Name: Limerick and its sieges
Author: James Dowd

Slaughter of surrendered soldiers at Parteen

Parteen · townland · Clare · 1651

After the tower garrison surrendered, some landed at Parteen and were put to the sword in defiance of the laws of civilized warfare. Ireton was outraged and Tuthill and his second in command were tried by court martial and dismissed.

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surrender. Some landed at Parteen, and were put to the sword in defiance of all laws of civilized warfare. The indignation of Ireton was roused by the proceeding. Tuthill and his second in command, were tried by court martial and dismissed from the service. These who were fortunate enough to land at Corbally were well treated and sent to head quarters uninjured.
The citizens of Limerick had made every preparation for a prolonged and obstinate resistance. The fortifications, which were of great strength, had been put in a thorough state of defence. The further end of Thorn on d bridge was defended by a strong fort. At the city end was a drawbridge which could cut off communication at will. There also was King John's Castle, whose guns swept the bridge and commanded the approaches on the opposite side. The only possible way in which the city could be assaulted was by landing a force on the King's Island, a course which was extremely perilous. Ammunition was in abundance, and there were provisions for twelve months at least

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 14

Massacre at Thomond Bridge drawbridge

Thomond Bridge · street · Limerick · 1691

A French officer commanding at the castle end of Thomond Bridge ordered the drawbridge raised to prevent grenadiers entering the city, trapping Irish soldiers on the bridge. 150 men were pushed into the river and swept away by the tide, and 600 more were slaughtered on the bridge, leaving 800 Irish dead.

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bridge to be raised, leaving the Irish trooj)s to their fate. The drawbridge was raised. Into the yawning gulf were pushed headlong by their companions behind no less than one hundred and fifty men, who were swept away by the surging tide beneath. Six hundred more were cooped up on the narrow bridge and in the works at its further extremity, and so closely wedged together as to be unable to defend themselves from the fury of their pursuers. Quarter was neither given nor asked. The bridge was piled with dead, till the corpses rose higher than the battlements. Eight hundred Irish were sacrificed to secure the safety of King James's Frenchman.
This terrible slaughter and the horrible circumstances under which it took place destroyed all confidence in James's foreign allies. The spirit of the garrison was broken, and throughout the whole city were manifested indignation and disgust at the atrocious conduct of the French officer and the faithless nation to which he belonged. On the evening of the next day Sarsfield and Wauchop, a brave Scotchman, repaired to the English camp to seek

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 39

As the companion tells it

Along here at Thomond Bridge in 1691, a French officer commanding at the castle end ordered the drawbridge raised to keep English grenadiers from entering the city. That trapped the Irish soldiers still on the bridge. One hundred and fifty men were pushed headlong into the river and swept away by the tide beneath. Six hundred more were cooped up on the narrow bridge and so closely wedged together they could not defend themselves. Quarter was neither given nor asked. The dead piled higher than the battlements. Eight hundred Irish were sacrificed to secure the safety of King James's Frenchman. The slaughter broke the spirit of the garrison and filled the city with indignation and disgust at the French officer and the nation he belonged to. On the evening of the next day, Sarsfield and a brave Scotchman named Wauchop repaired to the English camp to seek terms.

Sarsfield rallies garrison and repels assault

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

The garrison, rallied by Sarsfield, recovered from their surprise, re-formed their broken ranks, and drove the assailants out over the breach. Reinforcements poured into the city from the Clare side, and scarcely one who had entered the town survived to tell of it.

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The second line of attack, under Count Solmes, had advanced to the counterscarp and then halted in accordance with their orders. A brief lull ensued, such as precedes the thunderstorm. The garrison, rallied by Sarsfield, recovered from their sudden surprise. They re-formed their broken ranks, drove their assailants before them out over the breach, and scarce one who entered survived to tell of his exploit. The walls were again in the possession of their defenders and the breach was held by firm and resolute men. Again the breach was assaulted, and the engagement renewed with great fury. More troops pressed up from the English lines, and on the other side reinforcements poured into the city from the Clare side and strengthened the garrison. Prom the fortifications a deadly hail was poured upon the advancing columns. The spirit of the defenders was now roused to desperation and the enthusiasm communicated itself to the civilians and even to the women. These heroines, emulating the example of their sisters of Derry, took active part in the struggle. Undismayed by the terrible sights and scenes amid which

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 30

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are moving through the ground of a siege fought in 1690. The second line of attack, under Count Solmes, advanced to the counterscarp and then halted on orders. A brief lull followed, and in that silence Sarsfield rallied the garrison. They recovered from their surprise, re-formed their broken ranks, and drove the assailants out over the breach. Scarce one who entered survived to tell of it. The walls were back in the defenders' hands, held by firm and resolute men. The assault came again with great fury, and more troops pressed up from the English lines. On the other side, reinforcements poured into the city from the Clare side and strengthened the garrison. From the fortifications a deadly fire fell on the advancing columns. The defenders' spirit rose to desperation, and that enthusiasm spread to the civilians and even to the women. These heroines, emulating the example of their sisters of Derry, took active part in the struggle, undismayed by the terrible sights around them.

Bishop of Emly and Father Wolfe executed at Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

The Bishop of Emly, Father Wolfe, and General Purcell were discovered in the pest house, brought before Ireton, and ordered to instant execution. The Bishop and Wolfe met their fate with courage, while Purcell begged hard for his life and had to be supported to the place of execution.

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included, had submitted to his mercy, but he was at once placed under arrest. A few of the intended victims had escaped during the departure of the soldiery, one of them being the Bishop of Limerick. The Bishop of Emly, Father Wolfe, and General Purcell, were discovered in the pest house, brought before Ireton, and ordered to instant execution. Purcell begged hard for his life, and was so unmanned, that he had to be supported to the place of execution. Not so the other two. The Bishop and Wolfe met their fate with courage and fortitude, and it is said O'Brien summoned Ireton to meet him within a year before a more awful tribunal.
Panning managed to escape, but returned to get some money which he had secreted. His wife refused to receive him, and for some days he concealed himself in his ancestors' tomb in the Dominican Abbey. The cold was intense, and at length he crept shivering to the warmth of a guard fire. A former servant of his recognized him by the firelight and denounced him to the guard. The soldiers, by no means desirous of capturing the un-

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 18

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are in a city where a grim episode took place in 1651. The Bishop of Emly, Father Wolfe, and General Purcell were discovered hiding in the pest house, brought before Ireton, and ordered to instant execution. The Bishop and Father Wolfe met their fate with courage and fortitude. Purcell begged hard for his life and was so unmanned that he had to be supported to the place of execution. It is said that O'Brien summoned Ireton to meet him within a year before a more awful tribunal. A man named Panning managed to escape but returned for money he had hidden. His wife refused to receive him, and for some days he concealed himself in his ancestors' tomb in the Dominican Abbey. The cold was intense, and at length he crept shivering to the warmth of a guard fire. A former servant recognized him by the firelight and denounced him to the guard.

Limerick garrison surrenders at St. Mary's Cathedral

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

After a determined defence lasting six months, the garrison of about 2,500 men laid down their arms in St. Mary's Cathedral and marched out, several dropping dead of the plague as they departed. Ireton took possession of Limerick in the closing days of October.

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The garrison and citizens were naturally indignant at the terms offered, and resolved to hold out at all hazards. Pennell in the meantime received two hundred English soldiers into St. John's Tower, and a second was garrisoned by his own creatures, so that further resistance was out of the question. The closing days of October saw Ireton in possession of Limerick, after a determined defence lasting six months. The garrison, to the number of two thousand five hundred, laid down their arms in St. Marv's Cathedral, and marched out, several dropping dead of the plague as they departed. O'Neill met Ireton at the gates of the city, and informed him, that several persons of the twenty-four, himself
54 SIEGE BY IRETON.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 18

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are near a city that held out for six months before falling to Ireton in the closing days of October 1651. The garrison of about 2,500 men laid down their arms in St. Mary's Cathedral and marched out, several dropping dead of the plague as they departed. O'Neill met Ireton at the gates of the city with word that several persons of the twenty-four were involved, though the record breaks off there. A determined defence, a grim surrender, and a plague that killed men as they walked away.

Panning hides in ancestors' tomb in Dominican Abbey, Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

Panning escaped capture but returned to retrieve secreted money. His wife refused to receive him, and for several days he concealed himself in his ancestors' tomb in the Dominican Abbey. The intense cold eventually drove him to a guard fire, where a former servant recognized and denounced him.

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Panning managed to escape, but returned to get some money which he had secreted. His wife refused to receive him, and for some days he concealed himself in his ancestors' tomb in the Dominican Abbey. The cold was intense, and at length he crept shivering to the warmth of a guard fire. A former servant of his recognized him by the firelight and denounced him to the guard. The soldiers, by no means desirous of capturing the un-

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 18

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are in a city that holds a grim story from 1651. A man named Panning escaped capture but came back for money he had hidden. His wife would not take him in, so for several days he hid in his ancestors' tomb in the Dominican Abbey. The cold drove him out at last, and he crept to a guard fire for warmth. A former servant recognized him there by the firelight and denounced him to the soldiers.

Assault on Thomond Bridge fort during Ireton's siege

Thomond Bridge · street · Limerick · 1651

Ireton's forces erected a battery against the fort at the Clare end of Thomond Bridge, breaching its walls and silencing its guns. A forlorn hope under Captain Hackett stormed the breach only to find the Irish had retired into the city, breaking down two arches of the bridge to prevent pursuit. The captured fort proved useless as it was commanded by the castle's guns.

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The first attempt was made on the fort at the Clare end of Thomond bridge. A battery was erected, which played upon it with such effect that a breach was made in its walls and its guns silenced. A grand assault was then planned and carried into execution. A forlorn hope of twenty men, under the command of Captain Hackett, advanced cautiously and rapidly. They came to the breach, threw in their grenades, dashed in, headed by their commander and followed by a regiment of infantry, only to find the place deserted. The Irish had retired into the city, breaking down two arches of the bridge to prevent pursuit. In the vaults were discovered several barrels of gunpowder, with lighted matches by them, ready to blow up the place and all it contained. The new acquisition was found to be of no use, for it was commanded by the guns of the castle, and it

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 15

As the companion tells it

Along here at Thomond Bridge, in 1651, Ireton's forces went for the fort at the Clare end. They set up a battery and pounded it until they broke a breach in the walls and silenced its guns. Then came the assault. A forlorn hope of 20 men under Captain Hackett moved in, fast and careful. They reached the breach, threw in their grenades, and dashed through, Hackett at their head with a regiment of infantry behind them. The place was empty. The Irish had pulled back into the city and broken down two arches of the bridge behind them so no one could follow. In the vaults the attackers found barrels of gunpowder with lighted matches lying beside them, set to blow the fort and everyone in it. The capture gave Ireton nothing. The castle's guns commanded the fort, so it was useless.

Grand assault on the breach, 27 August 1690

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

On the afternoon of 27 August, the grand assault was made on the breach. Five hundred grenadiers supported by ten thousand men attacked, with signal guns booming from Ireton's fort. Some pressed into the streets but were checked by cross fire from entrenchments.

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It was in the afternoon of the twentyseventh of August that the grand assault was made on the breach. The storming party consisted of five hundred grenadiers, supported by ten thousand men. Exactly at half-past three o'clock every thing was in readiness for the final effort. The troops took up their respective positions in silence. Three signal guns boomed from Ireton's fort. Scarcely had the reverberations ceased, when the grenadiers leaped from the trenches, fired their pieces, threw their grenades, and with loud shouts rushed towards the breach. Here a fierce hand to hand encounter took place. So impetuous was the attack of the grenadiers, that after a short and deadly struggle, the Irish troops fell back, the English succeeded to their place, and some of them pressed into the streets and lanes of the town. Those within became thus exposed to a cross fire from the entrenchments which checked their further progress.
78 SIEGE BY WILLIAM III.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 30

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are moving through a city that saw one of the great assaults of 1690. On the afternoon of 27 August, a storming party of 500 grenadiers, supported by 10,000 men, attacked the breach in the walls. At half past three, three signal guns boomed from Ireton's fort, and the grenadiers leaped from the trenches, threw their grenades, and rushed the breach with loud shouts. After a short and deadly struggle, the Irish troops fell back, and some of the English pressed into the streets and lanes of the town. But they were stopped by a cross fire from the entrenchments, which checked their further progress.

