A history of the city and county of Cork

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Death of Colum, Abbot of Cork, 852

   Cork · city · Cork · 852

   In 852, the same year the Black Gentiles arrived in Dublin, the death of Colum, son of Airechtach, Abbot of Cork, was recorded in the Chronicum Scotorum.

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   Under the same year they enter the death of an Abbot of Cork — “ Colum, son of Airechtach, Abbot of Cork, quievitd

   2. Chronicum Scotorum , p. 19.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 60

   As the companion tells it

   Cork carries an old record from 852. That same year, the Black Gentiles arrived in Dublin. The Chronicum Scotorum notes under that year the death of Colum, son of Airechtach, Abbot of Cork. The word used is quievit — he rested.

2. Death of Thomas Maol at Rathkeale, 1534

   Rathkeale · town · Limerick · 1534

   Thomas Maol, uncle of Maurice and successor to James Fitzmaurice, died at an advanced age at Rathkeale in 1534. He was son of Thomas, who had been beheaded at Drogheda.

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   James Fitzmaurice died in 1529, and was succeeded by Thomas Maol, or The Raid, uncle of Maurice, and son of the unfortunate Thomas who was beheaded at Drogheda. He died at an advanced age at Rathkeale, in 1 534-

   James, the thirteenth earl, was grandson of Thomas, the last earl — a fact which may give the reader some idea of the difficulty a historian must encounter in tracing out the

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 189

   As the companion tells it

   Rathkeale is the town where an old story ends. In 1529 James Fitzmaurice died, and Thomas Maol, called The Raid, took his place. Thomas was uncle of Maurice, and son of the unfortunate Thomas who was beheaded at Drogheda. He lived to an advanced age, and died here at Rathkeale in 1534.

3. Distorted fossils near Carrigaline in Carboniferous Slate

   Carrigaline · town · Cork

   Fossils in the Carboniferous Slate near Carrigaline were distorted by horizontal compression, with measurements showing a polar-to-equatorial axis ratio of 1 to 2.144, indicating extreme squeezing of the rock material.

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   Distorted fossils have been found in various places in this district, as near Cork, in the Limestone ; near Carrigaline, and near Ardmore Head, which is a little outside of our county, in Waterford, these places being in the Carboniferous Slate ; and near the Old Head of Kinsale, in shales which possibly belong to the Coal Measures. These fossils have been squeezed or compressed in the direction mentioned, and drawn out in directions at right angles thereto. Professor Haughton (Phil. Mag., 185 6), by careful measurements of the fossils, and calculations founded thereon, has ascertained the amount of their distortion, and shews that if a spherical ball had been in the place of one of them, it would have been squeezed nearly into an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, with a polar axis considerably less than half the equatorial diameter ; the proportion at Ardmore Head being 1 to 2.426, and at Carrigaline 1 to 2.144, (something like a circular barm-brack, with its upper and under sides similar4 whose thickness would be less than half its breadth). The amount of distortion at the Old Head of Kinsale is evidently similar ; but the circumstances of the misshapen fossils ( Posidonia BecheriJ prevent its being as accurately determined. We beo- leave to point out that another phenomenon, at the place last mentioned, is also the effect of violent compression, and that is the juxtaposition of crumpled and uncrumpled beds ; arising from the interstratification of beds of different degrees of rigidity and capacity of resistance, and with different consequent modes of yielding to the tremendous compressing force. As we have said, the distorted fossils have

   29—2

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 354

   As the companion tells it

   As the road takes you through Carrigaline, the ground beneath holds a record of ancient force. Fossils in the Carboniferous Slate here have been squeezed and compressed, drawn out in directions at right angles to the pressure that deformed them. They are not the only ones. The same kind of distortion appears near Cork in the Limestone, near Ardmore Head just over the border in Waterford, and near the Old Head of Kinsale in shales that may belong to the Coal Measures. But the fossils near Carrigaline are among the best measured. Professor Haughton made careful measurements of these fossils and calculated the amount of their distortion. He showed that if a spherical ball had sat in the place of one of them, it would have been pressed nearly into an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, with a polar axis considerably less than half the equatorial diameter. The proportion at Carrigaline is 1 to 2.144. At Ardmore Head it is even greater, 1 to 2.426. The book compares the shape to a circular barm-brack, whose thickness would be less than half its breadth. At the Old Head of Kinsale the distortion is evidently similar, but the misshapen fossils, identified as Posidonia Becheri, prevent it being determined as accurately. Another phenomenon at that same place is also the effect of violent compression: crumpled and uncrumpled beds lie side by side. This arises from the interstratification of beds with different degrees of rigidity and capacity of resistance, each yielding in its own way to tremendous compressing force.

4. Distorted fossils near Cork in the Limestone

   Cork · city · Cork

   Distorted fossils were found in the Limestone formation near Cork, squeezed and compressed by tremendous horizontal pressure that crumpled the strata of the region.

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   Distorted fossils have been found in various places in this district, as near Cork, in the Limestone ; near Carrigaline, and near Ardmore Head, which is a little outside of our county, in Waterford, these places being in the Carboniferous Slate ; and near the Old Head of Kinsale, in shales which possibly belong to the Coal Measures. These fossils have been squeezed or compressed in the direction mentioned, and drawn out in directions at right angles thereto. Professor Haughton (Phil. Mag., 185 6), by careful measurements of the fossils, and calculations founded thereon, has ascertained the amount of their distortion, and shews that if a spherical ball had been in the place of one of them, it would have been squeezed nearly into an oblate ellipsoid of revolution, with a polar axis considerably less than half the equatorial diameter ; the proportion at Ardmore Head being 1 to 2.426, and at Carrigaline 1 to 2.144, (something like a circular barm-brack, with its upper and under sides similar4 whose thickness would be less than half its breadth). The amount of distortion at the Old Head of Kinsale is evidently similar ; but the circumstances of the misshapen fossils ( Posidonia BecheriJ prevent its being as accurately determined. We beo- leave to point out that another phenomenon, at the place last mentioned, is also the effect of violent compression, and that is the juxtaposition of crumpled and uncrumpled beds ; arising from the interstratification of beds of different degrees of rigidity and capacity of resistance, and with different consequent modes of yielding to the tremendous compressing force. As we have said, the distorted fossils have

   29—2

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 354

   As the companion tells it

   Cork is a city the road passes through, and in the limestone here, fossils have been found that are bent out of shape. The same thing turns up near Carrigaline, near Ardmore Head just over the border in Waterford, and near the Old Head of Kinsale. These are creatures that once lived and died, then lay in the rock, and something enormous pressed on them. They were squeezed in one direction and stretched out at right angles to it, so their forms are no longer what they were. Professor Haughton took careful measurements of the fossils and worked out from them how much they had been distorted. He showed that if a round ball had sat where one of these fossils sat, it would have been pressed nearly flat, its thickness less than half its width. He compared it to a barm-brack, round and broad, but thin. At Ardmore Head the proportion was 1 to 2.426, and at Carrigaline 1 to 2.144. The Old Head of Kinsale showed much the same distortion, but the fossils there, called Posidonia Becheri, were too misshapen to measure as precisely. At that same place, another effect of the pressure can be seen: beds of rock lie crumpled alongside beds that are not. This came about because some layers were stiffer than others and resisted the force differently, each giving way in its own manner when the tremendous compression bore down on them.

5. Dolomite transformation of limestone around Cork city

   Cork · city · Cork

   Masses of Carboniferous limestone around the city of Cork have been converted into dolomite or magnesian limestone, often obliterating stratification. The transformation appears to have been caused by seawater containing sulphate of magnesia, with dykes conforming either to perpendicular master-joints or to bed divisions.

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   The Carboniferous Limestone Proper. — We may disregard any subdivisions in this formation as such appear to be only of local application. The rock is generally a palish grey compact limestone, though sometimes it is dark in colour (it is some¬ times variegated, as mentioned below under useful products). It was evidently formed from the debris of corals and crinoids. Irregular nodules of black chert, or Lydian stone, occur therein, in various parts of this district, as elsewhere. Sometimes, as around the city of Cork, masses of this rock have been converted into dolomite, or magnesian limestone. In such cases the stratification is often quite obliterated. The transformation seems to have been caused by the action of sea water contain¬ ing sulphate of magnesia. Sometimes, as pointed out by Professor Harkness, the dykes of dolomite conform to certain perpendicular master-joints (the same phenomenon was noticed by the Geological Surveyors on the east of Kanturk and of Mallow). Sometimes, where the stratification is distinct, the dykes conform to it, as though in one case, the dolomitising water obtained access along the joints, and in the other, along the bed divisions, according to whichever happened, at any place, to afford the easier passage. Since lime can be dissolved by rain water, and by streams composed thereof, charged with carbonic acid derived from the atmosphere, limestone rock is liable to a special mode of denudation, besides the kinds of mechanical denudation which affect all sorts of rock. By this are produced the numerous caves and underground stream courses which occur in the limestone rocks of this and other districts. I here is a cave, for instance, near Cloyne (which was named from the circumstance Cluain-uamha , the meadow

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 347

   As the companion tells it

   Around the city of Cork, the rock beneath your wheels has a story written in stone. The Carboniferous limestone here is generally a pale grey, compact rock, sometimes dark in colour. It was formed from the debris of corals and crinoids. Irregular nodules of black chert, or Lydian stone, occur throughout this district. What makes the limestone around Cork remarkable is that masses of it have been converted into dolomite, or magnesian limestone. When this happened, the stratification, the original layering of the rock, was often quite obliterated. The transformation seems to have been caused by the action of seawater containing sulphate of magnesia. Professor Harkness pointed out that the dykes of dolomite conform to certain perpendicular master-joints. The same phenomenon was noticed by the Geological Surveyors east of Kanturk and east of Mallow. Sometimes, where the stratification is distinct, the dykes conform to it instead, as though the dolomitising water obtained access along whichever afforded the easier passage, the joints or the bed divisions. Since lime can be dissolved by rainwater charged with carbonic acid from the atmosphere, limestone is liable to a special kind of denudation beyond ordinary mechanical wear. This produces the caves and underground stream courses found in the limestone of this district. There is a cave near Cloyne, which gave the place its name, Cluain-uamha, the meadow of the cave.

6. Gallows Hill near Sixmilebridge noted as boggy terrain

   Gallows Hill · street · Kilkenny · 1681

   Dinley observed that Gallows Hill, situated between Limerick and Sixmile-bridge in the county of Thomond, was boggy like other elevated sites in Ireland. This was part of his general description of Ireland's soil as wild, marshy, and boggy.

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   either wood or coale, though not so durable as the latter. Turfe and wood mixed together, as I have seen in Holland, make a most admirable fire. Those which are for the use of the chamber are cutt neat and square like bricks, and of that bi ernes : but those which are used in the offices of the house for the kitchen, bakeing or breading, are cutt in lumps of any shape they can easiest rid them from the bogg, and make the greatest despatch of as to quantity. There is yet resting a very famous wood belonging to ye Earl of Stafford, called ]. The scullogues, in digging for turfe, find large whole trees of oak, elme, and firr, which two last are rarely seen growing in this kingdom. The soyie is generally rude, neglected, woody, shrubby, wild, marshy, boggy, full of large pools, loghs, or meers, and great boggs and ponds are seen upon the very tops of hills and mountain's, as the Galty hill hath a large pond and is boggy, as also is Gallows hill, between Limerick and Sixmile-bridge, in ye county of Thomond, and others.”

