6th of June to Rathcondra, about 6 miles between Meers Court and Cairns Castle. He was joined by several general officers and their regiments, at the head of whom was Lieutenant General Douglas. General Milo Burke was Governor of Athlone.

12. End of the charter of James I for Limerick mayors and sheriffs

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1841

    The mayors and sheriffs chosen in 1841 were the last selected under the charter of James I governing Limerick's civic government. This marked the end of a centuries-old municipal system in the city.

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    These were the last of the Mayors and Sheriffs chosen by virtue of the charter of James I.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 412

    As the companion tells it

    In 1841, Limerick saw the last mayors and sheriffs chosen under the charter of James I. That charter had governed the city's civic government for centuries. Its end closed a long municipal system in the place.

13. Father Betagh, last Irish Jesuit, dies in Dublin 1811

    Dublin · city · Dublin · 1811

    Father Betagh, the last of the Irish Jesuits, died in Dublin in 1811 at the age of seventy-three, after having sent Fathers Kenny, Esmonde, and others to the novitiate of their society.

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    In the year 1811, Father Betagh, the last of the Irish Jesuits, died in Dublin at the age of seventy-three, after having sent Fathers Kenny, Esmonde, and others, to the novitiate of their dear society.

    The last of the old society in Ireland was Claude Jautard, a French father, who died at Ciongowes Wood College, S.J., in the year 1821.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 383

    As the companion tells it

    Dublin in 1811. Father Betagh, the last of the Irish Jesuits, died here at the age of 73. Before his death he had sent Fathers Kenny, Esmonde, and others to the novitiate of their society. The last of the old society in Ireland was Claude Jautard, a French father, who died at Clongowes Wood College in 1821.

14. Gates and walls of Limerick presented by Grand Jury

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1732

    Lt.-Genl. Pearce wrote to Charles Smyth concerning the affair of the gates and walls presented by the Grand Jury of the city of Limerick. It was advised that Smyth postpone his answer until the assizes, when judges might provide directions on the matter.

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    I hear from others, and from your Brother, Sr. Thos., that you are at Cork, on a design of building a play house. As our schemes of that sort^ for this citty are just ripe, and many gentlemen of fortune are concerned with me in a project, which will in all probality take effect, I have been at a good deal of paines to enform rayself of the necessary conveniencys, and to make such a designe as may best answer our intentions. At least we are a great number who are satisfied with it, or I would not venture to recommend it to you, who probably (as we do) propose some advantage to yr. self. The meaning of all this is to tell you, that if you realy are upon such a design, and send me a plan of ye ground, with the streets that lead to it, and mention the money you expect to lay out, I will as soon possible return you a' plan fitted for yr. purpose, with our scheme at large by which we raise the money and secure ourselves. I am not a judge whether ye affairs will permitt you to stay so long from yr. town of Limerick, but / hope they will, because I think it would be for yr. advantage. I know Lt.-Genel. Pearce has writt to you lately, concerning the affair of the Gates and Walls, presented by yr. Grand Jury of the Citty, but that is a business will be more adviseable in you to post pone till the time of the assizes, because the Judges may probably have some directions there in, and you may like best to hear what they will say before you send yr. answer, which I know is not expected before the assizes. I hope you will believe I offer this in friendship to you, and with reguard to Sr. Thos., yr. Brother, and that I am,

    Yr. most humble To Charles Smyth, Esq., and obedient servant,

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 187

    As the companion tells it

    In 1732, the Grand Jury of Limerick presented the city's gates and walls as a matter requiring attention. Lieutenant General Pearce wrote to Charles Smyth about the affair. Smyth received advice to hold off on his answer until the time of the assizes, because the judges might have directions on the matter. It would be better to hear what they had to say before sending any reply, and the answer was not expected before the assizes in any case. The letter that carried this advice came from a correspondent who wrote to Smyth in friendship. He had heard from others, and from Smyth's brother, Sir Thomas, that Smyth was at Cork, on a design of building a playhouse. The writer and a number of gentlemen of fortune had their own playhouse scheme ready for their city, and offered to send Smyth a plan fitted to his purpose. If Smyth sent a plan of his ground, with the streets that led to it, and mentioned the money he expected to lay out, the writer would return a plan with the full scheme for raising the money and securing themselves. He believed the stay would be to Smyth's advantage. The letter closed with regard to Sir Thomas, and was signed as Smyth's most humble and obedient servant.

15. General Duff reviews garrison regiments at Newcastle, 1798

    Newcastle · town · Limerick · 1798

    On January 9th, General Duff reviewed at Newcastle the regiments composing the garrison: the Earl of Roden's 1st Fencible Cavalry, Royal Irish Artillery, Longford and South Cork Militia, and Devon Fencibles.

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    Januarj' 9th. — General Duff reviewed at Newcastle the following regiments of which the garrison was composed: — The Earl of Eoden's 1st Fencible Cavalry, Eoyal Irish Ai'tillery, Longford and South Cork Militia, and Devon Fencibles.

    A meeting of the non-commissioned officers and privates of the Limerick Merchants' corps, was held for the purpose of presenting an address and sword to their adjutant Henry Eochfort, Esq.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 225

    As the companion tells it

    Newcastle, in Limerick, was a military town in 1798. On January 9th, General Duff reviewed the regiments that made up the garrison here. They were the Earl of Roden's 1st Fencible Cavalry, the Royal Irish Artillery, the Longford and South Cork Militia, and the Devon Fencibles. That same time, the non-commissioned officers and privates of the Limerick Merchants' corps met to present an address and a sword to their adjutant, Henry Rochfort.

16. Henry Street store built with stone from old Mary Street premises, 1837

    Henry Street · street · Limerick · 1837

    In 1837 the Russell family built a new store on Henry Street adjoining the Newtown Pery mills, inserting into its front a stone salvaged from their old Mary Street premises. The stone bears the date 1837 and the Russell family arms carved in relief.

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    1 In front of the Newtown Pery store, in Henry Street, built in addition to themills m 1837, is inserted a stone, which was formerly in front of the «ld ^^^y«'•"'*/,^°"^",";, ^"^^ Lane and was purchased by Mr. J. N.Russell, when that building was taken down. On eiS side of the stone is the date of the erection of the store. 1837 ; over this stone, cut in relief also, are the Russell arms, with the name underneath—

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 264

    As the companion tells it

    A store on Henry Street, built in 1837 in addition to the Newtown Pery mills. Into its front is inserted a stone that was formerly in front of the old Mary Street premises, purchased by Mr. J. N. Russell when that building was taken down. On the stone is the date of the store's erection, 1837. Over it, cut in relief, are the Russell arms, with the name underneath.

17. Ireton marches via Nenagh and Silver Mines to Killaloe

    Nenagh · town · Tipperary · 1651

    The Parliamentary army rendezvoused at Cashel, then Ireton marched by way of Nenagh, down by the Silver Mines, and across the roads to the part of the Shannon flowing opposite Killaloe. This positioned his forces for the investment of Limerick.

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    For some months past Ireton had been putting all tilings in readiness for his army ; tents, arms, beds for the soldiers, cannon, ammunition of every sort, were sent up the Shannon by him towards Limerick, by vessels provided for the service. Garrisons had already, since the previous March, been placed in the castles of Castle Connell and at KHmallock, convenient outposts for strategetic purposes ; other places were likewise invested or blockaded. The Parliamentary army was ordered to rendevouz at Cashel, from whence Ireton marched by way of Nenagh, down by the Silver Mines, and across the roads to that part of the Shannon which flows opposite Killaloe. The Earl of Castlehaven, who had been before this time appointed, by Ormond, commander-in-chief of the province of Muuster and the coimty of Clare, now held that office for the whole kingdom, marched with what forces he could draw together, and encamped at Killaloe, to observe Ireton's movements. Ireton was thoroughly aware of the weakness of the confederate forces, feeling assured that they only kept up appearances till Cromwell and King Charles had decided their quarrel. He kept a guard on his side of the river, as Castlehaven did against him.'

    ' Carte. 2 The Unkind Deieiter.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 96

    As the companion tells it

    In 1651, this town of Nenagh lay on the line of march for Ireton's Parliamentary army. He had spent months preparing for the campaign. Tents, arms, soldiers' beds, cannon, and ammunition of every sort were sent up the Shannon toward Limerick by vessels provided for the service. Garrisons had already been placed in the castles of Castle Connell and at Kilmallock since the previous March, convenient outposts for strategic purposes, and other places were likewise invested or blockaded. The Parliamentary army was ordered to rendezvous at Cashel, and from there Ireton marched by way of Nenagh, down by the Silver Mines, and across the roads to that part of the Shannon which flows opposite Killaloe. The Earl of Castlehaven, who had been appointed by Ormond commander-in-chief of the province of Munster and the county of Clare, now held that office for the whole kingdom. He marched with what forces he could draw together and encamped at Killaloe to observe Ireton's movements. Ireton was thoroughly aware of the weakness of the confederate forces, feeling assured that they only kept up appearances until Cromwell and King Charles had decided their quarrel. He kept a guard on his side of the river, as Castlehaven did against him.

18. John O'Connell dies at Kingstown

    near Dún Laoghaire · town · Dublin · 1858

    John O'Connell, son of Daniel O'Connell and formerly MP for Limerick, died at Kingstown on May 24, 1858. He was noted as a man of distinguished abilities, an able writer and debater of the highest character.

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    ■■ On the 24th of May, John O'Connell, Esq., " the beloved son" of the Liberator, died at Kingstown. He had been some few years before member for Limerick. He was a man of distinguished abilities, an able writer and debater, and of the highest character in public and private life.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 298

    As the companion tells it

    Dún Laoghaire was Kingstown in 1858, when John O'Connell died here on the 24th of May. He was the beloved son of the Liberator, Daniel O'Connell, and had served as member of Parliament for Limerick. The record calls him a man of distinguished abilities, an able writer and debater, of the highest character in public and private life.

19. Limerick Castle ruinous under Earl of Desmond, 1423

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1423–1424

    James Earl of Desmond was made constable for life of Limerick Castle in 1423, when the ancient fees were mostly annihilated and the Castle had become so ruinous that the greater part had fallen to the ground. He received £10 and sixty marks from the Laxweir fishery profits for repairs.