Black Battery explosion at Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

During the siege of Limerick by William III, part of the Brandenburgh regiment seized the Black Battery. The battery then blew up, either by accidental ignition or a prepared mine, nearly annihilating the Brandenburghers and strewing the adjacent ground with human fragments.

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During the thick of the fight a part of the Brandenburgh regiment got possession of the Black Battery. According to one set of authorities, the powder accidentally took fire, according to others, a mine had been prepared for this contingency, and now exploded under them. At all events the battery blew up destroying all within it and upon it. The Brandenburghers were nearly annihilated and the adjacent ground was strewed with fragments of human bodies.
Three attempts had now been made to storm the breach, and three times the advancing columns had been driven back

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 31

As the companion tells it

You're coming into Limerick now. In 1690, during the siege by William the Third, part of the Brandenburgh regiment seized the Black Battery in the thick of the fight. The battery then blew up. Some accounts say the powder accidentally caught fire, others that a mine had been prepared and now exploded beneath them. Either way, it destroyed all within and upon it. The Brandenburghers were nearly annihilated, and the ground around was strewn with fragments of human bodies. Three attempts had been made to storm the breach, and three times the advancing columns were driven back.

Final failed assault on Limerick breach

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

Three attempts to storm the breach at Limerick were repulsed with great loss. A final evening assault was also driven back by the Irish defenders, prompting William III to recall his broken battalions and cease operations.

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with great loss. Late in the evening the last effort was made. Again the attacking regiments were drawn np under the eyes of King William and hurled against the defenders who never yielded an inch. Standing shoulder to shoulder they flung hack their assailants, as a tall cliff repels the waves that dash against its massive front. William anxiously watched the result of his last movement. The courage and determination of the Irish extorted from him words of admiration, even though the repulse of his hest troops shewed him that to continue the engagement would only entail still greater loss. He therefore stopped all further operations and recalled his hroken hattalions. The "boom of the cannon, the rattle of the musketry, the shouts of the comhafants ceased. The noise of the conflict died away in silence, and the light of the setting sun illumined the hattered walls and smiled upon the gallant hand who held them against the flower of the English army, led hy the greatest captain of his time.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 31

As the companion tells it

As the road brings you through Limerick, this is where the final assault on the city's battered breach failed in 1690. Three attempts to storm the breach had already been repulsed with great loss. Late in the evening, the last effort was made. The attacking regiments were drawn up under the eyes of King William himself and hurled against the defenders, who never yielded an inch. Standing shoulder to shoulder, they flung back their assailants. William anxiously watched the result of his last movement. The courage and determination of the Irish drew from him words of admiration, even as the repulse of his best troops showed him that to continue would only bring still greater loss. He stopped all further operations and recalled his broken battalions. The cannon fell silent, the musketry ceased, the shouts died away. The setting sun lit the battered walls and the gallant band who held them against the flower of the English army, led by the greatest captain of his time.

Siege of Athlone and death of Colonel Grace

Athlone · town · Westmeath · 1691

Ginkle appeared before Athlone on 19 June. The half of the town on the left bank was easily taken but the bridge was broken. Mackay crossed the ford with two thousand men, taking the place while St. Ruth watched; Colonel Grace fell fighting gallantly at his post.

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month Ginkle saw lie must either succeed or retreat at once. Whilst St. Ruth was persuading Sarsfield that the ford could not he attenrptecl, and contemptuously rejecting every suggestion of the Irish soldier, Mackay clashed across with two thousand men, and to his astonishment and anger St. Ruth saw the place taken under his very eyes. Amongst those who fell fighting gallantly at his post was the old grey headed veteran, Colonel Grace.
St. Ruth fell hack on Aiighrim, thirty miles distant, where his troops occupied a rising ground defended in front hy a deep hog. Thither Ginkle followed him and gave hattle. St. Ruth shewed his jealousy hy ordering Sarsfield far to the rear, commanding him not to stir from the spot till ordered to do so. The result of the engagement was the total defeat of the Irish army, as on the death of St. Ptuth hy a cannon hall the only person capahle of taking the command had heen kept in ignorance of everything. The fall of Galway followed, its garrison heing permitted to join the main body, as did also that of

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 32

As the companion tells it

Up ahead, the road takes you through Athlone, the town in Westmeath where one of the turning fights of 1691 played out. On the 19th of June, Ginkle appeared before Athlone. The half of the town on the left bank was easily taken, but the bridge was broken. St. Ruth was persuading Sarsfield that the ford could not be attempted, and contemptuously rejecting every suggestion of the Irish soldier. Then Mackay dashed across the ford with 2,000 men. To his astonishment and anger, St. Ruth saw the place taken under his very eyes. Among those who fell fighting gallantly at his post was the old grey-headed veteran, Colonel Grace. After the fall of Athlone, St. Ruth fell back on Aughrim, thirty miles distant, where his troops occupied a rising ground defended in front by a deep bog. Thither Ginkle followed him and gave battle. St. Ruth showed his jealousy by ordering Sarsfield far to the rear, commanding him not to stir from the spot till ordered to do so. The result was the total defeat of the Irish army. On the death of St. Ruth by a cannon ball, the only person capable of taking command had been kept in ignorance of everything.

William III's narrow escape near Ireton's fort

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

King William III had a very narrow escape while riding by Ireton's fort. An officer addressed him just as a cannon shot, said to have been fired from the tower of St. Mary's, struck the spot towards which he was moving, covering him with dust.

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During this prolonged attack, the King exposed himself to every danger with his accustomed coolness and on one occasion had a very narrow escape. He was riding by Ireton's fort, and was about to enter a gap, when he was addressed by an officer who wished to speak with him. At that very instant a cannon shot, said to have been fired from a gun on the tower of St. Mary's, struck the spot towards which he was moving and so near that he was covered with dust.
76 SIEGE BY WILLIAM III.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 29

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are near the spot where, in 1690, King William the Third had a narrow escape. During the prolonged attack he exposed himself to every danger with his accustomed coolness. He was riding by Ireton's fort and was about to enter a gap when an officer addressed him to speak with him. At that very instant a cannon shot, said to have been fired from a gun on the tower of Saint Mary's, struck the spot towards which he was moving, so near that he was covered with dust.

Assault on the Irish fort and powder explosion

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

On the twentieth, a determined assault was launched on the Irish fort. Colonel Belcastle led the grenadiers over the wall and sixty defenders were slain. During the fighting, a large quantity of powder in an Irish battery accidentally ignited, killing many gunners.

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were greatly injured. At two o'clock in the afternoon the assault was ordered. A hundred and twenty grenadiers rushed from the trenches under a heavy musketry fire and succeeded in planting a ladder against the wall. Colonel Belcastle was first up, and into the fort, followed hy the grenadiers. A fierce hand to hand struggle took place in the narrow confines within, and sixty of the defenders were slain. The grenadiers also suffered severely, hut were continually reinforced hy parties from the trenches, though they were exposed to a vigorous fire from the defenders. For several hours the conflict was maintained and even threatened at times to hecome a general engagement. In order to clear the walls, two hatteries of eight guns each, swept the fortifications, and another, of twelve guns, kept throwing red hot shot into the city. In the midst of the terrible scene a large quantity of powder in an Irish battery ignited accidentally, and blew up with a great explosion killing many of the gunners and inflicting much loss. The garrison at length adopted more vigorous measures. A sally was made with two

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 28

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, this is the city where in 1690 a determined assault was launched on the Irish fort. At two o'clock in the afternoon the assault was ordered. A hundred and twenty grenadiers rushed from the trenches under heavy musketry fire and succeeded in planting a ladder against the wall. Colonel Belcastle was first up and into the fort, followed by the grenadiers. A fierce hand to hand struggle took place in the narrow confines within, and sixty of the defenders were slain. The grenadiers also suffered severely, but were continually reinforced by parties from the trenches, though they were exposed to a vigorous fire from the defenders. For several hours the conflict was maintained and even threatened at times to become a general engagement. In order to clear the walls, two batteries of eight guns each swept the fortifications, and another of twelve guns kept throwing red hot shot into the city. In the midst of the terrible scene a large quantity of powder in an Irish battery ignited accidentally, and blew up with a great explosion, killing many of the gunners and inflicting much loss. The garrison at length adopted more vigorous measures, and a sally was made.

Battle of Aughrim and death of St. Ruth

Aughrim · parish · Galway · 1691

St. Ruth fell back to Aughrim where his troops occupied rising ground defended by a bog. Ginkle gave battle; St. Ruth ordered Sarsfield to the rear. The Irish were totally defeated after St. Ruth was killed by a cannonball, leaving no capable commander.

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St. Ruth fell hack on Aiighrim, thirty miles distant, where his troops occupied a rising ground defended in front hy a deep hog. Thither Ginkle followed him and gave hattle. St. Ruth shewed his jealousy hy ordering Sarsfield far to the rear, commanding him not to stir from the spot till ordered to do so. The result of the engagement was the total defeat of the Irish army, as on the death of St. Ptuth hy a cannon hall the only person capahle of taking the command had heen kept in ignorance of everything. The fall of Galway followed, its garrison heing permitted to join the main body, as did also that of

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 32

As the companion tells it

As the road passes through the parish of Aughrim, you are near the ground where St. Ruth fell back in 1691, thirty miles distant. His troops occupied rising ground defended in front by a deep bog. Ginkle followed him and gave battle. St. Ruth showed his jealousy by ordering Sarsfield far to the rear, commanding him not to stir from the spot till ordered. The Irish army was totally defeated. St. Ruth was killed by a cannonball, and the only person capable of taking command had been kept in ignorance of everything. The fall of Galway followed, its garrison permitted to join the main body.

Battle of Benburb on the Blackwater

Benburb · townland · Tyrone · 1646

O'Neill's Irish army encountered and defeated Munro's Scottish army at Benburb on the Blackwater near Armagh. The crushing defeat saw the Scots flee, leaving their camp, artillery, and baggage behind.

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About the same time a splendid victory was gained in the Northern provinces. O'Neill encountered Munro and the Scottish army at Benburb, on the Blackwater, near Armagh. The result was a crushing defeat of the Scots, who fled, leaving their camp, artillery, and baggage, in possession of the Irish leader. Thirty-two stand of colours were captured and sent to the Nuncio as a trophy of the victory. They reached Limerick on the 13th of June, 1616, a week after the battle. A magnificent demonstration was organised. The colours were carried in triumph through the streets to St. Mary's Cathedral, where a solemn Te Deum was chanted.
36 LIMERICK 1641—1651.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

Battle of Sollohed near Limerick Junction

near Limerick Junction · population centre · Tipperary · 969

In 969, the Dalcassians under Mahon, King of Cashel, and his brother Brian Boru encountered the Danes under Ivar at Sollohed, near present-day Limerick Junction. The Dalcassians were victorious, slaying three thousand Danes; the remainder fled to Limerick.

