A topographical dictionary of Ireland : comprising the several counties; cities; boroughs; corporate, market and post towns; parishes; and villages, with historical and statistical descriptions embellished with engravings of the arms of the cities, bishopricks, corporate towns, and boroughs ; and of the seals of the several municipal corporations .. (vol. 2)

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Naas: royal residence of kings of Leinster

   Naas · town · Kildare

   Naas was of great antiquity and served as a residence of the kings of Leinster at a very early period. After the English invasion, John, Earl of Morton, granted the town and adjacent territory to William Fitzmaurice with extensive privileges. It was soon walled, fortified with castles, and rose in importance within the English pale.

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   containing 486'2 inhabitants, of whom 3571 are in the town. This place, which is of great antiquity, was at a very early period the residence of the kings of Leinster : and, after the invasion of Ireland by the English, was granted by John, Earl of Morton, to William Fitzmaurice, together with the adjacent territory and various important privileges, a market, and a very extensive jurisdiction in all pleas except those of the crown. It was soon after surrounded with a wall, and strongly fortified ; several castles were erected, and many houses built ; and from its central situation within the English pale, it rapidly rose into importance. A priorj' was founded here in the l'2th century by the Baron of Naas, for Canons Regular of the order of St. Augustine, and dedicated to St. John the Baptist : it flourished till 1316, when the town was sacked by the Scots ; but it was soon restored. In 1355, a convent for Dominican friars was founded by the family of Fitz-Eustace. Henry V., in the '2nd year of his reign, granted to the " Portreeve, Burgesses, and Commonalty of the Town of Naas," certain tolls for '20 years, to enable the inhabitants to wall their town. In 1419 a parliament was held at this place ; and in 1484, a convent for friars eremites of the order of St. Augustine was founded, but by whom is uncertain. The Lord-Deputy Skelhngton, in 1534, took the town from Lord Thomas Fitzgerald, who was then in open rebellion and had made himself master of it. In 1569, Queen Elizabeth grauted a charter, which, without reciting or alluding to any previous charter, declares that the town of Naas shall be a free and undoubted borough. In 1577, between 700 and 800 thatched houses were burned on the night of a festival, by Roderick Oge OMoore and Cormuck O'Conor, at the head of a party of insurgents from the country to the west of the English pale. The charter of Elizabeth was confirmed and extended by James I., in 1 609 ; and the borough, which was supposed to have existed only by prescription, was incorporated by the designation ot the " Sovereign, Provosts, Burgesses, and Commonalty of Naas." A new charter was granted by Charles I., in 16'28 ; but the town was till 1840 always governed by the charters of Elizabeth and James I. It was garri- 3 C'2

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 192

2. Nagle family estates at Monanimy and Carrigacunna

   Monanimy · parish · Cork

   The estates of Monanimy, Ballygriffin, and Carrigacunna in County Cork once belonged to the ancient Nagle family. Carrigacunna was the residence of Sir Richard Nagle, who served as attorney-general, lord chief justice, speaker of the Irish house of commons, and private secretary to James II before dying in exile, after which the estate was forfeited.

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   MONANIMY, a parish, in the union of Mallow, barony of Fermoy, county of Cork, and province of Monster, 5 miles (N. E.) from Mallow ; on the river Blackwater, and on the high road from Mallow to Fermoy ; containing 3135 inhabitants. The estates of Monanimy, Ballygriffin, and Carrigacunna once belonged to the ancient family of the Nagles, the head of which has for several centuries been settled in the vicinity. The two former have passed by female connexion into other families : the last was the residence of Sir Richard Nagle, successively attorney-general, lord chief justice, speaker of the Irish house of commons, and private secretary to James II., whom he accompanied into exile ; he died abroad, and the estate was forfeited. The parish, which comprises 8831 statute acres, is situated on both sides of the Blackwater, and contains part of the range called the Nagle mountains on the south side of that river, affording good pasturage ; the land on the north side, which comprises about one-third of the parish, is good and chiefly in tillage. The state of agriculture is improving. There is a large tract of bog, supplying not only the neighbourhood, but the market of Mallow, with fuel. Considerable improvements have been made by H. B. Foott, Esq., and by the inhabitants of KealavoUen : those of the former consist of flourishing plantations extending up a romantic mountain glen on the old road to Fermoy ; and those of the latter are substantial slated houses built by the occupiers. Carrigacunna Castle, the seat of Mr. Foott, is a handsome modern mansion, adjoining the ruins of the old castle, the approach to which from KealavoUen is through some young plantations leading to a grove of venerable oak-trees, forming, with the castle, an interesting feature iu the beautiful and diversified scenery.

   2 Y2

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 164

3. Nagnata, chief city of the Nagiutice, near Sligo

   Sligo · town · Sligo

   In Ptolemy's time, the territory of County Sligo was included in the lands of the Nagiutice tribe, whose chief city, Nagnata, is thought by some to have stood near the site of the present town of Sligo.

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   This county, in the time of Ptolemy, was included in the territory of the Xagiutice, the chief city of which tribe, Nagnata, is supposed by some to have been near the site of the town of Sligo. It was afterwards possessed by a branch of the O'Conors, called for the sake of distinction O'Conor Sligo : the families of O'Hara, O Dowd, Mac Donagh, and Mac Ferbis, were heads of septs in different districts. After the landing of the English under Henry II., it gradually fell, together with the rest of Connaught, into the hands of the great English leaders, of whom the Burghs or De Burgos were the most powerful in these parts. Yet this revolution was not effected without a protracted struggle, in the course of which a great battle was fought at Assadar, now Ballysadere, where O'Nial, dynast of Tyrone, was defeated with great slaughter in an attempt to restore Cathal Croobhderg to the throne of Connaught, from which he had been driven by Charles Carragh, aided by William de Burgo. Not many years after, the site of the present town of Sligo being deemed a suitable position for defence, a castle was erected there in 1'245 by Maurice Fitz-Gerald, then lord-deputy, which was destroyed in 1271, by O'Donel, but rebuilt in the beginning of the ensuing century by Richard, Earl of Ulster. The county was regarded as part of Connaught, which, with the exception of Roscommon, was considered by the English as a single county, until the 11th of Elizabeth, when the proiince was divided into se\en counties, of which Sligo made one. About the same time, O'Conor Sligo had tendered his submission to Sir Henry Sidney, lord-deputy, and had obtained a grant of his lands under the crown of England at a rent of £100 per annum, with a covenant to pay five horses and 130 beeves every Michaelmas, in lieu of cess, and to bring twenty horsemen and forty footsoldiers into the field whenever summoned to attend a general hosting. During the disturbances by which the north and west of Ireland were distracted at the close of Elizabeth's reign, several actions took place in the county, in one of which the monastery of Ballymote was burned by the Irish. But the most remarkable incident connected with the county at that period was the defeat and death of Sir Conyers Clifford, who had succeeded Sir Richard Bingham in the presidency of Connaught. He had been sent by the Earl of Essex to Belkek, at the head of 1400 foot, and a body of horse consisting of 100 English and a number of Irish auxiharies : in proceeding through the Curlew mountains, he pushed forward with his infantry through a defile, where he was suddenly attacked by O'Rourk, chieftain of Breffny, at the head of about 200 men, with such impetuosity that he was killed on the spot, together with several of his officers and 120 men ; the rest being driven back upon the cavalry, whose appearance checked the pursuit, and gave the fugitives an opportunity of escaping without further loss. 520

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 288

4. Name Derry-Calgach replaced by Derry-Columbhail

   near Derry · city · Derry · 900–1613

   Around the end of the 10th century the name Derry-Calgach gave way to Derry-Columbhail, derived from the abbey founded by St. Columbkill; the prefix London was imposed in 1613 by charter of James I.

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   LONDONDERRY, a city and port, and the head of a union, partly in the parish of Glendkrmot, but chiefly in the parish of Temple- ■ MORE, county of Londonderry (of which it is the ' chief town), and province of L'lster, 69J miles (N. W. by W.) from Belfast, and 11 Si (X. N. \V.) from Dublin; containing 15,1.50 inhabitants. It was originally and is still popularly called Derry, from the Irish Doire, which signifies literally " a place of oaks," but is likewise used to express " a thick wood." By the ancient Irish it was also designated Doire-Calsaicli, or Derry- Calgach, " the oak wood of Calgach ;" and Adamnan, abbot of lona in the 7th century, in the life of his predecessor, St. ColumbkiU, invariably calls it Robonlum Calgagi. About the end of the 10th century, the name Derry-Calgach gave place to Dernj-Columbhdl, from an abbey for Canons Regular of the order of St. Augustine founded here by that saint ; but when the place grew into importance above every other Derry, the distinguishing epithet was rejected : the English prefix, London, was imposed in I6l3, on the incorporation of the Irish Society by charter of James I., and was for a long time retained by the colonists, but has likewise fallen into popular disuse. The city appears to be indebted for its origin to the abbey founded by St. ColumbkiU. according to the best authorities in 546, and said to have been the first of the religious houses instituted by that saint ; but the exact period of its foundation, and its early history, are involved in much obscurity. In 7S3 and 812 the abbey and the town were destroyed by fire ; at the latter period, according to the Annals of Munster, the Danes heightened the horrors of the conflagration by a massacre of the clerg>- and students. The place must have been speedily restored, as, in 851, the Danes

   Seal.

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 97

5. Naphtha spring and Copperas well near Lisdoonvarna

   Lisdoonvarna · townland · Clare

   A spring powerfully impregnated with naphtha turned silver to a gold colour and was used for cutaneous diseases and rheumatism. Nearby, the Copperas well had been used externally from time immemorial as a cure for ulcers.

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   On the demesne of Rathbane are several very powerful mineral springs, sometimes erroneously called the Lisdoonvarna spas. One of them is celebrated as among the strongest chalybeates in the kingdom : it contains so large a portion of iron, that in a few seconds it stains with a ferruginous colour any substance with which it may come in contact ; and it has been found peculiarly efficacious in hepatitis, consumption, scorbutic and bilious afifections, and rheumatism. Near this is another spring, which on analysis was found to contain, in addition to the iron, considerable portions of sulphur and magnesia ; the water is used with great benefit as an aperient. On the opposite side of a deep ravine, is a spring powerfully impregnated with naphtha, the exhalations of which taint the surrounding air ; silver thrown into the water is instantly changed to a deep gold colour ; and the water has been used with success as a cure for cutaneous diseases and for rheumatism. About a furlong further up the ravine, is a fourth spring, called the Copperas well ; it has not been analysed, but has been used externally from time immemorial with effect as a cure for ulcers. These mineral springs, under the appellation of the Lisdoonvarna spas, have been known 147

   and appreciated for centuries ; they are situated in deep ravines at the base of lofty hills of black slate, between the strata of which are found large quantities of bright metallic ore resembling silver. From the bad state of the roads, and the want of proper accommodation, they have been comparatively neglected by invalid!). Several cottages have, however, been recently built in the vicinity of the waters for the reception of vi>:iters ; and if the proprietor continues his improvements, and a facility of access be afforded, this place will probably become one of the most frequented spas in Ireland.

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 47

6. Napper Tandy lands on Rutland Island, 1798

   Rutland Island or Inishmacadurn · townland · Donegal · 1798

   On September 16, 1798, James Napper Tandy landed on Rutland Island from the French brig Anacreon out of Brest, accompanied by General Rey and Colonel Blackwell. After a day and night, hearing of the French surrender at Kilcummin, they re-embarked.

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   anciently called Innismacdurn, received its present name from its proprietor, an ancestor of the Marquess Conyngham, in compliment to Charles, Duke of Rutland, who was at the time lord-lieutenant of Ireland. At the period of Pynnar's survey here was a small old castle with a bawn, where a few English families had settled. The isle is situated off the north-western coast, forming one of the group of islands called the Rosses, and contains 313 statute acres, chiefly rocky and coarse mountain land, with a considerable quantity of bog. The harbour is narrow, and fit only for small vessels. The inhabitants, in each of the years 17S4 and 1/85, realised £40,000 from the herring-fishery off the coast ; and the great abundance of herrings found at that time induced Colonel Conyngham to expend £50,000 in building houses and stores and forming a town here, and in constructing roads through the mountains on the coast to the champaign country in the interior. From that period, however, the fishery began to decline ; in 1793 it entirely failed ; and though it afterwards began to revive, it never regained its former prosperity. The females are employed in knitting coarse yarn-stockings. On the I6th of September, 1798, James Napper Tandy landed here from the French brig Anacreon from Brest, with three boats full of officers and men, accompanied by General Rey and Colonel Blackwell ; but after remaining for a day and a night, hearing that the French who had landed at Kilcummin had surrendered and been made prisoners, they re-embarked. On the island is a coast-guard station, forming one of the seven that constitute the district of Dunfanaghy ; a dispensary is maintained in the usual way.

