Statistical survey of the county of Cork : with observations on the means of improvement ; drawn up for the consideration, and by the direction of the Dublin Society

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read the passage as the book has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too.

1. Excavation attempt at Labacolly by Mr. Hyde

   Glanworth · town · Cork

   Mr. Hyde, on whose estate the Labacolly monument stands, accompanied the author and procured neighbouring peasants with spades to explore the monument's foundations, but the place was too encumbered with stones and rubbish to complete the work. Near the monument is a small, regularly rounded hill called the hill of Labacolly, showing marks of artificial construction.

   Read the passage

   difficulty of construction is marvellously exaggerated by Smith, who. says, the stones, are of grit, and were brought from the mountains, which divide this county from Limerick. This indeed would have ■been a great labour even for giants, but the truth is, 4they are all limestone, the produce of the rock, on which they are placed. In breaking off a part of the largest stone to ascertain its quality, I procured ja small fossil shell of the cockle kind, a circumstance the more remarkable, as fossils do not often pccux in the stone of this neighbourhood. Indeed 4b$ diiftcqlty of forming such a work, under any circumstances, was so considerable, that I am inclfoed to think the stones were never in a distant state. of separation, and that the artists were a good deal indebted to the assistance of nature. Stones of great size are often seen torn from their native bed by natural convulsion, and placed in situations not very dissimilar from this* The regular arrangement of the side stones, however, bears every appearance of artificial contrivance, though a similar position is often found in the natural quarry. I have observed too, that the limestone of this district frequently possesses that disposition to lamellar structure, so universally observed in the schistic, and which accords with the direction of these stones. Mr. Hyde, on whose estate it is, and who

   was

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog

2. Fermoy bolting mill of Mr. D. Reid

   Fermoy · townland · Cork · 1802

   A large bolting mill at Fermoy, owned by Mr. D. Reid and commencing operations in 1802, was considered perhaps the first in Ireland for size and power. It annually manufactured 12,000 to 15,000 barrels of wheat, and its flour sold at least three shillings per hundredweight dearer than any rival mill in the neighbourhood.

   Read the passage

   cheon, one on the Awbeg, and one on the Blackwater. It had been long considered impossible to find a mill-site in this last river so frequently flooded, bat experience has shewn the futility of this opinion. The bolting mill at Fermoy, the property of Mr. D. Reid, is, perhaps^ the first in point of size and power in Ireland ; it annually manufactures from 1 2 tq i 5,000 barrels of wheat per atinum, in a manner far surpassing any thing known in this country before its commencement in 1 802. The flout of this miH sells, at least, three shillings per hundred weight dearer than that of any other mill in the •neighbourhood. There is likewise a pajter mill at Fermoy, of considerable extent, aftd considerable progress has been tnade in a coarse woollen manufactory, which promises to be of considerable Utility to the country.** Size of Farms, &c. — 'Most farms in this county

   / are small, from 50 to 100 acres, and generally on short leases, seldom exceeding three lives; but latterly only one life or twenty-one years is a common lease. Parliamentary influence is very much looked

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 161

   As the companion tells it

   Close to Fermoy, somewhere around here, there was a bolting mill belonging to Mr. D. Reid that began operations in 1802. It stood on the Blackwater, a river long thought impossible for a mill site because it flooded so frequently. Experience proved that opinion wrong. By the time of the survey, Reid's mill was considered perhaps the first in Ireland for size and power. It manufactured from 12,000 to 15,000 barrels of wheat every year, in a manner far surpassing anything known in this country before it commenced. The flour from this mill sold at least three shillings per hundredweight dearer than that of any other mill in the neighbourhood. There was likewise a paper mill at Fermoy of considerable extent, and considerable progress had been made in a coarse woollen manufactory, which promised to be of considerable utility to the country.

3. Holy wells in County Cork

   Cork · city · Cork

   Holy wells in County Cork are still resorted to, with their patronage having devolved from the lords of the county to calendar saints. While the blessing of the saint or priest is believed to impart virtue to the waters, many attendants are motivated by merry-making, which often involves drinking and fighting.

   Read the passage

   * Holy w^Us, the patronage of which has long; since devolved from the Xai*d* of the (bunt to the mints of the calendar, are jtfil! retort* « f,d to; the Messing of the *ajnt, to which that of the print i« sometimes added, being supposed to impart much virtue to the waters. — iWfar greater number of attendants; however, are inflw<nced by C0n«> sideraiioos, io.wbioh sanctity hat very little c^ocqrn. They meet to make merry, which in frequent Interpretation is, to drink and fi^ht.

   » STATfSTOCAL SURVEY

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 30

4. Irish-speaking population of south Cork coast district

   Cork · city · Cork

   The district was poorly provided with schools despite its needs, as the far greater number of common people spoke only Irish. This contrasted with the mountainous tracts between Cork and Kerry where bare-legged peasants conversed fluently in English.

   Read the passage

   This district is very poorly provided with schools, considering its wants; for, the far greater number of the common people speak only Irish. In the wild and mountainous tracts, that divide the counties of Cork and Kerry, every bare-legged peasant converses fluently in English, while in the populous and well cultivated country, adjacent to the southern coast, the prevailing dialqct is Irish. One should suppose, that a superior stile of cultivation, and the frequent opportunities of marine intercourse would have produced a contrary effect, but the fact is as here stated. The cause seems to arise from their different habits of life. The inhabitants of the sea coast follow a course of laborious industry, which, by ..employing the children at an early age,

   allows

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 84

5. Kinsale harbour and former naval depot

   Kinsale · town · Cork

   Kinsale harbour is described as compact and secure, with a strong fort on the east side. It was formerly the principal naval depot with a dock-yard and store-house, since transferred to Cork harbour.

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   The harbour of Kinsale, though much less capacious than that of Cork, is one of the most compact and secure, that can well be imagined. It is of 3} v round form, with a long and deep entrance from the south, and perfectly landlocked by high land surrounding it in every direction. It has a strong fort on the east side, and was formerly the principal naval depot, having a dock-yard and store-house. These have been transferred to Cork harbour, since that has been rendered secure by so many new works. Kinsale derives little advantage in the way of trade from so fine a harbour. The superior situation of Cork engrosses the foreign commerce, and supplies this town with all commodities of this nature. Something is done here in the import of coal, and in the coasting trade, but the great marine establishment of Kinsale is its fishery. Three or four hundred boats, called hookers, generally of

   about

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 195

   As the companion tells it

   Coming up now through Kinsale in Cork. The harbour here is much less capacious than Cork's, but it is one of the most compact and secure that can well be imagined. It is round in form, with a long and deep entrance from the south, perfectly landlocked by high land surrounding it in every direction. There is a strong fort on the east side. This was formerly the principal naval depot, with a dock-yard and store-house, but those have been transferred to Cork harbour, since Cork has been rendered secure by so many new works. Kinsale derives little advantage in the way of trade from so fine a harbour. The superior situation of Cork engrosses the foreign commerce and supplies this town with all commodities of that nature. Something is done here in the import of coal and in the coasting trade, but the great marine establishment of Kinsale is its fishery, with three or four hundred boats called hookers.

6. Landless poor near Mill-street pay exorbitant planting rents

   Millstreet · town · Cork

   In the immediate vicinity of Mill-street, those who had no land of their own paid the extravagant price of four guineas for the liberty of planting an acre which they dunged themselves. This reflected the high cost of access to land for the landless poor.

   Read the passage

   the potatoes are dug out, which are always some of ihe coarse kinds and very indifferent food for men, the ground lies over till spring, when, unless a second crop of potatoes be taken, as is often done, oats are scattered on the bed, and covered by a light earthing from the spade. Successive crops of the same grain, if the ground will bear it, follow* after which the land is suffered frequently to regain its pristine state. Such is the treatment of soil apparently capable in many places of being converted into fine meadows. A surveyor of the county of Kerry would have little else to record, on the subject of common agriculture, of a' verylarge* portion of its contents. Fortunately the great ranges of coarse pasture supply a plenty of milk, without which it would be impossible to subsist under such a style of cultivation. The produce of the potatoe crop varies, according to the goodness of the soil, and the quantity of the dung, from five to eight ton. In the immediate vicinity of Mill-street those, who have no land of their own, pay, for liberty of planting an acre dunged by themselves, the extravagant price of four guineas.

   Farms

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 233

7. Mail-coach manufactory established at Fermoy

   Fermoy · townland · Cork

   A large square of offices was set apart at Fermoy for building and repairing mail-coaches, including stabling and accommodations for tradesmen. An experienced person from Birmingham was brought over to superintend the entire operation.

   Read the passage

   " As an appendage to this branch of employment, may now be mentioned a plan, already in some forwardness, of having the mail-coaches built and repaired at Fermoy. A large square of offices has been set apart for this purpose, containing a mailcoach office, with stabling for the horses, and sufficient accommodations for the different tradesmen employed in the manufacture of carriages. A person of experience, from Birmingham, has been brought over to direct and superintend the whole."

   u It would be improper, perhaps, in this place to omit the experiment, that was lately made by the clergyman of Fermoy, with proper assistants, to establish a respectable boarding school there, which, of all the situations in this county, is perhaps the least exceptionable for this purpose. The attempt has hitherto succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations of those concerned ; so much so, that suitable accommodations have been lately provided by the proprietors for an extensive establishment

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 173

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Fermoy, there was a plan, already underway, to have the mail-coaches built and repaired here. A large square of offices had been set apart for the purpose. It contained a mail coach office, with stabling for the horses, and enough accommodation for the different tradesmen employed in the manufacture of carriages. A person of experience had been brought over from Birmingham to direct and superintend the whole operation. It was described as an appendage to a branch of employment, and the plan was already in some forwardness when the survey was written. So Fermoy was not just a stop on the road, it was meant to be a place where the mail-coaches themselves were built and kept in repair, with all the trades and stabling gathered together in one square, under a man brought from England to oversee it.

8. Mallow as a parliamentary borough

   Mallow · town · Cork

   Mallow continues as a borough town sending one member to the imperial parliament. The author suggests that possession of this privilege may have contributed to the town's backwardness, since in open boroughs the power of controlling electors was more easily retained by their depression than their advancement.

   Read the passage

   William Gallway, Esquires. Mallow* still continues a borough town, and sends one member to the imperial parliament It is not improbable, that the possession of this privilege may have been among the causes of its backwardness, from the reasons already mentioned in one of the general heads. In open boroughs, of which Mallow is one, the power of controuling the electors was more easily retained by their depression than their advancement.