   The temperature is thus described : —

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 268

   As the companion tells it

   In 1681, Dinley described Gallows Hill as boggy. He placed it between Limerick and Sixmile-bridge, in the county of Thomond. He noted that great bogs and ponds are seen upon the very tops of hills and mountains in Ireland, and this was one of them. The Galty hill also had a large pond and was boggy, and others too. The soil throughout the country he called rude, neglected, woody, shrubby, wild, marshy, and boggy, full of large pools, loghs, or meers. Dinley wrote about the turf cut from the bogs. Turf and wood mixed together, as he had seen in Holland, made what he called "a most admirable fire." Turf meant for the chamber was cut neat and square, like bricks. Turf for the offices of the house, for the kitchen, baking or breading, was cut in lumps of any shape they could easiest rid them from the bog. The scullogues, in digging for turf, found large whole trees of oak, elm, and fir. Elm and fir, he said, are rarely seen growing in this kingdom.

7. Glacial evidence on promontory north of Bantry Bay

   Bantry · town · Cork

   Glacial observations on the promontory northward of Bantry Bay show evidence comparable to other sites in the region. The phenomena are explained in a similar manner to glacial scorings found elsewhere.

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   that observed on the promontory northward of Bantry Bay, and evidently to be explained in a similar manner. It is interesting to find that, at the lakes of Inchigeelagh, the scorings run west to east, still pointing backwards to the centre of dis¬ persion. Some limestone, lately stripped of its covering of clay, etc., about a mile west of the city of Cork, was found by Professor Harkness to be beautifully glaciated about west to east. It is probable that in that neighbourhood the normal direction was towards south of east, and that the ice, being there in the bottom of a well-defined valley running in a direction not differing much from its would-be course, has been somewhat deflected thereby. Blocks of Misliells greenstone (already mentioned, near Bantry, see map) have been carried southerly and easterly towards Innishannon, etc.

   We have no information, and therefore no direct knowledge, concerning the glaciation of east Cork ; this, however, is pretty certain that it was not swept by ice from Kerry, but from Limerick, though not starting therefrom. We shall not now go into the evidence for this, which is chiefly to be obtained outside of this county ; we shall only mention what appears within north Cork, though it is hardly sufficient by itself to prove the point. But this requires that another effect of the great ice flows be mentioned first.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 365

   As the companion tells it

   As you come through Bantry, the promontory north of Bantry Bay shows glacial markings comparable to other sites in the region, explained in a similar manner. At the lakes of Inchigeelagh, the scorings run west to east, still pointing backwards to the centre of dispersion. Some limestone lately stripped of its clay covering about a mile west of the city of Cork was found by Professor Harkness to be beautifully glaciated, also about west to east. It is probable that the normal direction there was towards south of east, and the ice, being in the bottom of a well-defined valley running in a direction not differing much from its would-be course, was somewhat deflected. Blocks of Misliells greenstone, near Bantry, were carried southerly and easterly towards Innishannon. There is no direct knowledge concerning the glaciation of east Cork, but it was not swept by ice from Kerry, rather from Limerick, though not starting therefrom. The evidence for this is chiefly found outside this county. What appears within north Cork is hardly sufficient by itself to prove the point. Another effect of the great ice flows must be mentioned first.

8. Great corn scarcity across Ireland

   Cork · city · Cork · 1308

   There was so great a scarcity of corn in Ireland that a crannock of corn sold for two shillings and upwards, indicating severe food shortage in this period.

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   “ There was so great a scarcity of corn this year in Ireland, that an erane of corn sold for 2 s. and upwards.

   “ Tnis year William Roche was killed in Dublin by 3 an arrow, which, say the annals, an Irish Highlander shot at him.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 114

   As the companion tells it

   As the road takes you through Cork, this was a city that knew hunger in 1308. There was so great a scarcity of corn across Ireland that an erane of corn sold for 2 shillings and upwards.

9. Internecine warfare devastates Bandon, 1691

   Bandon · town · Cork · 1691

   Bandon was among the towns that suffered during the internecine warfare of early 1691, as the country was desolated once more and no man was likely to put in seed.

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   The early part of the year 1691 was spent in internicine warfare, which was of little advantage to either party, while it served to desolate the country once more. Fermoy, Bandon, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery — all suffered, and no man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest.

   There was a general forfeiture of estates, as usual, after each civil war. The Earl of Clancarty was the heaviest sufferer, but the Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers, and Sarsfields were subjected to severe confiscation.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 305

   As the companion tells it

   Early in 1691, this town was caught in a wasting conflict. The warfare between rival factions brought no advantage to either side but served only to desolate the country once more. Bandon suffered alongside Fermoy, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery. With so little prospect of a peaceful harvest, no man was likely to put in seed. After each civil war came the usual general forfeiture of estates. The Earl of Clancarty was the heaviest sufferer. The Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers, and Sarsfields all faced severe confiscation.

10. Internecine warfare devastates Clonakilty, 1691

    Clonakilty · town · Cork · 1691

    Clonakilty suffered during the internecine warfare of early 1691, as the country was desolated once more and agricultural prospects were bleak.

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    The early part of the year 1691 was spent in internicine warfare, which was of little advantage to either party, while it served to desolate the country once more. Fermoy, Bandon, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery — all suffered, and no man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest.

    There was a general forfeiture of estates, as usual, after each civil war. The Earl of Clancarty was the heaviest sufferer, but the Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers, and Sarsfields were subjected to severe confiscation.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 305

    As the companion tells it

    You are coming through Clonakilty now, in County Cork. In the early part of 1691 this town suffered along with Fermoy, Bandon and Rosscarbery during internecine warfare that desolated the country once more. No man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest. Afterward there was a general forfeiture of estates, as usual after each civil war. The Earl of Clancarty was the heaviest sufferer, but the Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers and Sarsfields all faced severe confiscation.

11. Internecine warfare devastates Rosscarbery, 1691

    Ross Carbery · town · Cork · 1691

    Rosscarbery was among the towns that suffered during the internecine warfare of early 1691, with no prospect of a peaceful harvest.

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    The early part of the year 1691 was spent in internicine warfare, which was of little advantage to either party, while it served to desolate the country once more. Fermoy, Bandon, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery — all suffered, and no man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest.

    There was a general forfeiture of estates, as usual, after each civil war. The Earl of Clancarty was the heaviest sufferer, but the Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers, and Sarsfields were subjected to severe confiscation.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 305

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Ross Carbery in Cork, the town carries an old wound from 1691. In the early part of that year, internecine warfare swept through this place along with Fermoy, Bandon, and Clonakilty, desolating the country once more. No man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest. After each civil war came a general forfeiture of estates, and here the heaviest sufferer was the Earl of Clancarty, though the Coppingers, Galways, Barrys, Goolds, Driscolls, Roches, Mac Carthys, Nangles, Meaghers, and Sarsfields all faced severe confiscation.

12. Kanturk place-name derived from the wild boar

    Kanturk · town · Cork

    Kanturk (Ceanntuirc) takes its name from the Irish for the head or kill of the boar, indicating that wild boars were hunted in the area with adventurous spears. The place-name preserves the memory of this ancient practice.

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    Kanturk ( Ceanntuirc ), the land or kill of the boar, have been out of reach of adventurous spears ; and the “fish full” rivers and lakes of Lein would afford a sufficient variety of daily fare.

    In one of the many domestic laws of ancient Erinn there is a law deciding the provision to be supplied to the aged, which gives us some idea of the ordinary food. Three items of maintenance were allowed by the law — maintenance in food, maintenance in attendance, and maintenance in milk. For maintenance in food, half a bairghin , or cake of wheaten meal, with salt and a vessel of sour milk ; for attendance, his body to be washed every twentieth night, and his head every Saturday ; for milk, one milch cow every month throughout the year.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 29

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Kanturk takes its name from the Irish Ceanntuirc, meaning the land or kill of the boar. Wild boars once roamed this part of Cork, and the name preserves the memory of a time when they were hunted with what the old record calls adventurous spears. The rivers and lakes around here were known for being full of fish, which along with the boar gave the people of ancient Erinn plenty to live on. The old laws of the time laid out what the aged were owed. They were to receive food, attendance, and milk. For food, half a cake of wheaten meal with salt and a vessel of sour milk. For attendance, their body washed every twentieth night and their head every Saturday. For milk, one milch cow every month of the year.

13. Lismore retained for government of Waterford

    Lismore · town · Waterford

    Henry II's charter specifies that the river running between Lismore and Cork, and the whole land from that river to Waterford together with the city of Lismore, shall remain in the king's hands for the government of Waterford.

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    pleasure, and as long as they shall serve me faithfully. I, more¬ over, by this my charter, give, grant, and confirm to them and their heirs, all the kingdom of Cork, except the said city, and the before mentioned cantred, which I retain in my own hands. To hold to them and their heirs, of me and of my son John, and our heirs, by an exact division towards the Cape of Saint Brandon on the sea coast, and towards Limerick and other parts, and as far as the water near Lismore, which runs between Lismore and Cork, and fall into the sea, by the service of sixty knights to be performed thereout to me and my son John, and our heirs ; the service of thirty knights, to be per¬ formed by the said Robert, and his heirs ; and the service of thirty knights, by the said Milo, and his heirs. Wherefore, I will, and strictly command, that the said Robert and Milo shall have and hold the government of the said city and cantred, in a manner as it is before mentioned, and that they and their heirs shall have and hold all the kingdom aforesaid, except the city and cantred (which I retain in my own hands) from me and my son J ohn, and our heirs, by an exact division, as above described, well and peaceably, freely and quietly, entirely, fully, and honourably, in wood and in plain, in meadows and pastures, in waters and mills, in warrens, ponds and fishings, in ways and paths, and in all other places and things belonging thereto, with all their liberties and free customs, so that from the aforesaid river that runs between Lismore and Cork, the whole land as far as Waterford, together with the city of Lismore, shall remain in my hands for the government of Waterford.

    “ Witnesses p es mt : — John, Bishop of Norwich ; Adam, Bishop of St. Asaph, and Augustine, Bishop of Waterford ; Richard de Lucy, William Fitz Alden, my sudor ; Hugh de Lacy, Hugh de Burid, Roger Fitz Kemsey, Maurice de Prendergast, Robert Dene, Robert Fitz Eliode, Jeoflrey Poer, Harvey de Monteand Marisco, at Oxford.”

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 108

    As the companion tells it

    Lismore sits along the road through Waterford, a town whose place in the old charters of the kings of England shaped the map around it. King Henry the Second, by his charter, gave and confirmed the kingdom of Cork to two men, Robert and Milo, and to their heirs. He granted it to hold of him and of his son John, and their heirs, by an exact division running toward the Cape of Saint Brandon on the sea coast, toward Limerick and other parts, and as far as the water near Lismore, the river that runs between Lismore and Cork and falls into the sea. The service owed was sixty knights. Robert and his heirs owed thirty, and Milo and his heirs owed thirty. But Henry kept certain things back. He retained the city of Cork and a cantred in his own hands. And he laid down that from the river running between Lismore and Cork, the whole land as far as Waterford, together with the city of Lismore, should remain in his hands for the government of Waterford. So Lismore and the land stretching from its river toward Waterford were held by the king, not by Robert or Milo. The grant to Robert and Milo was to hold well and peaceably, freely and quietly, in wood and plain, in meadows and pastures, in waters and mills, in warrens, ponds and fishings, in ways and paths, and in all other places and things belonging thereto, with all their liberties and free customs. The charter was witnessed at Oxford. Among the witnesses were John, Bishop of Norwich, Adam, Bishop of Saint Asaph, and Augustine, Bishop of Waterford, along with Richard de Lucy, William Fitz Alden, Hugh de Lacy, Hugh de Burid, Roger Fitz Kemsey, Maurice de Prendergast, Robert Dene, Robert Fitz Eliode, Geoffrey Poer, and Harvey de Monte Marisco.