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 269

7. Narrow mica-slate formation at Collooney

   Collooney · townland · Sligo

   The western mountain range of mica-slate is very narrow at Collooney, less than a quarter of a mile in breadth, stretching from Foxford in Mayo to Manorhamilton in Leitrim.

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   In a GEOLOGICAL point of view, the county forms the north-western extremity of the great central floetz limestone field of Ireland, interrupted in two places by the mica-slate formation ; one to the south of Lough Gill ; the other along the western mountain range, which in its utmost extent stretches from Foxford, in Mayo, by Collooney, to Manor-Hamilton, in Leitrim. This range is very narrow, seldom exceeding three miles, and at Collooney being less than a quarter of a mile, in breadth. It is generally succeeded by beds of red or yellowish sandstone, or by limestone. The sandstone formation is of very unequal thickness, and irregular in its arrangement, in some places rising into mountains, in others not exceeding 20 or 30 feet in height : it is sometimes, though rarely, interstratified with red or grey sandstone-slate, in which case its resemblance to the coal formation has led to expensive and illusory attempts to obtain this valuable mineral. Iron-ore is abundant in many places, particularly at Ballintogher and at the base of the Ox mountains. Near Screevenamuck are extensive excavations whence the ore was raised so long as timber could be procured to make charcoal for smelting it : the last furnace was extinguished in 1768. Lead-ore has been found in several parts of the limestone district, and worked for some time feebly and unprofitably. A silver-mine, which produced some specimens of very pure metal, was for-

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 290

8. Narrowwater Castle at Warrenpoint, built 1212

   near Warrenpoint · town · Down · 1212–1663

   A castle was built near Warrenpoint in 1212 by Hugh de Lacy to protect the ferry across the narrow channel, thence called Narrowwater Castle. It was destroyed in the war of 1641 and rebuilt by the Duke of Ormonde in 1663.

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   WxVRRENPOIKT, a sea-port, post-town, and district parish, in the union of Newry, barony of Upper Iveagh, 'county of Down, and province of Ulster, 5 miles (S. E. by S.) from Newry, and 5.5^ (N.) from Dublin, on the road from Newry to Rostrevor ; containing 2045 inhabitants, of whom 1540 are in the town. A castle was built near this place in 1212, by Hugh de Lacy, to protect the ferry across the channel where it narrows, and the fortress was thence called Narrowwater Castle ; it was destroyed in the war of 1641, and rebuilt by the Duke of Ormonde in 1663. The site of the present town was originally a rabbitwarren, whence it received its name. In 1"80 the place consisted only of two houses, with a few huts for the occasional residence of fishermen during the oysterseason : it now comprises several respectable streets, diverging from a square on the sea-side, and containing 288 houses, many of them large and well built. This rapid increase has been principally owing to the extraordinary beauty of the situation of the town, commanding fine views of the bay of Carlingford, and to its

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 372

9. Narrow Water channel deepening by Sir John Rennie

   Narrow Water · townland · Down

   Proceedings were lately completed to deepen and secure the channel from Narrow Water, following a plan recommended by Sir John Rennie, using a steam-dredge to facilitate admission of larger vessels. The total expense of these improvements was estimated at £90,000.

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   The port is very favourably situated for trade near the inner extremity of Carlingford bay, an arm of the sea extending nine miles south-east, and measuring two miles in breadth at its mouth between Cooley Point, in the county of Louth, and Cranfield Point, in that of Down. Vessels of the greatest draught can come up to Warren Point, within five miles of the town ; where they can ride in from 6 to 8 fathoms of water, in all states of the tide, in perfect security. Proceedings were lately completed, in pursuance of a plan recommended by Sir John Rennie, for deepening and securing the channel from Narrow Water, and scouring it by a steam-dredge and other means calculated to facilitate the admission of vessels of a larger class than those which previously came up to the quays : the total expense of these improvements has been estimated at £90,000. Other works of great importance are in progress : the Newry Navigation Company are forming an extension canal from Fathom, two miles seaward, to Narrow Water, and they propose widening the lock and deepening the old canal, so as to admit steamers of 700 tons and sailingvessels of large burthen up to the town. The despatch of business is facilitated by a line of quays on the eastern bank of the canal, bordered by stores and warehouses, at which vessels can unload : farther north are basins or floating-docks, where boats navigating the canal can take in and discharge their cargoes. The custom-house, a neat and commodious building, is on the quay, in a position well adapted for business ; and has extensive yards and stores for bonding goods adjoining it.

   Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 209

10. Native incursion into Waterford repulsed by O'Feolains

    Waterford · city · Waterford · 1300

    In 1300, a party of natives made an incursion into Waterford but were repulsed with much slaughter by the O'Feolains.

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    The power of the Anglo-Norman invaders was too great to be long effectually resisted. In U73, Raymond le Gros, with a select party, overran the country of Decies, which he every where depopulated and ravaged ; and, after a conflict with the Danes of Cork, returned in triumph to Waterford. Henry II., in 1177, granted in custody to Robert le Poer, his marshal, the country lying between AVaterford and the river of Lismore (the Blackwater), comprising the greater part of the present county, the rest of which was included in the grant of the " kingdom " of Cork to Mile de Cogan and his companions. Henceforward the Poers maintained a great superiority in this territory, and often waged sanguinary hostilities on their own part with the men of Waterford. It appears from a charter of King John to the citizens of Waterford, in 1'206, that the territory of W^aterford had been then erected into a county, the justices of assize and other officers of which were inhibited from exercising any authority within the city : this controverts the generally received opinion that the first shires in Ireland were erected by King John, in 1^210. The same king granted the custody of this county and that of Desmond to Thomas Fitz-Anthony, together with all the royal demesnes in the same, at the annual rent of '250 marks. Edward I. confirmed it to his son John, for .500 marks per annum ; but this act having been performed during the king's minority, the lands were subsequently recovered by the crown, by a decree against Thomas Fitz-Maurice, cousin and heir of John : Edward, however, in 1'29-, granted them to Thomas Fitz-Anthony, another branch of the Geraldines. In 1300, a party of natives made an incursion into Waterford, but were repulsed with much slaughter by the O'Feolains. In 1444, James, Earl of Desmond, procured a patent for the government of this and other counties of Munster ; but three years afterwards, John Talbot, Earl of Shrewsbury, then lord-lieutenant of Ireland, obtained a grant from the king of the city and county of Waterford, and the dignity and title of earl of Waterford, together with the castles, honour, lands, and barony of Dungarvan, with jera regalia, wreck, &c., from Youghal to Waterford ; because the country was waste, in so far as, in lieu of producing any profit to the crown, it was a cause of great loss. This patent was made by virtue of a privy seal, and by authority of parliament. By the act of the '2Sth of Henry VIII., however, vesting in the crown the possessions of all absentees from Ireland, the whole of the above lands, rights, and titles were resumed by the crown ; and the only portion restored to the family of Talbot was the title, which was re-granted to Francis Talbot in 1661 by Charles II. 629

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 373

11. Natural breakwater of Clew Bay

    near Clew Bay · bay · Mayo

    A singular natural breakwater of shingle and boulder stones stretches from Westport harbour to the southern shore under Croagh Patrick, protecting the islands and channels on the Westport side of Clew Bay. It contains six navigable openings, the most important marked by a lighthouse built by the Marquess of Sligo.

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    Clew Bay forms a noble and well-sheltered expanse of water, fifteen miles long and seven broad. Its entrance is screened, through one-third of its breadth, by Clare Island ; and the inner or eastern extremity is occupied by a vast multitude of small islets, which, with the adjoining creeks and inlets, form a variety of safe roadsteads and liarbours, capable of admitting vessels of every class. These islands are composed of a deep loamy soil on a limestone substratum ; many of them are accessible at low water by foot passengers. The towns of Newport and Westport are built at the inner ends of two of the inlets, and are provided with quays, to which vessels of ten feet draught may approach at high water. The islands and channels on the Westport side of the bay are protected by a very singular natural breakwater of shingle and boulder stones, which stretches from the entrance of Westport harbour to the southern shore under Croagh Patrick. There are in this line of beach six navigable openings, the roost important of which, leading to Westport, is marked by a small lighthouse built by the Marquess of Sligo. Clew bay possesses many picturesque and attractive features. Among the most striking are, the lofty conical peak of Croagh Patrick, and the lofty mountains of Erriv and Benabola, on the south ; those of Nephin and Cartinarry, together with the hills of Achill, on the north ; on the east the two flourishing ports above named, with the fine domain of the Marquess of Sligo ; and in the west Clare Island, rising majestically to check the fury

    MAYO

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 146

12. Natural bridges and church ruins at Ross

    Ross · townland · Clare

    At Ross, the ruins of a small church remain, and natural bridges are formed by the action of the tide on the loose earth among the rocks. A chalybeate spring is found at Fierd, along with manganese suitable for making bleaching liquid.

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    graney in the cathedral of Killaloe ; the vicarage is part of the uniun of Kilrush. The tithe rent-charge is £200. 15. 6., of which £51. 18. 6. are payable to the lessees of the impropriator, £6^1. 6. to the prebendary, and the remainder to the vicar. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish forms part of the district of Donaha, or Cross, which also comprises the parish of Moyarta and contains three chapels, situated respectively at Cross, Donaha, and Carrigaholt. The ruins of the old church still remain, in the burial-ground ; and at Ross are those of another, but much smaller : of the ancient castle of Clehansevan, which was blown down by a violent storm in 1802, some vestiges still exist; and at Fodera hill are the remains of a signal-tower. The puffing holes of Clehansevan are considered a great natural curiosity, and in a certain state of the wind and tide spout water to a considerable height. At such times, the sea is strongly impelled into the horizontal fissures of the cliff; and the air forced inwards by the weight of water, suddenly reacting on the spent force of the waves, repels them with a sound resembling the discharge of heavy artillery. The natural bridges at Ross are formed by the action of the tide on the loose earth among the rocks. At Fierd is a chalybeate spring ; and manganese, adapted for making bleaching liquid, is also said to exist there.

    KILBANE, a village, in the parish of Killoken- NEDY, union of Ennis, barony of Lower Tulla, county of Clare, and province of Munster; containing 370 inhabitants.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 13

13. Natural cavern near Crossard

    Crossard · townland · Clare

    Near Crossard is an extensive natural cavern.

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    of the lands formerly attached to the church, is a remarkable stone cross, fixed in a rock, and consisting of a shaft with two arms curving upwards, on each of which, near the top, is a head carved in relief, and in the centre two hands clasped ; it is said to have been erected in memory of the reconciliation of two persons who had been long at violent enmity. The small village of Kilneboy is stated traditionally to have been formerly a large town, of much earlier origin than Curofin. Within a short distance from it are the ruins of a square fortress, with the remains of two angular towers, in which cannon used to be mounted ; it is supposed to have been erected about the time of Elizabeth, is situated in low ground by the side of the river, and is said to have been at one time the residence of the deans of Kilfenora. About half a mile from the ruins of Kilneboy church are those of the church of Cood, apparently of great antiquity. Near this spot, and within the old race-course of Cood, part of the army of James II. encamped in 1689. To the east of Curofin is the cemetery of the church of Kilvedatie, of which building, though existing within the memory of many persons living, no vestige can now be traced. In this cemetery was interred Hugh Mac Curtin, a celebrated Irish antiquary, scholar, and poet ; he was author of the antiquities of Ireland, au Irish grammar and dictionary, and other works. At GUtnqiiin was a church said to have been founded by St. Patrick ; there is no vestige, except the cemetery, which is still used. A Moravian church was built at Crussard, in 1793, but the society was soon dissolved, and the building fell into dilapidation ; it was afterwards used as a Roman Catholic chapel, and is now unoccupied. About two miles to the north of Kilneboy are the remains of the castle of Lemenagh, formerly the residence of the O'Brien family ; and on the road side, a mile eastward from Curofin, are the beautiful and very perfect remains of the castle of Ballyportree. On the common of the parish is a large cromlech. There are two holy wells ; one, situated near the Roman Catholic chapel, is surrounded with large trees, and not far from it are the remains of an ancient stone cross. Near Crossard is an extensive natural cavern ; and at Thaiscogh, on a rocky eminence, is a remarkable spot, where seven springs have their source, and unite into one stream, which takes a subterraneous course for nearly a mile, and then emerges. Dr. Charles Lucas, a distinguished political writer on Irish affairs, is said to have been a native of this parish.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 49

14. Natural cavern near old church site, Kilwatermoy

    Kilwatermoy · townland · Waterford

    Near the site of the old church in Kilwatermoy parish there is a natural cavern. The old church itself no longer stands, but a new church was erected around 1831.