   But, however tardy the progress of improvement has been in the (own of Mallow, the charge of neglect extends no further. The opportunities, afforded by the natural beauties of the surrounding country, have been sedulously embraced, and in addition to establishments of ancient standing, some of which have been already specified in the account pf Puhallow, rpany elegant seats have lately raised their heads, Of these the principal are, Mr. De la Cour's and Mr. Hare's, situated on the banks of the Blackwater, or so placed as to command a view of it Mr. De la Pour's t is a most complete

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 177

9. Marcus Lynch's woollen manufacture attempt at Midleton

   Midleton · town · Cork

   A spirited attempt was made by Cork merchant Marcus Lynch to establish the woollen manufacture at Midleton on a great scale, with a large building erected close to the town. The undertaking encountered difficulties, whether from the scale being too great or inability to procure expert workmen.

   Read the passage

   A very spirited attempt was made some years since by a Cork merchant of respectable character, Marcus Lynch, Esq. to establish the woollen manufacture here on a scale of great magnitude. For this purpose a very large building was, erected close to the town, commodious in arrangement, and compleat in all its apparatus and appendages. Mr. Lynch at the same time built a very neat lodge on a small farm adjoining, which he planted and dressed in the neatest manner. Whether, however, the scale was too great for a first effort, and that it was found impracticable to procure a sufficient number of expert and well conducted workmen, or other unforeseen difficulties presented themselves, the undertaking

   Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 220

10. Peasant encroachment on Common Mountain, West Barryroe

    Barryroe · townland · Cork

    In west Barryroe, a tract of high waste land called the Common Mountain saw neighbouring peasants gradually encroach upon the moor, building houses and enclosing small fields. The encroachers continued in quiet possession without molestation, and the whole common was likely to be parcelled out in this manner.

    Read the passage

    In west Barryroe is a tract of high waste land, called the common Jnountain. Lands of this description- are rarely found id this country, and, where they do exist, the right of commonage » little attended to, probably in consequence of its little value. Of this disregard, the common un4er consideration affords some curious, and, perhaps, singular instances. Encouraged by the general neglect of common rights, the neighbouring peasants are every day making encroachments upon the moor. Finding their first trespasses unnoticed, they began to build houses on it, adding one or more little fields to every habitation. When the leases of their farms expired, these sqlf-created possessors of land continued to enjoy the dissever* ed portion of the common, without let or molestation. The first trespassers were probably those, who possessed some right of commonage ; the example soon came to be followed by others, who did not They built and inclosed, as choice or ability directed, and continue in quiet possession of the places so occupied. It is not unlikely, that on the strength of the precedent, as nobody seems disposed to resist the encroachment, the whole common will be parcelled out in the same manner. The

    title

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 83

11. Proposed canal between Dunmanway and Inishannon

    Dunmanway · town · Cork

    A line of canal was projected on the south side of the Bandon river between Dunmanway and Inishannon. It was eighteen miles long with eighteen locks, descending one hundred and eighty feet from Dunmanway to Inishannon bridge.

    Read the passage

    many years ago. I immediately procured a surveyor the Hue of country, through which it was proposed to be carried, aud had lerels taken from end to end of the line, by which not only the practicability of effecting it was ascertained, but also that the country was quite favourable to it. This being discovered, I procured an experienced engineer (Capt Geo. Taylor of Dublin) to* come down from thence, and project a line of canal on the most favourable ground between Dunraanway and Inishannon, which on inspection appeared to be on the south side the Bandon river. This line of canal/ eighteen miles in length, would contain eighteen locks of ten feet each, the entire descent from the summit level at Dunmanway, to the tide water at Inishannon bridge, being one hundred and eighty feet, and the estimate of Capt. Taylor for executing it £ 32058 13s. 4d. I then without further delay communicated my proceedings to the Duke of Devonshire, through his agent Mr. Knowlton, and expressed my hope and expectation, that his Grace would give his aid in promoting a scheme, that must yield such vast advantages to his town of Bandon and all the rest of his extensive estates. To which I received an answer from Mr. Knowlton, stating, that his Grace would promote and subscribe to the making the canal, provided it should be cut through

    hi*

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 274

12. Red Strand sand extraction near Galley Head

    near Galley Head · promontory · Cork

    The greatest quantity of sea-sand manure in the district was drawn from the Red-strand, a narrow sandy beach east of Galley Head, rich in shell content. An estimated twelve to fourteen hundred cars were annually employed carrying sand up to fourteen miles inland, with the proprietor charging a shilling per horse per year.

    Read the passage

    and, by shortening the land carriage, enable the more distant farmers to use a greater quantity. Cloghnikilty had not a single lighter fifteen years ago, or quay for landing on. There are now three large quays, each of which has several lighters con* stantly at work during the summer months. The trade, however, is so far from being overstocked, that it is thought more might find employment. Lighters usually hold from fifteen to twenty too, the price from eight to ten shillings. The quantity drawn from the head of Courtmasberry-bay is equally considerable. • But of all the places resorted to for this kind of manure, the greatest quantity is drawn from a narrow sandy beach, on the east side of the Galley-head, called the Red-strand. This contains a larger proportion of shell than any of the rest, from the colour of which the sand takes its name. It is computed, that there are not less than twelve or fourteen hundred cars annually employed in drawing this sand, some of which goes to the distance of ten, twelve, and even fourteen .miles. The proprietor of the strand receives a shilling a-year for each horse from all but the neighbouring farms, which are free of the strand. Distant farmers, by whom it is obtained with so much labour, use it very sparingly. Instead of being spread from the heap with shovels, it 19 frequently scattered by hand

    from

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 102

13. Rise of Fermoy from village to town

    Fermoy · townland · Cork

    Fermoy was rapidly transformed from a wretched village to a flourishing town by the active exertions and enterprise of a single citizen. The town's prosperity depended heavily on the founder's superintendence, though establishments like mills, a bank, a brewery, and inns provided some stability.

    Read the passage

    indeed excite no violent surprize to behold a city rapidly uprising from the powerful fiat of a mighty sovereign, despotic master of the wealth and labour of millions. The immediate conversion of a wretched village to a flourishing town, by the active exertions of a single citizen, and less imputable to superiority of wealth, than superiority of enterprize, is an occurrence equally demanding our admiration and our applause. The numerous useful works established on the most complete plans; the address, with which so many various circumstances have been made to- conspire towards producing the general effect ; the judgment shewed in selecting the fittest means for attaining the several ends, and the harmonious arrangement and co-operation of the whole present a spectacle as novel as it is interesting. My readers, I am sure, will not only approve, but require a particular account of this remarkable establishment, and the kindness of the Rev. William Adair, master of the classical school of Fermoy, and rector of the parish, has enabled me to afford them ample gratification. As the prosperous state of Fermoy has not, like that of other flourishing towns, owed its rise to the gradual operation of many favouring causes, and as it seems to depend so much on the vigilant superin tendance and protection of its founder, it may be doubted, whether a prosperity so instan- 3 p taneous

    474 STATISTICAL 8URVEY

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 164

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Fermoy, you are coming up on a place that went from a wretched village to a flourishing town, and not by the gradual working of many favourable causes, as other thriving towns did. This was the achievement of a single citizen, through active exertion and enterprise rather than any great superiority of wealth. The change was rapid and demanded both admiration and applause. Numerous useful works were established on the most complete plans. Various circumstances were made to conspire towards producing the general effect. Judgment was shown in selecting the fittest means for attaining the several ends, and the harmonious arrangement and co-operation of the whole presented a spectacle as novel as it was interesting. The account we have comes through the kindness of the Reverend William Adair, master of the classical school of Fermoy and rector of the parish. But there is a doubt hanging over it all. The prosperous state of Fermoy has depended so much on the vigilant superintendence and protection of its founder that it may be questioned whether a prosperity so instantaneous can last.

14. Skibbereen's poor lanes and thatched cabins

    Skibbereen · town · Cork

    Despite its commercial success, Skibbereen's approaching streets or lanes were hardly passable in winter and lined with thatched cabins of the worst and dirtiest description. The town stands on the south side of the river Ilen; the north side had good level land but little communication, and a bridge was recommended.

    Read the passage

    tricts, and die wanf of any rival to share with it in supplying their wants. The great demand for shop goods in a short time enriches the retailer, who' then, enlarging his scale, becomes a merchant, and employs hi* capital in enterprizes of more expence &nd magnitude. The general appearance of the % town, however, is not very indicative of either riches or comforts. The middle part has some good house*, but the approaching streets, or rather lanes, hardly passable in winter, are lined with rows of thatched cabins of the worst and dirtiest description. The town stands on the south -side of the river lien. On the horth side is a considerable tract of good level land, with which there is at present but little communication. A bridge thrown across here would afford an opportunity, which the proprietor will pro* bably hereafter embrace, of improving and enlarging the town, as well as increasing most coosidera* bly the value of the estate. Half the old town belongs to William Wrixon Becher, Esq. and half to Samuel Townsend and Samuel Wright, Esqrs. That part on the west side, called Bridgetown, is the estate of Richard -Boyle Townsend, Esq. who is also proprietor of the land on the north side of the river; Skibbereen was originally called Staplefiown, a name not very happily exchanged far its present appellation,

    2 S Castle

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 116

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Skibbereen in Cork, you pass a town of contradictions. The middle part has some good houses, but the lanes leading in are hardly passable in winter. They are lined with rows of thatched cabins of the worst and dirtiest description. The town stands on the south side of the river Ilen. On the north side is a considerable tract of good level land, with which there is at present but little communication. A bridge thrown across here would afford an opportunity of improving and enlarging the town, as well as increasing considerably the value of the estate. Half the old town belongs to William Wrixon Becher, and half to Samuel Townsend and Samuel Wright. That part on the west side, called Bridgetown, is the estate of Richard Boyle Townsend, who is also proprietor of the land on the north side of the river. Skibbereen was originally called Stapleton, a name not very happily exchanged for its present appellation.

15. St. Finbar's religious ruins on Gougane Barra island

    near Gougane Barra · population centre · Cork

    A small lake called Gougane Barra takes its name from St. Finbar, founder of Cork cathedral. On a little island or peninsula in the lake stand the ruins of St. Finbar's religious establishment, set in a wild and rocky landscape at the source of the river Lee.