14. Low customs revenue in Cork, Youghal and Kinsale

    Cork · city · Cork · 1610

    In 1610, the customs of Ireland were very small in Cork, amounting to only £255 11s. 7d. over seven years, £70 in Youghal, and just £18 12s. 3d. in Kinsale.

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    city of Cork. They only amounted in seven years to ,£255 ns. 7d., to .£70 in Youghal, and but £18 12s. 3d. in Kinsale. The Lord Davers was, in November this year, made Lord President of Munster, in the room of Sir Henry Beecher, deceased.

    a.d. 1611. ££ Sir Richard Morison, Vice-President of- Munster,

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 278

    As the companion tells it

    Cork in 1610 saw very small customs revenue. Over seven years, the customs came to only £255 11s. 7d. In Youghal the figure was £70, and in Kinsale just £18 12s. 3d. That November, Lord Davers was made Lord President of Munster, replacing Sir Henry Beecher, who had died.

15. O'Donoghue of Glenflesk

    near Glenflesk · population centre · Kerry · 1567

    The O'Donogliue Glanlisk, associated with Glenflesk, is recorded as commanding six horsemen and two hundred kerne. This entry appears in a contemporary assessment of the military power of Irish lords in Munster.

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    “ O’Donogliue Glanlisk [Glenflesk] will be vi. horsemenne

    and cc. kerne.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    Glenflesk in Kerry was the country of the O'Donoghue. In 1567, a military assessment of Munster lords recorded that O'Donoghue of Glenflesk commanded six horsemen and 200 kerne.

16. Priest's Leap road col shows ice marks from Kerry side

    Priest's Leap · pass · Kerry

    About five miles east of the tunnel, the ice left marks running from the Kerry side up the valley leading to a col about 1,480 feet high traversed by the Priest's Leap road. The scoring flood left strongly-marked traces across the mountain ridge dividing Cork from Kerry over a distance of seventeen miles.

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    of the ice nan be traced backwards, not only to the col pierced by the tunnel between Glengariff and Kenmare, but down the valley beyond, where the scorings will be seen running uphili towards Glengariff. About five miles eastward of the tunnel, the ice has left its marks running from the Kerry side up the valley leading to the col , about i ,480 feet high, traversed by the Priest’s Leap road. Similar instances can be found eise where. The scoring flood has left its strongly-marked traces running across the crest of this mountain ridge dividing Cork from Kerry, in many places, from the col at the head of the Coomhola valley to near Kilmakilloge harbour, a distance of seventeen miles, and no doubt, for a greater length. Its groovings are well seen on the top of the hill, 1,393 feet high, just beside the above-mentioned tunnel, on the east. This place is easily accessible, and any one standing there will see in a moment that the rock-scoring agent did not start from the hills above Glengariff. The glaciating flood has completely submerged the ridge, of which we have been speaking, at least within the limits mentioned ; it has swept over the southern Knockbwee, 2,321 feet in height, the most elevated point of that ridge, having left its marks in four places east and south¬ east of the summit, and only ninety feet below it. It has also overflowed Knockowen, 2,169 feet, near Kilmakilloge harbour (that is to say during its greatest development ; for afterwards the mountains there sent down their own ice northwestwards into Kilmakilloge harbour) ; and there is no reason to doubt its having submerged the head of Slieve Daid, or Hungry Hill, 2,251 feet high, near Adragole. We have not been on the summit to ascertain this ; but we have seen its scorings on the spur, running towards Adragole harbour, which shew that it flowed across that spur, close past the mountain itself. (I he indications of enormous depths of land ice afforded by the above phenomena accord with what we find in the striking y glaciated district of west Galway and Mayo, m North A ales, in Cumbria, and in Scotland.) The ice which entered the upper part of Bantry Bay proceeded to cross the bay, as we see from its traces cm the east side of Glengariff harbour ; on Whiddy Island, and near Dunnamark (one mile north of Bantry). Some of it even turned, as at the head of the bay to flow inland towards N.E. We find that at Ardnagashel it had already turned somewhat, but by the time it reached Snave it got round into the direction mentioned ; this deflection, how¬ ever was only local, and caused by the general shape of the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 363

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Priest's Leap, the rocks carry the marks of ice that passed this way long ago. About 5 miles east of the tunnel between Glengariff and Kenmare, the ice left its marks running from the Kerry side up the valley, leading to a col about 1,480 feet high, traversed by the Priest's Leap road. The scoring flood left strongly-marked traces running across the crest of this mountain ridge dividing Cork from Kerry, in many places, from the col at the head of the Coomhola valley to near Kilmakilloge harbour, a distance of 17 miles, and no doubt for a greater length. The glaciating flood completely submerged the ridge. It swept over the southern Knockbwee, 2,321 feet in height, the most elevated point of that ridge, leaving its marks in 4 places east and south-east of the summit, only 90 feet below it. It overflowed Knockowen, 2,169 feet, near Kilmakilloge harbour. During its greatest development, the mountains there afterwards sent down their own ice north-westwards into Kilmakilloge harbour. There is no reason to doubt it submerged the head of Slieve Daid, or Hungry Hill, 2,251 feet high, near Adragole. The scorings were seen on the spur running towards Adragole harbour, showing that the ice flowed across that spur, close past the mountain itself. The indications of enormous depths of land ice accord with what is found in the glaciated districts of west Galway and Mayo, in North Wales, in Cumbria, and in Scotland.

17. Religious demographics of Cork families 1732

    Cork · city · Cork · 1732–1733

    A return by the hearth money collectors in 1732 showed 2,569 Protestant families and 5,398 Roman Catholic families in Cork city, indicating a Catholic majority.

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    “February 2, 1732. — According to a return made by the hearth money collectors in this and the following year, there were in the city of Cork 2569 Protestants and 5398 Roman Catholic families.

    “December 26, 1740. — The corn market was built.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, in 1732 the hearth money collectors counted the families here. They found 2,569 Protestant families and 5,398 Roman Catholic families. Catholics were the majority in the city at that time.

18. Roscommon chosen as start of Defective Titles Commission

    Roscommon · town · Roscommon · 1634

    Wentworth determined to invalidate the title to every estate in Connaught, setting lawyers to hunt out old claims for the crown. Roscommon was selected as the specific starting point for the sheriffs' proceedings under the Commission.

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    The process was extremely simple. The lawyers were set to work to hunt out old claims for the crown ; and as Went¬ worth had determined to invalidate the title to every estate in Connaught, they had abundant occupation. Roscommon

    was selected for a commencement. The sheriffs were directed

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 285

    As the companion tells it

    Roscommon town, in 1634, was where it began. Wentworth had decided to invalidate the title to every estate in Connaught. The process was simple. Lawyers were set to hunt out old claims for the crown, and Roscommon was selected for a commencement. The sheriffs were directed to proceed.

19. Scriptorium at Cloyne

    Cloyne · town · Cork

    Cloyne is named alongside Cork and Ross as having had a monastic scriptorium where Scriptures and works of civilization were copied with remarkable precision by early Irish monks.

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    The devotion of Irish monks to the preservation and re¬ duplication of the Holy Scriptures, and every work known at the time that could benefit civilization, is too well known to need more than a passing observation. No doubt Cork, Cloyne, and Ross had their scriptoriums, where such works were carried out to a degree of perfection scarcely attainable even in the present day.

    While one monk laboured for the diffusion of literature with the pen or the pencil, another toiled in the field or the morass, fulfilling the Divine precept of labouring for the general good. At certain horns of the day and night they lifted up pure hands and hearts to Heaven, praying for the spiritual good of those for whose temporal good they spent

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 89

    As the companion tells it

    Cloyne, in Cork, was one of the monastic towns where early Irish monks kept a scriptorium. Cork and Ross had them too. There the Holy Scriptures were copied, and every work known at the time that could benefit civilization. The work was carried out to a degree of perfection scarcely attainable even in the present day. While one monk laboured with pen or pencil for the diffusion of literature, another toiled in the field or the morass, fulfilling the Divine precept of labouring for the general good. At certain hours of the day and night they lifted up pure hands and hearts to Heaven, praying for the spiritual good of those for whose temporal good they spent themselves.

20. Shandon Castle fired on, Lady Carew takes refuge

    near Shandon · locality · Cork · 1600–1603

    During a period of Catholic reprisals against Protestant rule in Cork, armed citizens fired on Shandon Castle where Lady Carew had taken refuge, likely in revenge for the cruel exactions of her husband, the late lord president.

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    They fired on Shandon castle, where Lady Carew had taken

    refuge, no doubt, in revenge of the cruel exactions of her

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 277

    As the companion tells it

    Shandon, outside Cork. During a time of Catholic reprisals against Protestant rule, armed citizens fired on the castle here, where Lady Carew had taken refuge, likely in revenge for the cruel exactions of her husband, the late lord president.

21. Sir John Desmond's camp at Gort-na-Tiobrad

    Springfield · street · Limerick · 1579

    Sir John Desmond encamped at Gort-na-Tiobrad, now known as Springfield, in County Limerick. From this position he defeated the lord justice and slew three of his captains.

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    Sir John Desmond had encamped at Slieve Lougher, and at Gort-na- Tiobrad , now Springfield, in the county of Lime¬ rick : he defeated the W iustice, and slew three of his

    captains.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 211

    As the companion tells it

    A military camp, Gort-na-Tiobrad, known now as Springfield in County Limerick. Sir John Desmond encamped there in 1579, defeated the lord justice, and slew three of his captains.

22. St. Rooane's Day in O'Sullivan's Country

    Bear · electoral division · Cork

    In all of the O'Sullivan's country, St. Rooane's Day was observed as a holiday. This reflects the persistence of local Catholic traditions in the region.

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    from Bantry, by the sea-side, are the ruins of an abbey which belonged to the Franciscans. I don’t hear that there were any other religious houses besides this in the baronies of Beer and Bantry. Humphrey Sullivan is Popish priest of this parish, and of Kilcroghan ; he has been here about twelve years. All the inhabitants are Papists. No Papists are allowed to live within the walls of Bandon. The Earl of Cork, in his leases, has obliged all the tenants not to admit Papists. In the parish of Skull there are about four Protestant families, and about four hundred Papist families. Daniel Carthy is Popish priest of the eastern part of this parish ; he has been here ever since before the late troubles. No glebe in this parish, no registry - book, nor Bible, nor Common Prayer-book. In Kilmoe there are the ruins of a chapel at the west-end of the town dedicated to St. Mullagh. The church of Kilmoe is dedicated to St. Briana, alias Brandon, whese festival is observed. In this parish there are about nine Protestant families, and two hundred Papist. Teige Coghlan is Popish priest of Kilmoe, and of the western part of Skull. He has been here about eight years. A young Irishman, a Papist, teaches school about the middle of the parish. In all the O’Sullivan’s country they observe as a holiday St. Rooane’s Day. At Kinneigh a high round tower stands in the south-west corner of the churchyard. ’Tis sup¬ posed this church was formerly a cathedral. A stone is in the south-west corner of the church of Kinneigh counted very sacred, which the Irish solemnly swear upon. The church is accounted by the Irish very sacred. There is a tradition that formerly in this churchyard there was a well that had great medicinal virtues, and that the concourse of people being very chargeable to the inhabitants, they stopped it up.