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    KILWATERMOY, a parish, in the uniun of Lis- MORE, barony of Cosiiuriue, county of Watehkord, and province of Mlnster, '2 miles (S. E.) from Tallow, and on the river Blackwater ; containing '2400 inhabitants. The parish comprises 6557 statute acres ; the surface is in general mountainous. The principal stats are Moor Hill, Sapperton, and Headborough ; these are handsome seats surrounded by plantations and ornamented with the river Bride, over which is a wooden bridge. Here is also Janeville. The parish is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, forming part of the union of Tallow ; the rectory is impropriate in the Duke of Devonshire, and the tithe rent-charge is £199. 8., twothirds payable to the impropriator and one-third to the vicar. A handsome church was erected about 1831, by a gift of £900 from the Board of First Fruits. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish is part of the district of Knockamore, and contains a chapel. Near the site of the old church is a natural cavern.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 57

15. Natural limestone caverns in Kilmacumsy

    Kilmacumsy · townland · Roscommon

    Much of the surface of the parish of Kilmacumsy consists of gentle elevations of limestone and limestone-gravel containing several extensive natural caverns.

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    KILMACUMSY, or Kilmacunsy, a parish, in the barony of Frenchpark, union of Boyle, county of Roscommon, and province of Connalght, '2 miles (N. AV.) from Elphin, and on the road from Boyle to Roscommon ; containing '26s6 inhabitants, and 5454 statute acres. Much of its surface is occupied with gentle elevations of limestone and limestone-gravel, in which are several extensive natural caverns. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Elphin, forming part of the union of Ardclare ; the rectory was till lately part of the corps of the precentorship of Elphin cathedral. The tithe rent-charge is £69. 5., which is equally divided between the rector and the vicar. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish is part of the district of Elphin.

    KILMACUNNA.— See Lusmagh.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 43

16. Natural pastures of Tulsk and Kilcorky

    Tulsk · townland · Roscommon

    The natural pasture lands of County Roscommon are celebrated for their fertility, particularly those in the vicinity of Tulsk and Kilcorky, as well as the plains to the south-east of Boyle.

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    stone of the plain districts, and that on the sandstone of the mountains and their vicinities ; the former of which is by much the more fertile, constituting the natural pasture land for which Roscommon has been so long celebrated, particularly the pasturages in the vicinity of Tulsk and Kilcorky, and in the plains to the south-east of the town of Boyle. Extensive tracts of very light shallow soil are commonly devoted to sheepfeeding, especially along the ridges which separate the waters of the Suck and the Shannon, where the limestone rock is so sparingly covered, that the plough cannot be used. Rich deep loams are also met with in the limestone districts ; and the dry, mellow sandy lands between Elphin and Kingston are particularly noted for their fertility. Between the surface soil and the rock are often vast alluvial deposits of gravel and loams of various te.xture. Some of the sandstone soils, as in the vicinity of the Curlew mountains, though of a very poor quality, are susceptible of improvement by judicious cultivation. The only sandy land is contiguous to Lough Aeluyn, where it appears to have been formed by drifts from the shores of the lake. On the mountains, dry patches covered with heath are occasionally found ; but the surface is commonly wet and boggy. Great improvements by draining may be effected in every part of the county, both by deepening the streams in the low grounds, and by making drains in the uplands, where cold, wet, and spongy land, producing rushes and aquatic plants, occurs in places apparently little likely to produce them.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 259

17. Natural wood at Ballynagalliagh

    Ballynagalliagh · townland · Derry

    A small patch of natural wood is found at Ballynagalliagh, one of the few areas of natural woodland noted in the parish of Templemore along the River Foyle.

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    without the bounds. The schistose rocks are in the harder varieties too coarse, and in the softer not sufficiently cohesive, for being used as roofing slates ; but they are much employed in building. Plenty of clay for bricks is to be had ; but the manufacture has been relinquished on account of the scarcity of fuel. The bogs are of great local importance, though they are now only the relics of a more extensive tract nearly exhausted by continued use : portions are occasionally reclaimed, and when the peat has been entirely cut away, the subsoil is easily brought into cultivation. Large trunks and roots of trees have been raised from them. The natural meadows are extensive, particularly on the sides of some of the bogs : the mountain pasture is generally poor. Wheat, which formerly was considered unsuitable to the climate and soil, is now in much estimation : green crops are occasionally adopted. Forced or sown meadows are by no means general : when prepared for cutting the first year, they are sown with perennial ryegrass and red clover ; when for grazing, white grass and white clover are sown. There are several nurseries. Most of the timber in the parish appears to have been planted more for ornament than profit ; the most common trees along the Foyle are beech, elm, sycamore, and ash : a small patch of natural wood is to be seen at Ballynagalliagh. Manures are easily attainable, being partly stable-dung ; partly lime, drawn from the city ; and partly a compost of bog-earth, dung, lime, and shells : the shells are procured at a bank called Shell Island, in Lough Foyle. Kelp is only occasionally used.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 324

18. Natural woods near Augher and Favour Royal

    near Augher · town · Tyrone

    Considerable natural woods exist near Augher and Favour-Royal, contributing to the county's wooded scenery.

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    was partially opened above Newmills, but this latter part of the undertaking was abandoned before the canal was completed. The beauty of the scenery in several parts is much enhanced by Woods and I'lanlalious. Large tracts of land near Baron's Court, and Rash or Mountjoy forest, have been planted since 179."j. Near Augher and Favour- Royal are considerable natural woods ; and throughout the greater part of the county the soil appears disposed to throw up a spontaneous growth of timber ; but in too many instances the young trees are neglected, and the cattle suffered to browse upon them. Near Strabane are many large and wellstocked orchards. The Roads are numerous, and in general judiciously laid out and kept in good repair : a new line was lately opened from Omagh, by Mountfield, Kildress, and Cookstown, to Belfast. The roads are all made and repaired by county presentments.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 367

19. Naval battle at Kinsale haven, 1380

    Kinsale · town · Cork · 1380

    In 1380, French and Spanish fleets were pursued by the English into Kinsale haven, where an engagement took place. The French were defeated with great loss, many ships taken, and 20 English vessels previously captured were recaptured.

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    In 1380, the French and Spanish fleets were pursued by the English into this haven, where an engagement took place in which the former were defeated with great loss, many of their ships taken, and 20 English vessels which they had made prizes recaptured. In the following year the inhabitants received a charter from Richard II., granting to the " Provost" and Commonalty, in consideration of the insult they had received from the Spanish and Irish enemies and the English rebels, the small customs of the port, at a yearly rent of ten marks, the surplus to be laid out in completing the walls of the town. Edward IV., in 1482, confirmed the charter; appointed the sovereign admiral of the port, with jurisdiction extending from the Bulman rock to Innishannon ; and granted the

    KINS

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 59

20. Navan abbey site replaced by cavalry barracks

    Navan · town · Meath

    An abbey formerly stood at Navan, on the site of which the cavalry barrack was now built. The town's monastic heritage had been entirely superseded by military infrastructure.

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    session of the late Duke of Sussex. Bracelets or collars, being solid rings of pure gold of very ancient and rude workmanship, were found near Trimleston Castle, in 1S33 ; the largest weighed 12 ounces avoirdupois. The ruins of abbeys, priories, convents, and other monastic edifices, are numerous through every part of the county ; and still more numerous are the names of others now only discoverable by some local name, or traceable in historic records. The ruins of the old monastery of Duleek, said to be the first monastic edifice built of stone and mortar in Ireland, presents some curious and extraordinary traces of rude architecture. At Bective are extensive and picturesque ruins of the wealthy abbey of that name : at Clonard were an abbey of Canons Regular, a convent, and also a cathedral, but nothing now remains except the font of the last ; at Colpe, Newtown, Slane, and Trim, were also abbeys of Canons Regular, all now in ruins. At Killeen and Kilmainham- Wood were commandcries of Knights Hospitallers ; at Ratoath and Skreen, priories of the Augustinian eremites ; at Eirk, near Slane, a hermitage ; at Trim, a priory of Crutched friars ; and on the Holy or Church island, in Lough Sheelin, an abbey of Grey friars : Kilmainham-beg and Teltown belonged to the Dominicans. The whole have long since fallen into ruins. The monasteries of which no ruins remain are, those of Ardbraccan, Ardceath, Ardmulchan, Ardsallagh, Athboy, Ballybogan, Beaumore near Colpe, Beaubeg, Calliagh, Cloonmanan, Disert-tola, Donaghmore, Donaghcarney near Colpe, and Donoughpatrick ; a priory of the Virgin Mary, and the Magdalen Hospital, at Duleek ; abbeys at Dunshaughlin, and Indenen near Slane ; a house of Regular Canons, an hospital of St. John the Baptist, and a chantry, all at Kells ; a house of Regular Canons and a nunnery at Killeen ; an abbey at Navan, on the site of which the cavalry barrack is now built ; priories at Odder and Rosse, south of Taragh ; an abbey of Regular Canons and a chantry at Skreen ; a monastery of Grey Friars, on the site of which the sessions-house at Trim stands ; a nunnery, a Greek church, and a chantry, at Trim ; and Dominican friaries at Kilberry, Lismullen, and Dunshaughlin ; besides several others. Columbkill's house, a stone-roofed cell, said to be one of the oldest stone-built houses in Ireland, is still traceable at Kells ; in which town are also several stone crosses, one in particular of beautiful workmanship. In the cemetery at Castlekicran, in which are the ruins of a small church, is another very fine stone cross richly sculptured.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 149

21. Navan and Ardbraccan granted to Jocelyn

    Navan · town · Meath · 1172–1180

    Hugh de Lacy gave the territory of Navan, Ardbraccan, and their dependencies to Jocelyn, son of Gilbert Nangle, as part of his division of the kingdom of Meath among his followers.

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    After the arrival of the English, Henry II. granted to Hugh de Lacy the whole of the ancient kingdom of Meath, to hold by the service of 50 knights. De Lacy shortly afterwards divided the greater portion of this princely grant among his principal followers, giving to Gilbert Nangle the territory of Morgallion ; to Jocelyn, son of Gilbert, Navan, Ardbraccan, and their dependencies ; to Adam Pheipo, the district and manor of Skreen ; to Robert Misset, the lands of Lune ; and to

    MEAT

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 148

22. Neale Park and its curious monuments

    Neale · electoral division · Mayo

    Neale Park is a seat of Lord Kilmaine's with very extensive grounds containing curious monuments. The village of Neale, usually called 'The Neale,' adjoins the estate.

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    Ballinrobe, on the road to Cong; containing 196 inhabitants. This place, which is usually called " The Neale, " is a constabulary police station, and has fairs on Feb. 5th, May 6th, Aug. 4th, and Nov. 5th. Immediately adjoining is Neale Park, a seat of Lord Kilmaine's : the grounds, which are very extensive, contain some curious monuments, noticed under the head of Kilmolara. In the Roman Catholic divisions Neale gives name to the district, comprising the parishes of Kilmolara and Ballinchalla, and contains the only chapel in the district.

    NEDDINS, a parish, in the union of Lismore, barony of Iffa and Offa West, county of Tipperary, and province of Munster, 6^ miles (S. W.) from Clonmel, and on the river Suir ; containing 766 inhabitants. This parish comprises 2385 statute acres. It is a vicarage, in the diocese of Lismore, forming part of the union of Ardfinnan : the rectory is impropriate in Mrs. Emily Cudworth, and the tithe rent-charge is £138. 15., of which £78. 15. are payable to the impropriator, and the remainder to the vicar. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish is part of the district of Ardfinnan.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 198

23. Needham Bridge in Newry

    near Newry · town · Down

    Needham Bridge is a single-arch bridge of elegant proportions in Newry. It is noted among the bridges of the town.