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Soon, however, an avenger arose, who crushed and almost annihilated the power of these rapacious foreigners. The Dalcassians, under Mahon, were now coming into prominence and asserting their superiority. In 969, the Dalcassians, headed by Mahon, King of Cashel, and his brother, Brian Eoru, encountered the Danes under Ivar at Sollohed, within a short distance of the present Limerick Junction. Victory declared in favour of the gallant brothers, and the raven flag of the Northmen drooped in flight. Three thousand were slain in battle, and the remainder fled to Limerick. The city was attacked, plundered and burned to the ground, and its rich spoils became the booty of the Munster troops.
An interesting glimpse is afforded of the wealth and trade of the Danish Colony in Limerick in the tenth century, by the following extract : — "They (the victors of Sulcoit) carried off their jewels and their best property and their saddles beautiful and foreign ; their gold and their silver ; their beautifully- woven cloth of all colours and of all kinds; their satin and their

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 6

Signing of the Treaty of Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1691

On October 3rd, the famous Treaty of Limerick was signed, most probably in the tent of the Duke of Wirtemburg. The treaty's two parts covered the surrender of the city and conditions granted to the Irish nation, including religious liberties, property rights, and the right to leave for foreign service.

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Whilst the treaty was being framed the soldiers of the two armies were on the most friendly terms and visited one anothers' quarters. The officers of the garrison were entertained in a series of dinner parties by the English generals. On the third of October the famous treaty of Limerick was signed, most probably in the tent of the Duke of Wirtemburg, with whom the principal officers of both armies dined that evening, and most likely about sunset, as the formal occupation of the city under Tollemache was deferred till next day. The treaty consisted of two parts. The first related to the surrender of the city and was signed by the generals on both sides, the garrison being allowed to march out with all the honours of war. The second enumerated the conditions granted to the Irish nation and was signed by Ginkle and the Lords Justices. A clause in the latter which was omitted by the
i

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 40

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, this is the city where the Treaty of Limerick was signed on the 3rd of October 1691. While the treaty was being framed, soldiers of the two armies were on friendly terms, visiting one another's quarters. The officers of the garrison were entertained in a series of dinner parties by the English generals. The treaty was most probably signed in the tent of the Duke of Wirtemburg, with whom the principal officers of both armies dined that evening, most likely about sunset. The formal occupation of the city under Tollemache was deferred till the next day. The treaty consisted of two parts. The first related to the surrender of the city and was signed by the generals on both sides, the garrison being allowed to march out with all the honours of war. The second part enumerated the conditions granted to the Irish nation and was signed by Ginkle and the Lords Justices.

Coote feints at Sligo and captures Athlone

Athlone · town · Westmeath · 1651

Coote's division pretended to lay siege to Sligo, drawing Clanrickard's Connaught army northward. Coote then gave them the slip, crossed the Curlew mountains, and surprised and captured Athlone before moving on Galway.

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The division under Coote, which had been sent into Connaught, accomplished its mission satisfactorily. Whilst pretending to lay siege to Sligo, Clanrickard and the Connaught army moved northward to save the place. Suddenly Coote gave them the slip, marched across the Curlew mountains, surprised and captured Athlone, and then moved on Galway. To save this important seaport, Castlehaven withdrew a large portion of his forces from the Shannon. This was the move that Ireton was waiting for. That night he directed three regiments of foot, one of horse, and four pieces of artillery to force the passage at O'Brien's Bridge. On arriving at the river, they found only two boats to carry them across. The first
42 LIMERICK 1641 — 1651.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

As the companion tells it

You are coming into Athlone, the town in Westmeath. In 1651, this was the prize of a clever feint. Coote's division had been sent into Connaught, and he pretended to lay siege to Sligo. Clanrickard and the Connaught army moved northward to save the place. Suddenly Coote gave them the slip, marched across the Curlew mountains, surprised and captured Athlone, and then moved on Galway. To save that important seaport, Castlehaven withdrew a large portion of his forces from the Shannon. That was the move Ireton had been waiting for. That night he directed three regiments of foot, one of horse, and four pieces of artillery to force the passage at O'Brien's Bridge. On arriving at the river, they found only two boats to carry them across.

Failed night assault and friendly fire between English and Danes

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

On the night of the eighteenth, an attempt to surprise an Irish fort near the counterscarp failed. During the ensuing sortie by the garrison in the darkness, parties of English and Danes among the besiegers mistakenly fired on one another for two hours.

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On the night of the eighteenth an attempt was made to surprise the Irish fort before mentioned, but failed, owing to the gallantry of the few who held it. The repulse was followed by a sortie from the garrison. The night was dark and the besiegers, ignorant of the ground, were thrown into confusion and could not tell friend from foe. Two parties, one of English and the other of Danes, kept up a fire upon one another for two hours without discovering their mistake. In the end the garrison retired into the city, having caused considerable damage, whilst suffering scarcely any loss themselves.
On the twentieth it was determined that the Fort must be taken at all hazards. All that day a battery of three pieces had been playing on it at a distance of only a hundred and fifty yards, and the walls

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 28

As the companion tells it

The road takes you through Limerick, a city under siege in 1690. On the night of the eighteenth an attempt was made to surprise an Irish fort, but it failed, owing to the gallantry of the few who held it. The repulse was followed by a sortie from the garrison. The night was dark and the besiegers, ignorant of the ground, were thrown into confusion and could not tell friend from foe. Two parties, one of English and the other of Danes, kept up a fire upon one another for two hours without discovering their mistake. In the end the garrison retired into the city, having caused considerable damage, whilst suffering scarcely any loss themselves. On the twentieth it was determined that the fort must be taken at all hazards. All that day a battery of three pieces had been playing on it at 150 yards.

Limerick Militia attacks rebel camp near Edenderry 1798

Edenderry · town · Offaly · 1798

On 6 June 1798, Lieutenant-Colonel Gough marched 100 men of the Limerick City Militia and 60 cavalry to attack a rebel camp within six miles of Edenderry. The 300 rebels, posted behind a quickset hedge with a bog protecting their rear, retreated into the impassable morasses of the Bog of Allen after a five-mile pursuit.

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constantly employed in quelling disturbances there, We find one engagement with the insurgents mentioned. On the 6th of June, Lieutenant-Colonel Gough was ordered to march at n o'clock that night with ioo men of the Limerick City Militia and 60 Cavalry to attack a rebel camp situated within six miles of Edenderry. He and his forces arrived at their destination at five o'clock next morning. The enemy, to the number of 300 men, were strongly posted behind a quickset hedge, and their rere was protected by a bog, one of the detached parts of the Bog of Allen. The cavalry were ordered round by the right so as to get between them and the bog, and thus cut off their retreat. The cavalry, owing to the nature of the ground, were unable to execute this movement in time. Meanwhile the infantry with difficulty were making their way round the other flank. They had to climb ditches strongly barricaded with stakes interwoven with white thorn. Nevertheless they succeeded, and the rebels after firing a volley retreated to the bog hotly pursued. Gough finding they would not stand halted his men and poured a volley, which only had the effect of quickening their flight. They were pursued for five miles, and at length saved themselves from further pursuit by disappearing in the impassable morasses of the great Bog of Allen. It is satisfactory to know that not only was the attack of the Limerick men conducted with judgment and spirit, but also not a single man received the slighest hurt.
On the landing of the French under General Humbert at Killala Bay, the regiment, under the

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 78

Sligo saved by Vereker's stand at Carrick-na-gatt

Sligo · town · Sligo · 1798

Colonel Vereker had been ordered to evacuate Sligo and retire, but demanded to give Humbert battle first. After the engagement at Carrick-na-gatt, the French retired eastward and Sligo was saved from invasion. Vereker withdrew his forces to Ballyshannon.

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The enemy rushed round in the rere, and Colonel Vereker, almost surrounded, had at length to draw off his men, leaving behind his two cannon, the artillery horses being so badly wounded that they were unable to bring them off. He was however able to carry off his ammunition waggon and harness. He crossed the river in good order, and returning to Sligo withdrew to Ballyshannon. The French retired eastward, along the southern base of the hills above mentioned, relinquishing their cannon on the way. This gallant action saved Sligo, and turned the French from Ulster. Humbert surrendered to Lord Cornwallis shortly after, and all danger from that quarter was at an end. Colonel Vereker reported his casualties at 7 killed and 22 wounded. The French lost 28 killed and about 50 wounded.
Ensign Rumley was killed in the engagement, and Captain Cripps was severely wounded, shot through the neck and jaws. The three field officers were slightly wounded.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 79

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Sligo, this is the town that Colonel Vereker saved in 1798. He had been ordered to evacuate and retire, but he demanded to give Humbert battle first. At Carrick-na-gatt the enemy rushed round in the rear, and Vereker, almost surrounded, had at length to draw off his men. He left behind his two cannon, the artillery horses so badly wounded they were unable to bring them off. He was able to carry off his ammunition waggon and harness. He crossed the river in good order, and returning to Sligo withdrew to Ballyshannon. The French retired eastward along the southern base of the hills, relinquishing their cannon on the way. This gallant action saved Sligo and turned the French from Ulster. Humbert surrendered to Lord Cornwallis shortly after, and all danger from that quarter was at an end. Vereker reported his casualties at 7 killed and 22 wounded. The French lost 28 killed and about 50 wounded. Ensign Rumley was killed, and Captain Cripps was severely wounded, shot through the neck and jaws.

Women of Limerick take active part in defense

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

During the grand assault, the enthusiasm of the defenders communicated itself to civilians and even to the women of Limerick. These heroines, emulating the example of the women of Derry, took active part in the struggle undismayed by the terrible scenes around them.

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The second line of attack, under Count Solmes, had advanced to the counterscarp and then halted in accordance with their orders. A brief lull ensued, such as precedes the thunderstorm. The garrison, rallied by Sarsfield, recovered from their sudden surprise. They re-formed their broken ranks, drove their assailants before them out over the breach, and scarce one who entered survived to tell of his exploit. The walls were again in the possession of their defenders and the breach was held by firm and resolute men. Again the breach was assaulted, and the engagement renewed with great fury. More troops pressed up from the English lines, and on the other side reinforcements poured into the city from the Clare side and strengthened the garrison. Prom the fortifications a deadly hail was poured upon the advancing columns. The spirit of the defenders was now roused to desperation and the enthusiasm communicated itself to the civilians and even to the women. These heroines, emulating the example of their sisters of Derry, took active part in the struggle. Undismayed by the terrible sights and scenes amid which

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 30

As the companion tells it

As the road takes you through Limerick, think on 1690 and the siege. Count Solmes led a second line of attack to the counterscarp and halted. A brief lull followed, such as precedes a thunderstorm. The garrison, rallied by Sarsfield, recovered from their surprise, re-formed their broken ranks, and drove their assailants out over the breach. Scarce one who entered survived to tell of it. The walls were back with their defenders, the breach held by firm and resolute men. The breach was assaulted again, and the fighting renewed with great fury. More troops pressed up from the English lines, and reinforcements poured in from the Clare side. From the fortifications a deadly hail fell on the advancing columns. The spirit of the defenders was roused to desperation, and the enthusiasm communicated itself to the civilians and even to the women. These heroines, emulating the example of their sisters of Derry, took active part in the struggle, undismayed by the terrible sights and scenes.

Battle of Singland — Callachan defeats the Danes

Singland · townland · Limerick · 945

In 945 Callachan, King of Cashel, attacked the Danish stronghold at Limerick. Amlav led his forces out and battle was joined on the hills of Singland, where the Danes were routed with the loss of two thousand men.

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In 945 Callachan, King of Cashel, succeeded in uniting most of the southern chiefs in an attempt to strike a blow for the final deliverance of their countrymen. Limerick, as being the seat of the enemy's power, was selected as the point of attack. Having arrived with his forces within a short distance of the city, Callachan sent a summons to the Danes to surrender their stronghold, and give hostages for their future behaviour. To this demand the Northmen replied haughtily that they were more accustomed to receive hostages than to give them, and that so far from surrendering, or even waiting to be attacked, they would march out from their fortress and give him battle before its walls. And so they did. Amlav divided his troops into four divisions, and joined battle with the Munster Monarch on the
10 LIMERICK UNDER THE DANES.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 5

As the companion tells it

Somewhere around here, in 945, Callachan, King of Cashel, brought most of the southern chiefs together in an attempt to strike a blow for the final deliverance of their countrymen. Limerick was the seat of the enemy's power, and that made it the point of attack. Callachan marched his forces to within a short distance of the city and sent a summons to the Danes to surrender their stronghold and give hostages for their future behaviour. The Northmen replied haughtily that they were more accustomed to receive hostages than to give them, and that far from surrendering or even waiting to be attacked, they would march out and give him battle before the walls. And so they did. Amlav divided his troops into four divisions and joined battle with the Munster monarch on the hills of Singland. The Danes were routed with the loss of two thousand men.