    Yet the Catholic had to support both their own clergy and and the Protestant ministers — an injustice of the very gravest kind, and this not only in a general way, but as the Cork Grand Jury presentments show, fees were exacted from the Catholics for every domestic occurrence.4

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 313

    As the companion tells it

    Through this part of Bear, the old ways held. A history of the city and county of Cork records that in all of the O'Sullivan's country, they observed as a holiday St. Rooane's Day. The people here kept to their Catholic traditions, and the book makes clear how thoroughly the region remained so. Near Bantry, by the sea-side, stand the ruins of an abbey that belonged to the Franciscans. The writer notes no other religious houses besides this in the baronies of Beer and Bantry. Humphrey Sullivan was the Popish priest of that parish and of Kilcroghan, and had been there about twelve years. All the inhabitants were Papists. The surrounding parishes tell a similar story. In Skull, about four Protestant families and about four hundred Papist families. Daniel Carthy was the Popish priest of the eastern part of that parish, there since before the late troubles. In Kilmoe, about nine Protestant families and two hundred Papist. The church of Kilmoe is dedicated to St. Briana, alias Brandon, whose festival is observed. Teige Coghlan was the Popish priest of Kilmoe and the western part of Skull, there about eight years. A young Irishman, a Papist, taught school about the middle of the parish. Yet the Catholics had to support both their own clergy and the Protestant ministers. The book calls this an injustice of the gravest kind. As the Cork Grand Jury presentments show, fees were exacted from the Catholics for every domestic occurrence.

23. William Lyon appointed Vicar of Naas

    Naas · town · Kildare · 1573

    William Lyon, a native of Chester and a favourite of Queen Elizabeth who later became Protestant bishop of Cork, was appointed Vicar of Naas in 1573.

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    “ On Friday 12th August, 1580, about four o’clock in the morning, Lord Arthur Grey de Wilton, arrived at Howth ; and on Wednesday, the 7th of September, was, by virtue of Queen Elizabeth’s Letters Patent, which were solemnly read by Nicholas White, Master of the Rolls, sworn Lord Deputy in St. Patrick’s Church, before the Lord Justice Pelham, the peers and counsellers of the state. Grey was a ruthless Puritan^ and the Queen sent him to Ireland ‘ to dissolve the spell of Rome or in plain phase, to compel the Irish to accept the doctrines of the so-called Reformation. Pelham had not succeeded in effecting this ; and it occurred to her Majesty that Grey’s swordsmen might achieve what his predecessor s ranting preachers were not able to realise. In Greys suit were three remarkable men— Spenser, the poet, his Excellency’s Secretary ; Sir Walter Raleigh, statesman, soldier, navigator, poet, and philosopher ; and William Lyon, a native of Chester, who, in 1573; was made Vicar of Naas, and, four years after¬ wards, obtained dispensation ‘ to hold the same, with any other benefice, for life, and leave to live in England, and transport the profits of his vicarage into that kingdom. A special favourite of the Queen was this Lyon : for, one month before Grey landed, her Majesty advanced him to the Vicarage of Bodenstown, in the county of Kildare ; and when the new deputy was sworn, caused him to be appointed chaplain to his

    Excellency.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 167

    As the companion tells it

    Naas is a town the road passes through. In 1573, a man named William Lyon, a native of Chester, was made Vicar of Naas. Four years afterwards, he obtained dispensation to hold the same, with any other benefice, for life, and leave to live in England, and transport the profits of his vicarage into that kingdom. He was a special favourite of Queen Elizabeth. In Grey's suit were three remarkable men: Spenser the poet, his Excellency's Secretary; Sir Walter Raleigh, statesman, soldier, navigator, poet, and philosopher; and William Lyon. Lord Arthur Grey de Wilton arrived at Howth on Friday the 12th of August 1580, about four o'clock in the morning. On Wednesday the 7th of September, he was sworn Lord Deputy in St. Patrick's Church, by virtue of Queen Elizabeth's Letters Patent, which were solemnly read by Nicholas White, Master of the Rolls, before Lord Justice Pelham, the peers and counsellers of the state. Grey was a ruthless Puritan. The Queen sent him to Ireland, in the words of the source, "to dissolve the spell of Rome," or in plain phrase, to compel the Irish to accept the doctrines of the so-called Reformation. Pelham had not succeeded in effecting this. One month before Grey landed, the Queen advanced Lyon to the Vicarage of Bodenstown, in the county of Kildare. And when the new deputy was sworn, she caused him to be appointed chaplain to his Excellency.

24. Abbots of Rosscarbery died, 824 and 850

    Ross Carbery · town · Cork · 824–850

    The annals record the death of Conmmach, son of Saerghus, Abbot of Rosailithir (Rosscarbery) in 824, and the death of Condith, Abbot of Rosscarbery, in 850. Rosscarbery was an important early monastic site in Cork.

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    In the year 824, Conmmach, son of Saerghus, Abbot of Rosailithir ,4 died. Under the year 850 we find the death of Condith , Abbot of Rosailithir, and of Toobhasaeh, son of Maelindhin, Abbot of Cill-mor-Cinnech.3

    Under the year 837 the Chromcum Scot or urn enters terrible ravages effected by the Danes : —

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 58

    As the companion tells it

    You are coming through Ross Carbery in Cork. The annals record two abbots of this early monastic site dying in the 9th century. Conmmach, son of Saerghus, Abbot of Rosailithir, died in 824. Condith, Abbot of Rosailithir, died in 850.

25. Awbeg river and the ford of Assolas

    Awbeg · street · Cork

    The Awbeg river lies three miles east of Kanturk. A ford on it called Assolas, meaning the ford of the light, gave its name to a townland where a light was kept to guide travellers. Athsolais bridge crosses the Buingea river four miles from Macroom.

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    Awbeg, a river, three miles east of ICanturk. A ford on this river, Assolas, has given name to the townland, Assolas Ath-solais, the ford of the light, i.e.t where a light was kept to guide the traveller. Athsolais bridge crosses the Buingea river, four miles from Macroom.

    Aghacross, a parish, the ford of the cross, took its name probably from some cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 390

    As the companion tells it

    This is the Awbeg river, three miles east of Kanturk. A ford called Assolas gave its name to the townland. Assolas means the ford of the light, where a light was kept to guide the traveller. Athsolais bridge crosses the Buingea river, four miles from Macroom. Aghacross parish, the ford of the cross, took its name probably from a cross erected by Saint Molaga to mark a ford.

26. Bere Island and Berehaven harbour

    near Bear Island · island or archipelago · Cork

    Bere Island stands near the mouth of Bantry Bay and is rocky and coarse, about six miles long and one and a half broad. Its position near the western shore forms the capacious and sheltered harbour of Berehaven.

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    Ban try will always be remembered as the scene of the famous landing of the French in 1 796. Bantry Bay is about 21 miles in length measuring down to Sheeps Head, its breadth from two miles and a half to five miles , and its shores are considerably varied and broken in their outlines. The principal islands are Bere and Whiddy. . The former stands near the mouth of the Bay. Its surface is rocky anc coarse, its length about six miles, and its breadth about one and a half, and, lying near the western shore forms the capa¬ cious and sheltered harbour of Berehaven. Whiddy Island is near the town, and presents a fertile surface. It is about three miles and a half in length, from one mile to a mi e an a quarter in breadth, and has about 450 inhabitants. Wind y contains the forts erected for the protection of the Bay, and an old castle of the O’Sullivans.

    Buttevant. — It derived its present name from the war-cry of the Barrys— “ Boutez en avanC Its ancient name was Rilnamullagh. The peasantry of the locality understand Kilnamullagh to mean the “ Church of the Curse (malUuht) in connection with which they relate a strange legend; but the explanation is erroneous, and the legend an invention ot later times. In the year 1 2 5 1 the Four Masters, m recordm

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 393

    As the companion tells it

    This is Bere Island, standing near the mouth of Bantry Bay. The bay runs about 21 miles down to Sheep's Head, its breadth varying from two and a half miles to five. The principal islands in the bay are this one and Whiddy. The surface here is rocky and coarse. Its length is about six miles, and its breadth about one and a half. Lying near the western shore, the island forms the capacious and sheltered harbour of Berehaven. Whiddy Island sits nearer the town of Bantry and presents a more fertile surface. Whiddy is about three and a half miles long, from one mile to a mile and a quarter in breadth, and has about 450 inhabitants. Whiddy also contains the forts erected for the protection of the bay, and an old castle of the O'Sullivans. The rocky and coarse surface of this island, lying where it does near the western shore, is what forms the sheltered waters between it and that coast.

27. Cape Clear's maritime significance for transatlantic navigation

    Cape Clear · electoral division · Cork

    Cape Clear, described as the extreme southern point of County Cork, is noted as well known for its importance to vessels sailing towards or returning from New York. The text also identifies it as the termination of a promontory that has been considerably cut up into islands.

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    fHE county of Cork is the largest in Ireland. Its greatest length (from Dursey Head to Youghal) is 110 miles; its greatest width, measured at right angles (from the Mullaghareirk Mountains to Dunowen Head), is 58 miles ; its area is 2,700 square miles. It constitutes the southern end of Ireland. Cape Clear, the extreme point, is well known as important to vessels sailing towards, or returning from, New York.

    Of the system of parallel promontories in the S.W. of Ireland, stretching towards the W.S.W., four of the heads or capes lie within this county, viz. — Dursey Head, Muntervary or Sheep’s Head, Mizen Head, and Cape Clear (the last is the termination of what is really a promontory, which has been a good deal cut up into islands). These parallel promontories, with their intervening bays, are part of a system of parallel ridge and valley conformation which extends the whole length of this county and outside it, towards the N.E. The prin¬ cipal of the valleys are traceable inland, even on an unshaded geographical map, by the courses of the rivers Blackwater, Bride, Lee, and the Bandon river. The ridge and valley lines are not quite straight ; whereas in the western part of , the district they run, as above mentioned, W.S.W. and E.N.E., they curve gradually as we follow them eastward, until about Cork, Fermoy, and Youghal, they attain a W. and E. direction. This parallel shaping, though it gives an interesting general unity to the geographical conformation of the surface, is not in the least incompatible with equally interesting concomitant variety of that surface, on which depends the beautiful and diversified scenery of this county.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 338

    As the companion tells it

    Cape Clear is the extreme southern point of County Cork, and it is well known for one thing above others. Ships sailing towards or returning from New York have passed it, marked it, relied on it. That is what the old record says, plainly. County Cork itself is the largest county in Ireland. Its greatest length, from Dursey Head to Youghal, is 110 miles. Its greatest width, measured at right angles from the Mullagareirk Mountains to Dunowen Head, is 58 miles. Its area is 2,700 square miles. It constitutes the southern end of Ireland, and Cape Clear is the extreme point of that end. The cape is one of four heads or capes that lie within this county, the others being Dursey Head, Muntervary or Sheep's Head, and Mizen Head. All of them belong to a system of parallel promontories in the southwest of Ireland, stretching towards the west-southwest. Cape Clear is the termination of what is really a promontory, one that has been a good deal cut up into islands. These promontories, with their intervening bays, are part of a system of parallel ridge and valley conformation extending the whole length of the county and beyond it towards the northeast. The principal valleys are traceable inland by the courses of the rivers Blackwater, Bride, Lee, and the Bandon river. The ridge and valley lines are not quite straight. In the western part of the district they run west-southwest and east-northeast, but they curve gradually eastward until, about Cork, Fermoy, and Youghal, they attain a west and east direction.

28. Carrignavar, MacCarthy stronghold

    Carrignavar · town · Cork

    Carrignavar was one of the strongholds of the Mac Carthys. Its Irish name Carraig-na-Chfear means 'the rock of the men.'

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    Carrignavar, one of the strongholds of the Mac Carthys. In Irish Carraig-na-Chfear , the rock of the men.