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    terraces and detached villas have been built. At the north end of the town is a fine monument to the memory of the late Trevor Corry, Esq. Among the bridges, already noticed, is one of a single arch of elegant proportions, called Needham bridge ; and an iron swivel-bridge is about to be thrown across the canal, which, when completed, will open a communication from the Monaghan road to the very centre of the town. A new bridge is also about to be built leading from Mill-street to Ballybot. The assembly, news, and coffee rooms were built by subscription in 1794 ; the assembly-rooms are spacious and elegant ; the news-room is well furnished with newspapers and periodical publications, and is open on the most liberal terms to strangers : the offices of the Commissioners of Police are in this building. Two newspapers are published here, one three times and the other twice in the week : a branch of the Bank of Ireland has been for some time established, and in 1S46 branches of the Provincial Bank and the Belfast Banking Company were opened. A barrack affords accommodation for 44 officers and 67O non-commissioned officers and privates of infantry, and 10 horses, with an hospital for 30 or 40 patients.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 208

24. Nenagh castle built by the Butlers

    Nenagh · town · Tipperary

    Nenagh was one of the ancient manors of the Butlers, who are supposed to have erected the old castle, now in ruins. The castle survived a burning of the town in 1550 when the garrison saved it.

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    NENAGH, a market and post town, a parish, and the head of a union, partly in the barony of IJpper Or- MOND, but chiefly in that of Lower Ormond, county of Tipperary, and province of Munster, 19 miles (N. E.) from Limerick, and 75 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the road between these cities ; containing 9540 inhabitants, of whom 86 IS are in the town, which is the largest (except one) as to population, that does not return a member to parliament. This was one of the ancient manors of the Butlers, by whom the old castle, now in ruins, is supposed to have been erected. In 1200, an hospital was founded here for Augustinian canons, who were to admit into it the sick and infirm : it was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, whence it was usually called Teacheon, Tyone, or St. John's house ; and was endowed by Theobald Walter, the first Butler of Ireland, with lands for the maintenance of thirteen beds for strangers. After the dissolution of religious houses, the building and its possessions were granted by Elizabeth, in the fifth year of her reign, to Oliver Grace. In the reign of Henry III., a member of the Butler or of the Kennedy family established a Franciscan friary, which was one of the richest foundations belonging to that order in the kingdom ; it was finally leased by Elizabeth to Robert Collum for a term of years. In 1550, O'CarroU burned both the town and the friary, but the garrison saved the castle. In 1641, the place was taken by the Irish under Owen Roe O'Nial, from whom it was afterwards wrested by Lord Inchiquin. Ireton, in his march against Limerick in 1651, invested the town, and compelled the garrison to surrender at discretion. In the war of 1688, it fell into the hands of Anthony Carroll, an active leader under Sarsfield, who made it the centre of his operations, until compelled to abandon it on the approach of a force under General Leveson, when he burned the town in his retreat.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 198

25. Nenagh infantry barracks, field fortification

    Nenagh · town · Tipperary

    An infantry barrack was built on an eminence at the east end of Nenagh, designed on the principle of a field fortification. It provided accommodations for a field-officer, 12 commissioned officers, 208 non-commissioned officers and privates, and 4 horses, with hospital and magazine facilities.

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    to the Butler family, on April ^4th, May '29th, July 4th, Sept. 4th, Oct. 10th, and Nov. 1st. The first fair held here was called Eanaugh Airoon, that is, " a Fair in Ormond." A brewery is carried on in the town ; and at Tyone, in its immediate vicinity, is a mill, from which large quantities of flour are sent to Dromineer, the nearest steam-boat station on the Shannon, about five miles distant. There is also a small stuff manufactory. The town is supplied with water from wells ; and in 1839 the inhabitants adopted the act 9th George IV. as far as regards paving and cleansing. On the Dublin road is a spring of excellent water, with a covering of masonry on which are inscribed these words : " Erected by voluntary contribution, to commemorate the unparalleled benevolence of the English nation to the poor of Ireland at a season of extreme distress, A.D. 18'2'2." General-sessions are held twice a year, and petty-sessions weekly : there is a court-house for the meetings of the magistrates ; also an old bridewell, consisting of 3 day-rooms, 9 cells, and 2 yards. Nenagh is the residence of a stipendiary magistrate, and a chief constabulary police station. A seneschal's court for the manor was formerly held here. A fever hospital and a dispensary are maintained in the usual manner : three physicians attend the former in monthly rotation, at a salary of £'25 each. There is a small library of works of a religious tendency. An infantry barrack has been built on an eminence at the east end of the town, on the principle of a field fortification, with accommodations for a field-officer, 1'2 commissioned officers, 208 non-commissioned officers and privates, and 4 horses, hospital accommodation for 21 patients, and a magazine. The ruins of the castle, commonly called " Nenagh Round," on one side of Castle-street, consist of a lofty and massive circular donjon, or keep, with a yard attached, surrounded by high walls, which were originally flanked by four circular towers, and entered by a gate with a portcullis : the building appears to be of the age of the first Anglo-Norman proprietor. The fee of the land in and about the town, amounting to .500 acres, is now vested in the Holmes family.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 199

26. Nenagh Round castle ruins

    Nenagh · town · Tipperary

    The ruins of Nenagh castle, known as 'Nenagh Round,' stand on Castle-street and consist of a massive circular donjon or keep with a yard surrounded by high walls flanked by four circular towers and a gate with a portcullis. The building dates to the age of the first Anglo-Norman proprietor.

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    to the Butler family, on April ^4th, May '29th, July 4th, Sept. 4th, Oct. 10th, and Nov. 1st. The first fair held here was called Eanaugh Airoon, that is, " a Fair in Ormond." A brewery is carried on in the town ; and at Tyone, in its immediate vicinity, is a mill, from which large quantities of flour are sent to Dromineer, the nearest steam-boat station on the Shannon, about five miles distant. There is also a small stuff manufactory. The town is supplied with water from wells ; and in 1839 the inhabitants adopted the act 9th George IV. as far as regards paving and cleansing. On the Dublin road is a spring of excellent water, with a covering of masonry on which are inscribed these words : " Erected by voluntary contribution, to commemorate the unparalleled benevolence of the English nation to the poor of Ireland at a season of extreme distress, A.D. 18'2'2." General-sessions are held twice a year, and petty-sessions weekly : there is a court-house for the meetings of the magistrates ; also an old bridewell, consisting of 3 day-rooms, 9 cells, and 2 yards. Nenagh is the residence of a stipendiary magistrate, and a chief constabulary police station. A seneschal's court for the manor was formerly held here. A fever hospital and a dispensary are maintained in the usual manner : three physicians attend the former in monthly rotation, at a salary of £'25 each. There is a small library of works of a religious tendency. An infantry barrack has been built on an eminence at the east end of the town, on the principle of a field fortification, with accommodations for a field-officer, 1'2 commissioned officers, 208 non-commissioned officers and privates, and 4 horses, hospital accommodation for 21 patients, and a magazine. The ruins of the castle, commonly called " Nenagh Round," on one side of Castle-street, consist of a lofty and massive circular donjon, or keep, with a yard attached, surrounded by high walls, which were originally flanked by four circular towers, and entered by a gate with a portcullis : the building appears to be of the age of the first Anglo-Norman proprietor. The fee of the land in and about the town, amounting to .500 acres, is now vested in the Holmes family.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 199

27. Nenagh taken by Owen Roe O'Nial, 1641

    Nenagh · town · Tipperary · 1641

    In 1641, Nenagh was taken by the Irish under Owen Roe O'Nial, from whom it was afterwards wrested by Lord Inchiquin. The town changed hands repeatedly during the Confederate wars.

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    NENAGH, a market and post town, a parish, and the head of a union, partly in the barony of IJpper Or- MOND, but chiefly in that of Lower Ormond, county of Tipperary, and province of Munster, 19 miles (N. E.) from Limerick, and 75 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the road between these cities ; containing 9540 inhabitants, of whom 86 IS are in the town, which is the largest (except one) as to population, that does not return a member to parliament. This was one of the ancient manors of the Butlers, by whom the old castle, now in ruins, is supposed to have been erected. In 1200, an hospital was founded here for Augustinian canons, who were to admit into it the sick and infirm : it was dedicated to St. John the Baptist, whence it was usually called Teacheon, Tyone, or St. John's house ; and was endowed by Theobald Walter, the first Butler of Ireland, with lands for the maintenance of thirteen beds for strangers. After the dissolution of religious houses, the building and its possessions were granted by Elizabeth, in the fifth year of her reign, to Oliver Grace. In the reign of Henry III., a member of the Butler or of the Kennedy family established a Franciscan friary, which was one of the richest foundations belonging to that order in the kingdom ; it was finally leased by Elizabeth to Robert Collum for a term of years. In 1550, O'CarroU burned both the town and the friary, but the garrison saved the castle. In 1641, the place was taken by the Irish under Owen Roe O'Nial, from whom it was afterwards wrested by Lord Inchiquin. Ireton, in his march against Limerick in 1651, invested the town, and compelled the garrison to surrender at discretion. In the war of 1688, it fell into the hands of Anthony Carroll, an active leader under Sarsfield, who made it the centre of his operations, until compelled to abandon it on the approach of a force under General Leveson, when he burned the town in his retreat.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 198

28. Nephin mountain and the glen of Kilnabreena

    Nephin · mountain or mountain range · Mayo

    Nephin mountain, standing 2639 feet high, is noted for its grand and conical form, often enveloped in clouds. It is separated from the rest of the mountain chain by the deep glen of Kilnabreena.

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    Nephin, 2639 feet in height, is, in magnitude and form, extremely grand, its summit being generally enveloped in clouds ; it is situated at the extremity of an immense bog, in the centre of which is Lough Conn, and is separated from the rest of the great chain by the deep glen of Kilnabreena. Its form, when viewed from the south or east, is conical, the sides steep, and frequently rocky and rugged, but the summit rounded, and covered with alpine plants. The regularity of its northern face is interrupted by a deep ravine, the precipitous sides of which disclose the internal structure of the mountain. From the western side of the glen of Kilnabreena rises the mountain of Berreencurragh, 2290 feet high, similar to Nephin, but more irregular and rugged. Nephin-Beg, another mountain in the same range, and of similar formation, is 1846 feet high. The mountains which form the western part of the great chain are also more rugged, and have peaked summits, particularly Maam, Thomoish, and Croughletta. The ridge of the Barnagee mountains lies south of Nephin : their northern side is extremely steep and abrupt. Three passes, about two miles distant from each other, lead through them to the plain country in the south ; the central and most important of these is called the pass of Barnagee. Through it the French force penetrated unexpectedly in 1/98, in its march from Ballina, in consequence of which the king's troops were taken by surprise at Castlebar, and routed. The other passes are, that of Mosbrook, near Lough Conn, and Glan Island, on the side of Westport. The summit of the central pass, which is a very long and steep hill, commands a fine view of Castlebar and the adjoining plain, with Croagh Patrick rising in the distance.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 145

29. Nephin mountain mica-slate formation

    Nephin · mountain or mountain range · Mayo

    Nephin mountain is formed of mica-slate of very variable proportions, with strata fully disclosed by fissures and mostly nearly vertical but irregular. Nephin-Beg has a very similar composition to the larger mountain.

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    The whole of the mountains in this county, in a GEOLOGICAL point of view, are of primary formation ; but rocks of secondary formation arc freriuently found overlaying the primary at the base of the mountains. The secondary formation, on the northern range, is red sandstone covered with slate-clay, which alternates with floetz sandstone ; as also, limestone alternating with slate-clay : to the south is the old red sandstone covered with floetz limestone. A line drawn from the southern shore of Achill, and continued along the southern base of Coraan mountain, would very nearly pass along the junction of the primary and secondary formations. The primary rocks pass by a narrow isthmus between the secondary rocks at Castlebar, to the shore of Clew bay, and join the primary range, which commences at Croagh Patrick and. proceeds thence into Joyces' Country. No secondary rocks are met with between Achill Head, on the west coast, and Balderric on the north. Near this latter point the secondary formation commences, and it continues without interruption along the coast by Downpatrick, Killala, and Sligo, to Ballyshannon. From the junction at the sea-shore near Balderric, the edge of the primary country takes a direction nearly south to Croghan mountain, at the base of which, in the bed of the Owenmore, the old red sandstone appears overlaying mica-slate. From Croghan the junction of the rocks may be traced to the northern base of Nephin ; and thence, crossing Lough Conn, it proceeds along the northern base of the range of primary mountains from Foxford to Ballysadare. The great mountain chain commencing at Nephin, and extending in a north-western direction by the valley of the Owenmore to Coraan mountain, is entirely composed, except at Nephin-Beg, of mica-slate and granular quartz rock. Nephin mountain, the strata of which are fully disclosed by fissures, is formed of mica-slate, of very variable proportions ; the stratification is for the most part nearly vertical, but irregular. The composition of Nephin-Beg is very similar to that of the larger mountain. The western part of the county between Achill Head and the north coast, is for the most part a low plain of bog on a bottom of mica-slate, backed by mountain ranges of quartz rock. In the island of Achill the rocks are chiefly quartz ; in the adjoining peninsula of Coraan, conglomerate sandstone. In the peninsula of the Mullet the country is mostly covered with silicious sand ; on the western shore, where the rocks are visible, they are more crystalline than the mountains on the east. Upon the whole, this part of Erris much resembles the i.?lands of Coll and Tiree in the Hebrides. At Dunfeeny bay, the alternating beds of sandstone and clay-slate are covered by almost innumerable alternations of thin beds of black shale and black limestone : many of the beds of black shale contain balls of clay ironstone ; some so carbonaceous as to soil the fingers very much, and to emit a dense black smoke when thrown on the fire.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 147

30. Neptune Foundry builds iron steam-vessel

    Waterford · city · Waterford

    The Neptune Foundry in Waterford, directed by the Malcolmson Brothers, recently completed a large iron steam-vessel. The foundry efficiently executed all building and repairs of steam-engines, boilers, and machinery.