Crossing of the Shannon at O'Brien's Bridge

near O'Brien's Bridge · town · Clare · 1651

Ireton's forces secretly constructed a road through a morass to a ford at O'Brien's Bridge, guided by a treacherous Irish officer. Three regiments of foot, one of horse, and four pieces of artillery forced the passage, seizing an old castle on the opposite bank.

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passage. But all this time the English general was searching the river southward, so as to discover a ford, and the required spot was pointed out to him by the treachery of an Irish officer. A road was secretly constructed through a morass to the ford which was at O'Brien's Bridge, and a favourable opportunity was all that was required to attempt the crossing.
The division under Coote, which had been sent into Connaught, accomplished its mission satisfactorily. Whilst pretending to lay siege to Sligo, Clanrickard and the Connaught army moved northward to save the place. Suddenly Coote gave them the slip, marched across the Curlew mountains, surprised and captured Athlone, and then moved on Galway. To save this important seaport, Castlehaven withdrew a large portion of his forces from the Shannon. This was the move that Ireton was waiting for. That night he directed three regiments of foot, one of horse, and four pieces of artillery to force the passage at O'Brien's Bridge. On arriving at the river, they found only two boats to carry them across. The first

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

Death of Monarch Crimhthan on the Cratloe hills

Cratloe · town · Clare · 378

In 378, Crimhthan, Monarch of all Ireland, was poisoned by his sister and died on the summit of the Cratloe hills while journeying southward. He was buried at that spot.

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The references to Luimneach prior to the arrival of the Danes are neither numerous nor important. One of the innumerable battles of the third century took place here in 241. In 378 Crimhthan, Monarch of all Ireland, died whilst approaching the neighbourhood, under the following circumstances : — The issue of Eochy, King of Ireland, being too young to succeed him, his brother-in-law, Crimhthan, was raised to the throne, which he occupied for thirteen years, and during this period he carried his arms into Scotland and even as far as Brittany. In the meantime his nephews arrived at man's estate. Their mother, sister to Crimhthan, resolved to place her son Brian on the throne at all hazards, even at the expense of her own life. She prepared a poisoned draught for her brother, and of which she previously partook in his presence. Crimhthan then journeying southward was attacked with the pangs of
LIMERICK UNDER THE DANES. 3

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd

Roche's Hanging Gardens in George's Street

near George's Street · street · Waterford · 1808

William Roche created the Hanging Gardens in George's Street, Limerick, in 1808, forming elevated terraces on arches for his personal recreation. The singular structure occupied over an acre, featured hot houses and conservatories, and cost £15,000 to construct.

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In the early years of the present century Limerick possessed a curiosity which was without a parallel in the empire. Roche's Hanging Gardens which have now disappeared were long a source of interest to strangers visiting the city. The following description of them is from Fitzgerald's History. " In 1808 William Roche, Esq., being much occupied with the care of an extensive banking concern, devised a plan for his personal recreation to obviate the necessity of occasional absence from his residence. He accordingly took some ground at the rere of his house in George-street, and having raised a number of arches, converted the interior of them into stores for holding wine, spirits, and other goods. The height of the arches is various, the top of the two side ones being nearly forty feet from the street, and that of the middle arches twentyfive. On these he formed elevated ter-
MODERN LIMERICK. 133

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Sarsfield crosses Shannon at Banagher, destroys bridge

Banagher · town · Offaly · 1690

After destroying William III's siege train, Sarsfield rode northward to Banagher and crossed the Shannon there, breaking down the bridge behind him to prevent pursuit before returning safely to Limerick.

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As soon as it was seen that the expedition had succeeded beyond his wildest expectations, Sarsfield gathered his men around him and departed as rapidly as he came. Just then Lanier came up in time to see the last of the Irish disappearing in the sdoom. Pursuit would be in vain but hoping to intercept the party yet, he wheeled to the left in order to cut off Sarsfield's retreat at Killaloe. But Sarsfield did not go by way of Killaloe. He rode northward to Banagher, and there crossed the Shannon, breaking down the bridge to prevent pursuit. He got back to Limerick without encountering any danger, and he and his gallant troops were received with the loudest acclamation by the citizens and their comrades in arms. The utmost joy pervaded the city, and the entire army did honour to the skill, secrecy, and daring with which the enterprise had

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 26

Te Deum at St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1646

Captured colours from the Battle of Benburb were brought to Limerick and carried in triumph through the streets. A solemn Te Deum was chanted at St. Mary's Cathedral to celebrate the victory.

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About the same time a splendid victory was gained in the Northern provinces. O'Neill encountered Munro and the Scottish army at Benburb, on the Blackwater, near Armagh. The result was a crushing defeat of the Scots, who fled, leaving their camp, artillery, and baggage, in possession of the Irish leader. Thirty-two stand of colours were captured and sent to the Nuncio as a trophy of the victory. They reached Limerick on the 13th of June, 1616, a week after the battle. A magnificent demonstration was organised. The colours were carried in triumph through the streets to St. Mary's Cathedral, where a solemn Te Deum was chanted.
36 LIMERICK 1641—1651.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

As the companion tells it

Coming through Limerick now. In 1646, colours captured at the Battle of Benburb were brought here to the city. O'Neill had encountered Munro and the Scottish army at Benburb, on the Blackwater, near Armagh. The Scots were crushed and fled, leaving their camp, artillery, and baggage behind. Thirty-two stand of colours were taken and sent to the Nuncio as a trophy. They reached Limerick on the 13th of June, a week after the battle. A magnificent demonstration was organised. The colours were carried in triumph through the streets to St. Mary's Cathedral, where a solemn Te Deum was chanted.

Colonel Grace defends Athlone against Douglas

Athlone · town · Westmeath · 1690

William sent three regiments of horse and two of dragoons under Douglas against Athlone, which was defended by Colonel Grace, a veteran Parliamentarian fighter. Grace declared he would eat his boots before surrendering. A hasty attempt by Douglas to storm Athlone was repulsed with the loss of four hundred men.

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service against the Parliamentarians. He was determined to hold out to the last, and said he — " when my provisions are consumed I will eat my hoots" before surrender. A hasty attempt by Douglas to storm Athlone was repulsed with the loss of four hundred men, and on being informed that Sarsfielcl was hurrying up, that incapable general retired in the night, and rejoined the main body.
The English troops were advancing by way of Carrick-on-Suir and Golden Bridge, and the seventh of August found them at Cahirconlish. King William had with him about twenty thousand men, and a field train of light artillery The regular siege guns, consisting of six twenty-four pounders and two eighteen pounders, were on their way from Cashel, and were daily expected in camp. William was under the impression that on his arrival the city would be delivered up to him. He knew that the French had ignominiously deserted their allies, and that many, including Tyrconnell, were in favour of a capitulation. On his part he was willing to grant easy terms,

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 21

Death and burial of Tyrconnell at St. Mary's Cathedral

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1691

Tyrconnell, Lord Lieutenant of the Jacobite Government, died of apoplexy on 14 August at Cahirconlish, with suspicion of poison. His remains were interred the following night in St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick, but the exact spot is unknown.

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Ginkle, taught by the events of the previous year, resolved to act with great caution. He re-crossed the Shannon at Eanagher, and proceeding by way of Xenagh arrived on the fourteenth of August at Cahirconlish. On the same day Tyrconnell died of apoplexy, not without a dark suspicion of poison having been administered to him. His remains were interred the following night in St. Mary's Cathedral, hut the exact spot is unknown. The provisional government was nominally entrusted to Lords Justices, hut the real authority remained with d'Usson.
On the second approach to Limerick care was taken that the siesce artillery should this time he provided with a suitable escort and the train arrived in safety from Athlone. On the fifteenth, lluvigni, with fifteen hundred horse and a thousand foot, under the command of the Prince of Hesse, together with six pieces of artillery, was ordered to inspect the city, the Commander-in-chief accompanying them over the well known ground. They advanced to within a short distance of the fortifications and viewed the place for a con-

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 33

As the companion tells it

Coming through Limerick now. St. Mary's Cathedral holds a story from 1691. On the fourteenth of August that year, Ginkle arrived at Cahirconlish, and on the same day Tyrconnell died of apoplexy, not without a dark suspicion of poison having been administered to him. Tyrconnell was Lord Lieutenant of the Jacobite Government. His remains were interred the following night in St. Mary's Cathedral, but the exact spot is unknown. After his death, the provisional government was nominally entrusted to Lords Justices, but the real authority remained with d'Usson. The second approach to Limerick followed. Care was taken that the siege artillery should this time be provided with a suitable escort, and the train arrived in safety from Athlone. On the fifteenth, lluvigni, with fifteen hundred horse and a thousand foot, under the command of the Prince of Hesse, together with six pieces of artillery, was ordered to inspect the city. The Commander-in-chief accompanied them over the well known ground. They advanced to within a short distance of the fortifications and viewed the place.

Ginkle forces river crossing at Corbally

Corbally · townland · Limerick · 1690

During the first siege of Limerick, Ginkle marched five thousand men along the Park road toward Corbally under flank fire from a battery near Ball's bridge. A crossing of the Shannon was effected above St. Thomas's island, reportedly pointed out by a fisherman named Mac Adam, giving William possession of both sides of the river.

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Nothing danntecl by the unexpected disaster, William still determined to push on operations as vigorously as possible whilst waiting for the arrival of a second siege train. As there was no time to be lost, on the very morning of Sarsfield's arrival in Limerick, Ginkle was sent with five thousand men to force the passage of the river. It was anticipated that the operation would be attended with difficulty and danger, both on account of the state of the river and the large body of horse on the ojmosite side. Ginkle marched along the Park road, toward Corbally, his army being all the time exposed to a galling flank fire from the battery near Ball's bridge. A crossing was effected at a spot immediately above St. Thomas's island which is said to have been pointed out by a fisherman named Mac Adam. The Irish withdrew without striking a blow, and William had thus possession of both sides of the river.
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Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 27

O'Neill tried by court martial at Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

O'Neill was tried before a court martial, pleading that the war had been on foot before he accepted command, that he had nothing to do with the scenes of 1641, and that he had faithfully observed the capitulation terms. One account says Ireton urged his condemnation for blood spilt at Clonmel, but a second trial acquitted him.

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O'Neill was tried before a court martial, and pleaded in his defence that the war had been several years on foot before he accepted the command of an Irish army ; that he had nothing to do with the scenes of 1641 — being at that time on the continent— that he had acted as a fair and honourable opponent, and had faithfully observed the terms of the capitulation, much as he had disapproved of them. According to one account, the Puritan leader urged his condemnation for the blood spilt at Clonmel, and O'Neill was condemned to die. But such was the tempest of disapproval raised in the English army by both officers and men, that
56 SIEGE BY IRETON.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 19

As the companion tells it

As you come through Limerick, O'Neill was tried here by court martial in 1651. He pleaded that the war had been several years on foot before he accepted command of an Irish army, that he had nothing to do with the scenes of 1641, being on the continent at that time, that he had acted as a fair and honourable opponent, and had faithfully observed the terms of the capitulation, much as he disapproved of them. According to one account, the Puritan leader urged his condemnation for the blood spilt at Clonmel, and he was condemned to die. But such was the tempest of disapproval in the English army by officers and men, that a second trial acquitted him.

Prisoners humanely treated at Corbally

Corbally · townland · Limerick · 1651

Those soldiers from the Shannon tower who were fortunate enough to land at Corbally were well treated and sent to headquarters uninjured, in contrast to those killed at Parteen.