    Cloyne, an abridgment of the ancient name Cluain-uamha, the meadow of the cave, a place and name of great antiquity. Archdall gives but very brief notice of this site, an evidence if it were needed of how utterly Irish antiquities had been neglected until a comparatively recent period, but this de¬ ficiency has been amply compensated by the Right Rev. Dr. Moran in his magnificent edition of Archdall.1

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 420

    As the companion tells it

    Carrignavar was one of the strongholds of the Mac Carthys. Its Irish name, Carraig-na-Chfear, means the rock of the men. A place whose name carries the weight of something older than memory, a stone tied to people who held it as their own.

29. Castle of Dunloe erected by Maurice Fitzgerald

    Dunloe · electoral division · Kerry · 1215

    The castle of Dunloe in Kerry was erected by Maurice, son of Thomas Fitzgerald, during the English castle-building period.

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    The castle of Dunloe, in Kerry, by Maurice, son of Thomas Fitzgerald.

    The castle of Killforgla (Killorglin), aud the castle of the Mang (Castlemaine), in Kerry, by the same Maurice.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

    As the companion tells it

    Dunloe in Kerry is where Maurice, son of Thomas Fitzgerald, erected a castle. This was during the English castle-building period, around 1215. The same Maurice built two other castles in Kerry, one at Killorglin and one at Castlemaine.

30. Castle of Muinter Bhaire in Kilcrohane parish

    Kilcrohane · townland · Cork · 1215

    The castle of Muinter Bhaire, located in Kilcrohane parish, was erected by Mac Cuddihy during the period of English castle-building following the war between Dermot of Dundrouan and his brother Cormac Finn.

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    The castle of Muinter Bhaire, in Kilcrohane parish, erected by Mac Cuddihy.

    The castle of Dun na mbarc (Dunamarc) and Ard Tuilighthe, by Carew.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here stands the castle of Muinter Bhaire. Mac Cuddihy erected it in 1215, during the wave of English castle-building that followed the war between Dermot of Dundrouan and his brother Cormac Finn.

31. Castles of Killorglin and Castlemaine by Maurice Fitzgerald

    Killorglin · town · Kerry · 1215

    The castle of Killforgla (Killorglin) and the castle of the Mang (Castlemaine) in Kerry were both erected by the same Maurice Fitzgerald.

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    The castle of Killforgla (Killorglin), aud the castle of the Mang (Castlemaine), in Kerry, by the same Maurice.

    The castles of Maylahiff, of Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), of Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and of Curreens (now Currans), by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

    As the companion tells it

    Killorglin is a place the road passes through or near. In 1215 the castle of Killorglin stood here, and the castle of Castlemaine, the Mang, stood in Kerry too. Both were put up by the same Maurice Fitzgerald. His son raised the castles of Maylahiff, Callanafersy, Cloonmealane, and Currans.

32. Clonakilty corporation settles its government

    Clonakilty · town · Cork · 1605

    In 1605, the corporation of Clonakilty began to settle its future form of government alongside other Munster towns.

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    1605. ££ The city of Cork and its liberties were separated from the county of Cork, and made a distinct county. The same year the corporations of Bandon, Cloughnakilty, &c., began to settle their future form of government.

    1606. “ The Lord Kinsale obtained letters of leave and recom¬ mendations to the king from the lords justices and council. Among other particulars, they inform his Majesty that he had given good testimony* of his loyalty to the crown in the service at Kinsale, besides several other acts of fidelity and forward¬ ness at other times, both in civil and martial affairs ; upon which he obtained an annual pension of ^133 6s. 8d. from King James I.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 278

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Clonakilty, this is a town whose corporation was beginning to take shape in 1605. That year, the corporation of Clonakilty, as the old record spells it, Cloughnakilty, began to settle its future form of government. It did so alongside the corporation of Bandon, and other Munster towns, in the same year that the city of Cork and its liberties were separated from the county of Cork and made a distinct county.

33. Coal Measures tableland with Mullaghareirk and Mount Eagle

    near Mullaghareirk Mountains · mountain or mountain range · Cork

    The Coal Measures formation in County Cork creates a tableland with a well-defined escarpment, rising into undulating moorlands with eminences approaching the heights of Mullaghareirk (1,341 feet) and Mount Eagle (1,417 feet).

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    This formation makes a table land, with a well-defined escapement running all round it ; in the middle parts of its area it rises into monotonous undulating hilly moorlands, with many eminences approaching 1,341 feet, the height of Mullaghareirk, and 1,417 feet, the height of Mount Eagle. There are many parallel folds in this formation running E.N.E. and W.S.W., many of which are not perceptible on the map ; others, however, are so. The three arms or promontories which run out to Mallow, Buttevant, and Charleville, are, as might be anticipated, synclinal troughs. An anticlinal fold runs between the last two to Castleisland, in Kerry ; its course being marked by the limestone peeping up from beneath at Meelin and Taur ; another runs in the same direction from Kanturk into Kerry, whose course is similarly indicated, though outside of our county.

    There are many characteristic fossils found in this formation within this district ; but, as with other formations, we shall not take up space by giving lists ; particularly as there is no special interest in the fossils (as compared with those of other Coal Measure localities), as is the case, for instance, in Kilkenny. We shall merely note that sea shells are sometimes found in the lower shales and land plants in the upper parts of the series.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 351

    As the companion tells it

    The Mullaghareirk Mountains rise from a tableland shaped by the Coal Measures formation in County Cork. The formation makes a tableland with a well-defined escarpment running all round it. Across its middle, it rises into undulating hilly moorlands, with eminences approaching 1,341 feet, the height of Mullaghareirk, and 1,417 feet, the height of Mount Eagle. Many parallel folds run through this formation, east-north-east and west-south-west, and many of them are not perceptible on the map. Three promontories run out to Mallow, Buttevant, and Charleville, each a synclinal trough. An anticlinal fold runs between Buttevant and Charleville to Castleisland in Kerry, its course marked by limestone coming up from beneath at Meelin and Taur. Another runs in the same direction from Kanturk into Kerry. The formation holds characteristic fossils. Sea shells appear in the lower shales and land plants in the upper parts of the series. The fossils carry no special interest compared with other Coal Measure localities, as in Kilkenny.

34. Death of the abbot of Cluccwinamha near Cloyne, 821

    Cloyne · town · Cork · 821

    In 821 the Four Masters record the death of Cucuech, Abbot of Cluccwinamha, identified as 'the Lawn or Meadow of the Cave' near Cloyne, Co. Cork, and of Forbhasach, successor of Bairre of Cork.

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    Under the year 820 the Four Masters enter “ the plundering of Inis-Doimhle of Corcach by the Gentiles.” Under the year 821 they enter the death of Cucuech , Abbot of Cluccwinamha? and of Forbhasach, successor of Bairre of Corcach

    (Cork).

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 57

    As the companion tells it

    Cloyne has an older name tied to it. The Four Masters, under the year 821, record the death of Cucuech, Abbot of Cluccwinamha, the Lawn or Meadow of the Cave near Cloyne. That same year they enter the death of Forbhasach, successor of Bairre of Cork.

35. Deep denudation at Pass of Keimaneigh

    near Keimaneigh · pass · Cork

    The rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh sit 9,800 feet down in the Old Red Sandstone formation, meaning that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them, along with overlying Carboniferous Slate and Coal Measures.

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    But, however we may apportion the work done between the agents, the amount of the denudation effected by them has been enormous. To take a couple of clear and unmistakable instances — the now exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry, or Seven Heads promontory, must have been once covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which, in all probability, lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a p&tch has been left only sixteen miles distant. Again, the rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh are 9,800 feet down in the O.R.S. ; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them ; not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone which must have overlaid that, and the Coal Measures which, in all proba¬ bility, came over all. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain the denudation has been comparatively small ; yet even there it must have been considerable, as we see from the way in w:hich the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident ; although the greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are very gentle ‘undulations compared with the great folds of the strata (Fig. 2) ; and most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges. Sometimes, indeed, a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough of the strata. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel, near Schull, also with Sheehy Mountain, and with Milane Hill, both of which have been already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate (Fig. 4.). This is entirely the result of the denudation having removed the surrounding country which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent; and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place ; otherwise we may be led to form great mis¬ conceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Keimaneigh, the rocks at the north end of the pass lie 9,800 feet down in the Old Red Sandstone formation. That is the depth of their own formation that has been removed from above them. And on top of that Old Red Sandstone, there once lay Carboniferous Slate or Limestone, and over that again, in all probability, the Coal Measures. All of it is gone now, stripped away by denudation. The book gives another clear instance of the same thing. At Courtmacsherry, or the Seven Heads promontory, the now exposed Old Red Sandstone must once have been covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, and over that probably lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a patch has been left only 16 miles distant. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain, the denudation has been comparatively small. Yet even there it must have been considerable, as the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident. The greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches, and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are gentle undulations compared with the great folds of the strata beneath. Sometimes a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel near Schull, and with Sheehy Mountain and Milane Hill. Their upper parts are composed of Carboniferous Slate, and they stand high because the denudation removed the surrounding country that once rose higher on each side. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent, and this often gives them an advantage in resisting it. It is necessary, the book says, to realize the large amount of denudation that has taken place, otherwise we may form great misconceptions about the rocks.

36. Earl of Cork governor of Lough Foyle

    near Lough Foyle · estuary · Derry · 1614

    In 1614, the Earl of Cork was appointed governor of Lough Foyle for life by letters patent, with an annual allowance of £365.

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    allowance, was made for this province : — To the Earl of Cork, as governor of Loughfoil during his life, by letters patent, ^365 per annum ; the provost martial of Munster, £ 102 1 3s. 1 d. sterling per annum ; the late Earl of Desmond’s three sisters had each £ 50 per annum ; the constable of Halbowlin, is. 2d per diem ; two commissionrs at 3s. 4c!. each per diem.

    1616. “ Sir Oliver St. John, lord president of Munster, was made lord deputy of Ireland, Donough O’Brien, Earl of Thomond, having been appointed, 6th of May, 1615, lord president in his room.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 279

    As the companion tells it

    Lough Foyle is the estuary you pass through or near here. In 1614, the Earl of Cork was appointed governor of Lough Foyle for life, by letters patent, with an allowance of £365 per annum. That is what the record gives: a title held for the rest of his days, and a yearly sum paid out for the keeping of this water. The same passage lists other provincial appointments, but nothing more is told of the lough itself or of what his governorship amounted to.

37. Fitzgerald memorial slab in Buttevant

    Buttevant · town · Cork · 1721–1726

    A slab in the south gable of the transept at Buttevant friary bears an inscription praying for the soul of Maurice Fitzgerald of Castleishen of the house of Desmond, who died 16 September 1726, and his wife Dame Helena Butler who died in 1721.

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    In the south gable of the transept is a slab with the in¬ scription : ‘ Pray for the soul of Maurice Fitzgerald, Esq.,

    of Castleishen, of the house of Desmond, who died the 16th day of September, in the year 1726 ; and Dame Helena Butler, his wife, of the house of Ormond, who died in the year 1721, whose bodies are deposited in this vault along

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 394

    As the companion tells it

    In Buttevant, a slab in the friary's south gable carries an inscription. It asks you to pray for the soul of Maurice Fitzgerald of Castleishen, of the house of Desmond, who died the 16th of September, 1726, and his wife Dame Helena Butler, of the house of Ormond, who died in 1721. Their bodies lie in a vault beneath.