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    This place has never been much distinguished for its MANUF.vcTURES. It had ouce some celebrity for the weaving of a narrow woollen stuff, which was in great demand in every part of Ireland, and was also exported in considerable quantities ; but of this trade, and also of the hall in which the article was sold, there are now not the smallest remains. Here were also manufactories for salt, smoked sprats ; japanned wares of various descriptions, a branch established by Thomas Wyse, Esq. ; and linen and linen-thread, which latter was celebrated all over Ireland, established here by a family named Smith, who brought with them a number of workmen from the north of Ireland. But all these successively failed ; as has also a glass-bottle manufactory, carried on opposite to Ballycarvet. A glass-manufactory of superior description was, however, established in 1783, and is now conducted by Messrs. Gatchell and Co., who have a considerable export trade, particularly to America: about 70 persons are employed. There is a starch and blue manufactory; also three iron-foundries ; and till within the last few years there was a manufacture of glue, of which considerable quantities were sent to England. At the extensive iron-foundry called the Neptune Foundry, an iron steam-vessel of 639

    large dimensions has just been finished; every thing connected with the building and repairs of steam-engines, boilers, and machinery, is efficiently executed at these works, which are under the direction of the eminent firm of Malcolmson Brothers. There is a small establishment for rectifying spirits, and public breweries have been brought to such perfection as to supersede any importation from England ; they are conducted on a scale alTording the means of a considerable export of beer to Newfoundland, and latterly to England, which trade is progressively increasing. A coast-fishing company was established about 184'2.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 382

31. Newbridge cavalry barracks and town growth

    Droichead Nua (Newbridge) · town · Kildare · 1816

    Newbridge appears to have arisen since the erection of extensive cavalry barracks in 1816. The spacious barracks, situated on the river Liffey, consist of two parallel ranges of building connected by a central range and can accommodate two regiments.

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    NEWBRIDGE, a market and post town, partly in the parish of Morristown-Biller, but chiefly in the parish of Great Connell, union of Naas, barony of CoNNELL, county of Kildare, and province of Lein- STER, 5j miles (S. W. by W.) from Naas, and 21 (S. W.) from Dublin ; containing 792 inhabitants. This place appears to have arisen since the erection of extensive barracks for cavalry in 1816. It is situated on the river Liffey, over which is a handsome stone bridge of five arches, but so narrow that two carriages cannot drive abreast on it ; and stands on the coach-road from Dublin to Limerick. The town consists of one street, on the western bank of the river. The barracks are spacious, consisting of two parallel ranges of building, connected by a central range at right angles ; and are capable of accommodating two regiments, with apartments for their officers, and an hospital for 100 patients. A patent has been obtained for two free markets, on Tuesday and Friday in every week ; and for two fairs, on the 3rd of May and 15th of August. Here are a constabulary police station ; a dispensary ; and a Roman Catholic chapel, with a friary.

    NEWBRIDGE, a village, in the parish of Castlemacadam, barony of Arklow, county of Wicklow, and province of Leinster, 4^ miles (S.) from Rathdrum, in connexion with which it has a receiving-house for letters : the population is returned with the parish. It is pleasantly situated in the vale of Ovoca, on the eastern bank of the river of that name, and near the mail-road from Dublin to Wexford. The village gives name, with Baranisky, to the Roman Catholic district, and contains a neat chapel, to which a national school is attached.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 200

32. New carriage roads from Castlebar and Crossmolina

    Crossmolina · town · Mayo · 1798–1837

    A new carriage road was made along the banks of the Owenmore in Mayo, with one branch proceeding from Castlebar and another from Crossmolina. The Castlebar branch was level and well laid out, while the Crossmolina branch laboured under the defects of the old country system.

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    The greater part of the county to the west of the lakes was nearly destitute of roads previously to 1798. No way existed of travelling through Erris but on foot ; or if a horseman attempted the journey, he required the aid of six or eight guides on foot to cast the horse at every swamp, fasten his legs, and haul him over by ropes. The journey from Ballina to the coast could not be accomplished in less than three days, and, if the rivers were swollen, required a much longer time : the expense for guides, in money and refreshments, was more than that now required for a carriage and posthorses from Castlebar to the Mullet, a distance of 56 miles, which may be performed in a day. A carriage road has been made along the banks of the Owenmore : one branch proceeds from Castlebar, another from Crossmolina ; the former is level and well laid out, the latter labours under the defects of the old country system. After passing the mountains, a new line

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 147

33. Newcastle church and its admired eastern window

    Newcastle · town · Dublin · 1400–1837

    The parish church of Newcastle (County Dublin) was erected about the 15th century and is noted for its fine eastern window, removed there in 1774 during a thorough repair. The ivy-covered walls contribute to its picturesque appearance; it was re-roofed and repaired in 1835 and 1837.

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    The parish comprises 4282 statute acres : agriculture is in a high state of improvement ; the principal crops are wheat, oats, and potatoes. There are good quarries, the stone of which is used for building, and repairing the roads. The Grand Canal passes through the parish, as does also the line of the Dublin and Cashel rail-road. Part of the demesne of Lyons, the splendid seat of the Right Hon. Lord Cloncurry, is in the parish : the other seats are, Athgoe Park, one part of which is a castle erected at a very early period, and in the grounds of which are the tower or keep of Colmanstown, and an old burial-place ; Newcastle House ; Newcastle ; Peamount ; and Colganstown, the property of the corporation of Dublin. The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Dublin, and was made the corps of the archdeaconry of Glendalough by an act of the Sth of Edward IV. (1467) ; it is in the patronage of the Archbishop. The tithe rent-charge is £187. 10. A small plot of ground in Myler's Alley, Dublin, measuring Ir. 24/)., on which some houses stand that arc let on lease at £18. 9. per annum, belongs to the archdeaconry : the gross annual value of the dignity, before the passing of the Rentcharge act, was £418. 9. There are an excellent glebehouse, and a glebe of 16 acres, to which 2a. 3r. 17p. were added on the inclosure of the common. The church was erected about the 15th century, and is chiefly remarkable for its fine eastern window, which is greatly admired, and was removed to it in 17-4, when the building underwent a thorough repair ; the ivy which covers the walls contributes to its picturesque appearance. It was new-roofed and thoroughly repaired in 1835 and 1837, by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners. The church has an annual economy fund of £3. 8. 10. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish forms part of the district of Saggard ; a neat chapel with a belfry was erected in 1813, at a cost of about £1500. In the village are the ruins of three castles.

    NEWCASTLE, a market and post town, a parish, and the head of a union, partly in the barony of Shanid, 38-

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 201

34. Newcastle church built by Earl Annesley, 1833

    near Newcastle · town · Down · 1833

    A handsome church with a lofty spire was built at Newcastle in 1833 at the expense of Earl Annesley, who also appointed the minister and paid his stipend.

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    sides arc here covered with verdure, but the south and west sides present chiefly large tracts of bog. The principal seats are, Tollymore Park, the elegant residence of the Earl of Roden, situated in a ridily wooded and well watered demesne ; and Donard Lodge, the handsome mansion of Earl Annesley, erected in 1830 on the acclivity of Slieve Donard, and commanding some fine views. The parish is in the diocese of Down, and the rectory forms part of the union of Kilkeel and corps of the treasurership of the cathedral of Down ; the tithe rent-charge is £'225. The church, with the village of Kilcoo, was burnt in 1641, and in 1712 a church was built at Bryansford, which, being too small for the congregation, was considerably enlarged in 1806, when a tower was added to it ; the edifice was repaired by aid of a grant of £200 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1812. There is also a handsome church with a lofty spire at Newcastle, built in the year 1833, at the expense of Earl Annesley, who appoints the minister and pays his stipend. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish includes the districts of Bryansford and Kilcoo : there are two chapels, situated respectively at Bryansford and Ballymony ; and at Newcastle is a place of worship for Wesleyau Methodists. A school at Fofeny was founded in 1822, by the Earl of Roden, who also built another at Bryansford for boys, with a house for the master, in 1S26, and by whom both are supported. A school for girls at Bryansford, with a cottage for the mistress, the whole built in 1S22, is supported by the Countess of Roden ; and a large and handsome school-house has been lately built at Slievenaman, on Earl Annesley's propertj'. There are schools also at Lower Kilcoo, Ballymony, and Ardaghy. On the western side of the parish, at Lough Island Reavy, a reservoir has been constructed for supplying water to the river Bann in dry weather ; it covers an area of 2.^5 acres, and when filled will contain a supply for 13 weeks : the expense to the Bann Company has been estimated at £20,000. A new quay was lately erected at Newcastle, to afford shelter to vessels passing the channel in stormy weather ; the expense was defrayed by a grant from government, aided by a subscription from Earl Annesley : it is however at present in great need of repair.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 16

35. Newcastle granite quarry and rail-road to pier

    near Newcastle · town · Down · 1824

    A granite quarry was opened in 1824 by J. Lynn, Esq. near Newcastle, with stone conveyed from the mountain by a rail-road to the pier. Stone from this quarry was used for the Downpatrick court-house, new prison, infirmary, and fever hospital, as well as the chapel of ease in Newcastle and the spire of Inch church.

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    The trade of the port consists chiefly in the export of cattle, grain, and potatoes ; and the import of coal, iron, salt, &c. : the gross estimated value of the exports in a recent year was £3681, and of the imports £3156. A pier has been erected on an extensive scale, at an expense of £30,000 ; it is accessible at high water to vessels of large burthen, and has been very beneficial to the trade of the town. Granite of fine quality abounds in the neighbourhood; a quarry was opened in 1824, by J. Lynn, Esq., and the stone is conveyed from the mountain by a rail-road to the pier, where large quantities of it are shipped. From this quarry was raised the stone for the court-house, new prison, infirmary, and fever hospital, of Downpatrick ; the chapel of ease in this town ; and the spire of Inch church. Newcastle is the head of a coast-guard district, which extends from Strangford to Warren Point, including the stations of Gun Island, Ardglass, St. John's Point or Killough, Leestone, and Cranfield ; comprising a force of one resident inspector, seven officers, and 66 men. A receiving-house for letters in the town is in connexion with Castlewellan ; and a constabulary police force has been stationed here. The chapel of ease is a handsome building, with a spire at the east end ; it was erected at an expense of £1500 by Earl Annesley, who pays the curate a stipend of £100. In the mountains and streams near Newcastle are found fine specimens of rock-crystal, of the various hues of beryl, emerald, amethyst, and topaz ; some of which have brought high prices. Sand-eels are obtained in great numbers on the beach at particular seasons. Within a mile and a half is a place called the Giant's steps, near which is a cavity of great depth, resembling the shaft of a mine, and called Armour's Hole, from the circumstance of a

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 200

36. Newcastle in the ancient territory of Crioch-Cualan

    Newcastle · town · Wicklow

    The parish of Newcastle in County Wicklow included the post-town of Newtown-Mount-Kennedy and had a population of 3992. The parish was historically part of the ancient territory of Crioch-Cualan, or Hy-Briiin-Cualan.

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    NEWCASTLE, a parish, in the union of Rathdrum, barony of Newcastle, county of Wicklow, and province of Leinster ; containing, with the posttown of Newtown-Mount-Kennedy (which is separately described), 3992 inhabitants, of whom 196 are in the village of Newcastle. The parish was included in the ancient territory of Crioch-Cualan, or Hy-Briiin-Cualan,

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 202

37. Newcastle quay built with government grant

    near Newcastle · town · Down

    A new quay was lately erected at Newcastle to shelter vessels passing the channel in stormy weather, funded by a government grant and a subscription from Earl Annesley, though already in need of repair.