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    James Earl of Desmond was made constable for life by Patent 23rd August 1423 — with leave to execute the Office by Deputy — and inasmuch as " the ancient fees for the custody of the Castle were for the most part annihilated, and the Castle become so ruinous, that the greater part of it was fallen to the ground," he was given £10 for the repair of the Castle, as well as forty marks out of the profits of the Lexwer (Laxweir), while he should occupy the officetwenty marks more, out of the profits of these weirs, were granted to him for five years in 1424.

    Sixty marks a year was a large sum in those days — so the Laxweir fishery must have been a very rich one to pay it.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 35

    As the companion tells it

    In 1423, in Limerick, the castle stood in ruins. The greater part of it had fallen to the ground, and the ancient fees for its upkeep had been mostly annihilated. On 23 August that year, James, Earl of Desmond, was made constable of the castle for life, with leave to execute the office by deputy. He was given ten pounds for repairs, and forty marks from the profits of the Laxweir fishery while he held the office. In 1424, twenty more marks from those weir profits were granted to him for five years. Sixty marks a year was a large sum in those days, which tells us the Laxweir fishery must have been a very rich one to pay it.

20. Limerick garrisoned by the French and defended in 1691

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690–1691

    Limerick was garrisoned by the French in 1690, and its fortifications were defended during the siege of 1691.

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    Limerick city, fouiiUation of, 1; description of, 1; ancient history of, 2,6; built by Yvorus 2; Luimeneoch-Leatlianglas, proper name of Liniericli, 3; Christianity introduced in 434. 3; cathedial (see Cathedrali founded, by St. Munchin, 5 ; battle between Callachau and the Danes (945), 8 ; besieged by (J'brien (tenth century j, 10; King Donald, his l;fe and endowments, 29; founds cathedral (1194;, 30; surrendered by O'Brien, king of Thomond to Henry king ol England, 37; wrested trom the English (1174), and set on fire by O'Brien 43 ; invaded by Kaymond le Gros, 43; under the English, 47; charter by English (1197,) 47; set on tire temp, John, 49; English faiuilies in, etc., 51 ; disputes as to possession (1205), 54; besieged by Bruce (1316), 61; Lord Grey attacks, 81 ; court held there, 93; citizens aid the arrest of Earl of Desmond (see Desmond), 97 ; mayor and citizens assist Lord Justice Pelham, 1579, 102 ; visited by Sir John Perrot, 114 ; boundaries in 1609, 135 ; Papists to be cleared out of 203; garrisoned by French (1690), 213; fortifications of, 218 defence of (.1691), 261; (s«e £vent$.)

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 457

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick is a city the road passes through or near, and in 1690 and 1691 it stood at the centre of a war. In 1690, Limerick was garrisoned by the French. The fortifications of the city were defended in 1691 during a siege. The record lists these as events in a long history of the place, which had seen earlier sieges and burnings across the centuries. But for the years that matter here, the story is brief. French soldiers held the garrison. The walls and fortifications were put to the test in 1691, and the defence of Limerick is entered in the record as a distinct event. What the book gives is spare: a garrison, a year, a defence, a siege. The city's name carries the weight of what happened on those walls. The rest of its long story, the foundings and the burnings and the kings, belongs to other stretches of road.

21. Lt. Hill of Limerick taken prisoner by French at Killala

    Killala · town · Mayo · 1798

    Lt. Hill of Limerick, who had been visiting Killala, was taken prisoner by the French upon their landing. He was subsequently liberated on parole.

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    September 1st. — Accounts reached Limerick this d.ay, that a report to the effect that the City ftlilitia were in action at Castlebar on tlie 27th of August, was imtrue. They were on that day at Carrick-on-Shannon, eu route to join General Lake. Laut. Hill, Esq., of Limerick, who had been on a visit to Killala, aud taken prisoner by the French on their landing, was liberated on parole. The French were at Castlebar up to 3rd of September and afterwards ; their cavalry were picketed at Lord Lucan's Lawn.

    September 12th — On this day letters were received from the city, stating that on the 5th

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 236

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Killala, in Mayo, saw a small piece of the great trouble of 1798. The French landed here that August, and among those caught up in it was a man from Limerick. Lieutenant Hill, of Limerick, had been on a visit to Killala when the French came ashore. They took him prisoner on their landing. He was afterwards liberated on parole. News of this reached Limerick by the first of September. The French were at Castlebar up to the third of September and after, their cavalry picketed at Lord Lucan's Lawn.

22. Merchants of the Staple revival attempt fails in Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1824

    An 1824 effort to revive the Merchants of the Staple, created by charter of James I and extinct by then, named thirty-two guild members by order of the Lord Lieutenant in Council. The effort failed and the guild became inoperative.

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    An effort being made in 1824, to revive the Merchants of the Staple, who had been created by charter of James I., and who had become extmct, by order of the Lord Lieutenant in Council, on the 14th of August, 1824, thirty-two members of. the guild were named, one of whom only was a member of the Common Council, though several of them were freemen. That efi^ort failed — the guild became inoperative. The Chamber of Commerce, on the other hand, went on steadily and well. Their funds were at first derived from rateable subscriptions paid by each member according to the extent of his export trade in the port of Limerick, and a schedule of

    1 In 1833 the Corporation proposed to borrow from the Commissioners of public warks £9,000 on the security of the surplus revenues of £1,000, for the purpose of rebuilding Thomond Bridge. The bridge was built, but the money was never paid by the Corporation.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 262

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick, in 1824, saw an effort to revive the Merchants of the Staple, a guild created by charter of James I that had become extinct. By order of the Lord Lieutenant in Council, on the 14th of August, 1824, 32 members of the guild were named. Only one was a member of the Common Council, though several were freemen. That effort failed, and the guild became inoperative. The Chamber of Commerce, on the other hand, went on steadily and well. Its funds came from rateable subscriptions, each member paying according to the extent of his export trade in the port of Limerick.

23. Pestilence scourges Munster, 300 dead in Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1604

    In 1604, a terrible pestilence brought from England scourged the province of Munster and killed three hundred inhabitants of Limerick.

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    1604 A terrible pestilence, brought over from England, scourged the province of Mun»ter, and carried off three hundred of the inhabitants of Limerick (Arthur MSS.)

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 405

    As the companion tells it

    In 1604, a terrible pestilence came from England and scourged the whole province of Munster. Here in Limerick, it carried off 300 of the inhabitants. That is what the Arthur manuscripts record. Nothing more is told of how it arrived or how the people endured it.

24. Peter Hehir dies in Limerick Poor House aged 102

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1815

    On November 24th, 1815, Peter Hehir died in the Poor House at the age of 102 years, with full exercise of his mental faculties to the last moment.

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    November 24th. — Peter Hehir, died in the Poor House, aged 102 years — he had the full exercise of his mental faculties to the last moment. — Limerick Chronicle.

    In this year, the fire arms of all the Regiments of Infantry were coloured brown. In this year a tower, a beacon, began to be erected on the Beeves Rocks, near Askeaton, to guide vessels at night.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 249

    As the companion tells it

    In 1815 in Limerick, on November 24th, Peter Hehir died in the Poor House. He was 102 years old. The Limerick Chronicle noted that he had the full exercise of his mental faculties to the last moment. A century and two years of life, and his mind stayed with him until the end.

25. Railway opened between Limerick and Dublin

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1848

    On 4 May railway communication was opened for the first time between Limerick and Dublin, marking a major transport milestone for the city.

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    Michael Quin, Esq., was swoin jNIayor of Limerick on the 1st of January, 1848. On the 4th of May railway communication was opened up for the first time between Limerick and Dublin ; and possession Avas obtained of the Island Bank, or road-way around the King's Island, for the recreation of the citizens.' The Corporation agreed with the eminent artist, the late

    ' On a stone at the walk at the Thouaoud Bridge side of the embankment is the following inscription; —

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 290

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick, in 1848. Michael Quin was sworn in as Mayor on the 1st of January. On the 4th of May, railway communication opened for the first time between Limerick and Dublin. That same time, possession was obtained of the Island Bank, the roadway around the King's Island, for the recreation of the citizens. A stone stands at the walk on the bridge side of the embankment, bearing an inscription.

26. Religion flourishes in Limerick under Bishop Creagh

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1369–1399

    During the thirty-year episcopacy of Pierce Creagh, religion flourished in Limerick. Eminent families of the city showed their zeal through munificent expenditure on churches and monasteries, demonstrating ardent faith and sincere devotion.

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    Peter Curragh (in a MS. in T.C.D., said to be taken out of the Black Book, he is called Creagh; and in White's MSS. he is designated Pierce Creagh, a native of Limerick, though Ware states that he was a native of the county of Dublin) was elected next in succession, in 1369. He took the oath of fealty to Edward HI. before the illustrious Wilham of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, on the 10th of February (English style). Creagh's episcopacy was full of troubles. He engaged in implacable opposition to the Franciscans. When Archbishop Warrington came to Limerick to redress their grievances, and cited the bishop to answer their complaints, he (the bishop) laid violent hands on the archbishop, and tore the citation from him with such force that he drew his blood, and ordered the archbishop to begone, or that it should fare worse with his attendants. It is said, moreover, that the bishop laid censures on and threatened with excommunication all who should repair for divine service within the church of the Franciscans ; that he excommunicated all who afforded the archbishop food and entertainment. There are other matters equally harsh said of this bishop : some of these accusations are preferred by Ware, on the authority of Luke Wadding ; but we must accept them with some reservation. We must bear in mind that this prelate governed the see of Limerick for the long period of thirty years. During his time religion flourished in Limerick. Some of the most eminent of the families of the city then lived, and by their munificent expenditure on the churches and monasteries, showed that their zeal was ardent and their faith sincere. It was during the episcopacy of Pierce Creagh that Martin Arthur made a wilP which shows that there were nine churches in the city. This will was made A.D. 1376. Among the bequests was one to the Franciscan friars, which the assertion of Ware, or rather of his commentator, Harris, as to the resent-

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 326

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up through Limerick now. For thirty years, from 1369 to 1399, Pierce Creagh governed the see of Limerick as bishop. He was said to be a native of Limerick, though the historian Ware states he was from the county of Dublin. He took the oath of fealty to Edward III before William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester, on the 10th of February. Creagh's episcopacy was full of troubles. He engaged in implacable opposition to the Franciscans. When Archbishop Warrington came to Limerick to redress the Franciscans' grievances and cited the bishop to answer their complaints, Creagh laid violent hands on the archbishop. He tore the citation from him with such force that he drew his blood, and ordered the archbishop to begone, or it should fare worse with his attendants. The bishop also laid censures on all who should attend divine service within the Franciscans' church, and excommunicated all who gave the archbishop food or entertainment. Some of these accusations come from Ware, on the authority of Luke Wadding, though they should be accepted with some reservation. Despite this, during Creagh's long episcopacy religion flourished in Limerick. Some of the most eminent families of the city lived then, and by their munificent expenditure on churches and monasteries showed that their zeal was ardent and their faith sincere. In 1376, during Creagh's time, Martin Arthur made a will showing there were nine churches in the city. Among the bequests was one to the Franciscan friars.

