A history of the city and county of Cork

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read the passage as the book has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too.

1. Castles of Killorglin and Castlemaine by Maurice Fitzgerald

   Killorglin · town · Kerry · 1215

   The castle of Killforgla (Killorglin) and the castle of the Mang (Castlemaine) in Kerry were both erected by the same Maurice Fitzgerald.

   Read the passage

   The castle of Killforgla (Killorglin), aud the castle of the Mang (Castlemaine), in Kerry, by the same Maurice.

   The castles of Maylahiff, of Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), of Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and of Curreens (now Currans), by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

2. Clonakilty corporation settles its government

   Clonakilty · town · Cork · 1605

   In 1605, the corporation of Clonakilty began to settle its future form of government alongside other Munster towns.

   Read the passage

   1605. ££ The city of Cork and its liberties were separated from the county of Cork, and made a distinct county. The same year the corporations of Bandon, Cloughnakilty, &c., began to settle their future form of government.

   1606. “ The Lord Kinsale obtained letters of leave and recom¬ mendations to the king from the lords justices and council. Among other particulars, they inform his Majesty that he had given good testimony* of his loyalty to the crown in the service at Kinsale, besides several other acts of fidelity and forward¬ ness at other times, both in civil and martial affairs ; upon which he obtained an annual pension of ^133 6s. 8d. from King James I.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 278

   As the companion tells it

   As you pass through Clonakilty, this is a town whose corporation was beginning to take shape in 1605. That year, the corporation of Clonakilty, as the old record spells it, Cloughnakilty, began to settle its future form of government. It did so alongside the corporation of Bandon, and other Munster towns, in the same year that the city of Cork and its liberties were separated from the county of Cork and made a distinct county.

3. Coal Measures tableland with Mullaghareirk and Mount Eagle

   near Mullaghareirk Mountains · mountain or mountain range · Cork

   The Coal Measures formation in County Cork creates a tableland with a well-defined escarpment, rising into undulating moorlands with eminences approaching the heights of Mullaghareirk (1,341 feet) and Mount Eagle (1,417 feet).

   Read the passage

   This formation makes a table land, with a well-defined escapement running all round it ; in the middle parts of its area it rises into monotonous undulating hilly moorlands, with many eminences approaching 1,341 feet, the height of Mullaghareirk, and 1,417 feet, the height of Mount Eagle. There are many parallel folds in this formation running E.N.E. and W.S.W., many of which are not perceptible on the map ; others, however, are so. The three arms or promontories which run out to Mallow, Buttevant, and Charleville, are, as might be anticipated, synclinal troughs. An anticlinal fold runs between the last two to Castleisland, in Kerry ; its course being marked by the limestone peeping up from beneath at Meelin and Taur ; another runs in the same direction from Kanturk into Kerry, whose course is similarly indicated, though outside of our county.

   There are many characteristic fossils found in this formation within this district ; but, as with other formations, we shall not take up space by giving lists ; particularly as there is no special interest in the fossils (as compared with those of other Coal Measure localities), as is the case, for instance, in Kilkenny. We shall merely note that sea shells are sometimes found in the lower shales and land plants in the upper parts of the series.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 351

4. Death of the abbot of Cluccwinamha near Cloyne, 821

   Cloyne · town · Cork · 821

   In 821 the Four Masters record the death of Cucuech, Abbot of Cluccwinamha, identified as 'the Lawn or Meadow of the Cave' near Cloyne, Co. Cork, and of Forbhasach, successor of Bairre of Cork.

   Read the passage

   Under the year 820 the Four Masters enter “ the plundering of Inis-Doimhle of Corcach by the Gentiles.” Under the year 821 they enter the death of Cucuech , Abbot of Cluccwinamha? and of Forbhasach, successor of Bairre of Corcach

   (Cork).

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 57

5. Deep denudation at Pass of Keimaneigh

   near Keimaneigh · pass · Cork

   The rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh sit 9,800 feet down in the Old Red Sandstone formation, meaning that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them, along with overlying Carboniferous Slate and Coal Measures.

   Read the passage

   But, however we may apportion the work done between the agents, the amount of the denudation effected by them has been enormous. To take a couple of clear and unmistakable instances — the now exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry, or Seven Heads promontory, must have been once covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which, in all probability, lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a p&tch has been left only sixteen miles distant. Again, the rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh are 9,800 feet down in the O.R.S. ; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them ; not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone which must have overlaid that, and the Coal Measures which, in all proba¬ bility, came over all. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain the denudation has been comparatively small ; yet even there it must have been considerable, as we see from the way in w:hich the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident ; although the greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are very gentle ‘undulations compared with the great folds of the strata (Fig. 2) ; and most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges. Sometimes, indeed, a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough of the strata. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel, near Schull, also with Sheehy Mountain, and with Milane Hill, both of which have been already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate (Fig. 4.). This is entirely the result of the denudation having removed the surrounding country which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent; and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place ; otherwise we may be led to form great mis¬ conceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

6. Earl of Cork governor of Lough Foyle

   near Lough Foyle · estuary · Derry · 1614

   In 1614, the Earl of Cork was appointed governor of Lough Foyle for life by letters patent, with an annual allowance of £365.