38. Floods damage bridges across county Cork (1764)

    Cork · city · Cork · 1764

    A grant of £4,000 was made to members of the county and boroughs of Cork for re-building and repairing bridges destroyed or damaged by extraordinary floods in the county.

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    “,£4,000 was granted to the members of the county, city, and of the several boroughs in the county of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied towards re-building and repairing the bridges which were destroyed or damaged by the late ex¬ traordinary floods in the county.

    “ An act was passed, whereby, after reciting the act passed in 1761 for building bridges from Prince’s-street to Lavitt s Island, and from said island to the Red Abbey marsh ; and, also, reciting that it had been found that it would be more useful to the inhabitants of Cork that a draw-bridge, or portcullis, should be made in the place, where the former was appointed to be built, the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork were empowered to take down said bridge, and to build in the place of it a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge ; and, also, to build a stone bridge of three arches in the place where the portcullis bridge had been appointed to be built by said act of 1761, namely, from Lavitt’s Island to the Red Abbey marsh.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

    As the companion tells it

    Cork, in 1764, was recovering from extraordinary floods that had destroyed or damaged bridges across the county. A grant of £4,000 was made to the members of the county, the city, and the several boroughs of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied toward re-building and repairing what the floodwaters had broken. An act was passed that looked back to an earlier act from 1761, which had provided for building bridges from Prince's Street to Lavitt's Island, and from that island to the Red Abbey marsh. It had since been found that it would be more useful to the inhabitants of Cork if a draw-bridge, or portcullis, were made in the place where the former bridge had been appointed to be built. The mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork were empowered to take down the earlier bridge and build in its place a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge. They were also empowered to build a stone bridge of three arches from Lavitt's Island to the Red Abbey marsh, where the portcullis bridge had been appointed under the act of 1761.

39. Galway granite boulders near Carrigtohill

    Carrigtohill · town · Cork

    Blocks of Galway granite have been found in many parts of County Cork, carried southward by floating ice during submergence. The farthest south examples occur four miles north of Carrigtohill, near Midleton.

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    just north of Cork, near New Glanmire, near Midleton, and beyond Ballinacurra, near Castlemartyr, near Youghal, and m man3' other places. These gravels often contain an ad¬ mixture of far transported materials, such as we do not find in the boulder clay, fragments of sea shells, oysters, etc., have 066H found in tins drift m this county by Mr. F. M. Jennino’s and by Mr. A. B. Wynne. In other parts of Ireland a con¬ siderable number of marine shells have been obtained in this formation. Mr. Du Noyer found gravel and sand at the height of 2,050 feet on Mullaghanish. Mountain, nine miles N.AV. by W. of Maeroom, giving evidence of the great depth of the submergence in the sea (there is evidence of a similar subsidence in north Wales). In some places, but not yet in Ireland, Arctic shells have been found in these gravels. It seems to have been chiefly during the latter part of this sub¬ mergence that the far- transported boulders were carried about, these are often found lying on mounds of gravel and sand; which circumstances proves that they were left there after the submergence had begun, and also that they must have been borne thither by floating ice. Any rush of water strong enough to leave, often very large, blocks on a mound of gravel, would have swept away the gravel before moving the block. A great many blocks of Galway granite have been found in many parts of this county, as far south as four miles north of Carrigtohill, near Midleton. Chalk flints may be found on the east side of Youghal Bay, not only on the shore but in the cliffs of drift, also in Ballycotton Bay. They have been found also on the shore of Inisherkin and Inishodriscol and the N.E. part of Roaring Water Bay. Mr. Wyley, who found them there, thought they might possibly have been brought by vessels in ballast. The nearest chalk with flints that we know of is in Antrim, in N.E. Ireland.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 367

    As the companion tells it

    Carrigtohill is a town the road passes through in County Cork. Long before anyone travelled this road, the land here lay beneath the sea. During that submergence, floating ice carried rocks far from where they began. Blocks of Galway granite have turned up in many parts of this county, carried southward. The farthest south examples lie four miles north of here, near Midleton. The gravels across this county often hold far-travelled material that the boulder clay does not. Fragments of sea shells and oysters were found in this drift by Mr. F. M. Jennings and by Mr. A. B. Wynne. Mr. Du Noyer found gravel and sand at 2,050 feet on Mullaghanish Mountain, nine miles northwest of Macroom, evidence of how deep the submergence reached. These far-transported boulders often sit on mounds of gravel and sand. That tells us they were left there after the submergence had begun, borne by floating ice. Any rush of water strong enough to leave large blocks on a mound of gravel would have swept the gravel away before moving the block. So the ice, not water, set them down. Chalk flints also appear on the east side of Youghal Bay, on the shore and in the cliffs of drift, and in Ballycotton Bay. Mr. Wyley found them on the shore of Inisherkin and Inishodriscol and the northeast part of Roaring Water Bay, and thought they might have come as ballast in vessels. The nearest chalk with flints lies in Antrim, in northeast Ireland.

40. General chapter of Franciscan order held at Cork monastery

    Cork · city · Cork · 1291

    A general chapter of the Franciscan order was held at the Cork monastery in 1291, indicating its importance within the order in Ireland.

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    “ 1291. — A general chapter of the order was held here.

    “ I29 3- — King Edward I. granted to the Friars minor of Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Drogheda, an annual pension of thirty-five marks. Several liberates for the payment of this pension remain on record.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 415

    As the companion tells it

    Cork had a Franciscan monastery of real standing. In 1291 the order held a general chapter there, a gathering that mattered. Two years later, King Edward the First granted the Friars Minor of Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Limerick, and Drogheda an annual pension of 35 marks. Records of those payments survive.

41. Geological sections at the Pass of Keimaneigh

    near Keimaneigh · pass · Cork

    The Pass of Keimaneigh, west of the Lakes of Inchigeelagh, displays the greatest observable thickness of Old Red Sandstone in the country. Sections near the southern part of the pass give 9,800 feet of strata, while three miles westward a continuous section gives 8,700 feet, with the bottom unseen in both cases.

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    thereon ; that neighbourhood, therefore, will not enable us to estimate the total thickness of the O.R.S., although exhibiting its base. The greatest thickness that can be made out in this country is displayed in the neighbourhood of the well-known Pass of Keimaneigh, W. of the Lakes of Inckigeela. Sections about the southern part of the Pass give a thickness of 9,800 feet, and about three miles westward thereof a very continuous section gives 8,700 feet of strata; the bottom not being seen in either case. Of these sections about 800 feet is to be given to the Upper Old Red. Thicknesses of 11,000 or 12,000 and 13,000 feet occur in Kerry.

    The traps, or igneous rocks, in this formation in Cork, are of small extent, but of great interest. At Cod’s Head there are beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive green¬ stone ; the beds average 120 feet in thickness. We have the same again on the N. side of Dursey Island. About Crow Head there are intrusive dykes of the same rock. (The neigh¬ bouring Bere Island traps are mentioned in the next section.) The summit of the hill Carrigcleenamore, seven miles S. of Mallow, is composed of greenstone ash. (Contemporaneous beds of trap are flows of ancient volcanic rock poured out on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur ; they are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. Intrusive dykes of trap have been injected among the rocks in which they occur ; they are, therefore, of some age later than that of those rocks. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived either from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both ; this is, of course, contemporaneous with the strata among which it me curs.)

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 343

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Keimaneigh, the ground beneath holds the greatest thickness of Old Red Sandstone that can be made out in this country. The pass lies west of the Lakes of Inchigeelagh. Near the southern part of the pass, sections give a thickness of 9,800 feet of strata. Three miles westward, a very continuous section gives 8,700 feet. In neither case is the bottom seen, so the full depth remains unknown. About 800 feet of these sections is to be given to the Upper Old Red. Greater thicknesses occur in Kerry, where sections reach 11,000, 12,000, or 13,000 feet, but in this country the display at the pass is the greatest. The traps, or igneous rocks, in this formation in Cork are of small extent but of great interest. They include beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive greenstone, the beds averaging 120 feet in thickness. Contemporaneous beds of trap are flows of ancient volcanic rock poured out on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur. They are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. Intrusive dykes of trap have been injected among the rocks in which they occur, and are therefore of some later age. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both, and is contemporaneous with the strata among which it occurs.

42. Great limestone valley inversion from Killarney to Mallow

    Mallow · town · Cork

    A major geological inversion extends about 45 miles from the middle lake at Killarney along a limestone valley to beyond Mallow, possibly reaching near Fermoy. Nearly 15,000 feet of rock, including all Carboniferous Limestone, has been slightly inverted on the north side of this great anticlinal.

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    have already referred. The character of the folding shows that the disturbance was not produced by pressures ol upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches as some might suppose on first thoughts. The distances of t le axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relatively to tne reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth s crust ; and it would be impossible that forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could produce a corrugation, on such a comparatively small scale, in such a crust, not to men¬ tion the difficulty of imagining how such forces could arise. Moreover, the foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlinais must be actually doubled up together (kig. 2) ; and besides some of the folds have been pushed over, until the beds at one side have been inverted (Fig. 3) ; neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. We may here mention some of the inversions which have been ascertained ; there are, doubtless, many, the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of what we may call the Cape Clear anticlinal the rocks dip the wrong way, viz,, to N.N.W., from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles ; but this inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still ; since a little beyond, and inland of, Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone ; the intermediate part of the inversion being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay, etc. Also along the south side (again) of the Mizen Head anticlinal the Carboniferous Slate dips under the O.R.S., the inversion of the rocks extending for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen (Fig. 3). An inversion on a much larger scale extends from the middle lake at Killarney, along the limestone valley, m rked on the map, to beyond Mallow, a distance of about 45 miles ; it is supposed that it may reach even to near Fermoy. Scarcely less than 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted ; in this case it is the north side of the great anticlinal which has been overturned. (We may mention that there is an apparent inversion on the south side of Dingle bay, in Kerry, this being again on the north side of a great anticlinal, which is, probably, a different one from that just mentioned ; the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 353

    As the companion tells it

    Mallow sits along a limestone valley that holds a story written in stone. A great geological inversion runs through this valley, stretching about 45 miles from the middle lake at Killarney to beyond Mallow, and it may reach even to near Fermoy. Nearly 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted. It is the north side of the great anticlinal that has been overturned. The character of the folding tells geologists something about how this happened. The disturbance was not produced by pressures of upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches. The distances between the axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relative to the presumed minimum thickness of the earth's crust. Forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could not produce corrugation on such a small scale in such a crust. The foldings are generally violent, shown by the steep dips of the strata. Sometimes they are so violent that beds along the medial lines of the anticlinals must be actually doubled up together. Some folds have been pushed over until the beds at one side have been inverted. Neither of these effects could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. The rocks here, in other words, were turned on their side by pressures that came not straight up but sideways, crushing and overturning thousands of feet of limestone along this valley.

43. Horizontal compression of rocks at Carrigaline

    Carrigaline · town · Cork

    The rocks at Carrigaline show significant horizontal compression, with steep cleavage planes that are sometimes vertical and generally dip north. This geological distortion provides evidence of the massive compressing forces that shaped the county of Cork.