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surrender. Some landed at Parteen, and were put to the sword in defiance of all laws of civilized warfare. The indignation of Ireton was roused by the proceeding. Tuthill and his second in command, were tried by court martial and dismissed from the service. These who were fortunate enough to land at Corbally were well treated and sent to head quarters uninjured.
The citizens of Limerick had made every preparation for a prolonged and obstinate resistance. The fortifications, which were of great strength, had been put in a thorough state of defence. The further end of Thorn on d bridge was defended by a strong fort. At the city end was a drawbridge which could cut off communication at will. There also was King John's Castle, whose guns swept the bridge and commanded the approaches on the opposite side. The only possible way in which the city could be assaulted was by landing a force on the King's Island, a course which was extremely perilous. Ammunition was in abundance, and there were provisions for twelve months at least

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 14

The wise women of Mungret legend

Mungret · town · Limerick

Monks of Mungret, famed for learning, disguised younger members as washerwomen who answered visiting scholars from Lismore or Cashel in multiple languages, causing the visitors to retreat rather than risk a disputation.

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that it had within its walls six Churches, and contained exclusive of scholars, fifteen hundred religious, of whom five hundred were learned preachers, five hundred psalmists, and five hundred employed in constant religious exercises. The story of the ' ' wise women of Munsret " cannot be omitted. The monks of Mun^ret were famed far and wide for their learning, so much so as to excite the curiosity of the professors of Lismore, or as others say, Cashel, who formed the design of coining and seeing for themselves if the reputation was well founded. The scholars of Mungret did not desire to risk their fame in a disputation which was not of their seeking but which they could not decline. They contrived a plan by which they escaped the inquisitive strangers and even still farther enhanced their reputation. Some of the younger monks dressed themselves as washerwomen, and as the visitors approached, appeared vigorously washing clothes by the roadside. The Doctors inquired from them the way to the Abbey of Mungret, and to their astonishment were answered in various learned languages, spoken with perfect accuracy and precision. The strangers hesitated, and
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Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 64

Treaty of Limerick violated by English Parliament

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1691

After the signing of the Treaty of Limerick, the English House of Commons deliberately violated its terms despite ratification by William and Mary. A confirming act was subsequently passed but every important stipulation was carefully omitted.

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transcriber was inserted afterwards by William, who detected the omission, in his own handwriting. To the lasting disgrace of the English House of Commons the treaty was deliberately violated, though ratified by William and Mary. An act professing to confirm the articles was subsequently passed, but every stipulation of importance was carefully omitted. A few days after the signing of the treaty a French fleet arrived for the relief of the city.
The capitulation being completed both Ginkle and Sarsfield endeavoured to secure the Irish regiments for their resjiective masters. The former sent an experienced officer to point out the great advantages possessed by the English service over that of a foreign monarch who had been but lukewarm in the cause of Ireland. Sarsfield and the clergy strongly urged the soldiers in favour of Erance, adding that they might soon be able to renew the conflict under more favourable circumstances.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 41

As the companion tells it

As you travel through Limerick, this is the city where the treaty of 1691 was signed and then broken. The English House of Commons deliberately violated it, to its lasting disgrace, even though William and Mary had ratified it. An act was passed professing to confirm the articles, but every stipulation of importance was carefully omitted. A few days after the signing, a French fleet arrived for the relief of the city. Once the capitulation was complete, both Ginkle and Sarsfield tried to secure the Irish regiments for their respective masters. Ginkle sent an experienced officer to point out the great advantages of the English service over that of a foreign monarch who had been but lukewarm in the cause of Ireland. Sarsfield and the clergy strongly urged the soldiers in favour of France, saying they might soon be able to renew the conflict under more favourable circumstances.

O'Brien gentlemen executed as traitors in Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1536

After the fall of Carrig-o-Gunnell, certain O'Brien gentlemen were conveyed to the city of Limerick, where the Lord Deputy caused them to be arraigned according to the King's laws and executed as traitors attainted of high treason, despite intercession and offers of ransom.

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persons were put to death accordingly, except a certain of the chief of them, being gentlemen of the O'Briens (for the redemption of whose life both great intercession was made, and good sums of money offered,) which being conveyed by us to the city of Limerick the Lord Deputy caused to be arraigned according to the King's laws and after to be executed as traitors attainted of high treason. The dread and example of which we trust shall be a means that few garrisons in Minister shall be kept against the King's Deputy, especially if they perceive that he have great ordnance with him." The gunners are said to have done their part "wondrously well," and the commander "both about the order of the ordnance and the putting forward and animating of the soldiers, showed himself to be an active and bold gentleman." In this enterprise of the English there were "killed, sore hurt and Avounded," about thirty men, which shows that the garrison must have been greatly outnumbered by the besiegers and that the resistance was very determined.
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Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 72

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are moving through the city where, in 1536, certain gentlemen of the O'Briens were brought after the fall of Carrig-o-Gunnell. Persons had been put to death already, but these chiefs were conveyed here to the city of Limerick, where the Lord Deputy had them arraigned according to the King's laws. Both great intercession was made for their lives and good sums of money offered for their redemption, but it was no use. They were executed as traitors attainted of high treason. The dread of it, the English believed, would mean few garrisons in Munster would stand against the King's Deputy, especially if they saw he had great ordnance with him. The gunners were said to have done their part, in the words of the source, wondrously well, and the commander showed himself an active and bold gentleman. About 30 men were killed, sore hurt and wounded in the enterprise, which shows the garrison must have been greatly outnumbered and that the resistance was very determined.

Battle at Thomond Bridge

Thomond Bridge · street · Limerick · 1691

Ginkle's army crossed the river and advanced on Limerick, reaching Thomond Bridge by four in the evening. The Clare side was defended by two forts and 800 picked men in gravel pits and quarries, but grenadiers stormed the position and forced the Irish to retreat under the shelter of King John's Castle.

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arranged between them. The general himself, accompanied by Sgavenmore, Ruvigni, and the Prince of Wirtemburg, with almost all the horse, ten regiments of foot and fourteen pieces of artillery, moved to the river early on the morning of the twenty-second. By noon the whole force had been transported across in safety and marched on the city. The advanced guard were repulsed at first by the Irish, but more reinforcements coming rapidly up the Irish were compelled to give way before the superior numbers of the enemy. The English fearing an ambuscade advanced slowly and cautiously being careful to secure their line of march from all chance of surprise or disaster. It was not till four in the evening that the column came in front of Thomond bridge. The Clare side of the bridge was protected by two forts, one at each corner, but the strongest defence was a line of gravel pits and quarries a little distance off, which was then held by eight hundred picked men. Ginkle having carefully reconnoitred the position, ordered a body of grenadiers forward to drive out the defenders. The grenadiers, under a heavy
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Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 38

As the companion tells it

Along here, on this street, the Battle at Thomond Bridge took place in 1691. On the morning of the twenty-second, Ginkle's army moved to the river, accompanied by Sgavenmore, Ruvigni, and the Prince of Wirtemburg, with almost all the horse, ten regiments of foot and fourteen pieces of artillery. By noon the whole force had been transported across in safety and marched on the city. The advanced guard were repulsed at first by the Irish, but more reinforcements came rapidly up and the Irish were compelled to give way before the superior numbers of the enemy. The English, fearing an ambuscade, advanced slowly and cautiously, securing their line of march from all chance of surprise. It was not till four in the evening that the column came in front of Thomond Bridge. The Clare side of the bridge was protected by two forts, one at each corner, but the strongest defence was a line of gravel pits and quarries a little distance off, held by 800 picked men. Ginkle, having carefully reconnoitred the position, ordered a body of grenadiers forward to drive out the defenders. The grenadiers, under heavy fire, stormed the position and forced the Irish to retreat under the shelter of King John's Castle.

Colonel Luttrel's sally from the garrison

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

The garrison sallied forth with two thousand horse and foot under Colonel Luttrel at the hour of relieving guard in the trenches. The Irish musketry was so well directed that of a detached party of twenty English, not one escaped unwounded, and Captain Lacy was shot through the head.

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thousand horse and foot under the command of Colonel Luttrel at the hour of relieving guard in the trenches. The new regiments coming fresh to the front renewed the battle, which was long and obstinately contested. So well directed was the Irish musketry, that of a detached party of twenty, not one came off without a wound, and the commander, Captain Lacy, was shot through the head. Many of the English were falling, and at last William drew off his forces, having first succeeded in demolishing the obnoxious tower.
During this prolonged attack, the King exposed himself to every danger with his accustomed coolness and on one occasion had a very narrow escape. He was riding by Ireton's fort, and was about to enter a gap, when he was addressed by an officer who wished to speak with him. At that very instant a cannon shot, said to have been fired from a gun on the tower of St. Mary's, struck the spot towards which he was moving and so near that he was covered with dust.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 29

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are in the city where Colonel Luttrel led two thousand horse and foot out from the garrison in 1690, at the hour of relieving guard in the trenches. The new regiments came fresh to the front and renewed the battle, which was long and obstinately contested. The Irish musketry was so well directed that of a detached party of twenty English, not one came off without a wound, and the commander, Captain Lacy, was shot through the head. Many of the English were falling, and at last William drew off his forces, having first succeeded in demolishing the obnoxious tower. During this prolonged attack, the King exposed himself to every danger with his accustomed coolness, and on one occasion had a very narrow escape. He was riding by Ireton's fort and was about to enter a gap when an officer addressed him. At that very instant a cannon shot, said to have been fired from a gun on the tower of St. Mary's, struck the spot towards which he was moving, and so near that he was covered with dust.

English forces march from Adare to besiege Carrigogunnell

Adare · townland · Limerick · 1536

On the day after Donogh's speech, English forces marched from Adare under Lord Grey, the Deputy of Ireland, to besiege Carrig-o-Gunnell castle. Grey parleyed with the constable, who eventually agreed to evacuate the fortress with bag and baggage.

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This very peculiar but perhaps at the time not unusual proposal exactly suited the views of the English leaders, who on the cessation of the wars of the Roses had turned their attention towards the more complete subjugation of the South of Ireland. On the very next day after the above speech was made by Donogh the English forces marched from Adare under the command of Lord Grey, the Deputy of Ireland. The Deputy in a despatch to Thomas Cromwell states that on his appearance before the castle he " fell a parleying with the Constable thereof, which I found very strait and hard, with many high words unto me, and in no wise would hear it until I had laid my artillery and men around it, and then came to an ap2)ointment with me to let me have it, so that I would let him and his depart with bag and ban'^a^c." The terms were agreed to by the council, especially as the arrangement would " spare powder and shot and other divers things which we should have

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 70

Black Battery stump and 1690 breach

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

East of St. John's Hospital a portion of the city wall survives, at the end of which stands the stump of the famous Black Battery. This was the neighbourhood where the fierce contest of 1690 took place, with a masked battery at Curry's Lane opposite a twelve-yard breach filled with clay.

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of the citadel. The walls are of great thickness and the outer gate was defended with a portcullis, the groove in which it moved being easily discovered. Part of the ancient city wall is still attached and the entrance gate to the hospital was the town gate of the citadel. To the east of the hospital a considerable portion of the wall remains standing, at the end of which may be observed the stump of the famous Black Battery. This was the neighbourhood in which the fierce contest of 1690 took place. "The masked battery was placed at what is now the extreme corner of Curry's lane, exactly opposite the breach."* The breach which is twelve yards wide may be distinguished from the adjacent parts of the fortifications, by having been built up with clay instead of mortar. In the front Avail of the hospital is a stone bearing the name of John Creagh, Mayor, with the date, 1st May, 1651. An old blackened and leafless pear tree in the yard of the hospital was till quite recently pointed out as having been in existence in the
* Lenihan, page 289,

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 48

As the companion tells it

As you come through Limerick, east of St. John's Hospital a considerable portion of the old city wall still stands, and at its end is the stump of the famous Black Battery. This was the neighbourhood where the fierce contest of 1690 took place. "The masked battery was placed at what is now the extreme corner of Curry's lane, exactly opposite the breach." That breach is twelve yards wide. You can tell it from the adjacent parts of the fortifications because it was built up with clay instead of mortar. The walls are of great thickness. The ancient city wall is still attached, and the entrance gate to the hospital was the town gate of the citadel. The outer gate was defended with a portcullis, the groove in which it moved being easily discovered. In the front wall of the hospital is a stone bearing the name of John Creagh, Mayor, with the date 1st May 1651.