27. Roche's trade and provision contracts in Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1797

    Mr. Roche carried on a vast trade with Holland in rape seed, flax, and other goods from Limerick until his death in 1797, and also supplied large provision contracts to the Government. His stores later became the property of Thomas Kelly of Shannon View and were rented by the customs as bonding stores.

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    of Limerick. Until his death in 1797, Mr. Eoche carried on a vast trade with Holland, in rape seed, flax, &c. and he supplied large provision contracts to Government. 1 The old town continued under the tender care of the Corporation, which did its very best to provide for the requirements of its o"«Ti members, who were regardless of the condition of their peculiar charge, or of any other consideration, except that of alienating the public property, and dividing among themselves the loaves and the fishes. From the year 1757 to 1800, they had made but eight leases, and these were for a term of 999 years : —

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 231

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick in 1797. Mr. Roche carried on a vast trade with Holland from this city, in rape seed, flax, and other goods. He also supplied large provision contracts to the Government. He died that year, in 1797. His stores later became the property of Thomas Kelly of Shannon View, and were rented by the customs as bonding stores.

28. Ruins of Dominican monastery at Sisters of Mercy convent

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1650–1691

    By Ware's time the statue and church existed, but after the sieges only a few walls remained, identifiable by lancet windows of great altitude and debris of stone-work and tracery scattered about the convent of the Sisters of Mercy.

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    Sir James Ware states that in his time the statue and the church existed, but after the two sieges of Limerick in 1650 and 1691, nothing remained of the tomb or the statue, and of the church and monastery there are only a few walls standing, which, by lancet windows of great altitude, and the debris of stone-work and tracery which now lie scattered in confusion about the convent of the Sisters of Mercy, tell what the monastery and

    ' Sloane MSS. in Britiah Museum, 4793. ^ Chronological Epilogue,

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 372

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick holds the ruins of a Dominican monastery, at the convent of the Sisters of Mercy. Sir James Ware says the statue and the church still stood in his time. But after the two sieges of Limerick, in 1650 and 1691, the tomb and the statue were gone. Of the church and monastery only a few walls remain, marked by lancet windows of great height, with debris of stone-work and tracery scattered in confusion about the convent.

29. Sarsfield family seat at Sarsfieldstown, County Meath

    Sarsfieldstown · townland · Meath

    Roger Sarsfield, second son of John who was Admiral to King Henry VI, married a daughter of Christopher Cusack of Kilmallock in County Meath and had by her John of Sarsfieldstown in the same county.

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    '• Roger, second son of John, who was thirteen years Admiral to King Henry VI. as abovesaid, was married to a daughter of Christopher Cusack of Kilmallock in the County of Meath, and had by her John of Sarsfieldstown, in the said County, and by her had two sons, Patrick and "William ; Patrick was Mayor of Dublin anno 1554 ; he died sans issue.

    " Sir William chosen Mayor of Dublin anno 1566, and in the same year Sir Henry Sidney being Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, and Knight of tlie Most Noble Order of the Garter, in the Ninth Year of Queen Elizabeth ; he being in England and his Lady in Drogheda.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 154

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here was the seat of the Sarsfield family. Roger Sarsfield was the second son of John, who served thirteen years as Admiral to King Henry the Sixth. Roger married a daughter of Christopher Cusack of Kilmallock in County Meath. By her he had John, who was of Sarsfieldstown in the same county. John had two sons, Patrick and William. Patrick was Mayor of Dublin in 1554, and he died without issue. Sir William was chosen Mayor of Dublin in 1566. That same year, Sir Henry Sidney was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, Knight of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, in the ninth year of Queen Elizabeth. Sidney was in England and his Lady was in Drogheda.

30. Smallpox epidemic in Limerick city and neighbourhood

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1814

    In the autumn of 1814 smallpox was very fatal in the city and neighbourhood of Limerick, particularly among infants.

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    In the Autumn of this year, the small pox very fatal in the city and neighbourhood, particularly to infants.

    In the latter end of the month of October, died at Bunnahow, in the Co. of Clare, Mrs. Butler, aged 105 years Limerick Adverliser, November ith, 18l4r.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 247

    As the companion tells it

    In the autumn of 1814, smallpox was very fatal in the city and neighbourhood of Limerick, particularly among infants. The same season took Mrs. Butler, aged 105 years, who died at Bunnahow in County Clare in late October. The Limerick Advertiser carried the news in November.

31. St. John's old church origins

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1400–1500

    The old church of St. John's was believed to date from the early fifteenth century, coeval with the fortification of the Irish town. Its oldest tomb, bearing a slipper device possibly referencing John the Baptist, is fixed in the wall near the entrance.

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    The period of the erection of the old church has been supposed to be coeval with the fortification of the Irish town, in the early part of the fifteenth century. The oldest tomb in the churchyard, probably belonging to a date not much posterior, is fixed in the wall near the entrance, bearing the device of a slipper, and having a defaced inscription written

    round the sides, stating that Philip caused the monument to be

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 395

    As the companion tells it

    In Limerick, the old church of St. John's is thought to date from the early part of the 1400s, around the time the Irish town was fortified. The oldest tomb in the churchyard is fixed in the wall near the entrance. It bears the device of a slipper and a defaced inscription running round the sides, stating that Philip caused the monument to be made.

32. St. Nicholas's Church destroyed in siege of 1691

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1642–1691

    St. Nicholas's Church, near the Castle barrack on ground afterwards occupied by the old post office, was destroyed during the last siege of 1691. It was described as a busy scene of action in 1642.

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    St. Nicholas's Church, near the Castle barrack, on the ground afterwards occupied by the old post office, was destroyed during the last siege of 169i. Described as a busy scene of action in 1642.

    St. Michael's Church, outside the walls, in the churchyard near Mardyke. Destroyed in the siege of 1691. The cathedral is now the parish church of St. Nicholas, as well as of St. Mary's. The parish of St. Michael, which is a rectory, united from time immemorial to part of the rectory of Kildimo and the rectory of Ardagh, the three parishes constituting the union of St. Michael and the corps of the archdeaconry of Limerick, in the patronage of the Bishop, comprehends the whole of the new town, as St. John's forms the Irish town, and St. Mary's, St. Munchin's, and St. Nicholas's, the English town. All these parishes are within the bounds of the county of the city.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 393

    As the companion tells it

    The city of Limerick holds the site of Saint Nicholas's Church, near the Castle barrack, on ground afterwards occupied by the old post office. In 1642, this church was described as a busy scene of action. It was destroyed during the last siege of 1691. Saint Michael's Church, outside the walls, in the churchyard near Mardyke, was also destroyed in that same siege. The cathedral now serves as the parish church of Saint Nicholas, as well as of Saint Mary's. The parish of Saint Nicholas, together with Saint Mary's and Saint Munchin's, formed the English town. Saint John's formed the Irish town. All these parishes lay within the bounds of the county of the city.

33. Thomas Mahon monumental slab in cathedral

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1631–1637

    A broken and defaced monumental slab in black letter in the cathedral was erected to Thomas Mahon (d. 1 November 1631) and his wife Creagh (d. 2 November 1637), placed among other ancient tombstones in the north transept.

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    A monumental slab in black letter, somewhat broken and defaced ^ is placed next in order. This monument was erected to Thomas Mahon, and his wife Creagh; the former died 1st November, 1631, the latter November 2nd, 1637.

    On the deprivation of William Casey, who had been advanced, as we have seen, by Edward VI., from the rectory of Kilcornan, on the recommendation of James, Earl of Desmond, Hugh Lacy, or Lees, a canon of Limerick, was appointed by Queen Mary.^ The following abstract of the royal letter is in Morrin's Calendar of the Patent Rolls : The queen to

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 334

    As the companion tells it

    In Limerick, the cathedral holds a monumental slab, broken and defaced, its inscription in black letter. It was put up for Thomas Mahon and his wife Creagh. He died on 1 November 1631. She died on 2 November 1637.

34. Williamite expedition to Carrigogunnel

    Carrigogunnel · townland · Limerick · 1691

    On the same day as the Castle Connell expedition, General Scravemore proceeded with a party and four guns to Carrigogunnel, described as a strong position, to continue the work of securing approaches to Limerick.

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    Securing the approaches on every side, on the morning of the 27th, an expedition, with five pieces of cannon, and 700 horse and dragoons, was sent to Castle Connell to complete the work of destruction which had been but partially eff'ected the year before. The castle was now utterly demolished, and 250 men of the Irish army who garrisoned it were driven out, and many of them killed. On the same day General Scravemore proceeded with another party and four guns to Carrigogunnel, a strong

    I The residence of the late Lieut.-Gcneral Sir William Parker Carrol), and of his son Captain Carroll. ■ Storey.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 140

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Carrigogunnel, General Scravemore brought a party and four guns on the same day as the Castle Connell expedition. This was on the morning of the 27th. The Williamite forces were securing the approaches to Limerick on every side. The larger expedition that day, sent to Castle Connell with five pieces of cannon and 700 horse and dragoons, had utterly demolished that castle and driven out 250 men of the Irish army who garrisoned it, killing many. Scravemore's move to Carrigogunnel continued that same work. The source calls Carrigogunnel a strong position. No more of what happened there is recorded.