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    not only been compressed, in one direction, but elongated in others; we, therefore, cannot conclude from the above pro¬ portions that those fossils, and the containing rocks have been condensed to less than half their original volume. Still we may form some idea of the horizontal compression of the rocks at Carrigaline, for instance, which is within our district, and where the ellipsoid of distortion is accurately one of revo¬ lution. If the materials of the Carrigaline slates were absolutely incapable of further condensation , though squeez¬ able, it is easy to calculate that, in their case, the polar axis of the ellipsoid would have been shortened from 1 to 0.601, and the equatorial diameter lengthened from 1 to 1.290. But, doubtless, there must have been some conden¬ sation, and this would make the actual shortening of the polar axis greater, and the lengthening of the equatorial diameter less, than these proportions. The cleavage planes are very steep in the Carrigaline district, sometimes vertical and generally dipping north ; if we take the mean dip at 750 we shall be within the mark. Allowing for this, the horizontal compression of the slates has been from 1 to less than 0.623. When we combine these considerations with that of the generally so great sharpness of the _ folding of the beds and their usually so steep inclination, we may safely conclude that the rock formations, whose present surface is called the county of Cork, have been thrust together in the horizontal direction of W. of N., and E. of S., in some places, into one-third of their original breadth ; though, perhaps, on the whole, into not less than one-half. The rocks on which the town of Kanturk rests, and those which form the end of the Old Head of Kin sale are now 45 miles distant ; but before the compressing force came into action, they were, in all probability 90 miles apart.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 355

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Carrigaline gives its name to a striking piece of geological evidence. The slates here have been squeezed horizontally, compressed by forces that shaped the whole county of Cork. The book describes how fossils in these rocks were compressed in one direction and elongated in others, so the rocks were not simply condensed to half their original volume. Here the ellipsoid of distortion is accurately one of revolution. If the slate materials could be squeezed but not further condensed, the polar axis would have been shortened from 1 to 0.601, and the equatorial diameter lengthened from 1 to 1.290. But there must have been some condensation, which would make the actual shortening greater and the lengthening less. The cleavage planes in this district are very steep. They are sometimes vertical and generally dip north. Taking the mean dip at 75 degrees, the horizontal compression of the slates has been from 1 to less than 0.623. Combined with the sharpness of the folding and the steep inclination of the beds, the conclusion is that the rock formations of Cork have been thrust together horizontally, west of north and east of south. In some places they were squeezed into one-third of their original breadth, though on the whole not less than one-half. The rocks beneath Kanturk and those at the Old Head of Kinsale are now 45 miles apart. Before the compressing force acted, they were probably 90 miles apart.

44. John, fourteenth Earl, buried at Tralee convent church

    Tralee · town · Kerry · 1536

    John, the fourteenth Earl of Desmond, was an aged religious brother of the Convent of Tralee who succeeded to the title after his son Maurice Dubh killed James. He died around Christmas Day 1536 and was buried in the same church at Tralee.

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    “ 1536, John, fourteenth earl, an aged man, and a religious brother of the Convent of Tralee, when his son, Maurice Dubh , killed his grandnephew, James, the thirteenth earl, whereupon,

    DESMOND FAMILY.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    Tralee in Kerry. In 1536, John, the fourteenth Earl of Desmond, was an aged man and a religious brother of the Convent of Tralee. His son Maurice Dubh killed his grandnephew James, the thirteenth earl. John succeeded to the title, and died around Christmas Day 1536. He was buried in the convent church at Tralee.

45. North and South Chapels built in Cork 1729

    Cork · city · Cork · 1729

    On February 2nd, 1729, the North and South Chapels in Cork were built; the South Chapel was afterwards destroyed by fire.

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    “February 2nd, 1729. — The North and South Chapels were built, the latter was afterwards burnt.

    “ An act was passed for cleansing and deepening the har¬ bours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, there's a note from February 2nd, 1729. The North and South Chapels were built here on that date. The South Chapel was afterwards burnt. That same year, an act was passed for cleansing and deepening the harbours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each.

46. Old Red Sandstone denudation at Courtmacsherry

    Courtmacsherry · town · Cork

    The exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry and the Seven Heads promontory was once covered by at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures. A patch of Coal Measures remains only sixteen miles distant.

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    But, however we may apportion the work done between the agents, the amount of the denudation effected by them has been enormous. To take a couple of clear and unmistakable instances — the now exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry, or Seven Heads promontory, must have been once covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which, in all probability, lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a p&tch has been left only sixteen miles distant. Again, the rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh are 9,800 feet down in the O.R.S. ; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them ; not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone which must have overlaid that, and the Coal Measures which, in all proba¬ bility, came over all. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain the denudation has been comparatively small ; yet even there it must have been considerable, as we see from the way in w:hich the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident ; although the greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are very gentle ‘undulations compared with the great folds of the strata (Fig. 2) ; and most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges. Sometimes, indeed, a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough of the strata. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel, near Schull, also with Sheehy Mountain, and with Milane Hill, both of which have been already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate (Fig. 4.). This is entirely the result of the denudation having removed the surrounding country which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent; and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place ; otherwise we may be led to form great mis¬ conceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up near Courtmacsherry. The Old Red Sandstone you can see exposed here, or at the Seven Heads promontory, once lay buried under at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate. Over that slate, in all probability, sat a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a patch survives only sixteen miles distant. Whatever the work done by the agents, the amount of denudation has been enormous. Consider the scale of what is missing. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident. The greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches, the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are gentle undulations compared with the great folds of the strata. Most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges at all. Sometimes a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel near Schull, and with Sheehy Mountain and Milane Hill, both already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate. This is entirely the result of denudation having removed the surrounding country, which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent, and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place; otherwise, as the book says, we may be led to form great misconceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks.

47. Portcullis bridge authorised at Lavitt's Island

    Cork · city · Cork

    An act empowered the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork to replace the bridge from Prince's Street to Lavitt's Island with a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge. A stone bridge of three arches was also authorised from Lavitt's Island to the Red Abbey Marsh.

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    “ An act was passed, whereby, after reciting the act passed in 1761 for building bridges from Prince’s-street to Lavitt s Island, and from said island to the Red Abbey marsh ; and, also, reciting that it had been found that it would be more useful to the inhabitants of Cork that a draw-bridge, or portcullis, should be made in the place, where the former was appointed to be built, the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork were empowered to take down said bridge, and to build in the place of it a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge ; and, also, to build a stone bridge of three arches in the place where the portcullis bridge had been appointed to be built by said act of 1761, namely, from Lavitt’s Island to the Red Abbey marsh.

    “September 19? 17^5* — The Post-office was removed from Bruce-street, on Dunscombe’s-marsh, to Watergate -lane, (or Hanover street), near Christ Church, in the house of Mr. Loane, the post-master.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

    As the companion tells it

    Cork grew around its bridges, and the law kept changing them. An earlier act from 1761 had set bridges running from Prince's Street to Lavitt's Island, and from that island on to the Red Abbey marsh. But the inhabitants of Cork found the first bridge would be more useful built a different way. So a new act was passed. It recited the old one, then empowered the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork to take down the bridge they had been told to build and put up a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge, in its place. The act also authorised a stone bridge of three arches from Lavitt's Island to the Red Abbey marsh, where the portcullis bridge had originally been appointed. So the island sat between two crossings, one a portcullis that could swing or draw, the other built solid in stone with three arches spanning the wet ground toward the marsh.

48. Rare Nightshade on Great Island

    near Great Island · townland · Cork

    Solanum nigrum was recently found in considerable quantity and apparently wild on a barren islet at the back of Great Island. The plant was discovered by the Reverend T. Allin.

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    Solanum nigrum — Recently found in considerable quantity, and apparently wild, in a barren islet at the back of the Great Island, by the Rev. T. Allin

    S. Dulcamara — Very scarce, but still to be found near Midleton. (Rev. T. Allin.)

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 381

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Great Island, a plant called Solanum nigrum, the nightshade, was found growing in considerable quantity, apparently wild, on a barren islet. The Reverend T. Allin made the discovery.

49. Red deer and wild goat on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney

    Mangerton · townland · Kerry

    In ancient times red deer abounded on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney, alongside wild goats. These animals would have been hunted by tribal assemblies gathered in the region.

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    How the vast assembly fared as to food is a difficult question. Probably many tribes brought their flocks with them, pastoral fashion ; and probably they did not disdain to eat as well as to hunt the mathghamhain , or brown bear of North Europe, which with the wolf (un allaidh) remained until a late period. The red deer too (Jiadh ruadh) — it may be a degenerate species of the famous Irish elk — would have been found in abundance on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney, where the wild goat (galkar) would also abound.

    The wild boar (tore fiadhain) would not be far to seek, as the name of Tore7 mountain at Killarney indicates; nor would

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 29

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, the red deer once abounded on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney, alongside the wild goat. Great tribal assemblies gathered in this region, and how they fed themselves is a question the old records puzzle over. They likely brought their flocks with them, pastoral fashion. They hunted, and probably ate, the brown bear and the wolf, both of which survived until a late period. The red deer, perhaps a degenerate species of the famous Irish elk, would have been found in abundance on these mountains. The wild goat abounded here too. The wild boar was not far to seek either, as the name of Tore mountain at Killarney indicates.

50. Restoration of Gill Abbey in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    Bishop Giolla-Aedha O Muidhin restored the Church and Abbey in Cork, which became known as Gill Abbey after him, a name preserved to the present day.

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    virginity and wisdom.” His name is mentioned in the list of bishops who attended the Synod of Kells, A.D., 1152. Amongst other good works he restored the Church and Abbey at Cork, which from him was called Gill Abbey , and which name is still preserved.

    The annals of the Four Masters have the following entry under 1172 -.—Giolla- A edha O’Muidhin (of the family of Erren of Lough Con), Bishop of Cork, died. He was a man full of the Grace of God, the tower of the virginity and wisdom of his time.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 97

    As the companion tells it

    Cork holds the memory of Gill Abbey. Bishop Giolla-Aedha O Muidhin restored the Church and Abbey here, and from him it took the name Gill Abbey, which is still preserved. He attended the Synod of Kells in 1152. The annals of the Four Masters record his death in 1172, calling him a man full of the Grace of God, "the tower of the virginity and wisdom of his time." He was of the family of Erren of Lough Con, and he served as Bishop of Cork.

51. William Lyon granted Vicarage of Bodenstown

    Bodenstown · townland · Kildare · 1580

    In 1580, a month before Lord Grey landed in Ireland, Queen Elizabeth advanced William Lyon to the Vicarage of Bodenstown in County Kildare.

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    “ On Friday 12th August, 1580, about four o’clock in the morning, Lord Arthur Grey de Wilton, arrived at Howth ; and on Wednesday, the 7th of September, was, by virtue of Queen Elizabeth’s Letters Patent, which were solemnly read by Nicholas White, Master of the Rolls, sworn Lord Deputy in St. Patrick’s Church, before the Lord Justice Pelham, the peers and counsellers of the state. Grey was a ruthless Puritan^ and the Queen sent him to Ireland ‘ to dissolve the spell of Rome or in plain phase, to compel the Irish to accept the doctrines of the so-called Reformation. Pelham had not succeeded in effecting this ; and it occurred to her Majesty that Grey’s swordsmen might achieve what his predecessor s ranting preachers were not able to realise. In Greys suit were three remarkable men— Spenser, the poet, his Excellency’s Secretary ; Sir Walter Raleigh, statesman, soldier, navigator, poet, and philosopher ; and William Lyon, a native of Chester, who, in 1573; was made Vicar of Naas, and, four years after¬ wards, obtained dispensation ‘ to hold the same, with any other benefice, for life, and leave to live in England, and transport the profits of his vicarage into that kingdom. A special favourite of the Queen was this Lyon : for, one month before Grey landed, her Majesty advanced him to the Vicarage of Bodenstown, in the county of Kildare ; and when the new deputy was sworn, caused him to be appointed chaplain to his

    Excellency.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 167

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Bodenstown, a vicarage was granted to a man named William Lyon. He was a native of Chester, and a special favourite of Queen Elizabeth. In 1573 he was made Vicar of Naas. Four years later, he obtained dispensation to hold that benefice along with any other for life, and leave to live in England, and to transport the profits of his vicarage into that kingdom. Then, in 1580, one month before Lord Arthur Grey de Wilton landed in Ireland, the Queen advanced Lyon to the Vicarage of Bodenstown in County Kildare. Grey arrived at Howth on Friday the 12th of August, 1580, about four o'clock in the morning. He was a ruthless Puritan, and the Queen sent him to Ireland, in the words of the source, "to dissolve the spell of Rome," or to compel the Irish to accept the doctrines of the Reformation. His predecessor Pelham had not succeeded in this, and it occurred to her Majesty that Grey's swordsmen might achieve what ranting preachers could not. In Grey's suit were three remarkable men: Spenser the poet, his Excellency's Secretary; Sir Walter Raleigh, statesman, soldier, navigator, poet, and philosopher; and William Lyon. When the new deputy was sworn in St. Patrick's Church before Lord Justice Pelham, the peers and counsellers of the state, the Queen caused Lyon to be appointed chaplain to his Excellency.