    Read the passage

    the lakes of Gougane Barra, and Inchigeelah, stitl present many objects of attraction to the admirers of nature's wilder works. The former of these takes its name from St. Finbar, founder of the cathedral of Cork, a saint of great celebrity in the Romish calendar. It is a very small lake inclosing a .little island or peninsula, on which the rums of St. Finbar's religious establishments still remain. Solitary devotion could not possibly have selected a more appropriate abode.* From the base of a very steep and rocky mountain suddenly bursts forth a most copious spring, the waters of which, thrown back by a rugged eminence at a little distance from their source, form the lake. This celebrated fountain is the bead of the river Lee. A little further to the ^ast^it flows into the large lake of Inchigeelah, of which, but for this interruption, it might properly be said to constitute a part The valley, in which it stands, is for the most part surrounded by mountains of rude grandeur and considerable altitude, the steep and rocky sides of which exhibit many varieties of

    cataract

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 226

16. Temple Brien church ruins and pagan-Christian pillar

    Templebryan · parish · Cork

    On the lands of Temple Brien near Clonakilty, ruins of a very small ancient church stand within a quadrangular enclosure. A curious single-stone pillar, fourteen to fifteen feet long, stands nearby bearing a rude cross superadded by Christian piety on a likely pagan monument.

    Read the passage

    On the estate of the earl of Shannon, near Cloghnikilty, are some curious remains of religious antiquity, which serve to shew, as antiquarians have often noticed, the sudden transition from pagan to christian worship on the same site. A little to the north of the town, on the lands of Temple Brien, are the ruins of an old church placed, as all of them seem to have been, within a small quadrangular inclosure. The dimensions, which may still be traced, shew it to have been very small, and the decayed state of what little wall remains proves it to be very ancient. On the north side of the church, and within a few paces, stands a curious pillar, consist* ing of a single stone, from fourteen to fifteen feet p 2 in

    * By this is not to be understood the roundness of a sphere, but of a millstone.

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 35

17. Thomas Poole's bog reclamation west of Bandon

    Bandon · town · Cork

    A considerable tract of bog and moorland west of Bandon, the estate of Thomas Poole, Esq., was being transformed into productive and well-inhabited land through judicious encouragement. Poole granted twenty-one-year leases at low rent, built good farm-houses, and allowed tenants sea-sand for the first seven years, raising land value from five or six shillings to twenty-five or thirty shillings per acre.

    Read the passage

    shire's estate, have, from the convenience of die town's manure, and the persevering industry of its inhabitants, received a degree of improvement, of which they seemed almost incapable. On the west side of Baridon the land rises for the distance of three or four miles with gradual acclivity, the upper parts of which consisted entirely, until within a few years back, of bog and moorland. A considerable part of this tract is the estate of Thomas Poole, Esq. by whose judicious encouragement a dreary waste is daily becoming productive and well inhabited land. He gives leases of twenty-one years at a low rent, builds good farm-houses, and allows the tenants for the first seven years a sufficient quantity of sea-sand. Under such encouragement tenants are never wanting, improvement proceeds rapidly, the face of the country experiences a happy alteration, and both landlord and farmer find their account in it. Grounds, originally not exceeding five or six shillings per acre in value, become well worth twenty-five or thirty shillings. — */ The first process is paring and burning for potatoes. It is afterwards sanded, and produces good crops of corn, sometimes wheat, but generally oats and barley. Mr. Poole's father was the first pefson, by whom irrigation was practised in this part of the county, at least to any extent worthy of notice,

    i»

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 121

18. Unwholesome canals and arching over in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    Several small branches of the river flowed through Cork's streets like Dutch canals. On the tide's retreat, their beds exposed putrid mud, creating unwholesome conditions. The corporation has been arching them over, creating several of the old town's most spacious and elegant streets.

    Read the passage

    that the first rude beginnings of social establish* merit were placed without the situation here described, in the vicinity of the cathedral, which stands upon an eminence above the south branch of the river. The difficulty of constructing houses upon such a site as the marsh was probably too great for the incipient efforts of the earlier builders. The low town, however, was the principal part of the city on the arrival of the English. Besides the two main channels, there were several small branches of the river, intersecting various parts of the marsh, and flowing through many of the streets. Under these circumstances, k had a striking resemblance to the Dutch towns, and was considered to possess great commercial conveniences from such a number of canals. At a later period, when health, as .well as beauty, became an object of consideration, these supposed advantages were found to be more than counterbalanced by their evils. On the retiring of the tide, the beds of these canals exhibited a disgusting and unwholesome collection of putrid mud, and their number w$s much greater than could be required for commercial purposes. To the general business of retailing-shops they were altogether useless, and the main branches of the river presented sufficient rbom for warehouses, and the aoowunodation of kuportiog merebauts.

    4T The

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 243

    As the companion tells it

    Cork was built on a marsh. The first buildings went up near the cathedral, which stands on an eminence above the south branch of the river, because constructing houses on the marsh itself was too difficult for the earlier builders. The low town was the principal part of the city when the English arrived. Besides the two main channels, several small branches of the river intersected the marsh and flowed through many of the streets. It had a striking resemblance to Dutch towns, and was considered to possess great commercial conveniences from such a number of canals. At a later period, when health and beauty became objects of consideration, these supposed advantages were found to be more than counterbalanced by their evils. On the retiring of the tide, the beds of these canals exhibited a disgusting and unwholesome collection of putrid mud, and their number was much greater than could be required for commercial purposes. To the general business of retailing shops they were altogether useless, and the main branches of the river presented sufficient room for warehouses and the accommodation of importing merchants. The corporation has been arching these channels over, and several of the old town's most spacious and elegant streets now stand where the canals once ran.

19. Watergrasshill village on highest cultivated ground

    Watergrasshill · town · Cork

    The little village of Watergrass-hill, eight miles from Cork, stands upon the highest cultivated ground in the kingdom. The gradual ascent deceives the traveller until the vales of Castle-Lyons and Fermoy suddenly open to view.

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    The little village of Watergrass-hill, eight miles from Cork, stands upon the highest cultivated ground, perhaps, in the kingdom. The ascent from Cork is so gradual, that the traveller is net aware of the great elevation he has attained, until the vales of Castle-Lyons and Fermoy suddenly open to his view. He then sees with some surprize, that he is

    placed

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 203

    As the companion tells it

    You're coming through Watergrasshill, a little village eight miles from Cork. It stands on what may be the highest cultivated ground in the kingdom. The climb from Cork is so gradual you may not notice how high you have risen, until the vales of Castle-Lyons and Fermoy open suddenly to view.

20. Whiddy Island tenants hold farms 60 years without rent change

    Whiddy · electoral division · Cork

    The inhabitants of Whiddy Island held their farms under Lord Bantry's family for sixty years without any alteration of rent, and leases were unknown to them. The island contained about 1000 acres, some naturally fertile enough to fatten large bullocks. Lord Bantry kept a deerpark and retained some land for pasture.

    Read the passage

    tioiis, and derive pleasure from the expression of features, and the symmetry of limbs. Among the tamer beauties of the scene, the island of Wliiddy catches the spectator's eye, strikingly contrasted, as it is, with the barren wildness of the hills at eithe^ side. This island, the inhabitants of which are said to be remarkably well shaped, contains about •1000 acres; several of these are capable, in their state of natural fertility, of fattening the largest bullocks. It belongs to Lord Bantry, who, besides a deerpark, keeps some of it in his hands for pasture. Among the singularity of its circumstances* one deserves to be mentioned, as a case without parallel, perhaps, in any other part of the kingdom. The inhabitants, to whom a lease is as yet unknown, have continued to hold their farms under his lordship's family, for sixty years, without any alteration of rent!

    The second division of that great French armament, which threatened these shores in 1796, came to anchor on the nordi-west quarter of this island, and though they remained a long time in expectation of being joined by the rest, it is very remarkable

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 132

21. Agricultural and infrastructural improvements in Muskerry

    near Muskerry · street · Cork · 1770–1810

    The barony of Muskerry saw significant improvements over forty years, transitioning from a state with barely passable roads and sliding cars to one with good roads and universal use of wheel carriages for agricultural transport.

    Read the passage

    This barony has been greatly improved within the last forty years. At the commencement of that period there was scarcely a road in this barony, on which a wheel carriage could pass with safety. The formers, in general, had no other carriage than a sliding car. More frequently they carried limestone, hay, &c. on horses bafeks, paoked upon side frames of forked sticks.- There being now good roads in all directions, wheel carriages are universally used. Lime i9 an approved manure for all the lands of Muskerry. The drawing of limestone * to their farms is therefore oue of their most important occupations. They' pay for the stone raised at the quarries from 3d. to 4d. per barrel (half the /

    wheat quarter) and burn it in standing kilns with turf or furze. Such lime generally sells at the kiln from 2s. 4d. to 2s. 8d. per barrel. Forty bai> rels are esteemed a good manuring for an acre.* Lime is also burned at the quarries in running kilns ; but,4s in this case the stones are broken small and mixed with coal ashes, the produce of slaked lime is one-third less than from the standing kiln. Sixty barrels of this lime are therefore the proportion for manuring an acre. Farming for profit on the plan of a. rotation of crops is not practised in . 4 o £ this

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Muskerry, this barony has been greatly improved over the last 40 years. At the start of that period there was scarcely a road in the barony on which a wheel carriage could pass with safety. Farmers had no other carriage than a sliding car. More often they carried limestone and hay on horses' backs, packed on side frames of forked sticks. Now there are good roads in all directions, and wheel carriages are universally used. Lime is an approved manure for all the lands of Muskerry. Drawing limestone to their farms is one of their most important occupations. They pay for the stone raised at the quarries from 3d. to 4d. per barrel, half the wheat quarter, and burn it in standing kilns with turf or furze. Such lime generally sells at the kiln from 2s. 4d. to 2s. 8d. per barrel. Forty barrels are esteemed a good manuring for an acre. Lime is also burned at the quarries in running kilns, but as the stones are broken small and mixed with coal ashes, the produce of slaked lime is one-third less than from the standing kilns. 60 barrels of this lime are therefore the proportion for manuring an acre. Farming for profit on the plan of a rotation of crops is not practised in this barony.

22. Buttevant Abbey laid waste during Wars of the Roses

    Buttevant · town · Cork · 1455–1485

    Buttevant was a religious house that suffered destruction at the hands of a native chief during the contention between the houses of York and Lancaster, before the general dissolution of monasteries. It does not appear to have flourished since that time.