   Read the passage

   allowance, was made for this province : — To the Earl of Cork, as governor of Loughfoil during his life, by letters patent, ^365 per annum ; the provost martial of Munster, £ 102 1 3s. 1 d. sterling per annum ; the late Earl of Desmond’s three sisters had each £ 50 per annum ; the constable of Halbowlin, is. 2d per diem ; two commissionrs at 3s. 4c!. each per diem.

   1616. “ Sir Oliver St. John, lord president of Munster, was made lord deputy of Ireland, Donough O’Brien, Earl of Thomond, having been appointed, 6th of May, 1615, lord president in his room.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 279

7. Fitzgerald memorial slab in Buttevant

   Buttevant · town · Cork · 1721–1726

   A slab in the south gable of the transept at Buttevant friary bears an inscription praying for the soul of Maurice Fitzgerald of Castleishen of the house of Desmond, who died 16 September 1726, and his wife Dame Helena Butler who died in 1721.

   Read the passage

   In the south gable of the transept is a slab with the in¬ scription : ‘ Pray for the soul of Maurice Fitzgerald, Esq.,

   of Castleishen, of the house of Desmond, who died the 16th day of September, in the year 1726 ; and Dame Helena Butler, his wife, of the house of Ormond, who died in the year 1721, whose bodies are deposited in this vault along

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 394

8. Floods damage bridges across county Cork (1764)

   Cork · city · Cork · 1764

   A grant of £4,000 was made to members of the county and boroughs of Cork for re-building and repairing bridges destroyed or damaged by extraordinary floods in the county.

   Read the passage

   “,£4,000 was granted to the members of the county, city, and of the several boroughs in the county of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied towards re-building and repairing the bridges which were destroyed or damaged by the late ex¬ traordinary floods in the county.

   “ An act was passed, whereby, after reciting the act passed in 1761 for building bridges from Prince’s-street to Lavitt s Island, and from said island to the Red Abbey marsh ; and, also, reciting that it had been found that it would be more useful to the inhabitants of Cork that a draw-bridge, or portcullis, should be made in the place, where the former was appointed to be built, the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork were empowered to take down said bridge, and to build in the place of it a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge ; and, also, to build a stone bridge of three arches in the place where the portcullis bridge had been appointed to be built by said act of 1761, namely, from Lavitt’s Island to the Red Abbey marsh.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

9. Geological sections at the Pass of Keimaneigh

   near Keimaneigh · pass · Cork

   The Pass of Keimaneigh, west of the Lakes of Inchigeelagh, displays the greatest observable thickness of Old Red Sandstone in the country. Sections near the southern part of the pass give 9,800 feet of strata, while three miles westward a continuous section gives 8,700 feet, with the bottom unseen in both cases.

   Read the passage

   thereon ; that neighbourhood, therefore, will not enable us to estimate the total thickness of the O.R.S., although exhibiting its base. The greatest thickness that can be made out in this country is displayed in the neighbourhood of the well-known Pass of Keimaneigh, W. of the Lakes of Inckigeela. Sections about the southern part of the Pass give a thickness of 9,800 feet, and about three miles westward thereof a very continuous section gives 8,700 feet of strata; the bottom not being seen in either case. Of these sections about 800 feet is to be given to the Upper Old Red. Thicknesses of 11,000 or 12,000 and 13,000 feet occur in Kerry.

   The traps, or igneous rocks, in this formation in Cork, are of small extent, but of great interest. At Cod’s Head there are beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive green¬ stone ; the beds average 120 feet in thickness. We have the same again on the N. side of Dursey Island. About Crow Head there are intrusive dykes of the same rock. (The neigh¬ bouring Bere Island traps are mentioned in the next section.) The summit of the hill Carrigcleenamore, seven miles S. of Mallow, is composed of greenstone ash. (Contemporaneous beds of trap are flows of ancient volcanic rock poured out on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur ; they are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. Intrusive dykes of trap have been injected among the rocks in which they occur ; they are, therefore, of some age later than that of those rocks. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived either from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both ; this is, of course, contemporaneous with the strata among which it me curs.)

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 343

10. Great limestone valley inversion from Killarney to Mallow

    Mallow · town · Cork

    A major geological inversion extends about 45 miles from the middle lake at Killarney along a limestone valley to beyond Mallow, possibly reaching near Fermoy. Nearly 15,000 feet of rock, including all Carboniferous Limestone, has been slightly inverted on the north side of this great anticlinal.