Danes raid Armagh and carry off the Primate

near Armagh · town · Armagh · 843

In 843 the Danes penetrated to Armagh and carried off the Primate, his relics, and his people to their fleet at Luimneach, demonstrating the audacity of the Limerick-based Vikings.

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evils arising from the senseless dissensions of the native chieftains were now added the attacks of an enemy, brave, cruel, and pitiless. The Danes directed their energies to the extinction of religion and learning. The schools and colleges which had made Ireland the luminary of the west were destroyed, and the students slain or scattered. The monasteries and other homes of piety were burned to the ground, or handed to pagan priests to celebrate the mysteries of Odin and Tlior. The clergy were murdered at their altars — the monks in their cells. Almost every manuscript and record of the past perished in the flames. Their daring was unbounded. In 843 the Danes actually penetrated to Armagh, carried off the Primate, his relics and his people, to their fleet at " Luimneach."
The Danes could not have held their ground for a day were the Irish united amongst themselves. Not seldom do we find the Irish in alliance with the Danes against their own countrymen. Occasion* ally the invaders suffered severe losses. The O' Donovans slaughtered many of

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 4

Lauzun pronounces Limerick untenable, French depart to Galway

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

After the battle of the Boyne, the Irish army retired behind the Shannon, retaining possession of Limerick where the Duke of Tyrconnell held his viceregal court. Lauzun, the French commander, pronounced Limerick untenable and said its walls could be battered down with roasted apples. The French then departed to Galway to await transports home.

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Since the previous siege, forty years before, the fortifications of the city had been greatly strengthened. The Irish army, to the number of twenty thousand, lay on the right banks of the Shannon, guarding every important post. They had been fortunately relieved of the presence of their continental auxiliaries. Lauzun, when he saw Limerick, pronounced it to be untenable, adding that it was unnecessary to bring artillery against the walls, for they could be battered down with roasted apples. The French departed to Gal way, there to await the transports which were to convey them to their own country.
King William now determined to lose no time in endeavouring to secure possession of Limerick, now the most important post in Ireland. As he said himself, he came with the intention of not letting the grass grow under his feet. He sent three regiments of horse and two of dragoons, under Douglas, against Athlone, whilst with the main body of his army he marched more slowly against Limerick. Athlone was defended by a gallant soldier, Colonel Grace, a veteran who had seen

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 20

As the companion tells it

As you come near Limerick, the city sits on the Shannon. In 1690, after the battle of the Boyne, the Irish army retired behind that river. Twenty thousand men lay on the right banks of the Shannon, guarding every important post. The fortifications had been greatly strengthened since the previous siege, forty years before. The Duke of Tyrconnell held his viceregal court here. But Lauzun, the French commander, pronounced the city untenable. He said it was unnecessary to bring artillery against the walls, for they could be battered down with roasted apples. The French departed to Galway, there to await the transports which were to convey them to their own country. King William now determined to lose no time in securing possession of the place. As he said himself, he came "with the intention of not letting the grass grow under his feet." He sent three regiments of horse and two of dragoons, under Douglas, against Athlone, whilst with the main body of his army he marched more slowly against the walls.

Morrogh O'Brien accepts Earl of Thomond and barony of Inchiquin

Inchiquin · townland · Clare · 1543

Morrogh O'Brien, King of Thomond, acknowledged Henry VIII as his sovereign, resigned his royal claims, and accepted the title of Earl of Thomond for life with remainder to his nephew Donogh, plus the barony of Inchiquin in tail. Both were invested at Greenwich on 1 July 1543.

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Conor O'Brien died in 1539 and was succeeded by Morrogh, the Tanist, who according to the usages of tanistry, was installed King of Thoinond. Morrogh joined a league of the Irish chiefs against Henry VIII., but the confederacy could effect nothing of importance and very soon dissolved. The King of Thoinond abandoned further resistance to Henrv, whom he now acknowledged as his sorereign. He resigned his royal claims and in their stead accepted the title of Earl of Thomond for life, with remainder to his nephew, Donogh, but superadded to the limited dignity was the barony of Inchiquin in tail. Murrogh and his nephew were invested with the insignia of their rank at Greenwich on July 1st, 1513.*
Thus passed away the kingly title founded by Brian Bom. It was not till 1551 that Donogh succeeded to his uncle's titles and possessions, amongst the latter being Carrig-o-Gunnell, for which he had schemed so long and so unsuccessfully. This district remained in the hands of the O'Briens till 1611, when it was forfeited

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 72

Sack of Cashel by Lord Inchiquin

Cashel · town · Tipperary

Lord Inchiquin took the town of Cashel by assault during the Confederate Wars. The inhabitants of the town were put to the sword by the conquering forces.

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Soon however the result of the mutual animosities became apparent. Ormond delivered up Dublin to the Parliament and left the kingdom. Jones was appointed governor, and marching out, defeated Preston and the Leinster army. Lord Inchiquin took Cashel by assault and put the inhabitants to the sword, and destroyed the Munster army under Taafe at Knockanos, near Kanturk. The Marquis of Ormond now returned to Ireland with power to treat with the supreme council. There were therefore two royalist leaders, Ormond and O'Neill, and these two hated one another more cordially than either hated the Puritans. Ormond' s overtures were accepted in spite of the bitter opposition of the Nuncio. The council and Inchiquin united their forces and marched to crush O'Neill. The Nuncio hurled the sentence of excommunication against the council and their forces, and laid an interdict on all places which should receive them. Seeing all his efforts in vain the Nuncio left Kilkenny, repaired to Galway, and departed from the kingdom, his mission having ended in failure. A peace was proclaimed between Ormond and the
LIMEMCK 1641—1651. 37

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

As the companion tells it

You are coming through Cashel now. During the Confederate Wars, Lord Inchiquin took this town by assault and put the inhabitants to the sword. It was part of a wider collapse. Ormond had delivered up Dublin to the Parliament and left the kingdom. Jones was appointed governor, marched out, and defeated Preston and the Leinster army. Inchiquin, after the town, destroyed the Munster army under Taafe at Knockanos, near Kanturk. The Marquis of Ormond then returned to Ireland with power to treat with the supreme council. There were two royalist leaders, Ormond and O'Neill, and these two hated one another more cordially than either hated the Puritans. Ormond's overtures were accepted in spite of the bitter opposition of the Nuncio. The council and Inchiquin united their forces and marched to crush O'Neill. The Nuncio hurled the sentence of excommunication against the council and their forces, and laid an interdict on all places which should receive them. Seeing all his efforts in vain, the Nuncio left Kilkenny, repaired to Galway, and departed from the kingdom, his mission having ended in failure.

Sarsfield returns in triumph to Limerick

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1690

After the successful raid on the siege train, Sarsfield returned to Limerick without encountering any danger. He and his troops were received with loud acclamation by the citizens and their comrades in arms, and the utmost joy pervaded the city.

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As soon as it was seen that the expedition had succeeded beyond his wildest expectations, Sarsfield gathered his men around him and departed as rapidly as he came. Just then Lanier came up in time to see the last of the Irish disappearing in the sdoom. Pursuit would be in vain but hoping to intercept the party yet, he wheeled to the left in order to cut off Sarsfield's retreat at Killaloe. But Sarsfield did not go by way of Killaloe. He rode northward to Banagher, and there crossed the Shannon, breaking down the bridge to prevent pursuit. He got back to Limerick without encountering any danger, and he and his gallant troops were received with the loudest acclamation by the citizens and their comrades in arms. The utmost joy pervaded the city, and the entire army did honour to the skill, secrecy, and daring with which the enterprise had

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 26

As the companion tells it

Limerick lies ahead. In 1690, the city was the scene of a triumphant return. Sarsfield had just carried out a raid on the enemy siege train that succeeded beyond his wildest expectations. He gathered his men around him and departed as rapidly as he came. Lanier arrived in time to see the last of the Irish disappearing in the gloom. Pursuit would be in vain, but hoping to intercept the party yet, Lanier wheeled to the left to cut off Sarsfield's retreat at Killaloe. Sarsfield did not go by way of Killaloe. He rode northward to Banagher, and there crossed the Shannon, breaking down the bridge to prevent pursuit. He got back to Limerick without encountering any danger. He and his gallant troops were received with the loudest acclamation by the citizens and their comrades in arms. The utmost joy pervaded the city, and the entire army did honour to the skill, secrecy, and daring with which the enterprise had been carried out.

Singland heights as siege battery positions

Singland · townland · Limerick · 1650–1691

The Singland hills served as the chief centre of attacking forces during all three sieges of Limerick. Ireton occupied them in 1650, and in 1690-1691 they formed a line of batteries bombarding the city walls; the principal battery site is now the Water Works reservoir.

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to public view on " the hillocks of Singland."* During each of the three sieges the range of hills formed the chief centre of the attacking forces. They were occupied during Ireton's time, but the range was rather far for the cannon of the period and closer quarters had to be sought. In 1690 and 1691 the heights were a line of batteries from whence a storm of shot was poured against the walls and into the city. The site of the principal battery is now occupied by the reservoir of the Water Works and a practised eye can detect the traces of others. Prom thence to the city walls extends a gently sloj^ing space, through which the trenches were pushed, and near the centre exists a very slight elevation, which was occupied with an Irish redoubt. Some short distance from the city, by the side of one of the old roads, may be found a pillar of masonry about five feet in height, but formerly much higher, on which it is traditionally reported the Royal Standard of England was displayed in 1690. A well still called
* Annals of Innisfallen.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 49

As the companion tells it

Somewhere close to Singland, these heights were the chief centre for attacking forces in all three sieges of Limerick. Ireton occupied them in 1650, but the range was too far for the cannon of the period, and closer quarters had to be sought. In 1690 and 1691 the heights became a line of batteries, and a storm of shot was poured against the walls and into the city. The site of the principal battery is now the reservoir of the Water Works, and a practised eye can detect traces of others. From there to the city walls extends a gently sloping space, through which the trenches were pushed. Near the centre is a slight elevation, occupied by an Irish redoubt. A short distance from the city, by one of the old roads, stands a pillar of masonry about 5 feet in height, formerly much higher, on which it is traditionally reported the Royal Standard of England was displayed in 1690. A well still called by a name from those days lies nearby.

St. Mary's Cathedral founded by Donald O'Brien

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1169–1194

St. Mary's Cathedral was founded by King Donald O'Brien about the time of the Norman landing, built on the site of one of Donald's palaces which he gave up for the purpose. The entrance features a peculiar pillared arch under the lofty tower that may have formed part of the original palace.

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Amid all the decay and destruction one memorable edifice still survives, having both escaped the hands of the destroyer and resisted the ravages of time. For close on seven centuries the lofty tower of St. Mary's Cathedral has looked down upon the busy life of the old fortress city crowded around its base. St. Mary's Cathedral was founded by the great Donald O'Brien, King of Limerick, about the time of the landing of the Normans. It is built upon the site of one of Donald's palaces which he gave up for the purpose. The entrance is so peculiar in ecclesiastical architecture, that of a pillared arch under the lofty tower in the middle of the west facade, as to lead some authorities to believe that this portion of the structure formed part of the original palace. The Cathedral was not originally as large as it is at present, many additions having been made from time to time. It was a basilica, consisting of nave, side aisles, transepts, and chancel, terminating not in a semicircle but in a straight Avail. In the fifteenth century very important changes were made. The round arch wherever
112 OLD LIMERICK.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 44

As the companion tells it

As you come through Limerick, one old building has survived close on seven centuries of decay and destruction, escaping the hands of the destroyer and resisting the ravages of time. The lofty tower of St. Mary's Cathedral has looked down upon the busy life of the old fortress city crowded around its base. The great Donald O'Brien, King of Limerick, founded it about the time of the landing of the Normans. He built it on the site of one of his own palaces, which he gave up for the purpose. The entrance is peculiar in ecclesiastical architecture, a pillared arch under the lofty tower in the middle of the west facade, so peculiar that some authorities believe this portion formed part of the original palace. The cathedral was not originally as large as it is now. Many additions were made from time to time. It was a basilica, consisting of nave, side aisles, transepts, and chancel, terminating not in a semicircle but in a straight wall. In the fifteenth century very important changes were made.