    Read the passage

    of escaping. $uttevant» however, felt the destructive hand of desolating power long before the general dissolution of religious houses, having, been laid waste by one of the native chiefs during the contention of the houses of York and Lancaster, when the English interests in. this kingdom suffered a temporary disregard. Since that time it does not appear to have flourished, so that the days of its prosperity, however bright, were soon passed over.

    In the same part of the county are some remains of a preceptory of the knights of St John of Jerusalem, situated on the river Clydagh near Mallow, formerly called Mourne,now Balinamona. This, which was also a rich establishment founded by an English gentleman, in the reign of John, was destroyed at the same time and by the same person*

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 47

23. Duke of Devonshire's canal conditions for Bandon

    Bandon · town · Cork

    The Duke of Devonshire offered to subscribe ten thousand pounds and provide ground for the canal, provided it was cut through his estates on the north side of the Bandon river into the town of Bandon. The project stalled due to existing local circumstances.

    Read the passage

    his estates on the north side the river Bandon, and not on the south side as projected by Capt Taylor.9' " This however did not induce me to give up the business, but on the contrary I determined to examine the country at that side the river, and try whether it was possible to comply with his Grace's wishes, for which I procured a person perfectly competent to take levels, and thereby found, that by constructing a lofty aqueduct across the Bandon river, near the village of Ballyhaneen, the canal could with safety be brought over, and would enter the Duke's estate near that village, and continue through it the entire distance from thence into the town of Bandon. This line I projected myself, and estimated the expence thereof, which amounted to jf42 126, including the purchase of the ground, through which the canal would run. This I also communicated to his Grace, and in some time after was informed by Mr. Knowlton, that to a canal, undertaken in that line, the Duke would subscribe ten thousand pounds to receive debentures in the same proportion as other subscribers, and that lie would also give his ground on the same terms as the undertakers could purchase from other persons, whose ground would be cut through. I shortly made this known to a few persons, who I tbougl* most interested in the scheme, and of course ought

    to

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 275

24. Fermoy population growth under Mr. Anderson

    Fermoy · townland · Cork · 1804–1810

    The town of Fermoy grew rapidly under proprietor Mr. Anderson, from 2,534 inhabitants in September 1804 to approximately 4,324 (excluding military). The new town contained 150 houses, a school for 90 persons, and additional houses on Barrack-hill near the church. Anderson was credited with summoning the entire settlement into existence in a few years.

    Read the passage

    military Of every description, he should now be Surrounded with a population of above four thousand souls, collected together by himself, and who owe to him the principal means of their subsistence. When, exclusive of the army, the inhabitants of Fermoy are stated at 4000, it is, perhaps, considerably below the truth. In September, 1 804, upwards of four years and a half ago, they amounted to 2534 persons precisely, and* this, by an actual enumeration and inquiry made by the seneschal and assistants going from house to house. Since that time, the entire new town of feemoy has been built, the school likewise, together with a great many houses in the old town, and on Barrack-hill near the church. The houses in the new town amount to 150 in number, and, if eight persons are allowed to a house, this forms an addition of 1200 at once td the foregoing 253'4. The school, lately built, contains 90 persons ; and, if 500 be allowed for the increase in the other parts of the town, the whole will amount to 4324 inhabitants, independent of every description of military, i. e. infantry, cavalry, artillery, and the commissariat corps.n

    " Towards the maintenance of such a multitude of people, the expenditure of the army, though in some years it might have amounted to nfear S\ 00,000, is by no means sufficient. Two other

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 167

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Fermoy, a settlement grew almost from nothing under a proprietor named Mr. Anderson. In September 1804, the population stood at 2,534 persons precisely. That figure came from an actual enumeration, the seneschal and assistants going from house to house. Since then, the entire new town of Fermoy has been built, along with the school and a great many houses in the old town and on Barrack-hill near the church. The new town alone contains 150 houses. Allowing eight persons to a house, that forms an addition of 1,200 to the original 2,534. The school, lately built, contains 90 persons. Allowing a further 500 for increase in the other parts of the town, the whole amounts to 4,324 inhabitants, independent of every description of military, meaning infantry, cavalry, artillery, and the commissariat corps. The people were collected together by Anderson himself, and owe to him the principal means of their subsistence. Towards the maintenance of such a multitude, the expenditure of the army, though in some years it might have amounted to near 100,000, is by no means sufficient.

25. Fermoy Quarter Sessions and Sessions-House

    Fermoy · townland · Cork

    Quarter sessions were established at Fermoy by an act of Council, leading to the construction of a sessions-house that could also be used as a theatre. Visiting theatrical companies from Cork performed there, and the venue served as a centre for local justice and entertainment.

    Read the passage

    " The quarter sessions having been held for some ytars past at Fermoy, in consequence of an act of Council obtained for that purpose by the proprietor, the sessions-house already mentioned has been lately built, by presentment, the interior of which is extremely well adapted to the use it islhtended for, and ie capable at the same time 6( being cou- * verted into a very pretty theatre. This has occasionally been done by the company, who act at Cork towards the end of autumn, and previous to their return *q DoWin; and last year these plays were accompanied, for the first time, by races, which coni tinued an entire week. The concourse of visitors

    was

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 175

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Fermoy, quarter sessions were established by an act of Council, obtained by the proprietor, and for some years past they have been held here. A sessions-house was lately built by presentment, its interior extremely well adapted to its intended use. It is also capable of being converted into a very pretty theatre. This has occasionally been done by a company who act at Cork towards the end of autumn, before their return to Dublin. Last year these plays were accompanied for the first time by races, which lasted an entire week, drawing a great concourse of visitors.

26. First boulting mill in the barony at Castletownshend

    Castletownshend · town · Cork · 1775–1785

    About thirty years before the survey, Richard Townsend erected a large boulting mill at the head of Castle Townsend harbour, the first built in the barony. Its success encouraged neighbouring farmers to cultivate wheat where previously barley was almost the only grain raised.

    Read the passage

    The grounds adjoining the sea coast are cultivated, end their produce disposed oL> so nearly in the same manner with those of Banyroe, that it ia unnecessary to enter into a minute acoouat frf them. The principal difference is a general inferiority of soil in (he lands, and of skill in the inhabitants of this district The parishes of Boss and Miros are the most distinguished for fertility, the other parts of the sea coast containing a large proportion of rough, rocky, and barren land. The neighbourhood of Ross produces good wheat, but barley is the principal, and till lately was almost the only grain raised upon the better soils of this part of the dis*. trict About thirty years ago, a large boulttng mill* (the first built in this barony) was erected on the estate of Riebard Townsend, Esq. at the head of Castle Townsend harbour* Wheat was then so little cultivated in the vicinity, that the proprietors supposed they should be obliged to resort to Barryroe for a supply. ' But the encouragement of a home market soon procured them an ample provision. The success of the undertaking induced others to fol- 2 Q % low

    300 STATISTICAL SURVEY

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 101

27. Garretstown agricultural experiments of James Kearney

    Garrettstown · townland · Cork

    James Kearney of Garretstown appropriated part of his demesne for agricultural experiments conducted over many years, testing manures, modes of culture, and planting. He was credited with introducing furze cultivation as a fuel substitute on the poor lands between Coolmain and Garretstown.

    Read the passage

    second row until its neighbour grows up, and so cutting them in regular rotation, the shelter may still be preserved. In soils considered as too valuable for tliis practice, and where shelter is less required, the object may be sufficiently attained by, what i? too seldom seen among common farmers, a due attention to their hedges. The discovery of this expedient may, I believe, be traced to no very distant source. Among the many benefits conferred upon his country, both in a private and public character, during a long residence in it, the respectable proprietor of Garretstown claims its grateful acknowledgment for the services he lias rendered to agriculture, both by precept and example. James Kearney, Esq. the gentleman alluded to, justly conceiving that the operations of an intelligent mind might be competent to objects of more important and extensive utility, than the mere practice of husbandry, however excellent, appropriated a part of his demesne to the purpose of making agricultural experiments. These were continued for a series of years under his own immediate superin tendance, in the course of which many kinds of manure, and modes of culture were successively tried. Planting,, and the knowfedge of trees best suited to this climate, and most valuable for their respective purposes of use and ornament, formed also a part of

    this

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 128

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, James Kearney of Garretstown carried out agricultural experiments over many years. He took part of his own demesne and set it aside for that purpose, superintending the work himself throughout. In the course of these trials he tested many kinds of manure and many modes of culture, one after another. Planting was part of it too, and the study of which trees were best suited to this climate and most valuable for their uses, whether practical or ornamental. The book that records this calls him a respectable proprietor who served his country in both a private and public character during a long residence in it. It says he rendered services to agriculture both by precept and example, and that the country owed him grateful acknowledgment for it. He was also credited with introducing the cultivation of furze as a substitute for fuel on the poor lands lying between Coolmain and Garretstown. The text credits him with the belief that an intelligent mind might achieve objects of more important and extensive utility than the mere practice of husbandry, however excellent that practice might be.

28. Inishannon: Adderley's linen manufacture and charter-school

    Innishannon · town · Cork

    Inishannon, on the river Bandon, owes its principal establishment to the late Thomas Adderley, who built a range of good houses, laid out a bleach-green, and introduced the linen manufacture with government bounty. A charter-school for forty boys was also among his foundations.

    Read the passage

    THE only town in Kinalea, for Kinsale forms a district in itself, is Inishannon, standing on the river Bandon, navigable for small vessels from Kinsale, and more remarkable for beauty of situation than for size or opulence. It owes its principal establishment to the late Thomas Adderley, Esq. who built a range of good houses, laid out a handsome bleach-green, and planted the linen manufacture here, deriving, I believe, considerable aid to the undertaking from the bounty of government The bleaching business is still carried ou by Mr. Orr, who has also a considerable manufactory of white calico and dimity, that furnishes em* ployment to many hands. It is a post and market

    town,

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 194

29. Lisquinlan bog lets for £800 a year amid fuel scarcity

    Lisquinlan · townland · Cork

    The bogs of this district, long a seat of dense population, are now much exhausted, making fuel scarce. Col. Fitzgerald's bog at Lisquinlan, containing sixty acres, lets to a single tenant for the remarkable sum of £800 per annum, illustrating the extreme demand for turf.