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    sides arc here covered with verdure, but the south and west sides present chiefly large tracts of bog. The principal seats are, Tollymore Park, the elegant residence of the Earl of Roden, situated in a ridily wooded and well watered demesne ; and Donard Lodge, the handsome mansion of Earl Annesley, erected in 1830 on the acclivity of Slieve Donard, and commanding some fine views. The parish is in the diocese of Down, and the rectory forms part of the union of Kilkeel and corps of the treasurership of the cathedral of Down ; the tithe rent-charge is £'225. The church, with the village of Kilcoo, was burnt in 1641, and in 1712 a church was built at Bryansford, which, being too small for the congregation, was considerably enlarged in 1806, when a tower was added to it ; the edifice was repaired by aid of a grant of £200 from the late Board of First Fruits, in 1812. There is also a handsome church with a lofty spire at Newcastle, built in the year 1833, at the expense of Earl Annesley, who appoints the minister and pays his stipend. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish includes the districts of Bryansford and Kilcoo : there are two chapels, situated respectively at Bryansford and Ballymony ; and at Newcastle is a place of worship for Wesleyau Methodists. A school at Fofeny was founded in 1822, by the Earl of Roden, who also built another at Bryansford for boys, with a house for the master, in 1S26, and by whom both are supported. A school for girls at Bryansford, with a cottage for the mistress, the whole built in 1S22, is supported by the Countess of Roden ; and a large and handsome school-house has been lately built at Slievenaman, on Earl Annesley's propertj'. There are schools also at Lower Kilcoo, Ballymony, and Ardaghy. On the western side of the parish, at Lough Island Reavy, a reservoir has been constructed for supplying water to the river Bann in dry weather ; it covers an area of 2.^5 acres, and when filled will contain a supply for 13 weeks : the expense to the Bann Company has been estimated at £20,000. A new quay was lately erected at Newcastle, to afford shelter to vessels passing the channel in stormy weather ; the expense was defrayed by a grant from government, aided by a subscription from Earl Annesley : it is however at present in great need of repair.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 16

38. Newcastle ruins at Slanes, County Down

    near Newcastle · town · Down

    On the shore of Slanes parish are the remains of a large castellated edifice called Newcastle, which gave its name to the district. From here communication with the nearby lighthouse is maintained, and the keepers' residences are located here.

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    SLANES, a parish, in the union of Downpatrick, barony of Ardes, county of Down, and province of Ulster, 4 miles (E.) from Portaferry ; containing 556 inhabitants. This parish is situated on the eastern coast, and comprises 946i statute acres, the whole of which is under cultivation, and produces excellent crops of corn, flax, and potatoes. Here is Slanes Point, between which and Carney Point is a cluster of rocks and shoals, one of which, called the South Rock, is three miles (E. N. E.) from Carney Point, and has a light-house called the Kilwarlin Light, erected by the Corporation for the Improvement of the Port of Dublin. It is a revolving light, elevated 52 feet above the sea at high water, with 10 lamps of a bright colour, appearing once in a minute and a half; two bells are kept tolling in foggy weather, by means of clock-work, to warn mariners of their proximity to danger : the rocks and shoals extend a mile, at least, to the east of the lighthouse. Slanes is a coast-guard station. On the shore are the remains of a large castellated edifice, called Newcastle, which has given name to the district; from this is the communication with the lighthouse, and here are the residences of the keepers. The parish is a rectory, in the diocese of Down, forming part of the union of Ballyphilip and of the corps of the chancellorship of Down ;' the tithe rent- charge is £80. There is no vestige of a church ; but a burial-ground remains, where once stood an extensive edifice, traditionally said to have been a wealthy abbey : the Protestants attend divine service at Portaferry church. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish forms part of the district of Upper Ardee.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 287

39. Newcastle vale's hedgerows and productive gardens

    Newcastle · town · Wicklow

    The great vale of Newcastle is enriched and enlivened with hedgerows of various growth interspersed with timber trees, though they are badly plashed. The gardens in the barony of Newcastle are generally very productive.

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    cars. In the great vale of Newcastle the country is enriched and enlivened with hedgerows of various growth, interspersed with timber trees, but badly plashed ; most other parts exhibit an appearance of nakedness, from the fences being commonly composed of rough mounds of earth, covered here and there with furze. Walls are sometimes formed by piling the stones on the mountain lands, but so loosely is the work done that breaches are constantly occurring. Frequently the land is so encumbered with rocks as to be utterly valueless until these have been blasted or undermined, and buried. The gardens in the barony of Newcastle are generally very productive. There are a few orchards.

    Owing to the nature of the country, there is more natural wood than perhaps in any district in Ireland of the same extent ; it consists chiefly of coppices, usually cut at 30 years' growth, and which enrich some of the most romantic glens. But the finest timber is that in gentlemen's demesnes, with which this county is so much embellished ; that in Powerscourt Park and Rosanna is perhaps unequalled for grandeur by any in the island. Large tracts, however, adapted to the growth of timber, remain neglected ; although Dr. Frizell, of Castle-Kevin, Mr. Grattan, and some other proprietors, by their extensive and flourishing plantations on mountains of considerable elevation, have proved the capabilities of the soil. The natural growth of the county is chiefly oak, birch, and hazel.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 405

40. Newcestown sacked and destroyed in the war of 1641

    Newcestown · townland · Cork · 1641

    Nucestown (Newcestown) was sacked and destroyed during the war of 1641 and has ever since remained a poor, neglected, and ruinous place. It now serves as a constabulary police station and holds fairs for cattle, pigs, and farming implements.

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    MURRAGH, or Moragh, a parish, in the union of Bandon, partly in the West division of the barony of East Carbery, but chiefly in the barony of Kinalmeaky, county of Cork, and province of Munster, 6 miles (N. W. by W.) from Bandon, on the mail-coach road to Dunmanway ; containing 3175 inhabitants. It comprises 8755 statute acres. About two-thirds are under cultivation ; the land, though mostly light, is good, but very badly tilled, agriculture not being systematically followed, except by a few gentlemen. An extensive and valuable bog at Maulnadrought supplies this part of the country with fuel. There are extensive flour-mills, employing 20 persons. Nucestown, which was sacked and destroyed in the war of 1641, has ever since remained a poor, neglected, and ruinous place ; it is a constabulary police station, and has fairs on Jan. Sth, Whit-Tuesday, Oct. loth, and Dec. 14th, for cattle, pigs, pedlery, and farming implements. The river Bandon bounds the parish on the south ; and the formation of n canal from Colliers' Quay, about four miles below Bandon, to Dunmanway, a line of about IS miles, passing through this parish, has been contemplated ; but the design appears to be for the present suspended. The principal seats are the glebe-house, Farnalough, and Killinear.

    The living is a rectory and vicarage, in the diocese of Cork, and in the patronage of the Bishop : the tithe rent-charge is £638. 5. The glebe-house is a handsome and commodious residence built by aid of a gift of £100, and a loan of £S00, in ISOS, from the late Board of First Fruits ; it is situated in a beautifully picturesque part of the vale of Bandon, and is designed and embellished with much taste : the glebe comprises 37 acres. The church, situated at Farren-Thomas, is a large neat edifice in the early English style of architecture, -with a square tower ; it crowns the lofty ridge which rises from the north side of the river Bandon, and is nearly in the

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 191

41. New church built at Tartaraghan in 1816

    near Tartaraghan · parish · Armagh · 1816

    The old church at Tartaraghan was pulled down and the present church erected in 1816 at a cost of £1300. This replaced the previous church on the site.

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    The living is a rectory, in the diocese of Armagh, and in the successive patronage of the Lord Primate, the Earl of Charlemont (two turns), and Lord Lurgan ; the tithe rent-charge is £-207. 6. 5. The glebe-house was erected in 1775, at an expense of £5'23, of which £100 were a gift from the late Board of First Fruits, and the remainder was defrayed by the then incumbent ; the glebe comprises 40 statute acres, valued at £50 per annum. The old church was pulled down, and the present church erected in 1816 at a cost of £1300, of Vol. II.— 553

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 317

42. Newgrange cavern exploration of 1699

    Newgrange · townland · Meath · 1699

    In 1699, removing part of the Newgrange mound revealed a stone covering the entrance to a 62-foot gallery leading to a central cross-shaped arched cavern. The dome is octagonal, about 20 feet high, and a stone vase with two circular cavities was found in one branch. Two human skeletons and deer bones were discovered inside.

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    cross is a large stone vase, within the excavated part of which are two circular cavities less than a foot in diameter. When this cavern was opened, two human skeletons were found entire, and also some horns and bones of deer. Slane gives the inferior title of Viscount to the Marquess Conyngham.

    SLANES, a parish, in the union of Downpatrick, barony of Ardes, county of Down, and province of Ulster, 4 miles (E.) from Portaferry ; containing 556 inhabitants. This parish is situated on the eastern coast, and comprises 946i statute acres, the whole of which is under cultivation, and produces excellent crops of corn, flax, and potatoes. Here is Slanes Point, between which and Carney Point is a cluster of rocks and shoals, one of which, called the South Rock, is three miles (E. N. E.) from Carney Point, and has a light-house called the Kilwarlin Light, erected by the Corporation for the Improvement of the Port of Dublin. It is a revolving light, elevated 52 feet above the sea at high water, with 10 lamps of a bright colour, appearing once in a minute and a half; two bells are kept tolling in foggy weather, by means of clock-work, to warn mariners of their proximity to danger : the rocks and shoals extend a mile, at least, to the east of the lighthouse. Slanes is a coast-guard station. On the shore are the remains of a large castellated edifice, called Newcastle, which has given name to the district; from this is the communication with the lighthouse, and here are the residences of the keepers. The parish is a rectory, in the diocese of Down, forming part of the union of Ballyphilip and of the corps of the chancellorship of Down ;' the tithe rent- charge is £80. There is no vestige of a church ; but a burial-ground remains, where once stood an extensive edifice, traditionally said to have been a wealthy abbey : the Protestants attend divine service at Portaferry church. In the Roman Catholic divisions the parish forms part of the district of Upper Ardee.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 287

43. New Grange mound and vaulted cave antiquity

    Newgrange · townland · Meath

    At New Grange in Monknewtown parish is a remarkable vestige of antiquity consisting of a mound surrounded by a circle of upright stones, containing a vaulted cave in the form of a cross. It is described in the article on Slane.

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    MONKNEVVTOWN, a parish, in the union of Drogheda, barony of Upper Slane, county of Meath, and province of Leinster, 2i miles (E. by N.) from Slane, on the road to Drogheda ; containing 824 inhabitants. It comprises 3673| statute acres ; is bounded on the south by the river Boyne ; and on the northeast is separated by the Mattock from the parish of Tulloghallen (in the county of Louth), of which, in the ecclesiastical divisions, it is considered to form a part. The land is in general of excellent quality, and is nearly equally divided between tillage and pasture ; the pasture in the vicinity of New Grange is of the very best description. On the river Mattock is an extensive flourmill, partly propelled by steam ; and the canal from Drogheda to Navan passes through the southern part of the parish. In the Roman Catholic divisions it forms part of the district of Grangegeeth ; the chapel, a neat structure, is near the ruins of the church. At New Grange is a remarkable vestige of antiquity, consisting of a mound surrounded by a circle of upright stones, and in which is a vaulted cave in the form of a cross : it is described in the article on Slane.

    MONKSGRANGE.— See Grange.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 170

44. Newgrange tumuli near Slane

    Newgrange · townland · Meath · 1699

    Near Slane are ancient tumuli, the principal being a large earthen mound 70 feet high covering an Irish acre, surrounded by upright unhewn stones. When part was removed in 1699, a gallery 62 feet long led to a cross-shaped cavern containing two human skeletons and deer horns and bones.