35. William's army marches to Clonmel

    Clonmel · town · Tipperary · 1690

    After raising the siege of Limerick in August 1690, William's army sent off their heavy baggage and cannon, decamped, and marched towards Clonmel.

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    The soldiers were in hopes that William woidd give orders^ for a second attack, and seemed resolved to have the city, or lose all their lives ; but tliis was too great a risk to run at one place ; and they did not know how his ammunition was gone, especially by the former day's work. They continued however their batteries ; and then a storm of rain and other bad weather began to threaten, which fell on Friday the 29th in good earnest ; upon which Wniiam calhng another Council of War, concluded the safest way was to quit the siege, without which they could not have secui-ed their heavy cannon, which they drew off from the batteries by degrees, and found much difficulty in marching them five miles next day. Sunday the last of August, all the army drew off; most of the Protestants that lived in that part of the country taking the opportunity of removing further from Limerick with the army ; and " would rather leave theii- estates and aU their substance in the enemies' hands, than trust their persons any more in theh power."" Harris, too, speaks of the wet season and a scarcity of ammunition, as the occasion of the raising of the siege. The heavy baggage and cannon were sent off, and the next day the army decamped, and marched towards Clonmel._ The apologists of WiUiam have endeavoui-ed to throw the cause of the failure on the weather, not on the bravery of the soldiers, citizens and women of Limerick.

    The Duke of Berwick m his memoirs states that the enemy lost_ two thousand men in the assault. There were ten thousand of William's picked soldiers, includmg the Brandenburghers, the Danes, &c. engaged in it ; because

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 138

    As the companion tells it

    Clonmel is a town on this road. In 1690, William's army came this way after giving up the siege of Limerick. William's soldiers had wanted a second attack on Limerick and seemed resolved to have the city or lose all their lives. But William judged this too great a risk at one place. His ammunition was low, especially after the previous day's fighting. The batteries kept firing, but then a storm of rain and bad weather began to threaten, and on Friday the 29th it hit in earnest. William called a Council of War and concluded the safest way was to quit the siege. They could not have secured their heavy cannon otherwise, and drew them off from the batteries by degrees, finding much difficulty in marching them five miles the next day. On Sunday, the last of August, the whole army drew off. Many Protestants who lived in that part of the country took the opportunity to leave with the army. They "would rather leave their estates and all their substance in the enemies' hands, than trust their persons any more in their power." Harris too speaks of the wet season and a scarcity of ammunition as the occasion of the raising of the siege. The heavy baggage and cannon were sent off. The next day the army decamped and marched towards Clonmel. The apologists of William have tried to throw the cause of the failure on the weather, not on the bravery of the soldiers, citizens, and women of Limerick. The Duke of Berwick in his memoirs states that the enemy lost two thousand men in the assault. Ten thousand of William's picked soldiers, including the Brandenburghers, the Danes, and others, had been engaged in it.

36. Bishops meet Ormond at Loughrea with propositions

    Loughrea · town · Galway · 1646

    Ormond went to Loughrea where the Bishops of Cork and Clonfert received his answer to their propositions. He replied that he was unwilling to withdraw from Ireland, and they told him the people despaired without a visible army for their defence.

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    Ormond went to Loughrea, where the Bishops of Cork and Clonfert proceeded to receive his answer to their propositions, which, according to Dr. French, Bishop of Ferns, were loyal, dutiful, and moderate. He replied in a long letter that he was not wilUng to withdraw out of Ireland, as they for the peace of the kingdom and the reconcilement of differences among the Cathohcs, expressed a desire that he should do. They told him plainly that the people seeing no visible army for their defence, despaired of recovering what they had lost or of preserving what remained to them. Finding that they could not persuade him to change his resolution or bend to a just view of afiairs, on the 15th of December, they published a declaration against the continuance of the king's authority in Ormond, and a solemn excommunication, by which they dehvered to Satan, all that should oppose or disobey it, or feed, or help, or adhere to Ormond by giving him subsidy, contribution or intelligence, or by obeying his commands.

    Dr. John O'Moloney, Bishop of Killaloe, was among the Bishops who attached his sign manual to this edict ; and well did he pay for his boldness, as we shall soon see. The synod of JamestoMn, before their breaking up, appointed a committee to act by their authority during the recess; and commissions were given out by this committee for levying soldiers, for which a rendevous was fixed at Ballintober. The Bishop of Killaloe had raised a troop and appointed a rendevous at Quin. Ormond sent Edward Wogan against them; the party was dispersed, the Bishop taken prisoner, and he would have been put to death had not Ormond saved him,'^ though he had signed and promulgated the excommunication. On this memorable occasion

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 94

    As the companion tells it

    In 1646, the town of Loughrea saw a meeting between Ormond and bishops who had propositions for him. The Bishops of Cork and Clonfert came to receive his answer. Dr. French, Bishop of Ferns, said their propositions were loyal, dutiful, and moderate. Ormond replied in a long letter that he was unwilling to withdraw from Ireland. The bishops had expressed a desire that he should do so, for the peace of the kingdom and the reconcilement of differences among the Catholics. They told him plainly that the people, seeing no visible army for their defence, despaired of recovering what they had lost or of preserving what remained to them. Finding they could not persuade him to change his resolution, on the 15th of December they published a declaration against the continuance of the king's authority in Ormond. They issued a solemn excommunication, delivering to Satan all who should oppose or disobey it, or feed, help, or adhere to Ormond by giving him subsidy, contribution, or intelligence, or by obeying his commands. Dr. John O'Moloney, Bishop of Killaloe, was among the bishops who signed this edict. The synod of Jamestown, before breaking up, appointed a committee to act by their authority during the recess. Commissions were given for levying soldiers, with a rendezvous fixed at Ballintober. The Bishop of Killaloe raised a troop and appointed a rendezvous at Quin. Ormond sent Edward Wogan against them. The party was dispersed, the Bishop taken prisoner, and he would have been put to death had not Ormond saved him, though he had signed and promulgated the excommunication.

37. 1732 road survey from St. John's Gate to Ardsheagh Bridge

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1732

    A detailed survey of the road from St. John's Gate, Limerick, to Ardsheagh Bridge recorded distances through Blackboy Turnpike, Cahirnary bridge, Knockroe Gap, Bruff, Kilmallock, and Tubberna. Various contractors undertook repair work along sections of the route at specified rates per perch.

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    1732. A Survey of the Road from St. John's Gate, Limerick, to Ardsheagh Bridg

    From St. John's Gate to Blackboy Turnpike, Thence to Boreen fforge, Thence to Cahirnary bridge, Thence to Liberty Gap, Thence to Knockroe Gap,

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 471

    As the companion tells it

    In 1732 a survey measured the road out of Limerick, starting at St. John's Gate and running to Ardsheagh Bridge. The route went by Blackboy Turnpike, Boreen forge, Cahirnary bridge, Liberty Gap, and Knockroe Gap. No more of it survives in the record than those names in order.

38. Ancient see of Inniscathay united to Limerick

    Scattery Island · townland · Clare

    During the time of Bishop Donat, who died in 1207, the ancient see of Inniscathay was united to the diocese of Limerick, consolidating ecclesiastical authority in the region.

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    The deed by wliicli lie constituted tlie dignitaries and canons was witnessed by the Lord Archbishop of" Cashel, by the Lord Bishops of Cork, Cloyne, Ross, Ardfert, Emly, Kilfenora, and Waterford, and three abbots, viz., tlie Abbot of Maggio, the Abbot of Suirey, the Abbot of Furness, the Archdeacons of Waterford, Killaloe, and Magfenin ; the Priors of the Monasteries of St. Catherine and St. Edmond, and the Dean of CasheL' In page 114 of the Black Book is the confirmation of the act of Bishop Donat, made by a successor, Edmund, Bishop of Limerick, but it bears no date. In the time of Donat, who died a.d. 1207, the ancient see of Inniscathay was united to Limerick. King John showed the greatest anxiety to conciHate the bishop and clergy of Limerick, not only by making restitution, but by conceding and confirming by royal charter further grants to the Church. The king employed Bishop Donat much in his affairs in Ireland, and he became very dear to him. On the 13th July, in the eighteenth year of his reign, John granted ten plough lauds in ierris de Omayle, or, as it is in another place stated, de terris de Omatjle, and in both places styled ^^prope Mungarett".^ King John continued to interfere with the appointment of the bishops. We find that in 1207, GeofFry, rector of Dungarvan, was strongly recommended by him to the dean and chapter of Limerick. The king wrote to Meyler Fitzhenry, Lord Justice of Ireland, who made an inquisition respecting the property of the church of Limerick,^ with instructions to procure GeofFry to be elected bishop. There is little doubt that the royal missive was complied with.'' By a MS. in the margin of Sir James Ware's original Latin manuscript, mention is made that Geoffry was Bishop of Limerick in 1217. (White's J\ISS.) By Alyler FitzHenry's inquisition (1201) it appears that the churches in the city of Limerick at the time were St. Munchin's, St. Bridget's, St. John's, St. Peter's, St. Martin's, St. Michael's, St. Mary Rotundus (supposed to be St. Mary Maijdalen's), and St. Nicholas's. Edmund, the successor of GeofFry, sat but a short time, having died in 1222. Hubert de Burgo, who had been Prior of the Monastery of St. Edmund king and martyr, at Athassell, county Tippcrary, which was founded by his relative William de Burgh, about a.d. 1200, was the nex bishop in succession to Edmund. He was consecrated in 1222. He had been deprived of the temporalities of his see, but the king restored them to him on the lltli March, 1222. (English style.) Hubert was a great benefactor to the cathedral, and its canons and vicars-choral. He built the College of the Minor Canons, north of the cathedral. He augmented the number of prebends. He granted the church of St. Mary of Iniskesty to the Abbey of the Blessed Virgin at Keynsham, in Somersetshire, in England; and dying on the 4th of September, 1250, he was buried in the Monastery of the Dominican Fathers at Limerick. A little before his death, according to Sir James Ware, the bishops of Ireland had formed

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 320

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, close to Scattery Island, was the ancient see of Inniscathay. In the time of Bishop Donat of Limerick, who died in 1207, this see was united to the diocese of Limerick. The deed by which Donat constituted the dignitaries and canons was witnessed by the Lord Archbishop of Cashel, by the Lord Bishops of Cork, Cloyne, Ross, Ardfert, Emly, Kilfenora, and Waterford, and by three abbots, the Abbot of Maggio, the Abbot of Suirey, and the Abbot of Furness, along with the Archdeacons of Waterford, Killaloe, and Magfenin, and the Dean of Cashel. A confirmation of Bishop Donat's act was made by a successor, Edmund, Bishop of Limerick, recorded in the Black Book, but it bears no date. King John showed the greatest anxiety to conciliate the bishop and clergy of Limerick, by making restitution and conceding further grants to the Church by royal charter. The king employed Bishop Donat much in his affairs in Ireland, and Donat became very dear to him. On 13 July, in the eighteenth year of his reign, John granted ten plough lands in the lands of Omayle, or as stated in another place the lands of Omagle, in both places described as near Mungarett. King John continued to interfere with the appointment of bishops. In 1207, Geoffrey, rector of Dungarvan, was strongly recommended by the king to the dean and chapter of Limerick. The king wrote to Meyler Fitzhenry, Lord Justice of Ireland, who had made an inquisition respecting the property of the church of Limerick, with instructions to procure Geoffrey to be elected bishop. There is little doubt the royal missive was complied with. A manuscript note in the margin of Sir James Ware's original Latin manuscript mentions that Geoffrey was Bishop of Limerick in 1217.