    Read the passage

    The great inconvenience, under which this district labours in common now with so many others, is the scarcity of fuel. Turf, always most abundant id argillaceous tracts, is seldom found in any great quantity with limestone. The bogs of this district, so long a seat of dense population, are now a good deal exhausted. There are however some remaining, very capable of fertilization, but probably more productive to the owners in their present state. The great demand for turf fuel, and the consequent value of it may be collected from Col. Fitzgerald's bog at Lisquinlan containing sixty acres, which lets to one hand for the enormous sum of 8001.* per annum. The advantage of a maritime situation, however, enables the rich to obtain a supply of coals

    more

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 216

30. No court sessions between Bandon and west Cork

    Bandon · town · Cork

    Between Bandon and the western extremity of County Cork, a stretch of nearly fifty miles containing several towns and an immense population, there was not a single court session held. The author argues every town should have its own justices and resident constables to maintain order.

    Read the passage

    toot go for enough,' I have only to inform my md~ em, that between Banrioo and die western eMraaky of the county, an extent of near ifty miles, containing several towns and an immense population, % not a single session to held. Perhaps it woald be most expedient, that every town, inclsdiag a certain surrounding district, should have a civil establishment of its own, consisting of one or more justice*, and a sufficient number of constables with coorrpe* tent salaries, and an obligation of constant residence. Without it, in a country like this, it is altogether impracticable to enforce due subordination, or maintain that decorous tranquillity, which civilized society requires. The benefit of soch an establishment b fuHy seen in most corporate towns, and ought to be extended to all othert. Some towns will probably be served by the union, which has taken away their privilege of sending tAetab&t to parliament. In such, as were called open boroughs, the policy of the proprietor was in direct opposition to the improvement of the sown ; finding it easier as well as less expensive to govern the few than the many, his interest was not in its increase,' but in its depopulation.

    The population of this country, a subject Which has lately undergone minute ~ investigation, is vety considerable. It is however a very mistaken notion

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 263

31. Pagan Midsummer fires in County Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    A pagan custom of lighting fires on Midsummer's Eve is still observed in County Cork, though the original cause is lost to tradition. Boys commonly light the fires, playing and shouting around them in an annual illumination honoring the sun.

    Read the passage

    Another custom, evidently of pagan original, though tradition, retains no memory of its cause, is that of lighting fires on every Midsumuuer's eve, now commonly done by boys, who play and shout around them. The sun, so naturally. an object pf adoration to the savage, claims tl.e honour of this annual illumination.*

    Witches and fairies were, once great disturbers of public quiet, ir\ this as well as other countries. The farmer have been long discarded, the latter are but barely remembered. The doctrine of omens, however, has still a large class of disciples, some of niiom rank above the vu!gar wore in condition than in sentiment. Gopd and bad luck are supposed to attach to particular days* and many trifling things

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 30

32. Plough reportedly unknown at Reen near Bantry

    Reen · townland · Cork

    Mr. Weld claimed that at Reen, near Bantry, a plough had never been used before the parish clergyman introduced one, which inhabitants accepted gratefully but later rejected, fearing improved methods would raise their rents. The author disputes the account.

    Read the passage

    For a single error or mistatement the hasty traveller may expect some indulgence, but a second of the same nature it is as hard to excuse, as to account for. Mr. Weld informs his readeo, that at Reen, near Bantry, where a plough had never been used, the clergyman of the parish accommodated the inhabitants with one, which they viewed with all the astonishment that novelty excites, accepted with the gratitude due to the introducer of so excellent an implement, bat, after mature reflection, rejected upon the same grounds as the others had dismissed the clover. Though my unacquaiqtance with the spot did not authorize an immediate contradiction, I had very strong reasons for refusing it belief. Those, which regard the motive of rejection, have been already stated. The wonder it

    was

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 96

33. Baltimore's borough charter and parliamentary representation

    Baltimore · town · Cork

    Baltimore was governed by a sovereign and burgesses under a charter granted by James I. Though the corporation fell into disuse after the pirate raid, it continued to send members to parliament until the Union, after which Skibbereen's more central situation left Baltimore without advantage.

    Read the passage

    Baltimore was once a borough town> governed by ^sovereign and burgesses, under a charter granted by Japes the first, from whom this island derived taany political regulations. This distinction was probably obtained by the celebrity of its part, at a v time when the inner parts of die country were little cultivated. The cause of its honours was, however, as sometimes happens, the occasion of its ruin. In the year 1631, two piratical vessels from Algiers entered the harbour at deaiof night, the crews of which, roat satisfied with the plunder of the town, carried off a great number of the inhabitants* Their treacherous conductor, a Dungarvan fisherman, was afterwards executed, but Baltimore never recovered the effects of the disaster. Though the corporation fell into disuse, it still continued to send members to parliament until the union. The superior advantages of Skibbereen's more central situation leave it 2X2 without

    142 STATISTICAL SURVEY _

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 117

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Baltimore in Cork, this was once a borough town, governed by a sovereign and burgesses under a charter granted by James the First. It probably earned that distinction through the fame of its harbour, at a time when the inner parts of the country were little cultivated. But the cause of its honours was also the occasion of its ruin. In 1631, two pirate vessels from Algiers entered the harbour at dead of night. Their crews, not satisfied with plundering the town, carried off a great number of the inhabitants. Their treacherous conductor was a Dungarvan fisherman, afterwards executed. Baltimore never recovered from the disaster. The corporation fell into disuse, but it still continued to send members to parliament until the Union. After that, Skibbereen's more central situation left Baltimore without advantage.

34. Classical school founded by noble proprietor in Clonakilty

    Clonakilty · town · Cork

    A classical school was established in Clonakilty by the local noble proprietor, who built a spacious house with garden and play-ground for the purpose. Under Rev. Henry Wilson Stewart, boarders quickly increased from twelve to forty, and the school was praised for improving boys' manners and learning.

    Read the passage

    Rickard Deasy, Esq. and Co. The business, carried on with spirit, and conducted with care and prudence, fully answers the expectation of the proprietors. Another establishment highly conducive to the benefit of the rising generation, as well as the interests of the town, to which it is likely to bring some respectable residents, is a classical school. This owes its existence to the liberal spirit of the present noble proprietor, who has built for the purpose a spacious house with appropriate appendages of garden and play ground enclosed with a ten-foot wall. The management of so important an institution, requiring a combination of talent and diligence, lias been committed to the care of the Rev. Henry Wilson Stewart, who seems fully equal to the arduous task. The best proof of qualification in such cases is the prosperity of the establishment, and this already bears honourable testimony to the master's exertions. The improvement of the boys in* manners, as well as learning, lias already given such general satisfaction, that within a very short space the number of boarders has increased from twelve to forty* Exclusive of internal advantages, the school is recommended by a healthful situation and the convenience of sea bathing.

    Cloghnikilty

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 111

35. Corkbeg, seat of agriculturist Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald

    Corkbeg · townland · Cork

    Corkbeg, near the entrance of Cork harbour, was the seat of Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald, a gentleman long distinguished among Cork agriculturists for superior knowledge and successful practice of Norfolk husbandry, adapted with potatoes substituted for turnips.

    Read the passage

    At no great distance from Rostellan, and near the entrance of .the harbour is Corkbeg, the seat of Robert Uniacke Fitzgerald, Esq. a gentleman long and eminently distinguished among the agriculturists of this county for superior knowledge, and judicious as well as successful practice. Mr. Fitzgerald adopts what is commonly known by the name of Norfolk husbandry, and which, with some occasional changes in the rotation, appears to be the mode most consonant

    *2* STATISTICAL SURVEY

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 220

36. Doneraile estate management and sheep breeding

    Doneraile · townland · Cork

    Lord Doneraile's father reclaimed and cultivated a large farm with superior management, and was one of the first to improve the local sheep breed by introducing English varieties. The present Lord Doneraile continues this work, favouring the South Down breed for its superior meat and wool.

    Read the passage

    tare, which he practised more profitably as well as more skilfully than most men of fortune. Besides his demesne lands, he held a large farm in the neighbourhood* reclaimed and cultivated by himself in a stile of superior management, hardly if it all inferior to the best modern practice. His lordship's care and assiduity left little to his successor, but the pleasing task of following the course of husbandry so judiciously laid down. Nor are the present noble owners of this truly beautifully residence less indebted to Iris consort, the late Lady Doneraile, a woman of most superior understanding, whose taste 'and judgment were happily directed to the embellishment of the pleasure grounds. A place so recommended by the conspiring beauties of . nature and of art engrosses, as it may be supposed, the full attention of its noble proprietors. Lord Doneraile has been particularly attentive to the management of his sbpep flock, an object of solicitude also to his father, who was one of the first improvers of the breed in this quarter by introducing some of the best English kinds. Till lately the Leicester was the general favourite, and not without reason, as they are equally recommended by symmetry -of form, and health and thriftiness of constitution. Lord Doneraile, whose grounds are admirably adapted to the feeding of sheep, discovers superior perfection

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 179

37. Eel fishery sold at Clonakilty markets for poor's subsistence

    Clonakilty · town · Cork

    Small eels caught on nearby strands were sold in the markets of Clonakilty and, while the season lasted, contributed materially to the subsistence of the poor. The Clonakilty and Courtmacsherry strands also supplied them, though in less plenty.

    Read the passage

    close mesh. fa the months pf September and October, they eoqae higher up upon the «aad, for the purpose of spawning. The velocity, with which they pierce throvgh the sand by eieans of their slender bodies aod pointed 9090s, is surpriswg; for, unless immediately seopmd, they work down wi are out pf sigfa. When the tide has retired, the peasants eQllecj; in great numbers on the strf nd, with shovel* and baskets, and seldom fail to return with a foil load, the men turning up the sand, and the women and boys collecting the fish. Night as well as day is employed in this operation. I think I am within bounds in saying, that I have this season, in which they have appeared in unusual abundance, seen a thousand persons at one time engaged in this work, exhibiting a most curious and entertaining scene. Sometimes they stand up to the mid* die in water, and scraping through the sand, with an old reapjng-hook fastened to the end of a stick, throw them on the shore. They are sold in the markets of Cloghnikilty, and, while the season lasts, contribute materially to the subsistence of the poor. The Cloghnikilty and Courtmasherry strands also supply them, but in less plenty. These strands also produce great quantities of cockles, together with a fish resembling a large muscle, but opening lit the side instead of the end. The former inhabits

    the

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 120

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up along Clonakilty in Cork. In September and October, small eels come up onto the sand of the nearby strands to spawn. They pierce through the sand with their slender bodies and pointed snouts, and unless they are immediately seized, they work down out of sight. They are sold in the markets of Clonakilty, and while the season lasts, they contribute materially to the subsistence of the poor. When the tide retires, peasants gather in great numbers on the strand with shovels and baskets. The men turn up the sand, and the women and boys collect the fish. Night as well as day is employed in this work. The author of the survey says he is within bounds in saying he has seen a thousand persons at one time engaged in this work, in a season where the eels appeared in unusual abundance, calling it a most curious and entertaining scene. Sometimes they stand up to the middle in water, scraping through the sand with an old reaping-hook fastened to the end of a stick, and throw them on the shore. The Clonakilty and Courtmacsherry strands also supply them, but in less plenty. These strands also produce great quantities of cockles, together with a fish resembling a large mussel but opening at the side instead of the end.