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    There are the ruins of the monastery and college on the hill of Slane ; and of a hermitage in the Marquess Conynghani's park. In the vicinity of the town are the ancient mounts or tumuli of New Grange : the principal is a large mound of earth, 70 feet high, and 300 feet in circumference at the top, covering an area of an Irish acre ; it is irregular in its form, and was surrounded at the base by a circle of huge upright unhewn stones, several of which remain. On removing part of the materials in 1699, a large stone was found, covering the entrance to a gallery 62 feet long, leading to a central arched cavern with three offsets, forming together in their ground plan a rude cross. The entrance is only three feet wide and two feet high, the gallery at first decreasing in breadth, and farther on being formed of large upright stones on each side, with others extending horizontally to form the roof, which is high enough to admit of approach in an upright position. The dome in the centre of the cross is of octagonal form, and about 20 feet high, constituting a coved roof of courses of flat stones successively projecting ; in the right branch of the 519

    cross is a large stone vase, within the excavated part of which are two circular cavities less than a foot in diameter. When this cavern was opened, two human skeletons were found entire, and also some horns and bones of deer. Slane gives the inferior title of Viscount to the Marquess Conyngham.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 287

45. Newgrange tumulus with artificial cavern

    Newgrange · townland · Meath

    At Newgrange near Slane, a very curious tumulus contained an artificial cavern of some extent and singular construction, representing one of the most remarkable relics of antiquity in the county.

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    The most remarkable relics of antiquity of the earliest ages are two round towers, one at Kells, and the other in the churchyard of Donoughmore, near Navan. At New Grange, near Slane, is a very curious tumulus, in which is an artificial cavern of some extent and singular construction. Near Dowth are a Druidical circle and the remains of a cromlech. Vestiges of Danish monuments are very numerous ; the most remarkable is a rath near Taragh, supposed to have been the residence of the Danish king, Turgesius ; the raths of Odder, Rameven, and Ringlestown, are in the same neighbourhood : they have all been planted. Six of the ancient instruments called corabasnas were found by persons digging in a park near Slane, in 1781 : the corabasna was of a complex form, consisting of two circular plates of brass connected by a spiral wire, which produced a jingling noise when the plates were struck by the fingers ; it was used for the purpose of keeping time. Two splendid torques of pure gold were found near Taragh, in 1813, and passed into the pos- 326

    MEAT

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 149

46. New Haggard Mills on the Boyne near Trim

    Trim · town · Meath · 1837

    On the river Boyne about a mile west of Trim are very extensive mills called New Haggard Mills, producing annually about 40,000 barrels of flour and oatmeal.

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    mill, a brewery, and a tannery ; and on the Boyne, about a mile to the west, are very extensive mills, called New Haggard Mills, producing annually about 40,000 barrels of flour and oatmeal. The market is on Saturday ; and the fairs on March 27 th. May 8th, Wednesday after Trinity-Sunday, Oct. 1st, and Nov. l6th. An extension of the navigable communication between Drogheda and Navan, to this town, has been long contemplated ; but has not yet been carried into elfect.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 352

47. New Harbour at Renville Point, Galway

    Rinville East · townland · Galway

    Within Renville Point in the parish of Oranmore, County Galway, lies New Harbour (sometimes called Renville), a place of refuge for vessels trading to Galway during severe weather. The harbour is sheltered from every wind and a small pier has been constructed there.

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    RENVILLE, a village, in the parish of Oranmore, barony of Dunkellin, union and county of Galway, and province of Connaught, 1 mile (W. byS.) from Oranmore, on the road to Ardfry and the bay of Galway i containing 222 inhabitants. Within Renville Point is New Harbour (sometimes called Renville), which is a place of refuge in severe weather for vessels trading to Galway. In gales of wind, when it is dangerous to lie in the Galway roads, many vessels run for this harbour, where they are sheltered from every wind, and at low water lie in a bed of soft clayey mud : there are 19 feet of water at high spring tides. A small pier has been constructed, which, if extended about 40 yards further, would be of great utihty. The village is much frequented in the summer by families from Galway and other parts of the county for the benefit of sea-bathing,

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 256

48. New mail-coach road to Enniscorthy

    Enniscorthy · townland · Wexford

    Within the last few years new roads were opened between Wexford and Duncannon Fort, New Ross, and Enniscorthy, the last-named becoming the mail-coach road.

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    The borough returned two members to the Irish parliament, by a prescriptive right exercised without interruption from 13~4, till the Union, at which period the number of its representatives was reduced to one, whom it continues to return under the act of the 2nd of William IV., cap. 88. The number of electors, in 1841, was 301, of whom 195 were £10 householders, and 106 freemen. The environs contain a number of handsome houses and neat villas, the residences of the gentry connected with the town. W'ithin the last few years new roads have been opened between Wexford and Duncannon Fort, New Ross, and Enniscorthy, the last-named of which is now the mail-coach road : a new approach to the town from the Carrigg bridge road has been contemplated, as has been the formation of a canal of four miles to the bathing-village of Curracloe.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 399

49. Newmarket (Ahatrastie) ford and market charter

    Newmarket · town · Cork · 1603–1685

    Newmarket in Cork was formerly called Ahatrastie, meaning 'the place of the ford,' from its situation near an ancient ford. Its present name derives from a market granted to the Aldworth family by James I after the forfeiture of the estate by the Macauliffes, confirmed under Charles II.

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    NEWMARKET, a market-town, in the parish of Clonfert, union of Kanturk, barony of Duhallow, county of Cork, and province of Mu.nster, 4 miles (\. W.) from Kanturk, and on the road from Cork, by the Bogra mountains, to Abbeyfeale and Listowel ; containing 1899 inhabitants. This place was formerly called Ahatrastie, or " the place of the ford," from its situation near an ancient ford now superseded by a neat bridge at the entrance of the town. Its present name is obviously derived from the establishment of a market at this place, which was granted to the family of Aidworth by James I., on the forfeiture of the estate by the Macauliffes, and confirmed in the reign of Charles II. At Scarteen, a village a little to the north of the town, about 1000 of the peasantry assembled in 1822, anticipating the evacuation of the town by the military, but were repulsed by Captain Kippock and Lieutenant Green, who, leaving 10 men to defend the barracks, marched with 30 to attack the assailants, whom they dispersed with the loss of about 20 that were killed in the conflict. The gentry of the surrounding district, upon this occasion, presented to each of those officers a handsome 390

    piece of plate, as a testimony to their intrepidity'and an acknowledgment of their services.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 205

50. Newmarket House and Elizabethan avenue of ash-trees

    Newmarket · town · Cork · 1558–1603

    Newmarket House is the stately mansion of the Aldworth family, built of hewn limestone in a richly timbered demesne. An avenue of ash-trees there is said to have been planted in the reign of Elizabeth, with noble specimens of elm, beech, and sycamore.

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    The TOWN is situated on a small stream which falls into the river Dallua a little below, and on the north side of a gentle eminence ; it consists principally of two streets intersecting each other at right angles, and contains about 300 houses, several of which are neatly built. The inhabitants are well supplied with water; the air is salubrious, and the neighbourhood abounds with interesting scenery. Adjoining is Newmarket House, the stately mansion of the Aldworth family, lords of the manor, handsomely built of hewn limestone, and situated in a demesne richly embellished with timber of luxuriant growth ; an avenue of ash-trees here is said to have been planted in the reign of Elizabeth, and there are some noble specimens of elm, beech, and sycamore. Near the town are also, Oxclose "Villa, Mount KeelTe, Liscongill, and The Priory, the last formerly the residence of John Philpot Curran. The market is on Friday, and is chiefly for the sale of potatoes and turf ; fairs are held in the alternate months. A sub-post has been established in connexion with Kanturk ; a constabulary police force is stationed in the town ; petty-sessions are held mostly on every alternate Thursday ; and a court for the recovery of debts not exceeding 40s. is held here, every third Friday, for the manor of Newmarket, which extends over 32,000 statute acres in the parish of Clonfert.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 205

51. Newmarket-on-Fergus town and Easter patron

    Newmarket on Fergus · town · Clare

    Newmarket-on-Fergus is a post-town in Clare with 271 houses, a former Thursday market that declined, and a patron held on Easter Monday. It has a constabulary station and a manor court for Col. Wyndham's manor of Bunratty.

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    NEWMARKET-ON-FERGUS, a post-town, in the parish of Tomfinloe, union of Ennis, barony of Lower BuNRATTY, county of Clare, and province of Munster, 6 miles (S. E. by E.) from Ennis, on the mail-road to Limerick, and 105^ (\V. S. W.) from Dublin ; containing ir>'26 inhabitants. It is situated about a mile and a half from the eastern shore of the river Fergus, and consists of '27 1 houses, several of which are neatly built. A market was formerly held here on Thursday ; but from its proximity to Ennis and Limerick, to which places there are several daily public conveyances, it gradually declined, and is now discontinued ; and of the fairs, held on March 31st, Aug. 27th, and Dec. 20th, the last only is now well attended. A "patron" is held on Easter-Monday. Here is a chief station of the constabulary police ; petty-sessions are held on alternate Thursdays, and a court for Col. Wyndham's manor of Bunratty is occasionally held by the seneschal, for the recovery of small debts. A considerable number of females are employed in satin-stitching on muslin by Wm. Lloyd, Esq., of Limerick ; and a school for embroidery is patronized by Lady O'Brien. An unsuccessful attempt was some time since made by Sir Edw. O'Brien to establish the linen manufacture. Newmarket gives name to the Roman Catholic district, held by the administrator of the Bishop of Killaloe, and comprising the parishes of Tomfinloe, Kilnasoolagh, Kilmaleery, Clonloghan, Kilconry, Bunratty, and Dromline. The principal chapel, a spacious and substantial building, is in the town ; and there are chapels for the rural district at Kilmaleery and Bunratty. Here is a dispensary. Newmarket House, the spacious mansion of C. Studdert, Esq., is in the town ; and in its vicinity are several handsome seats, among which are, Dromoland, the superb castellated edifice of Sir Lucius O'Brien ; Carrigoran, the beautifully situated mansion of Sir Wm. Fitzgerald ; Glenw ood ; Ballykilty ; and MoguUane. — See Tomfinloe.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 206

52. Newmills village named for corn-mills of 1758

    near Newmills · population centre · Tyrone · 1758

    Newmills derives its name probably from two corn-mills erected in 1758 by the proprietor of the adjoining lands. The village comprises 20 houses and has the parochial church with a square embattled tower.

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    NEWMILLS, a village, in the parish of Tullanis- KiN, union and barony of Dungannon, county of Tyrone, and province of Ulster, 3 miles (N. N. E.) from Dungannon, on the road to Cookstown ; containing about 105 inhabitants. It derives its name probably from two corn-mills- erected in 175S, by the proprietor of the adjoining lands ; and comprises 20 houses, most of which are indifferently built. Here is the parochial church, a plain edifice with a square embattled tower ; and nearly adjoining it is the principal parochial school, with a residence for the master, endowed with a portion 391

    of the glebe land, comprising one acre. — See Tullanis-

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 206

53. New Park, residence of Sir John Newport near Waterford

    Waterford · city · Waterford

    New Park was the residence of the late Rt. Hon. Sir John Newport, Bart., who represented Waterford city in parliament for a series of years. It is listed among the principal gentlemen's seats in the vicinity of Waterford.

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    tained in the parish of Kilculliheen, all the lands on the opposite bank of the river in the parishes of Kilbarry and Killoteran, and the town of Passage ; comprehending together 96S3 statute acres, of which several hundred acres are occupied by the city aud suburbs. The rural districts present no great peculiarity of character : the northern part chiefly consists of high grounds, commanding fine views of the city ; and on the opposite side, especially on the banks of the river above the city, are some elevated lands, except near the course of John's river, where is an extensive level of marshy land. The prevailing substratum is argillaceous schistus, with silicious breccia near the summits of the hills, over which red sandstone frequently occurs : sienite and hornblende are found at Kilronan ; talcous slate near Knockhouse ; lydian stone on the road to Annestown ; hornstone and jasper, alternating with flinty slate, in the same neighbourhood ; and serpentine, resting on a blueish-black quartzose rock, at Knockhouse. The face of Bilberry rock, over the river Suir, above the city, presents a very interesting section, in which, in addition to the above-named minerals, are veins of quartz, comprising a considerable quantity of micaceous iron-ore and scalygraphite, both passing into oxyde of iron and jasper, and in some places forming, with the quartz, a beautiful jaspery iron-stone ; brown crystallised quartz, with minute crystals of chlorite ; red ochre in abundance ; sulphate of barytes ; oxyde of titanium ; bituminous shale ; talcous slate ; and arsenieurate of iron. The principal gentlemen's seats in the vicinity are. New Park, the residence of the late Rt. Hon. Sir John Newport, Bart., who represented this city in parliament for a series of years ; Belmont House, of Sir Henry W^inston Barron ; Mullinabro' ; May Park ; Belmont ; Mount Pleasant ; Ballinamona ; Killaspy ; Bellevue ; Bishop's Hall ; Faithlegg House ; Woodstown, of Lord Carew ; Woodstown, of the Earl of Huntingdon ; Summerfield ; Harbour View; Droniona ; Grantstown ; and Blenheim Lodge.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 386

54. Newport (Mayo) harbour and trade at Clew Bay

    Newport · town · Mayo

    Newport in Mayo, situated at the extremity of Clew Bay, was the original port of discharge for the county. Its trade formerly extensive has been transferred to Westport; about 3000 tons of grain are annually shipped to England.