39. Askeaton steam mills below the city

    Askeaton · townland · Limerick

    The Russell firm operated extensive mills at Askeaton, several miles below Limerick city, one of which was driven by steam. These mills contributed to employment and the commerce of the port.

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    Abbey River ; the large mills at Corbally, just above the last regulating weir on the Shannon Plassy Mills, farther up the river ; Garryowen Mills, a large steam concern ; and extensive mills at Askeaton, situate several miles below the city, one of which is also driven by steam. These concerns ^ive large employment to the people, and largely contribute to tlie commerce of the port, both by imports of grain, coals, etc., and by exports of flour and other commodities. A great portion of this is done by the sailing vessels of the firm, and by the line of steamers which they have largely contributed to maintain. The public benefits at all times resulting from these enterprises, need not be enlarged upon ; but the advantage to the community was especially found, during the disastrous years of the famine, when the Messrs. Russell were enabled to provide breadstufFs to an enormous and unprecedented extent for the consumption of the neiglibouring unions, then dependent on almost instant supplies to prevent famine taking possession inside the workhouses. At one period, in 18.58, it was in contemplation by the guardians to apply for advances from the imjjerial treasury, in anticipation of the poor rates, for payment of the supplies provided, which their funds were unable to meet. Before the era of steam navigation the English-and Scotch trade with the port was carried on by a line of sailing packets, of which Messrs. Russell werelirge proprietors ; but in 1850, when steam vessels became necessary to supersede the liners, they did not hesitate to take a very leading part in cstal)lishing the Steam Ship Company.* In 1858, when the Company Avas suffering from the opposition of railway competition, and the general depression of Irish public enterprise, Messrs. Russell took the shares of those whose confidence was shaken, and devoted themselves largely to restore the line. The success of these efforts is seen in the prosperity of the undertaking now, and the river vessels of larger size and power added to the fleet, which now can bnast of having as fine vessels of their class as any port of Great Britain or Ireland. In addition to ample accommodation for the general import and export trade of the city, this line is now enaijled to provide large supplies of coals, and thus keep a wholesome clieck on the enormous prices and extreme fluctuations which always existed when the supply of coals was entirely dependent on sailing vessels. In 1851, Messrs. Russell commenced the erection of Lansdowne flax spinning and weaving factories at North Strand, and such was the energy devoted to this entirely new branch of manufacture here by them, that the buildings and machinery of the spinning factory were erected and started in October, 1853, and shortly afterwards the power loom factory was erected, giving further large employment in the manufacture of the yarns into lines. These fine, well proportio:!ed buildings, all built of dressed limestone, are, in a mere architectural sense, an ornament to the city, and the advantages of the steady employment both factories have since given to large numbers, chiefly of the younger portion of the population, otherwise utterly unprovided with well-paid work, are not easily over-estimated. The firm has regularly engaged, in all their various enterprises, about 2,000 people. The founder of the firm, the late JNIr. John Norris Russell, died at a ripe old age in 1859, having lived to see his sons successfully carry into operation all the enterprises, which he with them had originated. His eldest son, Mr. Francis William Russell, was returned one of the members for the city in 1 852, and has since worthily represented it in the House of Commons. The contributions of the firm to the local charities, without distiuctioa of creed or party, have always been in liberal keeping with their other acts.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 265

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the Russell firm ran extensive mills at Askeaton, several miles below Limerick city. One of these mills was driven by steam. These concerns gave large employment to the people and largely contributed to the commerce of the port, through imports of grain and coals, and exports of flour and other commodities. A great portion of this trade was carried by the sailing vessels of the firm, and by the line of steamers they helped maintain. The benefit to the community was especially felt during the disastrous years of the famine, when the Messrs. Russell provided breadstuffs to an enormous and unprecedented extent for the consumption of the neighbouring unions, then dependent on almost instant supplies to prevent famine taking possession inside the workhouses. At one period, in 1858, it was in contemplation by the guardians to apply for advances from the imperial treasury, in anticipation of the poor rates, for payment of the supplies their funds were unable to meet. Before the era of steam navigation, the English and Scotch trade with the port was carried on by a line of sailing packets, of which Messrs. Russell were large proprietors. In 1850, when steam vessels became necessary to supersede the liners, they took a leading part in establishing the Steam Ship Company. In 1858, when the company suffered from railway competition and the general depression of Irish public enterprise, Messrs. Russell took the shares of those whose confidence was shaken and devoted themselves to restoring the line. The firm regularly engaged about 2,000 people across their various enterprises. The founder, John Norris Russell, died at a ripe old age in 1859, having lived to see his sons carry into operation all the enterprises he had originated with them.

40. Athlunkard bridge bill passed into law

    Athlunkard · townland · Clare · 1825

    In 1825, a bill became law for the erection of a bridge across the Shannon at Athlunkard, intended to create a direct passage from the northern parts of Clare and Galway into Limerick. Engineer Mr. Nimmo had earlier proposed a chain bridge at Allan Court.

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    The Bill lor the erection of a bridge across the Shannon at Athlunkard to make a direct com.muuication or passage from the northern parts of the counties of Clare and Gal way, into Limerick, thus became law in 1825. Be-

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 268

    As the companion tells it

    A bill became law in 1825 for a bridge across the Shannon at Athlunkard, somewhere around here. It was meant to make a direct passage from the northern parts of Clare and Galway into Limerick. Before this, the engineer Mr. Nimmo had proposed a chain bridge at Allan Court.

41. Battle fought at Limerick in King Cormac's 15th year

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 221

    According to the Annals of the Four Masters, a battle was fought at Limerick in the 15th year of King Cormac, dated to A.D. 221. A simultaneous battle was fought at the Hill of Grian near Pallasgreen in the barony of Coonagh.

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    An early record of the name of Limerick is contained in the Annals of the Four Masters,^ where in the 15th year of King Cormac (A.D. 221) a battle, we are told, was fought here. A battle, at the same time was fought at a place which is supposed to be the HiU of Grian, over PaUasgrene, m the barony of Coonagh, Co. Limerick.^ In a century afterwards, viz. in the year 334, the Great Crunthaun, one of the most remarkable of the ancient Kings of Ireland, a descendant from Oliall OUum of the line of Heber, died in Limerick. This king succeeded Eochaidh Moighmeodhin upon the throne, reigned seventeen years, carried his name into Britain in the reign of Valentinian, where he was aided by the Picts, who were then his tributaries, — thence sailing to Armorica, now Bretagne, in France, he plundered that country, and returned with great booty and hostages to Ireland."* He is also mentioned by others of our early annalists and historians, and the occasion of his death is related as having been caused by the wickedness of his sister, who administered to him a dose of poison.*

    Lovely and attractive for the charms with which even in far distant times it was surrounded. Limerick, soon after the arrival in Ireland of the Apostle St. Patrick, received the inestimable blessing of Christianity. We are told that in the year 434, the first district which St. Patrick visited, after his departure from Cashel, was the extensive flat portion of country between Cashel and Limerick called Muscrighe Breogain. The apostle founded several

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 9

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick carries one of the earliest records of its name in the Annals of the Four Masters. In the 15th year of King Cormac, dated to the year 221, a battle was fought here. At the same time another battle was fought at the Hill of Grian, over Pallasgreen, in the barony of Coonagh, County Limerick. A century later, in the year 334, the Great Crunthaun died in Limerick. He was one of the most remarkable of the ancient kings of Ireland, a descendant of Olliol Ollum of the line of Heber. He succeeded Eochaidh Moighmeodhin upon the throne and reigned seventeen years. He carried his name into Britain in the reign of Valentinian, where he was aided by the Picts, who were then his tributaries. From there he sailed to Armorica, now Bretagne in France, plundered that country, and returned with great booty and hostages to Ireland. He is mentioned by other early annalists and historians, and the occasion of his death is related as having been caused by the wickedness of his sister, who administered to him a dose of poison. After the arrival in Ireland of Saint Patrick, Limerick received Christianity. In the year 434, the first district Saint Patrick visited after his departure from Cashel was the flat country between Cashel and Limerick called Muscrighe Breogain, where the apostle founded several churches.

42. Bishop Aid 0-Beachain dies; see of Inis-Cathay united to Limerick

    Scattery Island · townland · Clare · 1138

    Bishop Aid 0-Beachain of Inis-Cathay (Scattery Island) died in 1138, and soon after his death the see of Inis-Cathay was united to that of Limerick. The section also lists several earlier abbots and bishops of Inis-Cathay with their dates of death.

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    Aid 0-Beachain, bishop of Inis-Cathay, died in 1138, and soon after his death the see of Inis- Cathay was united to that of Limerick.