38. High rents and tenant distress near Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    In the vicinity of Cork, good land let at four to five pounds per acre, and landlords frequently let to the highest bidder without regard for sitting tenants. This practice caused frequent tenant failures and left farms impoverished as leases neared expiry.

    Read the passage

    The rents of this district differ, as may be expect* ed, according to the variation of soil and situation. The general prices may be rated at twenty shillings per acre for poor land, thirty shillings for land of middle quality, and forty. shillings for good. In the richer tracts', however, and where limestone is found, it stands higher. Land of good description, in the vicinity of Cork, lets from four to five pounds per acre. In general, according to the opinion of some intelligent persons, the rents are too high, and the mode of letting lands very exceptionable. Many landed proprietors advertise to let to the highest bidder, without any consideration for the claims of the occupying tenant. To these circumstances are imputed the frequent failure of tenants, and the generally unimproved state of the country. The farmer, who sees his lease drawing near its close, and feels no animating hope of a renewal upon reason* able terms, yielding to the emotions of despair, racks and impoverishes the farm he has so little chance of retaining. The justice of these observations

    «4 STATISTICAL SURVEY

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 209

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Cork, the land around the city tells a story of rents and distress. A survey written for the Dublin Society laid out the prices farmers faced here. Poor land went at twenty shillings an acre, middle quality at thirty, and good land at forty. But in the richer tracts where limestone is found, rents stood higher. In the vicinity of Cork, good land let from four to five pounds per acre. Some intelligent persons held that the rents were too high and the mode of letting very exceptionable. Many landed proprietors advertised to let to the highest bidder, without any consideration for the claims of the occupying tenant. To these circumstances the survey attributed the frequent failure of tenants and the generally unimproved state of the country. The farmer who saw his lease drawing near its close, and felt no hope of a renewal upon reasonable terms, yielded to despair and racked and impoverished the farm he had so little chance of retaining.

39. Inscribed stone found at Castlelyons wall

    Castlelyons · town · Cork

    When part of the old wall at Castlelyons, formerly Castle Lehane, was removed, a stone was discovered bearing the inscription 'Lehane O'Cullane fecit, A.D. MCMIII.' This is cited as evidence of Irish priority in stone castle construction.

    Read the passage

    period, and general circumstances might lead one to suppose, that tlie plan originated with the English adventure**, whose situation in a country, recently subdued, rendered strong fortresses a matter of necessity. It is recorded, however, that t\\e castle of Tuam, which was called the wonderful c*rtle, and visited as a curiosity, was* built by O'Connor, king of Connaught, in II 60, a few years before Strongbow's arrival. Smith, from whom I take this ac- • count, relates another circumstance in favour of the Irish claim to priority. In removing part of the old wall at Castlelyons, formerly Castle Lehane from the family who originally possessed it,' a stene was found with this inscription, — Lehane O'Cullane ^ * fecit, A. D. MCIHI. That the use of stone and mor-

    tar was known at a much earlier period than the reign of Henry the second, our religious structures sufficiently evince, and what was done from pious, might certainly be performed from other motives. Cork, in which the Danes are said to have settled (if they did not found it) in the ninth century, was by them surrounded by a wall. They, who could build vyell for security, would probably do so for comfort. No particular account of its ancient state has been transmitted to us. The description of a city so considerable as to be the capital of a kingdom, on the arrival of the English, might reasonably have been

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 49

40. Kinsale as fashionable summer resort with baths and barracks

    Kinsale · town · Cork

    Kinsale has long been a place of fashionable summer resort with gay and chearful society. Hot and cold salt-water baths have been established, and a large new barrack generally filled with military adds to the gaieties.

    Read the passage

    Kinsale, however, has other resources to compensate tlie want of trade. It has long been a place of fashionable summer resort, and the state of society there, without being expensive, is gay and chearful. This renders it a favourite residence for people of moderate incomes, who prefer pleasure to business. Many comfortable and commodious houses have been lately built, in addition to which, the establishment of hot and cold salt-water-baths has contributed much to increase the influx of com** pany. A large new barrack, generally filled with military, brings no small accession to the gaieties of Kinsale,

    The

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 195

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up now is Kinsale, in Cork. Long a fashionable summer resort, with society that is gay and cheerful without being expensive, drawing people of moderate incomes who prefer pleasure to business. Many comfortable and commodious houses have been lately built. Hot and cold salt-water baths have been established, bringing in plenty of company. A large new barrack, generally filled with military, adds no small accession to the gaieties of the place.

41. Lord Muskerry's unfinished house at Dromore

    Dromore · townland · Cork

    At Dromore, the old seat of the Deane family, Lord Muskerry erected a most superb house that cost £20,000 but was never entirely finished. Today, not a stone of the structure remains.

    Read the passage

    This neighbourhood is also remarkable for another instance of great and fruitless expenditure, on principles, however, different from those of Mr. Gordon, whose conduct, tho' indiscreet, was publicspirited- At Dromore, the old seat of the Deane family, Lord Muskerry erected a most superb house, which was never entirely finished, and of which not 4 s a stone

    rectitude. He enjoyed the singular felicity of passing thro* life, certainly without giving, and, aa I have reason to believe, for none knew him longer or better, without receiving offence. His memory will ever be embalmed in the tendf r recolle ction of his friends, but to th# common people of his nejgM»urhtKid his loss is irrepacable. Ha was their friend in distress, their adviser in d Acuity, ami, by a sort of general acquiescence in his justice, their umpire in every dispute.— 4grio«ltiire was among bis favourite pursuits, and, as lew understood it better, I may perhaps have additional cau.se of regret in the loss of that friendly assistance so often heretofore experienced. To the decrees of Frowdeape w# at* bonnd to submit with humble resign** tion. No longer permuted to enjoy, 1 roust content myself with the remembrance of his virtues. JUib aaifem accumuknidonis, atquefiwgar inmni ampere.

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 241

42. McCarthy builds fashionable house near O'Leary's old mansion

    Millstreet · town · Cork

    O'Leary left one daughter, married to Mr. McCarthy, who built a very neat and fashionable house near the site of the old mansion where O'Leary had lived. This marks the transition from the old style of Irish gentry hospitality to a more modern residence.

    Read the passage

    In this way O'Leary lived many years, impairing, though he did not exhaust, his property. He left one daughter, since married to Mr. M'Carthy, who has built a very neat and fashionable house near the site of the old mansion.

    Blarney, though a town of small size, is intitled to particular consideration, from die various branches of manufatture undertaken there within the last thirty or forty years, and the spirited and unremitting exertions of its successive possessed to maintain and extend them. The estate, oft which it stands, was formerly the demesne and favooritcf residence of the Earl of Claacarty, a nablema* of large possessions, and liead of the very old and respectable bouse of McCarthy.* It cot&btoea

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 236

43. Poor road conditions on the Cork to Bandon route

    Bandon · town · Cork

    The roads in the vicinity of Cork were criticised for being too narrow and poorly surfaced with large shifting stones, making passage rough and dangerous. The road to Bandon in particular was described as almost impassable for a great part of the winter, deteriorating from October until repairs could be authorised at the April assizes.

    Read the passage

    will have little indeed to say. For roads so thronged with carriages the usual mode of repairing by presentment seems very exceptionable. If a road gets out of order in October, it must remain in a state of increasing deterioration until the ensuing assizes in April. This has generally happened on some part of the road leading to Bandon, which for a great part of the winter is almost impassable.* Roads of this kind can only be kept in repair by turnpike or by contract ; but no road can be considered in proper order, that is not thickly covered with coarse gravel, or stones broken to a small and equal size. The new roads, which are to be fortytwo feet wide, will sufficiently avoid one fault ; it is to be hoped, that the contractors for the mail coaches, and the attention of the gentlemen most interested in their success, will be careful to avoid the other.

    SEES

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 278

44. Skibbereen's rise as a thriving market town

    Skibbereen · town · Cork

    Skibbereen, without patronage or encouragement, grew populous and wealthy from its situation alone. It had bolting mills, porter and beer breweries, and until recently an extensive whiskey distillery, a crowded Saturday market, four yearly fairs, and a navigable river with lighters reaching the town and sloops reaching Abbeystrowry bridge.

    Read the passage

    The towns of west Carbery are Skibbereen and Castletownsend, Baltimore, once a place of more note than either, having long since dwindled into the village state. Skibbereen, without patronage or encouragement, has, from the mere circumstances of its situation, become populous, thriving, and wealthy. Like Cloghnikilty, its trade with Cork is chiefly carried on by land carriage, though it has the advantage of a navigable river, on which lighters can approach to the town, and sloops to Abbeystrowry bridge, about half a mile below it The general prevalence of westerly winds renders the communication by sea always uncertain, and often tedious. Here are bolting mills, porter and beer breweries, and but lately it possessed an extensive distillery of whiskey. It has a crowded market on Saturdays, and four yearly fairs, at all of which, besides the other usual articles of merchandize, very large quantities of coarse linens and yarn are exposed to sale. The circumstances, to which this town owes its rapid advancement, are, a great and increasing population in the neighbouring districts,

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 115

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Skibbereen, in west Carbery in County Cork, you are in a town that grew populous, thriving, and wealthy without patronage or encouragement, from the mere circumstances of its situation. Its trade with Cork is chiefly carried on by land carriage, though it has the advantage of a navigable river, on which lighters can approach the town and sloops reach Abbeystrowry bridge, about half a mile below. The general prevalence of westerly winds renders communication by sea always uncertain, and often tedious. Here are bolting mills, porter and beer breweries, and but lately it possessed an extensive distillery of whiskey. It has a crowded market on Saturdays, and four yearly fairs, at which very large quantities of coarse linens and yarn are exposed to sale, besides other usual articles of merchandise. The town owes its rapid advancement to a great and increasing population in the neighbouring districts.