52. Aghacross parish and St. Molaga's cross

    Aghacross · townland · Cork

    Aghacross is a parish whose name means the ford of the cross, probably taken from a cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

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    Aghacross, a parish, the ford of the cross, took its name probably from some cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

    “ Aglishcormick, a parish — the church of the sloe bushes. Mr. Joyce says : — Another term for a church is eaglais [aglish] derived in common with the Welsh eccluis, the Cornish eglos, and the Armoric ylis, from the Latin ecclesia. This term was applied to a great many churches in Ireland ; for we have a considerable number of parishes and townlands called Aglish and English, the former being more common in

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 390

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is Aghacross, a parish whose name means the ford of the cross. It probably took that name from a cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

53. Earl of Cork admitted as freeman of Cork city

    Cork · city · Cork · 1624

    In 1624, Richard, Earl of Cork, was admitted and sworn as a freeman of the city of Cork.

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    1624. “ Richard, Earl of Cork, was this year admitted and sworn a freeman of the city of Cork. On the 5th of Sep¬ tember, died Donough, Earl of Thomond, Lord President of Munster ; and the Lord Falkland issued out a commission, September 7th, to Henry, Earl of Thomond, the Earl of Desmond, the Earl of Cork, Lord Esmond, or any two of them, for the better government of this province during the vacancy of the presidentship, which was supplied by the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 279

    As the companion tells it

    This road brings you through Cork, a city with old ties to power. In 1624, Richard, Earl of Cork, was admitted and sworn a freeman of the city. That same year, on the 5th of September, Donough, Earl of Thomond, Lord President of Munster, died. Two days later, on September 7th, Lord Falkland issued a commission to Henry, Earl of Thomond, the Earl of Desmond, the Earl of Cork, and Lord Esmond, or any two of them, to govern the province until the presidentship was filled.

54. Act to rebuild bridge at Cappoquin (1764)

    Cappoquin · town · Waterford · 1764

    An act was passed in 1764 for re-building the bridge over the Blackwater at Cappoquin. The lord lieutenant and council were empowered to raise up to £6,000 from the counties of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary, and the cities of Waterford and Cork.

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    September 29. — An act was passed this year for re-building the bridge over the Blackwater, at Cappoquin, towards defray¬ ing the expenses of which, the lord lieutenant and council were empowered to raise any sum not exceeding /6000, out of the counties of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary, and the counties of the cities of Waterford and Coik.

    “,£4,000 was granted to the members of the county, city, and of the several boroughs in the county of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied towards re-building and repairing the bridges which were destroyed or damaged by the late ex¬ traordinary floods in the county.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

    As the companion tells it

    Cappoquin sits along the Blackwater. In 1764, an act was passed for re-building the bridge over the river. The lord lieutenant and council were empowered to raise any sum not exceeding £6,000, drawn from the counties of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary, and the counties of the cities of Waterford and Cork. £4,000 was granted to the members of the county, city, and of the several boroughs in the county of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied towards re-building and repairing the bridges which were destroyed or damaged by the late extraordinary floods in the county.

55. Carriganas Castle, O'Sullivan stronghold near Bantry

    Carriganass · townland · Cork

    Carriganas Castle, located about four miles from Bantry on the road to Inchigeelagh, was once a stronghold of the O'Sullivan family. The castle is named after a nearby cascade on the Ouvane River.

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    Carriganas Castle, about four miles from Bantry, on the road to Inckigeela, once a stronghold of the O’Sullivans.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 419

    As the companion tells it

    Close to Carriganass, there is a castle that stood about four miles from Bantry, on the road to Inchigeelagh. It was once a stronghold of the O'Sullivans, and it took its name from a cascade on the Ouvane River.

56. Castles of Maylahiff, Callanafersy, Cloonmealane and Currans

    Currans · parish · Kerry · 1215

    The castles of Maylahiff, Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and Curreens (now Currans) were erected by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

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    The castles of Maylahiff, of Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), of Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and of Curreens (now Currans), by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

    The castle of Arlioch, by Boche.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

    As the companion tells it

    The parish of Currans once held four castles, raised in 1215 by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald. They were Maylahiff, Callanafersy, Cloonmealane, and Curreens, the last giving its name to the parish you pass through now.

57. Hell Hole puffing hole at Baltimore harbour entrance

    Baltimore · town · Cork

    A puffing hole called Hell Hole is located on the east side of the south entrance to Baltimore harbour, through which waves send jets of spray skyward.

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    ridges, as fast as the limestone of the valley was lowered by the atmosphere. The river Lee affords a similar instance. Instead of following the limestone valley on to Castlemartyr, etc., it leaves that valley at Passage and cuts across two sand¬ stone ridges to reach the open sea. There are some other, though less striking, cases, all of which are capable of the same explanation, which depends upon the principle tha*t the shapes of the ground in this district have been chiefly wrought by the atmosphere. To this we may add that the present work of the sea on the coast of Cork is quite different from anything to be seen inland. A careful consideration of the conformation of a mountain district, such as that of west Cork, seems to lead unavoidably to thq conclusion that its shapes have not been . wrought by the sea. Even the bays of the present coast have not been formed by that agent ; they are the submerged lower ends of pre-existing valleys which run some distance inland. The sea, by its more powerful action on the exposed headlands, is escarping them into precipices, i.e., wearing them away, leaving the inner parts of the bays but slightly affected, in comparison ; it is, therefore, tending to obliterate the bays. How could the ocean waves, by their own violence, work out a recess which shall be sheltered from that violence ? How could a “ Statio bene jida cannis ” result from the destructive action of the sea itself \ We are not slighting the tremendous force of the Atlantic waves on this coast, but only pointing out that they have their own peculiar work, which seems to be escarping higher ground into precipices and eroding lower ground into creeks, cooses, and channels. In some instances the effects of sea action, even within the historical period, are made very evident ; as in the case of Duneen Ca3tle, near Rosscarbery, half of which, with the rock on which it stood, has been, in course of time, swept away; a similar case is presented by Dunanore Castle, on Cape Clear Island. The narrow far-projecting Old Head of Kinsale has been tunnelled through by the waves, in one place : whence the recess on the eastern side of it is called Holeopen Bay. There are many fine caves on the coast which have been worked out by the sea ; as, for instance, near Rosscarbery. Some of them have puffing holes opening up to the surface of the ground above, through which the waves send jets of spray to a great height, after the manner of Mac Swine’s Gun, in Donegal. There is one of these on the east side of the south entrance of Baltimore harbour, called Hell Hole. There are some great sea caves

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Baltimore in Cork, the harbour here holds a feature the sea has carved. The coast of west Cork tells a story of two forces shaping the ground. The shapes of this mountain district were chiefly wrought by the atmosphere, not by the sea. The bays along the present coast are the submerged lower ends of valleys that once ran inland. The sea did not create them. What the sea does is work on the exposed headlands, escarping them into precipices, wearing them away, while the inner parts of the bays remain but slightly affected. The sea is therefore tending to obliterate the bays. The Atlantic waves have their own peculiar work on this coast, eroding lower ground into creeks, cooses, and channels. The effects are visible even within the historical period. Half of Duneen Castle near Rosscarbery, with the rock it stood on, has been swept away. Dunanore Castle on Cape Clear Island tells a similar story. The Old Head of Kinsale has been tunnelled through by the waves in one place, giving the recess on its eastern side the name Holeopen Bay. Along this coast there are many sea caves the waves have worked out. Some of them have puffing holes opening to the surface above, through which the waves send jets of spray to a great height, after the manner of Mac Swine's Gun in Donegal. One of these sits on the east side of the south entrance to Baltimore harbour, called Hell Hole.

58. Abbot Landey at St. Mary's Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin

    During the reign of Henry VIII, an Abbot named Landey held the monastery of St. Mary's in Dublin, demonstrating the presence of the Landey name in Irish ecclesiastical records.

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    corruption for some other original name. Such errors m names are very frequent in the consistorial entries of Irish bishops : still, two distinct copies of the consistorial acts, the Corsinian and the Vallicellian , retain the present name without variation ; and, what is still more important, the Brief appointing his successor, Dr. Tanner, in 1 5 74, describes the see as then vacant per obitum Nicolai Landes. Moreover, the name Land\ Lwas no novelty in the ecclesiastical records of Ireland in the sixteenth century, an Abbot Landey having held the monastery of St. Mary’s, Dublin, during Henry VIII. ’s reign, as we learn from the first volume of Morrins Records.

    Dr. Edmund Tanner was. next appointed to Cork and Cloyne, by brief of 5th November, 1 574.5

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 178

    As the companion tells it

    The name Landey appears in the ecclesiastical records of sixteenth-century Ireland. During the reign of Henry the Eighth, an Abbot Landey held the monastery of St. Mary's in Dublin. This comes from the first volume of Morrins Records. The name turns up in other church records of the period too, in different forms, but the Dublin connection is the one that matters here. An abbot running a monastery in the city under a king who would soon reshape the Irish church entirely.

59. Ath-Cros-Molaga between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery

    Kildorrery · town · Cork

    The place called Ath-Cros-Molaga, situated between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery in County Cork, is named after St. Molagga. It preserves the saint's memory in its place name.

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    The place called At/i-Cros-Molaga , between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery, Co. Cork, is named after him, and Eidham Malaga was the ancient name for St. Molagga : Church near Marshalstown, Co. Cork.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 49

    As the companion tells it

    Between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery lies a place called Ath-Cros-Molaga, named after St. Molagga. Eidham Malaga was the ancient name for him. A church near Marshalstown, County Cork, also carries his memory. The saint's name survives in the landscape you pass through.

60. Ballylicky ford of the flag-stone

    Ballylicky · townland · Cork

    Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry, is called in Irish Belatha-lice, the ford-mouth of the flag-stone. The name is described as visually appropriate to anyone who has seen the place.

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    Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry in Cork, is called in Irish Belatha-lice , the ford-mouth of the flao- stone, and whoever has seen it will acknowledge the appropriateness of the name. All the places called Bellanalack derive their names from similar fords.

    When a river spreads widely over a craggy or rugged spot, the rough shallow ford thus formed was often called Scairbh (Sarriv), or, as O’Reilly spells it, Scirbh.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 396

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry. The Irish name is Belatha-lice, the ford-mouth of the flag-stone, and the book says whoever has seen it will acknowledge the appropriateness of the name. When a river spreads widely over a craggy or rugged spot, the rough shallow ford thus formed was often called Scairbh, or as O'Reilly spells it, Scirbh.