    It was in the reign and by command of Cairbreach (so called because he had been fostered in Carbery), that the building of the beautiful Franciscan Abbey of Ennis was commenced. It was finished by his son and successor, Conor na Siudaine, and it is frequently referred to in the annals. A short time previously to the commencement of the work, Donogh Cairbreagh had removed his residence to Clonbroad.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 31

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here on Scattery Island, Bishop Aid O'Beachain of Inis-Cathay died in 1138. Soon after his death the see of Inis-Cathay was united to that of Limerick. It was in the reign and by command of Cairbreach, so called because he had been fostered in Carbery, that the building of the Franciscan Abbey of Ennis was begun. It was finished by his son and successor, Conor na Siudaine, and is frequently referred to in the annals. A short time before the work commenced, Donogh Cairbreagh had removed his residence to Clonbroad.

43. Bishop Lacy writes from Kilmallock to commissioners

    Kilmallock · town · Limerick · 1568

    In January 1568, Hugh Lacy, appointed a commissioner of Munster, wrote from Kilmallock that he could not join his fellow commissioners at Youghal for lack of money. The other commissioners then wrote to him from Cork.

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    In January, 1568, Lacy Avas appointed one of the commissioners of Munster, along with Brady, Bishop of Meath, John Plunket, Henry Draycott, and Justice Edward Fitzsymon, and was directed to join the others at Youghal. He wrote them from Kilmallock on the 11th, that he could not join them for lack of money, after which they wrote him from Cork, re- ' Shirley's Oriyinal Letters, pp. 171, 173.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 334

    As the companion tells it

    In January 1568, Hugh Lacy was appointed a commissioner of Munster, along with Brady, Bishop of Meath, John Plunket, Henry Draycott, and Justice Edward Fitzsymon. He was directed to join the others at Youghal. He wrote them from Kilmallock on the 11th, that he could not join them for lack of money. After that, they wrote him from Cork.

44. Bishops of Munster meet in Limerick, 1784, declare loyalty

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1784

    A meeting of the Bishops of Munster was held in Limerick on 1 May 1784, presided over by the Archbishop of Cashel. The bishops drew up and signed a declaration of loyalty to the king and country, and enjoined their clergy to exhort the people to industry, sobriety, and peaceable demeanour.

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    Of the public acts of Dr. Conway we have not many records. He attended a meeting of the Bishops of Munster, which was held in Limerick on the 1st of May, 1784, and which was presided over by the Archbishop of Cashel, at which a declaration of loyalty to the king and country was drawn up, agreed to and signed by the bishops, who, at the same time, enjoined their clergy to exhort the people to industry, sobriety, and a peaceable demeanour in all things, as a sure means of fulfilling their duty towards God and the state. He opposed the Rlghtboys and the Whiteboys in the most determined manner, and he was one of the Bishops of Munster who attended a provincial meeting held at Cork on the 26th of June, 1786, and which was presided over by the Archbishop, at which decrees were adopted condemnatory of the riotous and Illegal proceedings of the lilghtboys. At this meeting regulations were made in reference to the dues of the parochial clergy, and the restraining of certain parochial expenses on the part of the parishioners.' Dr. Conway was a benefactor to the religious and charitable institutions of his native city of Limerick, and a friend of education, as he proved by his having bequeathed a sum of £415 7s. 8d. towards building a college for the education of Roman Catholic youth, should any such be established in this kingdom, or towards support of students thereof" — {extract from will^ 1794). This money was invested afterwards in building the Catholic seminary at Park. He also bequeathed a sum of £92 6s. 2d. upon trust, for educating, clothing, and maintaining poor children of the charity school of St. John's parish, a bequest of which there is no account at present.'''

    He lived to the age of 75 years, and died on the 19th day of June, 1796. His remains were interred, as were those of his predecessors, Drs. O'KeefFe and O'Kearney, in St John's Churchyard, near the south-east wall, under a plain limestone tomb, which bears the following inscription : —

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick, a city the road passes through, was where the bishops of Munster gathered on the 1st of May, 1784. The meeting was presided over by the Archbishop of Cashel. The bishops drew up a declaration of loyalty to the king and country, agreed to it, and signed it. At the same time they enjoined their clergy to exhort the people to industry, sobriety, and a peaceable demeanour in all things, as a sure means of fulfilling their duty towards God and the state. Among the bishops present was Dr. Conway, of whom not many records of public acts survive. He opposed the Rightboys and the Whiteboys in the most determined manner, and he was one of the bishops who attended a provincial meeting at Cork on the 26th of June, 1786, again presided over by the Archbishop. There, decrees were adopted condemning the riotous and illegal proceedings of the Rightboys, and regulations were made regarding the dues of the parochial clergy and the restraining of certain parochial expenses on the part of the parishioners. Dr. Conway was a benefactor to the religious and charitable institutions of his native city of Limerick, and a friend of education. He bequeathed 415 pounds, 7 shillings, and 8 pence towards building a college for the education of Roman Catholic youth, should any such be established in this kingdom, or towards support of students thereof. That money was afterwards invested in building the Catholic seminary at Park. He also bequeathed 92 pounds, 6 shillings, and 2 pence upon trust, for educating, clothing, and maintaining poor children of the charity school of St. John's parish, a bequest of which there is no account at present.

45. Blind Asylum chapel erected in Upper Catherine Street 1834

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1834

    An episcopal chapel of cut stone in connection with the Blind Asylum was erected in Upper Catherine Street in the parish of St. Michael in 1834, by subscriptions raised in England and Ireland through the exertions of Archdeacon Edward N. Hoare of Ardfert.

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    An episcopal chapel of cut stone, in connection with the Blind Asylum, which is attached to it, was erected in Upper Catherine Street, in the parish of St. Michael, in 1834, by subscriptions raised in England and Ireland, by the personal exertions of the Venerable Ed. N. Hoare, Archdeacon of Ardfert, subsequently chaplain, and one of the trustees. Its portico is

    ' Tlic Protestant Bishop's palace stands at the north side of Henry Street, in close juxtaposition with Mr. Russell's liueu store, vvliicli had been the residence of the Earl of Limerick. The two mansions present one great but plain facade of brick masonry, and send off a conjoint demesne from their rere to the quays. The joint value of Limerick, Ardfert, and Agliadoe, which were consolidated with Limerick in ICGS, on an average of three years ending December 31, 1831, amounts to £4:,5oo 3s. Ihd. gross, and i;3,987 17s. l^d. nett.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 393

    As the companion tells it

    In the city of Limerick, a chapel of cut stone was built in 1834 in Upper Catherine Street, in the parish of St. Michael. It was an episcopal chapel, connected with the Blind Asylum, and the asylum was attached to it. The money came from subscriptions raised in England and Ireland. The man behind the effort was the Venerable Edward N. Hoare, Archdeacon of Ardfert. His personal exertions gathered the funds that built the chapel. He later served as its chaplain and was one of its trustees. The chapel had a portico. The record gives no more detail of the building itself. What the passage tells us is a story of subscriptions across two countries and one archdeacon's work to see the chapel raised in Limerick in 1834.

46. Burial of Edmond Sexten the younger at St. Mary's Church

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1636

    Edmond Sexten, son of the celebrated Edmond Sexten, died on 3 March 1636. His funeral was solemnized for two days and two nights and he was buried in the ancestral tomb in St. Mary's church on Sunday 5 March, with all the solemnity the city and county could afford.

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    On the 3rd of March, 1636, Edmond Sexten, son of the celebrated Edmond Sexten, died ; his funeral was solemnized for two days and two nights, and he was buried in the ancestral tomb in St. Mary's church, on Sunday the 5th, with " all the solemnitie the cittie and the countie made and could afforde".^ On the 23rd of June in the same year, being midsummer, St. John the Baptists', and all Sexten's tenements in St. Francis's Abbey, were wholly burned between the hours of two p.m., and day light, with the exception of " the house wherein Robert Coyne lyved".* The annalist adds that he " never heard before that any pt. of Limik. was ever burnt (to man's memorie) on the lyke night of St. John's". At the time of the confederation the Abbey church was in the possesion of the Franciscan Fathers, and again in the reign of James II. On the 3rd of October, 1687, the Franciscan Fathers once more took possession of their old church, which was consecrated by the Right Rev. Dr. Maloney, and which they rented on this occasion from Lieutenant Pery.

    ' These documents are extracted from Sexten's book in tlie British Museum.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 376

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick holds the story of Edmond Sexten the younger, son of the celebrated Edmond Sexten. He died on the 3rd of March, 1636. His funeral was solemnized for two days and two nights, and he was buried in the ancestral tomb in St. Mary's Church on Sunday the 5th of March, with all the solemnity the city and the county made and could afford. Later that same year, on the 23rd of June, being midsummer and St. John the Baptist's day, all Sexten's tenements in St. Francis's Abbey were wholly burned between the hours of two in the afternoon and daylight. One house survived, the house wherein Robert Coyne lived. The annalist who recorded it wrote that he never heard before that any part of Limerick was ever burnt, to man's memory, on the like night of St. John. These events come from Sexten's book, held in the British Museum.

47. Captain Rock at Newcastle

    Newcastle · town · Limerick

    The 'Captain Rock' insurgent activity is noted at Newcastle, referencing the Rockite agrarian disturbances of the 1820s.

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    " Captain Rock " at Newcastle, 450, 455.

    Capuchin Church, Irishtown (1688), 211.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 457

    As the companion tells it

    The road takes you through Newcastle, in Limerick. In the 1820s, this town saw the activities of Captain Rock, the name used by those behind the Rockite agrarian disturbances.

48. Cathedral chapels and parochial churches of Limerick

    Limerick · city · Limerick

    Limerick Cathedral contained several chapels dedicated to saints, chiefly St. Mary Magdalene, St. Catherine, and St. James. Citizens routinely bequeathed sums for repairs to the cathedral and to parochial churches of St. Munchin, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Michael, St. Laurence, and St. Patrick.

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    The cathedral contained several chapels dedicated to saints, the chief of which were those of St. Mary Magdalene and St. Catherine, St. James, etc. It was the invariable custom of those who could afford, to bequeath certain sums for the repairs of the cathedral, as well as for the repairs of the parochial churches of St. Manchin, or Munchin, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Michael, St. Laurence, St. Patrick, and the priories and monasteries, and fines imposed on citizens and others were appropriated to the repairs and adornment of the edifice.'