45. Timoleague Abbey founded by MacCarthy family

    Timoleague · town · Cork · 1300–1399

    The Franciscan abbey of Timoleague was founded in the fourteenth century by the MacCarthy family. Its walls are still nearly entire, well built with pointed arches of brown freestone, and the tide flows up to its walls forming a noble piece of water navigable for sloops to Courtmacsherry harbour.

    Read the passage

    The abbey of Timoleague was founded in the fourteenth century by the Mac Carthy family, one of whom, king of Cork, in the reign of Henry the second, was the, first Irish prince, who swore fealty to that monarch. Of this abbey, which seems to have stood undisturbed to the time of the eighth Henry, the walls are still nearly entire. It is well built, and in the same stile with other foundations of that date, but possesses no peculiar elegance of stone work. The pointed arches of the doors and windows are neatly executed with a brown freestone, the place

    V * .of

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 47

46. Timoleague's wretched condition under joint proprietorship

    Timoleague · town · Cork

    Timoleague's present wretchedness arises from its joint ownership by the children of the late Lord Riversdale, with the property to be sold when the youngest comes of age. Despite natural advantages including maritime convenience and a fertile, populous hinterland, its contiguity to Bandon and Clonakilty obstructs advancement.

    Read the passage

    dulging any thing like sanguine expectation. Itscontiguity to two % powerful rivals, enjoying the advantage of antecedent establishment, will probably oppose considerable obstruction to its future advancement, though not sufficient to preclude tlie attainment of some prosperity under a system of liberal and judicious encouragement. The present wretchedness of its state arises from the circumstances of the proprietorship. It is the joint property of the children of the late Lord Riversdafe, and, as I understand, to be sold, when the yomigest is of full age, a period which has but lately arrived. Should the purchaser unite Inclination with ability, it will afford him an ample subject for useful and profitable'expenditure.

    Though it is probable that Timoleague never possessed any considerable degree of population or affluence, there is reason to believe, that it once enjoyed a better condition. The circumstance of its. being a market town shews, that it had been a place of creditable distinction. The markets have long since fallen into disuse, except for a few winter months, during which a good number of pigs t are

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog

47. Bog near Ross suffers 20-25 foot depression

    near Ross · parish · Cork

    A bog in the neighbourhood of Ross is known to have suffered a depression of 20 or 25 feet due to the cutting away of turf from its sides, within living memory of many residents. The bog's centre, still intact, measures about fourteen feet deep, and with only one narrow outlet it was at risk of bursting.

    Read the passage

    Another circumstance may be added to support the opinion of a later origin. The bursting of bogs, an accident attended with very calamitous effects, would probably have been noticed by the early historians, had their antiquity been very great. For it is consistent with natural causes to believe, that such phenomena would often have occurred in ancient times, if those confined flats had been covered with turf instead of trees. The inhabitant?, who had then no occasion for their fuel, would have suffered the bog to increase without molestation. Left thus to itself, the time must certainly arrive, when the swollen mass would become too heavy to support the burtlien of its soft and spungy bulk. Overcharged with moisture after heavy falls of rain, it would at length burst, bearing every thing before it with a momentum irresistible. The elevation of a l>°g> by means of the water it contain, is hardly credible to those, who have not witnessed it. I am acquainted with one in the neighbourhood of Ross, whicb, in the memory of many now living, is known

    to

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 16

48. Coal and heavy goods transported from Tallow to Fermoy

    Tallow · town · Waterford

    Improvements in horse-drawn transport allowed Fermoy to access water-carriage at Tallow, reducing the cost of coal and heavy goods. This brought the town within eleven miles of navigable water.

    Read the passage

    ables a horse to draw nearly twice the former load, and in the summer season, at least, to go and return the same day. By this means Fermoy is brought to within about eleven miles distance of water-carriage; and. by taking a quantity together* coals can now be laid down there, from Tallow, at the easy rate of ten shillings the Cork barrel, and other heavy goods in proportion. This being all that probably can be done, in the present unimproved state of the country, the public must rest contented with it, until, by the gradual progress of trade and improvement, a canal shall, at last, force its way through all the obstacles, that the hand of nature, or the mistaken interests of individuals, may have laid in the way to prevent it."

    " The interdict, mentioned above to have been laid on the canal, proceeded (and strange it is to say so) from two landholders in the vicinity of Fermoy. Now, instead of raising obstacles to the prosperity of that town, the gentlemen in its neighbourhood have every reason in the world to co-operate in every measure tending to that effect. If they have not public spirit enough to do this, at least their own interest ought to teach them a different line of conduct from that* whigh they sometimes observe. By the exertions of a single individual, a market has been brought to their very doors, which is rapid-

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 174

49. Cork's narrow lanes and Broad-lane

    Cork · city · Cork

    The lanes of old Cork were extremely narrow, with one called Broad-lane barely wide enough for a single cart. These confined alleys were receptacles of filth, crowded with poor inhabitants, and engendered disease.

    Read the passage

    The approaches to Cork, in the old directions, are very narrow and inconvenient, from the ancient custom of giving so little breadth to the streets. This no doubt, as has been elsewhere observed, originated in the limitation of space imposed upon the inhabitants by the necessity of fortifying themselves within walls. The lanes of the old town are often so narrow, that two persons cannot walk abreast. One of them, which has barely room for a single cart, is distinguished by the appellation of Broad-lane. Yet these confined and miserable alleys, the receptacles of every kind of filth, and never washed but by the waters of heaven, are crowded with poor inhabitants. Such a situation must and does engender many a disease, and would, in a less healthy climate, be sufficient to induce a plague. Custom, which reconciles so many strange things, makes even the better orders of the people insensible to evils and inconveniehcies, that feelingly call for amendment and alteration. The health of the poor, and the general accommodation of those who inhabit the west part of the city,

    absolutely

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 245

50. Courtmasherry villa and demesne description

    Courtmacsherry · town · Cork · 1786

    Lord Shannon provided the author with his villa at Courtmasherry, consisting of a house and over a hundred acres including woods. The demesne is a peninsula washed by the bay and harbour of Courtmasherry, with an octagonal building at its point commanding extensive views.

    Read the passage

    me with his villa at Courtmasherry, consisting of a house, and upwards of a hundred acres including this woods, a roost acceptable acquisition to one wholly unprovided with house or land. The gift was still further enhanced by the uncommon beauty of the situation, on, which the taste and judgment of its noble proprietor had conferred additional graces. The demesne consists of a projection of land, elevated but not high, washed on one side by the bay, on the other by the harbour of Courtma* sherry, from which the tide flows over a large strand up ta the town of Timoleague. Near the point of the peninsula his lordship had erected a handsome octagonal building, commanding a most extensive view of the river and country on one side, and of the bay of Courtmasherry and the ocean on -the other. In this delightful retreat, which professional as well as domestic considerations have since induced me to leave, I passed many happy years. I had there the first opportunity of practising on a small scale, but sufficiently suited to my situation, an art, which, even in theory, had always been productive of entertainment. Without introducing new or expensive implements, as one of ray objects was to shew the people that important improvements were attainable without cost or parade, I commenced my innovations. For the slow and

    laborious

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 91

51. Draining and irrigation of Newmarket demesne

    Newmarket · town · Cork · 1798

    Mr. Aldworth brought two professional drainers and irrigators from Leicestershire in 1798 to reclaim wet, springy bottoms and glens on the demesne of Newmarket. Sixty acres previously valued at ten shillings per acre were transformed into meadow worth five guineas, and considered worth six pounds, per acre.

    Read the passage

    verted into a rich meadow. It is undeniably certain that water will produce the same effect, with this difference, that its operation is more constant and lasting. How joyfully would a farmer accept the offer of a dungbil), though at some miles distance, for the purpose of dressing his field ? Yet a fine stream of water, capable of equal effect, passes by his door unnoticed. The benefit of one, however, is but temporary, that of the other everlasting. On the demesne of Newmarket were many wet bottoms and glens, partly a stiff clay, and partly peat full of springs. Mr. Aldworth, anxious to proceed in the completest manner, and ever active in pro* secution of bis favourite object, brought two professed drainers and irrigators from Leicesterslui* in the year 1798. -Though we may well conceive his own intelligent mind equal to the direction of such works, yet, as the undertaking was on a large scale, the assistance of professed artists seems, for many reasons, to have been wisely adopted. It could not fail to throw much light on a species of improvement known to few, and rarely attempted by any. On the accomplishment of his views depend* ed much with respect to himself, and much also with respect to others, whom he wished to encourage by the success of his example. It seemed therefore an object of soipe moment to insure the certainty of c that

    10 . ADDENDA.

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 269

52. Edward Deane Freeman's improved colliery working

    Duhallow · barony · Cork

    An attempt to commence a new and improved mode of working the barony's collieries has been undertaken by Edward Deane Freeman Esq., described as enlightened and liberal. The bad state of roads has previously prevented proper working of the coal deposits.

    Read the passage

    for the discbarge of which nothing but a bucket has been yet employed, no perforations of any considerable depth haTe been made. The vein is pursued as long as it can be done without much inconvenience, and, as soon as the water becomes too troublesome, the old pit is filled in, and a new one opened. The coal is often so near the surface as? to be found with little labour of sinking, in which case they often run upon it superficially, taking what is got without trouble, but not pursuing it in its descending direction. This is called, and not improperly, robbing the vein. The remote and consequently neglected situation of these collieries, some of which, from the bad state of the roads, are but barely accessible, even iu summer, is to be considered as the cause of their never having been properly worked. The time, however, is approaching, when the charge of neglect and ill management will be no longer imputable. The plan of improving the roads lias been lately taken up with fome spirit, and its execution, which nothing cau pipvent, if die leading gentlemen pursue it with constancy, will be very conducive both to public and to private advantage. An attempt to commence a new and improved mode of working these collieries has been reserved for the enlightened and liberal mind of Edward Deane Freeman, Esq. and

    it

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 144

53. Farming improvements from Glanmire to Great Island

    near Glanmire · town · Cork

    In the southern part of the district, from the vicinity of Glanmire to the Great Island, farming is conducted with skill and rewarded with profitable returns. Dairies continue to engage much attention and contribute to manure for tillage.