Nicholas Street house: Galway residence, Ireton's death, royal palace

Nicholas Street · street · Limerick · 1600–1651

A house at the corner of Nicholas Street is said to have been the residence of Sir Geoffrey Galway, Mayor of Limerick in 1600, and tradition identifies it as the house where Ireton died of plague in 1651. It has been conjectured to incorporate remains of the old palace of the Kings of Limerick.

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to light a beautiful chimney piece still standing in a gable. In Athlunkard-street are the remains of a castle, one of the walls of which has been utilised in the erection of a drinking fountain. The formation of the street necessarily led to the destruction of the remainder of the castle. The most remarkable of the private residences which have lasted down to the present day is without doubt that at the corner of Nicholasstreet, near where the Exchange stood till quite recently. It is said to have been so far back as 1600 the residence of Sir Geoffrey Gal way, Mayor of Limerick in that year, and tradition points it out as the house in which Ireton died of the plague in 1651.* Subsequently it was known as the Gridiron Hotel, but is now let in tenements and rapidly falling into decay. The lower story is of high antiquity and the not improbable conjecture has been hazarded that here we have existing before us the remains of the old palace of the Kings of Limerick, which we know once stood on the spot.
* Ltuibau'b UibLory of Limerick, pag-e 127.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 46

As the companion tells it

Along here, at the corner of Nicholas Street, stands one of the most remarkable old private residences left in Limerick. It is said to have been the residence of Sir Geoffrey Galway, Mayor of Limerick, as far back as 1600. Tradition points to this same house as the place where Ireton died of plague in 1651. Later it was known as the Gridiron Hotel, but it is now let in tenements and rapidly falling into decay. The lower story is of high antiquity, and the conjecture has been hazarded that here are the remains of the old palace of the Kings of Limerick, which is known to have once stood on the spot. The Exchange stood quite near it until recently. Whatever its earlier history, the house has carried several layers of identity across the centuries: a mayor's residence, the place of a general's death, a hotel, and now a crumbling tenement.

Treaty Stone at Thomond Bridge

Thomond Bridge · street · Limerick · 1691–1865

The Treaty Stone stands on a granite pedestal at the Clare end of Thomond Bridge, erected in 1865 by Mayor John Rickard Tinsley. It is popularly supposed that the Treaty of Limerick of 1691 was signed upon this stone in the presence of both armies.

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At the Clare end of Thomond Bridge is the Treaty Stone, on which it is popularly supposed the treaty of 1691 was signed in the presence of the English and Irish armies. The stone stands on a granite pedestal erected in 1865 by Mr. John Rickard Tinsley, Mayor during that year. On the side of the pedestal are the city arms with the very appropriate motto, "urbs antiqua fuit studiisque asperrima belli," words used by the Latin poet in reference to ancient Carthage, and which are exceedingly applicable to Limerick. The later history of our city shows that the omitted words "dives opum," "rich in resources," may also be added.
The last public monument erected in Limerick is the very fine statue of Patrick Sarsfield, the Irish Bayard, a chevalier "sans peur et sans reproche." The project had been started as long ago as 1845, and a committee appointed. After considerable delay the statue was at last exe-

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 61

As the companion tells it

Along here at Thomond Bridge, at its Clare end, stands the Treaty Stone. It is popularly supposed that the treaty of 1691 was signed upon this stone, in the presence of the English and Irish armies. The stone rests on a granite pedestal erected in 1865 by John Rickard Tinsley, Mayor during that year. On the side of the pedestal are the city arms, with the motto urbs antiqua fuit studiisque asperrima belli. These are words used by the Latin poet in reference to ancient Carthage, and are exceedingly applicable to Limerick. The later history of the city shows that the omitted words dives opum, rich in resources, may also be added. The last public monument erected in Limerick is the statue of Patrick Sarsfield, the Irish Bayard, a chevalier sans peur et sans reproche. The project had been started as long ago as 1845, and a committee appointed. After considerable delay the statue was at last

Attack on the tower on the Lax Weir

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1651

A small square tower standing on the great Lax Weir in the middle of the Shannon, just above Limerick, was occupied by Irish soldiers. Colonel Tuthill's guns fired from the Clare side near St. Patrick's Church, forcing the garrison to take to their boats.

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TTl ARLY in April, 1651, Ireton marched "^ on Limerick, without encountering any resistance. In the middle of the Shannon, on the great Lax Weir, just above the city, there stills stands a small square tower, which at the time was occupied by a small body of Irish. Colonel Tuthill, with two guns, was told off to take possession of it. The guns opened a brisk fire from the Clare side, near St. Patrick's Church, and the place became no longer tenable. The garrison took to their boats in order to join the main body at Limerick. The fire of the guns was now directed to the boats, and the men were compelled to
44 SIEGE BY IRETON.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 14

As the companion tells it

Early in April 1651, Ireton marched on Limerick without meeting any resistance. Out in the middle of the Shannon, on the great Lax Weir just above the city, there stands a small square tower, and at that time it was held by a small body of Irish soldiers. Colonel Tuthill was given two guns and ordered to take it. He opened a brisk fire from the Clare side, near St. Patrick's Church, and the tower became untenable. The garrison took to their boats to join the main body at Limerick. The guns then turned on the boats, and the men were compelled to give themselves up.

Limerick Corporation honours militia after Battle of Coloony

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1798

On 8 October 1798 the Corporation of Limerick resolved to thank the Limerick City Regiment of Militia for engaging the French and rebel army at Coloony under Colonel Vereker, and voted fifty guineas towards medals and plate.

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Resolved — " That the steady loyalty [and gallant conduct of our fellow-citizens of the Limerick City Regiment of Militia, who on the 5th September last, under the command of Colonel Vereker, so intrepidly engaged and successfully opposed the progress of the whole French and rebel army at Coloony, merits our sincerest thanks and warmest applause, a conduct which has not only covered them as a regiment with eternal honours, but has also cast an additional lustre on this their native city, already so distinguished for its loyalty and zeal for our happy Constitution."
Resolved—" That the sum of fifty guineas be paid by our chamberlain towards raising a fund to purchase a suitable piece of Plate for the Officers' Mess, and proper Medals for such of the Non-commissioned Officers and Privates of the regiment as were engaged in the action of that day."

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 80

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, you are in a city that once honoured its own militia for a fight far from here. On the 5th of September 1798, the Limerick City Regiment of Militia, under Colonel Vereker, engaged the whole French and rebel army at Coloony. They opposed its progress and held. The Corporation of Limerick resolved that their gallant conduct had covered the regiment with eternal honours and cast additional lustre on their native city, already distinguished for its loyalty and zeal for the Constitution. The Corporation voted fifty guineas towards a fund to buy a suitable piece of plate for the officers' mess, and proper medals for the non-commissioned officers and privates who were engaged in the action that day.

Sarsfield learns siege train approaching from Cashel

Cashel · town · Tipperary · 1690

A French deserter brought information to Limerick that William's heavy guns and ammunition were on their way from Cashel, escorted only by two troops of dragoons. Sarsfield immediately recognised the opportunity to destroy the siege train and save the city.

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Next morning a French deserter brought information to the city that William's heavy guns and ammunition were on their way from Cashel, escorted only by two troops of dragoons. Immediately it suggested itself to Sarsfleld that here was a chance for cutting off and destroying the siege train. A little reflection shewed that the project was within the bounds of possibility, and that it was the only chance of paralyzing the besieging army and saving the city for the present. It was such an undertaking, also, as commended itself to the fearless and dashing cavalry leader. Calling his troopers together he informed them of his design, pointing out the utility of the enterprise, at the same time not concealing from them the great danger that attended it. The gallant band volunteered for the work with enthusiasm, and that night saw them steal secretly out under the guidance of a bold rapparee named Hogan, who knew every track and hiding

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 24

As the companion tells it

Cashel, 1690. William's heavy guns and ammunition were on their way from here to besiege Limerick, escorted only by two troops of dragoons. A French deserter brought that information into the city. Sarsfield recognised the chance at once: cut off the siege train, destroy it, and paralyze the besieging army. It was the only hope of saving Limerick for the present. The project suited the fearless cavalry leader. He called his troopers together and told them his design, pointing out the utility of the enterprise and not concealing the great danger. The gallant band volunteered with enthusiasm. That night they stole secretly out under the guidance of a bold rapparee named Hogan, who knew every track and hiding place.

Sarsfield's cavalry passes through Cullen village

Cullen · townland · Cork · 1690

During Sarsfield's raid on William III's siege train, the Irish horse made a circuitous approach and passed through the village of Cullen, which had lately been vacated by the convoy, before gaining the summit of a hill overlooking the sleeping camp.

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When the approach of evening rendereel detection difficult, if not impossible, the Irish horse left their hiding place, and making a considerable circuit, got behind the convoy. They passed through the village of Cullen, lately vacated by the train, and moving with great rapidity, gained the summit of the hill which overlooked the sleeping camp. One of the scouts during the clay had managed to ascertain the password, and by its aid the first sentinel was passed without any alarm being raised. The next sentry challenged, and one of the party shouting " Sarsfield is the word and Sarsfield is the man," fired a pistol in his face. This was the appointed signal. The Irish now rushed to the attack with loud and exultant cries. The dragoons, suddenly roused from sleej), and confounded at the unexpected onslaught, could make no resistance. Some tried to catch their horses and were cut down, others were sabred where they lay. With the utmost despatch the guns were collected together, crammed with powder and placed upright with their muzzles in the ground, the ammunition and waggons
70 SIEGE BY WILLIAM III.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 26

City Artillery subdues fire at Boyd's premises, William Street

William Street · street · Limerick · 1860

In May 1860 a most extensive fire occurred at the business premises of J. & G. Boyd on William-street, Limerick. The City Artillery coped successfully with the blaze, and the Corporation passed a unanimous resolution of thanks to Colonel Vereker and the corps for preventing the spread of the destructive element.

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Again, whilst the regiment was assembled for training, in May, i860, a most extensive fire occurred at the business premises of J. & G. Boyd, William-street, and again the artillery coped successfully with its ravages. At a meeting of the Town Council on the 7th of May, Wm. Fitzgerald, Mayor, in the chair, the following resolution was proposed by T.C. Carte, and seconded unanimously
Resolved — " That the thanks of the Corporation are due and hereby given to the Honourable Col. Vereker, City Artillery, and officers and men of the same corps, for the active and energetic exertions on the occasion of the recent great fire in the city, at the concerns of J. & G. Boyd, William-street, and through whose zealous co-operation with the magistrates and citizens the spread of the destructive element was prevented, and the property adjoining of the several citizens saved.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 82

As the companion tells it

Along here on William Street, in May 1860, a most extensive fire broke out at the business premises of J. and G. Boyd. The City Artillery coped successfully with the blaze. At a meeting of the Town Council on the 7th of May, with William Fitzgerald, Mayor, in the chair, a resolution was proposed by T. C. Carte and seconded unanimously. The resolution gave the thanks of the Corporation to the Honourable Colonel Vereker, the City Artillery, and the officers and men of the same corps, for their active and energetic exertions on the occasion of the great fire. Through their zealous co-operation with the magistrates and citizens, the spread of the destructive element was prevented, and the property adjoining, belonging to the several citizens, was saved.