    In reference to John Budstone, above referred to, Dr. Thomas Arthur, in his MSS., writes in Latin, which we translate literally: —

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 329

    As the companion tells it

    As the road takes you through Limerick, the city's cathedral once held several chapels dedicated to saints. The chief among them were those of St. Mary Magdalene, St. Catherine, and St. James. It was the invariable custom of those who could afford it to bequeath sums for the repairs of the cathedral, as well as for the parochial churches of St. Munchin, St. Nicholas, St. Peter, St. Michael, St. Laurence, and St. Patrick, and for the priories and monasteries. Fines imposed on citizens and others were also appropriated to the repairs and adornment of the edifice. The material breaks off with a reference to John Budstone, and a manuscript by Dr. Thomas Arthur written in Latin, though its contents are not given here.

49. Charley Keating, Seneschal of Parteen

    Parteen · townland · Clare

    Charley Keating, familiarly so called, held the dignity of Seneschal of Parteen while keeping a small-ware shop at the corner opposite Quay Lane in Limerick.

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    3 Sir Henry Hartstonge's candidature for the county was postponed to 177G, when he and the Kight. Hon. Silver Oliver were returned. Among the supporters of INIr. Smyth in 17GS, was Edward Lloyd, Esq. of Eyon, who writing to offer him his vote and interest says, he saw an account of the passing of the Octennial Bill in the Mvnster Journal, a venerable broad sheet, with which, and its immediate successors, several curious associations are connected, that throw light on the journalistic and dramatic history of the day. The Munster Journal was said to be the oldest Journal in the province of Munster. The proprietor was Mr. Andrew Welsh, ancestor of the respectable family of Welsh of Newtown House, county Clare, and a gentleman of enterprise and ability. INIr. Welsh also published the Magazine of Magazine?, which appears to have been a reprint of ExshaAv's London and DidiUn Magazine, with a Limerick title-page. The Minister Journal was succeeded, about 1787, by the Limerick Journal, of which IMr. Edward Flinn was the proprietor ; this Journal enjoj^ed the patronage of Lord Clare, to whom the owner of it was agent, and reaped a harvest by the publication of the Castle Proclamations. Mr. Flinn who was a Catholic, resided in Mary-street, opposite Quay-lane ; Athlunkard-street not having been made for many years afterwards. His fellow-citizens and neighbours in ISIary-street were Mr. AV illiam Goggin," the great Chap Book and Ballad Printer, whose shop at the corner of Quay-lane, was known by the sign of Shakespear. Alderman Andrew Watson, the successor of l\Ir. Joha Ferrar, in the proprictorsliip of tl\e Limerick Chronicle, had his office and residence near the office of the Z-imencit yourea?, whilst " Charley Keating," as he was familiarly called, who rejoiced

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 202

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Parteen, a man familiarly called Charley Keating held the dignity of Seneschal of Parteen. He kept a small-ware shop at the corner opposite Quay Lane in Limerick. His neighbours in Mary Street included several notable figures of the city's press and print trade. Edward Flinn, a Catholic, resided in Mary Street, opposite Quay Lane, at a time when Athlunkard Street had not been made for many years afterwards. Flinn was proprietor of the Limerick Journal, which succeeded the Munster Journal about 1787. The Munster Journal was said to be the oldest journal in the province of Munster. Its proprietor was Andrew Welsh, ancestor of the respectable family of Welsh of Newtown House, county Clare, and a gentleman of enterprise and ability. Welsh also published the Magazine of Magazines, which appears to have been a reprint of Exshaw's London and Dublin Magazine with a Limerick title page. The Limerick Journal enjoyed the patronage of Lord Clare, to whom the owner of it was agent, and reaped a harvest by the publication of the Castle Proclamations. Mr. William Goggin, the great Chap Book and Ballad Printer, kept his shop at the corner of Quay Lane, known by the sign of Shakespeare. Alderman Andrew Watson, the successor of Mr. John Ferrar in the proprietorship of the Limerick Chronicle, had his office and residence near the office of the Limerick Journal. Charley Keating, familiarly so called, was counted among these fellow citizens and neighbours in Mary Street.

50. City Brewery stone at Newgate Lane, 1739

    near Newgate Lane · street · Limerick · 1739–1884

    A stone at the city brewery on Newgate Lane dated 1739 bears a figure of the castles without the cross, flag, or ensign. It was cited alongside the Mayoralty House stone in a controversy over the ancient arms of Limerick.

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    Pages 151-2, 690, 708. — While these sheets have been going through the press a controversy has arisen on the subject of the ancient arms of Limerick, in which an endeavour has been made by a writer in one of the Limerick newspapers, to show that the City Seal does not represent the ancient arms. In sustaiument of this allegation, the writer refers to the figure of the castles on the stone described at pp. 151-2, which he states represents the ancient arms, and to the figure cut on the Mayoralty House stone (1720), and now placed in front of Newtown Pery iMills, Henry Street, and also to the figures on the stone at the city Brewery, Newgate Lane (1739), none of which have the cross, neither have they the flag or ensign. The engraver of the cut at page 152 is in some particulars not exact, and I here produce the inscription and figure just as they are:

    mgwaute ^etro creaoj{

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 452

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Newgate Lane, there is a stone at the old city brewery, dated 1739. It bears a figure of the castles of Limerick, but without the cross, without the flag, without the ensign. A controversy arose over the ancient arms of the city. A writer in one of the Limerick newspapers tried to show that the City Seal does not represent those ancient arms. In support of that claim, the writer pointed to this stone at the brewery, and to another on the Mayoralty House stone, dated 1720, later placed in front of Newtown Pery Mills on Henry Street. None of these figures carry the cross, the flag, or the ensign. The author of the book noted that the engraving of one of these cuts was not exact in some particulars, and produced the inscription and figure as they actually are.

51. Claude Jautard, last old-society Jesuit, dies at Clongowes Wood 1821

    near Clongoweswood · population centre · Kildare · 1821

    The last of the old Jesuit society in Ireland was Claude Jautard, a French father, who died at Clongowes Wood College, S.J., in the year 1821.

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    The last of the old society in Ireland was Claude Jautard, a French father, who died at Ciongowes Wood College, S.J., in the year 1821.

    We have seen how the Society of Jesus was brought to Ireland by the Primates of Armagh ; it was fostered by Primates Pkuiket and Talbot, the Archbishops O'Kearney and Walsh, the Bishops Dease, Kothe, Kirwan, etc., etc.: it was revered and loved by the many pious and learned piiests who were educated at the Irish Jesuit colleges of Salamanca, Lisbon, Seville, Compostella, Rome, and Poictiers. The last will of Dr. Kirwan, Bishop of Killala, begins with the following words : —

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 383

    As the companion tells it

    Clongoweswood is where the road takes you through or near a place with a quiet Jesuit history. The last of the old society in Ireland was Claude Jautard, a French father, who died at Clongowes Wood College in the year 1821. He was the end of a long line. The Society of Jesus had been brought to Ireland by the Primates of Armagh, and fostered by Primates Plunket and Talbot, the Archbishops O'Kearney and Walsh, the Bishops Dease, Rothe, Kirwan, and others. It was revered and loved by the many pious and learned priests educated at the Irish Jesuit colleges of Salamanca, Lisbon, Seville, Compostella, Rome, and Poictiers. Jautard's death closed that chapter.

52. Corbally Mills on the Shannon

    Corbally · townland · Limerick

    The Russell firm operated large mills at Corbally, located just above the last regulating weir on the Shannon. These mills formed part of the firm's extensive milling enterprise in the Limerick area.

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    Abbey River ; the large mills at Corbally, just above the last regulating weir on the Shannon Plassy Mills, farther up the river ; Garryowen Mills, a large steam concern ; and extensive mills at Askeaton, situate several miles below the city, one of which is also driven by steam. These concerns ^ive large employment to the people, and largely contribute to tlie commerce of the port, both by imports of grain, coals, etc., and by exports of flour and other commodities. A great portion of this is done by the sailing vessels of the firm, and by the line of steamers which they have largely contributed to maintain. The public benefits at all times resulting from these enterprises, need not be enlarged upon ; but the advantage to the community was especially found, during the disastrous years of the famine, when the Messrs. Russell were enabled to provide breadstufFs to an enormous and unprecedented extent for the consumption of the neiglibouring unions, then dependent on almost instant supplies to prevent famine taking possession inside the workhouses. At one period, in 18.58, it was in contemplation by the guardians to apply for advances from the imjjerial treasury, in anticipation of the poor rates, for payment of the supplies provided, which their funds were unable to meet. Before the era of steam navigation the English-and Scotch trade with the port was carried on by a line of sailing packets, of which Messrs. Russell werelirge proprietors ; but in 1850, when steam vessels became necessary to supersede the liners, they did not hesitate to take a very leading part in cstal)lishing the Steam Ship Company.* In 1858, when the Company Avas suffering from the opposition of railway competition, and the general depression of Irish public enterprise, Messrs. Russell took the shares of those whose confidence was shaken, and devoted themselves largely to restore the line. The success of these efforts is seen in the prosperity of the undertaking now, and the river vessels of larger size and power added to the fleet, which now can bnast of having as fine vessels of their class as any port of Great Britain or Ireland. In addition to ample accommodation for the general import and export trade of the city, this line is now enaijled to provide large supplies of coals, and thus keep a wholesome clieck on the enormous prices and extreme fluctuations which always existed when the supply of coals was entirely dependent on sailing vessels. In 1851, Messrs. Russell commenced the erection of Lansdowne flax spinning and weaving factories at North Strand, and such was the energy devoted to this entirely new branch of manufacture here by them, that the buildings and machinery of the spinning factory were erected and started in October, 1853, and shortly afterwards the power loom factory was erected, giving further large employment in the manufacture of the yarns into lines. These fine, well proportio:!ed buildings, all built of dressed limestone, are, in a mere architectural sense, an ornament to the city, and the advantages of the steady employment both factories have since given to large numbers, chiefly of the younger portion of the population, otherwise utterly unprovided with well-paid work, are not easily over-estimated. The firm has regularly engaged, in all their various enterprises, about 2,000 people. The founder of the firm, the late JNIr. John Norris Russell, died at a ripe old age in 1859, having lived to see his sons successfully carry into operation all the enterprises, which he with them had originated. His eldest son, Mr. Francis William Russell, was returned one of the members for the city in 1 852, and has since worthily represented it in the House of Commons. The contributions of the firm to the local charities, without distiuctioa of creed or party, have always been in liberal keeping with their other acts.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 265