    Read the passage

    those ill-conducted dairies. Deriving little advantage from his cows in the way of manure, for want of proper fodder and proper houses, the farmer's proportion of tillage was scanty and ill managed. Successions of corn, generally oats, . followed the potatoe crop, as long as the ground was capable of, produce, after which it was left to nature to recruit. Of this process something still remains, but it is in most places giving way to a better practice. In the southern part of the district, from the vicinity of Glanmire to the Great island, the style of farming is in many instances conducted with skill and rewarded with very profitable return. Dairies still continue to engage much of the farmer's attention, and by contributing so largely to his manure enable him to cultivate his land to great advantage.

    The number of dairies in this district is very considerable, the city of Cork affording so convenient a market for the produce. In general the cows are let out to dairymen at a certain price for each, by the year, which varies according to the distance from the town, the goodness of the land, and the quality of the. cattle. There are, however, many instances of rich and industrious farmers, who conduct the business of the dairy themselves, in which case, though the trouble is greater, the emoluments are proportionate, and the general management of

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 205

    As the companion tells it

    Coming through Glanmire here, in Cork. The old way of farming in this district was hard on the land. Dairies were ill-conducted, and the farmer got little manure from his cows for want of proper fodder and proper houses. His tillage was scanty and ill managed. Successions of corn, generally oats, followed the potato crop as long as the ground was capable of produce, and after that it was left to nature to recruit. Something of that old process still remains, but it is in most places giving way to a better practice. From the vicinity of Glanmire to the Great Island, the style of farming is in many instances conducted with skill and rewarded with very profitable return. Dairies still continue to engage much of the farmer's attention, and by contributing so largely to his manure, enable him to cultivate his land to great advantage. The number of dairies in this district is very considerable, the city of Cork affording so convenient a market for the produce. In general the cows are let out to dairymen at a certain price for each, by the year, which varies according to the distance from the town, the goodness of the land, and the quality of the cattle. There are, however, many instances of rich and industrious farmers who conduct the business of the dairy themselves, in which case the trouble is greater but the emoluments are proportionate.

54. Fermoy's large permanent barracks

    Fermoy · townland · Cork · 1800–1810

    The barracks at Fermoy, on the north side of the river and east of the Dublin road, form three sides of a rectangle of 800 by 700 feet, occupying nearly thirteen acres. Built in three years at a cost of about £50,000, they could hold three regiments of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. Foundations for a second barrack of equal dimensions were being laid at the time of writing.

    Read the passage

    u Towards this extension the erection of a second large barrack will materially contribute. — The one already built forms three sides of a rectangle of eight hundred feet by seven hundred, having the cavalry barracks, and the two infirmaries, in the rere, and the different offices behind the wings. The whole, occupying nearly thirteen acres of ground, is surrounded with a high wall, with a draw-bridge in front, behind which, on the esplanade, is the main guard. It was built in three years, at the expence of about .£50,000, and is capable of containing three regiments of infantry and a squadron of cavalry. Until the other barrack is built, it will continue, as at present, to form the most prominent object about Fermoy, if it may not more properly be said to compose a mass q£ pbje^ts, which from different points of view exhibit very various, but all extremely beauUful appearances. The church, which stands a little below it, on the ascent of the hill, fronting the bridge and market-house, is likewise a very neat and chaste building, Mr. Hargrave, the architect, having va-

    . Joed

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 167

55. Imokilly barony: early settlement and English invasion remains

    Imokilly · barony · Cork

    The barony of Imokilly, extremely fertile and situated between two port-towns, is described as having been well peopled before the arrival of Strongbow's English adventurers. Numerous remains of their establishments and castles attest to the invaders' efforts to secure the territory, with most buildings in the barony attributed to them and their descendants.

    Read the passage

    West. This barony, which for the most part is extremely fertile, seems to have been an early seat of culture and population. From the good quality of the soil, and die convenient circumstance of its situation between two considerable port-towns, there is reason to suppose that it had been well peopled before the arrival of the English adventurers under Strongbow. The annals of # their history, as well as the numerous remains of their establishments, sufficiently evince the ardour and avidity employed by them to secure so desirable a possession. Most of the other baronies attest, at least, an equal degree of industry on the part of the native chiefs in the erection of castles and other buildings; in Itnoktlly all of this discretion appear to have been the work of those et>terprizrag invaders and their descendants. This preference, however, tlid not entirely depend upon the fertility of the land; it arose ako from its situation, convenient to approach frem the British shores, more easily defended in consequence of that proximity, and necessary as a strong hold for facilitating future projects of more extensive acquisition.

    Imokilly sttH retains the celebrity of its ancient character. The quality of its grain ranks among the best productions of the southern coast, and is not, I believe, exceeded by any part of the county.

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 215

56. Inishannon calico and dimity manufactury under Mr. Orr

    Innishannon · town · Cork

    The bleaching business at Inishannon continued under Mr. Orr, who also maintained a considerable manufactory of white calico and dimity furnishing employment to many hands. The town was a post and market town inhabited by several respectable families.

    Read the passage

    THE only town in Kinalea, for Kinsale forms a district in itself, is Inishannon, standing on the river Bandon, navigable for small vessels from Kinsale, and more remarkable for beauty of situation than for size or opulence. It owes its principal establishment to the late Thomas Adderley, Esq. who built a range of good houses, laid out a handsome bleach-green, and planted the linen manufacture here, deriving, I believe, considerable aid to the undertaking from the bounty of government The bleaching business is still carried ou by Mr. Orr, who has also a considerable manufactory of white calico and dimity, that furnishes em* ployment to many hands. It is a post and market

    town,

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 194

57. Lord Shannon introduces French bullock-yoking at Castlemartyr

    Castlemartyr · townland · Cork

    The late Lord Shannon introduced the French mode of working bullocks in harness at his Castlemartyr estate, where bullocks were employed in ploughing and carting. The practice drew comment in Young's Tour as part of an ample account of Shannon's agricultural management.

    Read the passage

    Saining the pressure of the draught, and overcoming its resistance with most ease to the animal. I have seeb thein do their work well both ways ; as far as I could judge, the creature appeared to- move more freely under the col Ian The old mauner of yoking is obviously most awkward and distressing. The French mode of working bullocks was introduced by the late lord Shannon, of whose agricultural management a very interesting and ample account is given in Young's Tour.

    The park, besides red and fallow deer, affords pasture to some sheep, young cattle, dry stock, and brood mares. It is a\so an asylum of ease and plenty, with which his lordship's humanity repays the past labour and services of that most useful, most valuable, and too generally most oppressed servant of men, the horse. Part of the park is occasionally cultivated for .the purpose of renewing and improving the pasture.

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 223

58. Millstreet: small town sustained by barrack and traveller trade

    Millstreet · town · Cork

    Millstreet is described as a very small town whose chief support comes from a small infantry barrack and from accommodating travellers between Cork and Kerry, being the principal passage between the two counties. The shortest road to Cork crosses the north side of Muskerry mountain through rugged country.

    Read the passage

    Millstreet is a very small town, deriving its chief support from the establishment of a small barrack for infantry, and the accommodation of travellers between Cork and Kerry, to which it is the principal passage. The shortest road to the city of Cork, and till lately the most travelled is that, which crosses the north side of Muskerry mountain, a distance of twenty -two miles, through a very rugged and uninteresting country, with the additional discomfort of a tedious journey. A new line of mailcoach road now in contemplation, and partly executed through Macromp, wijl greatly facilitate the communication between the counties to the mutual advantage of both. The western coast of Kerry, though not destitute of Harbours, is inconveniently

    circumstanced

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 234

59. Mr. Minton's cider near Kanturk highly regarded

    Kanturk · town · Cork

    Cider was produced for sale in the barony, with Mr. Minton's cider near Kanturk commanding the greatest price and the highest reputation, indicating a notable commercial orchard operation at that place.

    Read the passage

    other parts of the county. Draining and liming are the two main requisites for reclaiming Mich ground. The former may, in a great measure, be accomplished by the ditches necessary for inclo* sure, and the general convenience of limeston* and fuel supplies the means of applying the latter. Orchards, requiring a deep and rich soil, thrive well in many parts of this barony, by which means gentlemen are furnished with abundance of excellent cider. . It is also made for sale, that of Mr. Minton's, near Kanturk, bearing the greatest price and the highest character.

    Though the generality of farms have been represented as of good size* petty occupiers of a few acres are by no means unknown, and their number seems daily increasing. The natural wish a man feels to possess what he considers an independence, and to employ his labour for his own account, often converts the labourer into a little farmer. The high rents they are willing to pay for a house, arrd a small spot of ground to exercise their industry on, often induce the possessor of a larger tract to set off a little of it for so easy a profit. This is particularly practised by farmers on the approaching termination of a lease, which they have no sanguine hopejdf getting renewed. By the profits of this management they expect to enable themselves to

    Internet Archive statisticalsurv11socigoog, Chapter 141

60. Samuel Townsend's fruit gardening at Whitehall

    Whitehall · townland · Cork

    Samuel Townsend of Whitehall is highlighted for his proficiency in economical fruit-house gardening. He shifted his leisure pursuits from hunting to horticulture after hounds were taxed, cultivating grapes noted for their exceptional size and flavour.

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    for the supply of a large family. It should have two peach trees on the back wall, with opes at bottom for the roots to pass through into a bank of rich mould behind the house. Taking off the glasses in . the winter will improve both kinds of fruit Where pin< apples are raised and succession houses required, more buildings and flues will be necessary. Samuel Townsend Esq. of Whitehall, is a great proficient inthis style of gardening. When hounds became a subject of heavy taxation, he wisely exchanged the pleasures of the cbace for those of the garden. This he superintends himself with care as well as con amore, and for, I believe, a smaller expense than that of dogs, hunters, and their ap* pendages, finds a constant source of very substantial gratification. His grapes in particular exceed any I have seen both in size and flavour. Houses on a like simple and unexpensive plan will answer for green houses to those, who find it necessary to consult economy in their pleasures. I have often wondered, that the gardeners have never turned their thoughts to the improvement and increase of fruits by glass. The demand of the market, where the nicer kinds sell very high, is sufficiently encouraging, and a house, like that I have mentioned, might be built for 40 or 50 guineas. I think it

    would

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