    Read the passage

    have already referred. The character of the folding shows that the disturbance was not produced by pressures ol upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches as some might suppose on first thoughts. The distances of t le axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relatively to tne reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth s crust ; and it would be impossible that forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could produce a corrugation, on such a comparatively small scale, in such a crust, not to men¬ tion the difficulty of imagining how such forces could arise. Moreover, the foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlinais must be actually doubled up together (kig. 2) ; and besides some of the folds have been pushed over, until the beds at one side have been inverted (Fig. 3) ; neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. We may here mention some of the inversions which have been ascertained ; there are, doubtless, many, the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of what we may call the Cape Clear anticlinal the rocks dip the wrong way, viz,, to N.N.W., from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles ; but this inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still ; since a little beyond, and inland of, Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone ; the intermediate part of the inversion being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay, etc. Also along the south side (again) of the Mizen Head anticlinal the Carboniferous Slate dips under the O.R.S., the inversion of the rocks extending for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen (Fig. 3). An inversion on a much larger scale extends from the middle lake at Killarney, along the limestone valley, m rked on the map, to beyond Mallow, a distance of about 45 miles ; it is supposed that it may reach even to near Fermoy. Scarcely less than 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted ; in this case it is the north side of the great anticlinal which has been overturned. (We may mention that there is an apparent inversion on the south side of Dingle bay, in Kerry, this being again on the north side of a great anticlinal, which is, probably, a different one from that just mentioned ; the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 353

11. Horizontal compression of rocks at Carrigaline

    Carrigaline · town · Cork

    The rocks at Carrigaline show significant horizontal compression, with steep cleavage planes that are sometimes vertical and generally dip north. This geological distortion provides evidence of the massive compressing forces that shaped the county of Cork.

    Read the passage

    not only been compressed, in one direction, but elongated in others; we, therefore, cannot conclude from the above pro¬ portions that those fossils, and the containing rocks have been condensed to less than half their original volume. Still we may form some idea of the horizontal compression of the rocks at Carrigaline, for instance, which is within our district, and where the ellipsoid of distortion is accurately one of revo¬ lution. If the materials of the Carrigaline slates were absolutely incapable of further condensation , though squeez¬ able, it is easy to calculate that, in their case, the polar axis of the ellipsoid would have been shortened from 1 to 0.601, and the equatorial diameter lengthened from 1 to 1.290. But, doubtless, there must have been some conden¬ sation, and this would make the actual shortening of the polar axis greater, and the lengthening of the equatorial diameter less, than these proportions. The cleavage planes are very steep in the Carrigaline district, sometimes vertical and generally dipping north ; if we take the mean dip at 750 we shall be within the mark. Allowing for this, the horizontal compression of the slates has been from 1 to less than 0.623. When we combine these considerations with that of the generally so great sharpness of the _ folding of the beds and their usually so steep inclination, we may safely conclude that the rock formations, whose present surface is called the county of Cork, have been thrust together in the horizontal direction of W. of N., and E. of S., in some places, into one-third of their original breadth ; though, perhaps, on the whole, into not less than one-half. The rocks on which the town of Kanturk rests, and those which form the end of the Old Head of Kin sale are now 45 miles distant ; but before the compressing force came into action, they were, in all probability 90 miles apart.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 355

12. John, fourteenth Earl, buried at Tralee convent church

    Tralee · town · Kerry · 1536

    John, the fourteenth Earl of Desmond, was an aged religious brother of the Convent of Tralee who succeeded to the title after his son Maurice Dubh killed James. He died around Christmas Day 1536 and was buried in the same church at Tralee.

    Read the passage

    “ 1536, John, fourteenth earl, an aged man, and a religious brother of the Convent of Tralee, when his son, Maurice Dubh , killed his grandnephew, James, the thirteenth earl, whereupon,

    DESMOND FAMILY.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

13. North and South Chapels built in Cork 1729

    Cork · city · Cork · 1729

    On February 2nd, 1729, the North and South Chapels in Cork were built; the South Chapel was afterwards destroyed by fire.

    Read the passage

    “February 2nd, 1729. — The North and South Chapels were built, the latter was afterwards burnt.

    “ An act was passed for cleansing and deepening the har¬ bours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, there's a note from February 2nd, 1729. The North and South Chapels were built here on that date. The South Chapel was afterwards burnt. That same year, an act was passed for cleansing and deepening the harbours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each.

14. Old Red Sandstone denudation at Courtmacsherry

    Courtmacsherry · town · Cork

    The exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry and the Seven Heads promontory was once covered by at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures. A patch of Coal Measures remains only sixteen miles distant.