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the Russell firm ran large mills at Corbally, just above the last regulating weir on the Shannon. The mills formed part of an extensive enterprise that stretched along the river. Farther up stood Plassy Mills, and in the city itself there was Garryowen Mills, a large steam concern. Several miles below Limerick, the firm had extensive mills at Askeaton, one of those also driven by steam. All these concerns gave large employment to the people and contributed heavily to the commerce of the port, through imports of grain and coals and exports of flour and other commodities. Much of this trade was carried by the firm's own sailing vessels and by the line of steamers they helped maintain. The public benefit was felt most during the famine years. The Messrs. Russell were enabled to provide breadstuffs to an enormous and unprecedented extent for the neighbouring unions, then dependent on almost instant supplies to prevent famine taking hold inside the workhouses. At one period, in 1858, the guardians contemplated applying for advances from the imperial treasury, in anticipation of the poor rates, to pay for supplies their funds could not meet. Before steam navigation, the English and Scotch trade with the port was carried on by sailing packets, of which the Russells were large proprietors. In 1850, when steam vessels became necessary, they took a leading part in establishing the Steam Ship Company. In 1858, when that company suffered from railway competition and the general depression of Irish public enterprise, the Russells took the shares of those whose confidence was shaken and devoted themselves to restoring the line. The firm regularly engaged about 2,000 people across all their enterprises. The founder, Mr. John Norris Russell, died in 1859 at a ripe old age, having lived to see his sons carry into operation the enterprises he had originated with them.

53. Corporation estate leases granted to council members

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1670–1746

    The Limerick Corporation executed 65 leases to its own members during the 17th century, and a further 57 leases before 1746, when the greater portion of the Corporation Estates were granted in fee or for 999 years to members of the then Council. This system of corporate self-enrichment was described as 'corporate iniquity' by the Orange faction.

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    The following leases were executed prior to 1746 (some twenty years after this time) at which period the greater portion of the Corporation Estates were granted in fee or for 999 years, to members of the then Council : —

    No.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 183

    As the companion tells it

    Limerick city was run by a Corporation that leased its own estates to itself. In the 17th century it executed 65 leases to its own members, and 57 more before 1746, when the greater portion of the Corporation Estates was granted in fee or for 999 years to members of the then Council. The Orange faction called it corporate iniquity.

54. Countess Dowager's jewels delivered at Grangebeg

    Grangebeg · townland · Kildare · 1649

    On 30 April 1649, by virtue of a letter from the Countess Dowager dated at Grangebegg on 29 March 1649, Dr. Arthur delivered the pawned jewels to Sir Connor O'Cuillenane, a Franciscan friar, who paid twenty pounds and five shillings sterling.

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    keepe her said jewell in my owne custodie untill shee were able to pave mee, to prevent future consumption and inconveniences which may ensue unto the said Ladye through the accrueing interest sought by tlie said Kocli : I to pleasure the said Countess payed the said Koch the £20 aforesaid, and kept the said Jewells salfe for the said Ladye, demanding noe interest of moneyes of her. 30th Aprilis, 1649, by vertue of the said Ladj-e Dowager, her letter dated at Grangebegg 29° Martii, 1649, I delivered the said Jewells to Sr. Connor O'Cuillenane, a Franciscan fryar, from whome I receaved twentie pounds, and five shillings, sterling, and who uppon his oate promised to see me payed of 15s. more, bj' May day then next ensueing, instead of the 3 picatouns which were counterfaiet, and that I would not then receave for my payement. John Arthure Fitzllobert, James Ryce FitzJohn, Nichd. Wale, and Thomas Power FitzJaraes wera present. — Ih: Thomas Arthur's M8S., p. 137.

    • The Archers were an ancient Anglo-Irish family in Kilkenny.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 88

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Grangebeg, in April 1649, a set of pawned jewels changed hands. Dr. Thomas Arthur had been holding the Countess Dowager's jewels in his own custody, to keep them safe for her. He had already paid a man called Koch twenty pounds, and demanded no interest from the Countess. Then on the 30th of April, 1649, by virtue of a letter from the Countess Dowager herself, dated at Grangebegg on the 29th of March that same year, Arthur delivered the jewels to Sir Connor O'Cuillenane, a Franciscan friar. From him Arthur received twenty pounds and five shillings, sterling. The friar promised on his oath to see Arthur paid fifteen shillings more by May Day then next ensuing, instead of three picatoons which were counterfeit and which Arthur would not accept. John Arthure Fitzllobert, James Ryce FitzJohn, Nicholas Wale, and Thomas Power FitzJames were all present.

55. County Limerick Gaol flax scutching machinery

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1821

    The expense of the mill house, tread mill, and machinery for scutching flax at the County of Limerick Gaol amounted to £806 2s. 3d.

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    The expense of the mill house, tread mill, and machinery for scutching flax, at the County of Limerick Gaol amounts to £806 2s. 3d.

    About the commencement of September, the foundation of a new Convent and Chapel for the Franciscan Friars laid in Henry-street.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 263

    As the companion tells it

    In 1821, the County of Limerick Gaol saw a mill house, a tread mill, and machinery for scutching flax installed. The expense came to £806 2s. 3d. Prisoners walked the tread mill, and the flax was scutched there in the gaol, in Limerick.

56. Cromwell's Parliament limits Irish Commons representation

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1654

    In 1654 the Commons of Ireland were limited by Cromwell's Parliament to thirty members. The counties of Limerick, Clare, and Kerry had one member only, and the city of Limerick and Kilmallock one each.

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    1654 Commons of Ireland limited this year by Cromwell's Parliament to thirty. The counties of Limerick, Clare, and Kerry, one member only; city of Limerick and Kilmallock, one each.

    1657 The death of Oliver Cromwell is thus noted in the Davis MSS. ;— •'Oliver Cromwell hurried to his woe, Justly rewarded by a quid pro quo".

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 407

    As the companion tells it

    In 1654 Cromwell's Parliament limited the Commons of Ireland to thirty members. The counties of Limerick, Clare, and Kerry were given one member only. The city of Limerick had one, and Kilmallock had one.

57. Dean Andrew Creagh memorial slab in cathedral

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1543–1861

    A marble slab inscribed in memory of Andrew Creagh, Dean of the cathedral who resigned in 1543, originally lay near the great altar but was moved to the north transept during 1861 alterations. The Latin inscription identifies him as dean of the church.

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    This marble slab had lain near the great altar ; but in the alterations in 1861 it was removed to the north transept, where there are some other ancient tombstones of an apparently contemporaneous period, a few of which we shall notice here :

    Lyinor -^vith the head from the western wall of the north transept, is a highly elaborate cut stone, with floriated ornamentation in high relief, divided into four compartments by a cross embraced in the middle by a oircle. In each of the compartments is the figure of a lion passant, the arms of the O'Briens. This ancient relic is said to have formed the lid of a stone coffin, and until the alterations in 1861, it lay near the western entrance, from which it was removed to its present place.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 334

    As the companion tells it

    In Limerick, in the cathedral, there is a marble slab inscribed in memory of Andrew Creagh. He was Dean of the church, and he resigned in 1543. The Latin inscription on the slab identifies him as dean. This stone had lain near the great altar, but during the alterations of 1861 it was removed to the north transept, where other ancient tombstones of an apparently contemporaneous period can be found. The north transept also holds a highly elaborate cut stone, divided into four compartments by a cross embraced in the middle by a circle, with a lion passant in each compartment, the arms of the O'Briens. That relic is said to have formed the lid of a stone coffin, and until 1861 it lay near the western entrance before being moved to its present place.

58. De Burgo of Castleconnell

    Castleconnell · town · Limerick

    An account is given of the De Burgo family of Castleconnell.

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    Bishop, account of, and burial, 647. De Burgo of Castleconnell, account of, 234. De Burgo, Sir Richard, 700. De Clare, war with Tliomond, thirteenth century, 57,

    58. De Clare (see Clare) family, 66. De Lacy, Hugh, conqueror of Ireland, 38 ; further

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 457

    As the companion tells it

    Castleconnell gives its name to the De Burgo family, recorded in the history of Limerick. Sir Richard De Burgo is named among them. Little else is given here beyond the family's connection to this place.

59. Distressed labourers assemble threateningly at Bruff

    Bruff · town · Limerick · 1862

    On 25 March, the distressed labourers of Bruff assembled in a threatening manner, reflecting the acute poverty and unemployment in the town.

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    March 25. — A branch of the Provincial Bank was opened at Newcastle. Same day, the distressed labourers of BrufF assembled in a threatening manner.

    April 1. — Death in Dublin of Sir Matthew Barrington, Crown Solicitor of Munster, one of tha most active and energetic professional men of his time, and one of the most useful and remarkable of the citizens of Limerick.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 301

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Bruff, in County Limerick, saw trouble in 1862. On the 25th of March, the distressed labourers of the town assembled in a threatening manner. They were poor and they were out of work, and that day they gathered together and made their anger visible. The same day, a branch of the Provincial Bank opened at Newcastle.

60. Donald O'Brien grants Mungret lands to Bishop, 1179

    Mungret · town · Limerick · 1179

    In 1179 Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, granted the lands of Mungret and the lands of Ivamnach to Brictius, Bishop of Limerick, and his successors, and to the clergy of St. Mary's, Limerick. Brictius had assisted at the Council of Lateran with other Irish bishops in 1179-80.

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    1179. Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, granted the lands of Mungret and the lands of Ivamnach to Brictius, Bishop of Limerick, successor of Turgesius (who assisted at the Covtncil of Lateran with other Irish bishops in 1179-80), and his successors, and to the clergy of St. Mary's, Limerick.

    ' Lanigan, Ecdes. Hist, vol. ii. p. 103, etc.

    Internet Archive limerickitshisto00leni, Chapter 311

    As the companion tells it

    Mungret is a place the road passes through. In 1179 Donald O'Brien, king of Limerick, granted these lands and the lands of Ivamnach to Brictius, Bishop of Limerick, and his successors, and to the clergy of St. Mary's, Limerick. Brictius had assisted at the Council of Lateran with other Irish bishops in 1179 and 1180.