Colonel Fennell deserts Killaloe

near Killaloe · townland · Clare · 1651

Colonel Fennell, left in charge at Killaloe, deserted his post either through cowardice or treachery and fled to Limerick after the English detachment crossed at O'Brien's Bridge.

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boatful seized an old castle on the opposite bank, but were compelled to give way, the Irish coming to the attack. Reinforcements arrived, but a brisk cannonade compelled the Irish to retire from the bank behind some rising ground, and the whole body crossed in safety. Colonel Fennell, who had been left in charge at Killaloe, deserted his post, either through cowardice or treachery, and fled to Limerick. In any case his remaining was useless after the detachment crossed at O'Brien's Bridge. About this time also an English fleet appeared in the Shannon, bringing ammunition and supplies. Thus the whole river was in the hands of the Parliamentarians.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 13

First Limerick-Dublin coach route established 1760

Thomond Bridge · street · Limerick · 1760–1780

In 1760 a weekly coach was established connecting Limerick to Dublin, completing the journey in four days. The original route ran from St. John's Square over Ball's Bridge and Thomond Bridge, thence by Killaloe. After twenty years the route was changed to go via Clare-street and Nenagh, reducing the journey to two days.

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A little more than a hundred years ago there was no public mode of conveyance between Limerick and any other city in Ireland. Travellers generally proceeded in small companies and on horseback, but very few went any distance from home except in case of necessity. The first attempt to open up a regular means of communication with the capital was made in 1760 — that year of wonderful progress. A weekly coach was established, which accomplished the journey to Dublin in four days. The same distance can now be done in less than that number of hours. The old route was from St. John's Square over Ball's Bridge, Thomond Bridge, and thence by Killaloe. After an experience of twenty years the coach was improved and the route changed to Clare-street, and thence on to Nenagh, by which the time was reduced to two days. In 1815 Mr. Bianconi established a line of communication between Clonmel and Limerick, one of the very first Avith which his name is connected, and from that time onward a network of coach routes connected all the important towns of Ireland till an im-
136 MODERN LIMERICK.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 55

As the companion tells it

Along here, on Thomond Bridge, the first Limerick to Dublin coach route crossed the river when it was established in 1760. Before that, there was no public mode of conveyance between Limerick and any other city in Ireland. Travellers generally proceeded in small companies and on horseback, and very few went any distance from home except in case of necessity. The first attempt to open up a regular means of communication with the capital was made in 1760, what the source calls "that year of wonderful progress." A weekly coach was established, which accomplished the journey to Dublin in four days. The old route was from St. John's Square over Ball's Bridge, Thomond Bridge, and thence by Killaloe. After an experience of twenty years the coach was improved and the route changed to Clare-street, and thence on to Nenagh, by which the time was reduced to two days. In 1815 Mr. Bianconi established a line of communication between Clonmel and Limerick, one of the very first with which his name is connected, and from that time onward a network of coach routes connected all the important towns of Ireland.

Irish cavalry denied entry to Limerick, retreat to Sixmilebridge

Six-mile-bridge · town · Clare · 1691

After being dispersed by a charge of dragoons, Irish cavalry fled to a wood and then retreated to Limerick for shelter, but were denied admittance. They secured their tents and cattle and retired to Six Mile Bridge, joining the remainder of the Irish horse.

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which occasion Lord Lisburn was killed by a cannon shot. That night an advanced guard of four hundred grenadiers, with six hundred workmen, proceeded to the river under cover of the darkness. By midnight they commenced the erection of a pontoon bridge which was thrown across to a little island called Illainarone and completed before day break. The morning was dark and foggy and the grenadiers and dragoons passed over unperceived. A strong body of horse and foot had been posted here under Colonel Clifford, but they were surprised and driven towards the city. A feeble attempt at resistance was made by some dismounted cavalry but they were dispersed by a charge of dragoons. The cavalry fled to the shelter of a wood, from whence they retreated to Limerick, but admittance being denied them they returned and having secured their tents and cattle retired to Six Mile Bridge, being joined by the remainder of the Irish horse.
Within the city the intelligence of the crossing excited the utmost consternation. Clifford was taken and imprisoned in the

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 37

Limerick bacon trade and major establishments

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1826

The bacon trade of Limerick made the city pre-eminent worldwide. In 1826 it received an important impetus from Mr. John Russell, an English gentleman. The establishments of Messrs. Matterson, Shaw and Denny slaughter about ten thousand pigs weekly, with Shaw first introducing electric lighting on a large scale in Limerick.

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The bacon trade of Limerick has made the name of the city pre-eminent in that department all over the world. The trade always flourished, but in 1826 it received a most important impetus from Mr. John Russell, an English gentleman, whose establishment became the largest in Ireland. Since then the trade has been enormously successful, Matterson's hams and Shaw's breakfast bacon being quite unrivalled. The establishments of the Messrs. Matterson, Shaw and Denny, are well worth a visit. By these three firms about ten thousand pigs are slaughtered weekly. The Messrs. Shaw were the first to introduce electric lighting on a large scale in Limerick, and their example was rapidly followed by other firms. In spite of keen foreign competition the Limerick bacon

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 56

As the companion tells it

Limerick's bacon trade made the city's name pre-eminent in that department all over the world. The trade always flourished, but in 1826 it received a most important impetus from John Russell, an English gentleman, whose establishment became the largest in Ireland. Since then the trade has been enormously successful, Matterson's hams and Shaw's breakfast bacon being quite unrivalled. The establishments of Matterson, Shaw and Denny are well worth a visit. By these three firms about ten thousand pigs are slaughtered weekly. The Shaws were the first to introduce electric lighting on a large scale in Limerick, and their example was rapidly followed by other firms.

Near mutiny of Limerick City Militia over greatcoats

Limerick · city · Limerick · 1814

After marching to Limerick and dispersing in July 1814, a mutiny nearly resulted because the government would not allow the men to take their greatcoats, the coats being required for soldiers returning from the Peninsula.

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In May, 1813, the regiment proceeded to Cork, and remained there till the disembodiment of the Irish Militia, consequent upon the peace of Fontainbleau and the abdication of Napoleon. The regiment marched to Limerick, and dispersed in July, 1814. A mutiny very nearly resulted in consequence of a penurious Government not allowing the men to take their great coats with them, the coats being required by the Government to clothe the ragged heroes coming home from the Peninsula.
On 1 8th July, 1815, the regiment was again embodied. Only one major was, however, allowed on the permanent staff, and Major Tomkins was elected to serve. The head-quarters proceeded to Kinsale and Charlesfort in the months of August and September, and remained there until again disembodied on the 22nd March, 1816, in Limerick. The privates then numbered 493. On the decease of Lieutenant-Colonel Gough in 1837, the Hon. Charles Smyth Vereker succeeded him as Lieute-

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 81

As the companion tells it

As you pass through Limerick, there is a story from 1814. The regiment had been in Cork since May 1813, during the peace that followed Napoleon's abdication. They marched to Limerick and dispersed in July 1814. A mutiny very nearly broke out over greatcoats. The government would not allow the men to take their greatcoats with them. The coats were needed to clothe the ragged heroes coming home from the Peninsula. The book calls it a penurious government that caused the trouble. The regiment came back the next year. On the 18th of July 1815, they were embodied again, with only one major on the permanent staff. Major Tomkins was elected to serve. Headquarters went to Kinsale and Charlesfort in August and September. They were disembodied again on the 22nd of March 1816, in Limerick, with 493 privates.

St Patrick and the fire-breathing bull at Adare

Adare · townland · Limerick

A legend tells of a bull breathing sulphurous flames that dwelt on the rock of Carrigogunnell and ravaged the surrounding country until St. Patrick sought it out. The bull fled as far as Adare and was drowned attempting to cross the Maigue, as no evil thing could cross running water.

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of the ridge ends in a steep broken crag, picturesque in its ruggedness, and is surmounted by the remains of a fine old castle. Seen from the city it stands "bosomed high in tufted trees," whilst from other directions the walls can hardly be distinguished from the rock upon which they are erected. Viewed from such a distance that the eye can take in castle and rock and river, one is forcibly reminded of that "castled crag" which "frowns o'er the wide and winding Rhine." Nor is the resemblance between the two in appearance only. Like the Drachenfels Carrig has its legend, not exactly of a dragon dwelling in an enchanted cave, but of a bull breathing forth sulphurous flames, who long ago fixed his dwelling on the rock, where he issued forth at frequent intervals to ravage the surrounding country. The scourge was intolerable but at last a deliverer appeared in the person of St. Patrick. The Saint sought him in his hiding place, whence he fled as far as Adare, followed by St. Patrick in close pursuit, and was there drowned in an unsuccessful attempt to reach the other side
164 NEIGHBOURHOOD OF LIMERICK.

Internet Archive limerickitssiege00dowd, Chapter 68

Limerick and its sieges

The stories, best first

Slaughter of surrendered soldiers at Parteen

Massacre at Thomond Bridge drawbridge

Sarsfield rallies garrison and repels assault

Bishop of Emly and Father Wolfe executed at Limerick

Limerick garrison surrenders at St. Mary's Cathedral

Panning hides in ancestors' tomb in Dominican Abbey, Limerick

Assault on Thomond Bridge fort during Ireton's siege

Grand assault on the breach, 27 August 1690

Black Battery explosion at Limerick

Final failed assault on Limerick breach

Siege of Athlone and death of Colonel Grace

William III's narrow escape near Ireton's fort

Assault on the Irish fort and powder explosion

Battle of Aughrim and death of St. Ruth

Battle of Benburb on the Blackwater

Battle of Sollohed near Limerick Junction

Signing of the Treaty of Limerick

Coote feints at Sligo and captures Athlone

Failed night assault and friendly fire between English and Danes

Limerick Militia attacks rebel camp near Edenderry 1798

Sligo saved by Vereker's stand at Carrick-na-gatt

Women of Limerick take active part in defense

Battle of Singland — Callachan defeats the Danes

Crossing of the Shannon at O'Brien's Bridge

Death of Monarch Crimhthan on the Cratloe hills

Roche's Hanging Gardens in George's Street

Sarsfield crosses Shannon at Banagher, destroys bridge

Te Deum at St. Mary's Cathedral, Limerick

Colonel Grace defends Athlone against Douglas

Death and burial of Tyrconnell at St. Mary's Cathedral

Ginkle forces river crossing at Corbally

O'Neill tried by court martial at Limerick

Prisoners humanely treated at Corbally

The wise women of Mungret legend

Treaty of Limerick violated by English Parliament

O'Brien gentlemen executed as traitors in Limerick

Battle at Thomond Bridge

Colonel Luttrel's sally from the garrison

English forces march from Adare to besiege Carrigogunnell

Black Battery stump and 1690 breach

Danes raid Armagh and carry off the Primate

Lauzun pronounces Limerick untenable, French depart to Galway

Morrogh O'Brien accepts Earl of Thomond and barony of Inchiquin

Sack of Cashel by Lord Inchiquin

Sarsfield returns in triumph to Limerick

Singland heights as siege battery positions

St. Mary's Cathedral founded by Donald O'Brien

Nicholas Street house: Galway residence, Ireton's death, royal palace

Treaty Stone at Thomond Bridge

Attack on the tower on the Lax Weir

Limerick Corporation honours militia after Battle of Coloony

Sarsfield learns siege train approaching from Cashel

Sarsfield's cavalry passes through Cullen village

City Artillery subdues fire at Boyd's premises, William Street

Colonel Fennell deserts Killaloe

First Limerick-Dublin coach route established 1760

Irish cavalry denied entry to Limerick, retreat to Sixmilebridge

Limerick bacon trade and major establishments

Near mutiny of Limerick City Militia over greatcoats

St Patrick and the fire-breathing bull at Adare