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    NEWPORT, or Newport-Mayo, a market and post town, in the parish and barony of Burrishoole, union of Westport, county of Mayo, and province of CoNNAUGHT, .5^ milcs (N. by W.) from Westport, and 139| (W. by N.) from Dublin; containing lOyi inhabitants. This town, which is situated at the extremity of Clew bay, was the original port of discharge for the county of Mayo : it is intersected by a fine river, which rises in Lough Beltra and falls into the bay ; the river Burrishoole also flows through the parish, and both abound with excellent salmon, for taking which there are weirs about half a mile above the town. The place consists of one principal street and several others, and contains about 200 houses, some of which are well built and of neat appearance. The trade, formerly very extensive, has, from the difficulty of communication with the interior, been in a great measure transferred to Westport, and at present consists principally in the export of grain, of which, on an average, 3000 tons are annually shipped to England. The pier was erected at the expense of Sir R. A. O'Donel and some of the merchants of the town; the quays are extensive and commodious, and accessible to vessels of 200 tons' burthen, which can be moored in safety alongside, can take in or deliver their cargoes at all times of the tide, and within a few hundred yards may lie at anchor in perfect security. The channel is safe, and the harbour very commodious : the entrance into the bay, which is called indifferently Clew, Newport, or Westport bay, is spacious and direct ; and within it are numerous islets and rocks, between which, on each side, are several good roadsteads, capable of accommodating large vessels, with anchorage in from two to six fathoms. The market is on Tuesday ; and fairs are held on June Sth, Aug. 1st, Nov. llth, and Dec. 20th. A chief constabulary police force is stationed in the town ; petty-sessions are held every Tuesday, and a manorial court on the first Wednesday in every month. The court-house in which the sessions are held is a small neat building. The parish church and a Roman Catholic chapel are situated in the town. In the vicinity is Newport House, the seat of Sir R. A. O'Donel. Three miles distant, on the sea-shore, is Rockfleet Castle, a small square fortress said to have been built by Grana- Uile, better known as Grace O'Malley, and celebrated for her maritime exploits ; and about a mile to the south-east of the town is Carrickaneady, one of the castles said to have been built by the Burkes.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 206

55. Newport (Tipperary) on stream to Shannon at Castle Troy

    Newport · town · Tipperary

    Newport or St. John's Newport is a post-town in Tipperary pleasantly situated on a considerable stream that falls into the river Shannon at Castle Troy, near Mount Shannon, below the village of Anacotty.

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    NEWPORT, or St. John's Newport, a posttown, in the parish of Kilvolane, union of Nenagh, barony of Owney and Arra, county of Tipperary, and province of Munster, S miles (E.) from Limerick, and S6 (S. W.) from Dublin, on the old road to Limerick ; containing 1072 inhabitants. This town is pleasantly situated on a considerable stream that falls into the river Shannon at Castle Troy, near Mount Shannon, a little below the village of Anacotty ; and contains 165 houses, most of which are neatly built. It is a station for a company of infantry. Fairs are held on April 27th, May 29th, July 21st, and Oct. 23rd, which last was formerly a very large fair for bullocks, but has now wholly ceased as such : a constabulary police force is stationed in the town, and petty-sessions arc held every Friday. The environs are pleasant, and in the vicinity

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 206

56. New road approach from Warrenpoint to Newry

    near Warrenpoint · town · Down

    A new line of road was opened forming an excellent approach from Warren Point, where the river expands into Carlingford bay, improving access to Newry.

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    The TOWN is advantageously situated on the Newry water. The western part, called Ballybot and sometimes Southwark, in Armagh county, is connected with the eastern, in the county of Down, by four stone bridges, and four swivel-bridges across the Newry canal, which runs close to and parallel with the river. The general appearance of the place, as seen from without, is cheerful and prepossessing ; and the old town, on the eastern side, situated on the slope of a hill, with its church spire rising above the houses, leads to an expectation of a correspondence of character in the interior ; but the reverse is the case. Like those of other old towns, the streets are narrow, precipitous, and inconvenient. But the modern part of the town, generally called " the Low Ground," is very elegant ; the houses lofty, and built of granite ; the streets wide, well formed, and paved, with flagged footways. Marcus-square, with several lines of new buildings, presents good specimens of domestic architecture. A great number of excellent springs issuing from the rocks eastward of the town, and more than 200 wells, have been formed in various parts ; but no artificial means have yet been adopted to provide a supply of water on a scale commensurate with the domestic and manufacturing demands of the population : this want, however, will very soon be supplied. The streets and pubUc buildings are lighted with gas, supplied by works established by a company in 1822. Much has been done within the last few years to improve the general appearance of the town and neighbourhood : a new line of road has been opened, and an excellent approach formed from Warren Point, where the river expands into Carlingford bay ; the north road has been widened and improved, and several very handsome

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 207

57. New Roman Catholic chapel at Portarlington

    Portarlington · town · Laois

    A new Roman Catholic chapel was erected near the old one in Portarlington, designed in the pointed style with a tower and pinnacles surmounted by a spire 140 feet high. It was built because the old chapel was too small for the increasing congregation.

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    Two churches were built in the town at the time of the Settlement, dedicated respectively to St. Michael and St. Paul, in the reign of William III., and endowed severally with a rent-charge of £40 late currency reserved upon lands let in perpetuity. St. Paul's was appropriated to the French and Flemish settlers, and St. Michael's to the use of English Protestants in the town; in consequence of this arrangement, the former of these is called the French church, and the latter the English. The income of the French church was augmented with £50 per annum by parliament many years since, and has been lately increased by the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to £100 : the late Board of First Fruits increased the stipend of the minister of the English church to £100 per annum. The livings are in the diocese of Kildare, and in the patronage of the Bishop. The English church, situated on the eastern side of the square, has a handsome spire ; the French church is in the street leading westward to the river, and till within the last thirty years divine service was performed in the French language. In the Roman Catholic divisions Portarlington is the head of a district, called Portarlington, Emo, and Killinard, and comprising parts of the parishes of Clonehorke and Coolbanagher, and the parish of Lea with the e.xception of the townland of Inchcoolley. Chapels are respectively situated at Portarlington, Emo, and Killinard : that in Portarlington having been found too small for the increasing congregation, a new chapel has been erected near the old one, and is a handsome edifice in the pointed style ; the principal front consists of a tower, with pinnacles at each angle, and surmounted by a fine spire, 140 feet high. There is also a place of worship for Wesleyan Methodists. A savings' bank, opened some years since, has now a capital of deposits from the poorer classes, amounting to £16,000. A loan fund, which commenced with a capital of £100, is operating very beneficially : Colonel Armstrong, and Chidley" Coote and Maunsell Dames, Esqrs., bore an active part in its formation ; it is now under the management of three trustees, of whom the Rev. J. Wolseley is the principal, and the present capital is £2,300. A dispensary is supported in the usual manner. About a mile to the south of the town is Spire Hill, so called from the erection of an obelisk on it by the late Viscount Carlow, for the purpose of giving employment to the poor in a season of scarcity : the flatness of the surrounding country renders it visible at a great distance ; the sides of the hill are richly wooded, and it has winding walks through the plantations to its summit. A chalybeate spring near the town is said to be efficacious in scorbutic cases ; its chief component parts are nitre and sulphur. Portarlington gives the title of Earl to the Dawson family.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 231

58. New Roman Catholic chapel in the Low Ground, Newry

    near Newry · town · Down

    A new Roman Catholic chapel was erected in the Low Ground in Newry in the pointed style, 120 feet long and 74 broad, with moulded granite pillars and pointed arches. It is considered the diocesan chapel of the Bishop of Dromore.

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    In the Roman Catholic arrangements tl;e parish is the head of the diocese of Dromore, being the bishop's parish or mensal, and is co-extensive with that of the Established Church ; containing three chapels, two in the town and one at Shinn, four miles distant, which are attended by the same number of curates. The older Roman Catholic chapel, a well-built but plain structure, with three galleries, and a spacious cemetery attached to it, was erected in 1789. Being found too small for the accommodation of the numbers that attended it, a new chapel was erected in the Low Ground, in the pointed style, 120 feet long, 74 broad, and 46 feet high to the ceiling ; the facade consists of a centre and two wings, with a deeply receding doorway, and is highly ornamented. The interior consists of a nave and two aisles detached by rows of moulded granite pillars, supporting lofty pointed arches, over which are the clerestory windows by which the centre is lighted ; the great altar is surmounted by a large window of three lights. This chapel is considered to be the diocesan chapel of the Bishop of Dromore, ■who resides at Violet Hill, to 395

    the north of Newry, where there was formerly a house of lay friars, which has been transferred to the town ; in which also is a seminary for preparing the youth of the Roman Catholic church for Maynooth college. A convent of the order of St. Clare was removed hither from Dublin, in 1830 : the house, with its appendages, was presented to the community by the Rev. J. Gilmer, of Rostrevor ; since which time the nuns have built a large and handsome chapel in the Gothic style, and also a school-house for the education of female children. There are in the town a congregation of Presbyterians in connexion with the General Assembly, who have a large and elegant meeting-house ; one in connexion with the Remonstrant Synod ; and one till lately connected with the Seceding Synod ; also places of worship for Independents, Primitive and Independent Wesleyan Methodists, and Kellyites.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 212

59. New Ross besieged by Duke of Ormonde in 1641 war

    New Ross · town · Wexford · 1641

    During the war of 1641, the town was held for the Irish and besieged by the Duke of Ormonde. Ormonde attempted to storm it through a practicable breach but was driven back with considerable loss and forced to raise the siege. The battle of Kilrush followed immediately after.

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    In the war of 1641 the town, which was then held for the Irish, was besieged by the Duke of Ormonde, who, attempting to storm it through a practicable breach, was driven back with considerable loss and forced to raise the siege. Immediately after, the battle of Kilrush was

    ROSS

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 263

60. New Ross burned by Donald Fuscus Mac Murrough, 1469

    New Ross · town · Wexford · 1469–1485

    In 1469 the town was partially burned by Donald Fuscus, then head of the Mac Murroughs or Kavanaghs. Repeated acts of lawless violence drove wealthier inhabitants away, and by Richard III's reign the place was nearly depopulated.

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    Its situation on a navigable river, in the heart of a fertile country, soon rendered it populous and wealthy. The same circumstances, however, exposed it to the predatory incursions of the neighbouring chieftains, to defend themsehes from which the townsmen, in 1^69, when they were grievously harassed by a feud between the Fitzmaurices and the De Burgos, resolved to secure the town by a wall. So anxious were they to accomplish this undertaking, that not only did the whole of the male population work by turns in companies, but many of the young women also aided in it ; to commemorate which, a strong tower or gate called Maiden Tower was erected eastward in the town, as a prison exclusively for persons guilty of offences against females. The walls inclosed a circuit of a mile ; and at that period the town coiild array for its defence, 363 crossbow men, 1'200 long-bow archers, 3000 pikemen, and 104 horsemen, a number of fighting men equal to its entire male population at present. In the reign of Edward I. the town was laid under an interdict by the Pope, in consequence of the inhabitants having destroyed a house of the Crutched friars on account of the alleged profligacy of one of its members. Another proof of its early importance may be adduced from the attempts made by the people of Waterford to deprive it of the privileges of a trading-port. The controversy, which commenced so early as the reign of Henry HI., was finally decided in favour of Ross by a decree of the English court of chancery in the reign of Edward III. In 1469 the town was partially burned by Donald Fuscus, then head of the Mac Murroughs or Kavanaghs ; and the inhabitants afterwards suffered so much from repeated occurrences of acts of lawless violence, that, in 14S3, they procured an act of parliament, empov\ering them to '■ reprize" themselves against robbers, and further enacting that no person should alienate his freehold in the town without the consent of the provost and council. The latter provision leads to the inference, that these acts of aggression were producing the effect of driving the wealthier and more respectable part of the population out of the town. This inference is confirmed by the preamble of a charter of Richard HI., which describes the place as being so reduced by this cause to extreme poverty and misery, as to be nearly depopulated. Another charter allows the inhabitants to treat and make truce with the Irish enemies, and to sell them provisions, even in time of war.

    Internet Archive topographicaldic02inlewi, Chapter 263