    Read the passage

    But, however we may apportion the work done between the agents, the amount of the denudation effected by them has been enormous. To take a couple of clear and unmistakable instances — the now exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry, or Seven Heads promontory, must have been once covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which, in all probability, lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a p&tch has been left only sixteen miles distant. Again, the rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh are 9,800 feet down in the O.R.S. ; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them ; not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone which must have overlaid that, and the Coal Measures which, in all proba¬ bility, came over all. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain the denudation has been comparatively small ; yet even there it must have been considerable, as we see from the way in w:hich the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident ; although the greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are very gentle ‘undulations compared with the great folds of the strata (Fig. 2) ; and most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges. Sometimes, indeed, a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough of the strata. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel, near Schull, also with Sheehy Mountain, and with Milane Hill, both of which have been already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate (Fig. 4.). This is entirely the result of the denudation having removed the surrounding country which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent; and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place ; otherwise we may be led to form great mis¬ conceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up near Courtmacsherry. The Old Red Sandstone you can see exposed here, or at the Seven Heads promontory, once lay buried under at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate. Over that slate, in all probability, sat a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a patch survives only sixteen miles distant. Whatever the work done by the agents, the amount of denudation has been enormous. Consider the scale of what is missing. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident. The greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches, the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are gentle undulations compared with the great folds of the strata. Most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges at all. Sometimes a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel near Schull, and with Sheehy Mountain and Milane Hill, both already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate. This is entirely the result of denudation having removed the surrounding country, which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent, and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place; otherwise, as the book says, we may be led to form great misconceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks.

15. Portcullis bridge authorised at Lavitt's Island

    Cork · city · Cork

    An act empowered the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork to replace the bridge from Prince's Street to Lavitt's Island with a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge. A stone bridge of three arches was also authorised from Lavitt's Island to the Red Abbey Marsh.

    Read the passage

    “ An act was passed, whereby, after reciting the act passed in 1761 for building bridges from Prince’s-street to Lavitt s Island, and from said island to the Red Abbey marsh ; and, also, reciting that it had been found that it would be more useful to the inhabitants of Cork that a draw-bridge, or portcullis, should be made in the place, where the former was appointed to be built, the mayor, sheriffs, and community of Cork were empowered to take down said bridge, and to build in the place of it a turn or draw-bridge, or portcullis bridge ; and, also, to build a stone bridge of three arches in the place where the portcullis bridge had been appointed to be built by said act of 1761, namely, from Lavitt’s Island to the Red Abbey marsh.

    “September 19? 17^5* — The Post-office was removed from Bruce-street, on Dunscombe’s-marsh, to Watergate -lane, (or Hanover street), near Christ Church, in the house of Mr. Loane, the post-master.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

16. Rare Nightshade on Great Island

    near Great Island · townland · Cork

    Solanum nigrum was recently found in considerable quantity and apparently wild on a barren islet at the back of Great Island. The plant was discovered by the Reverend T. Allin.

    Read the passage

    Solanum nigrum — Recently found in considerable quantity, and apparently wild, in a barren islet at the back of the Great Island, by the Rev. T. Allin

    S. Dulcamara — Very scarce, but still to be found near Midleton. (Rev. T. Allin.)

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 381

17. Red deer and wild goat on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney

    Mangerton · townland · Kerry

    In ancient times red deer abounded on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney, alongside wild goats. These animals would have been hunted by tribal assemblies gathered in the region.

    Read the passage

    How the vast assembly fared as to food is a difficult question. Probably many tribes brought their flocks with them, pastoral fashion ; and probably they did not disdain to eat as well as to hunt the mathghamhain , or brown bear of North Europe, which with the wolf (un allaidh) remained until a late period. The red deer too (Jiadh ruadh) — it may be a degenerate species of the famous Irish elk — would have been found in abundance on the mountains of Mangerton and Killarney, where the wild goat (galkar) would also abound.

    The wild boar (tore fiadhain) would not be far to seek, as the name of Tore7 mountain at Killarney indicates; nor would

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 29

18. Restoration of Gill Abbey in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    Bishop Giolla-Aedha O Muidhin restored the Church and Abbey in Cork, which became known as Gill Abbey after him, a name preserved to the present day.

    Read the passage

    virginity and wisdom.” His name is mentioned in the list of bishops who attended the Synod of Kells, A.D., 1152. Amongst other good works he restored the Church and Abbey at Cork, which from him was called Gill Abbey , and which name is still preserved.

    The annals of the Four Masters have the following entry under 1172 -.—Giolla- A edha O’Muidhin (of the family of Erren of Lough Con), Bishop of Cork, died. He was a man full of the Grace of God, the tower of the virginity and wisdom of his time.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 97

19. William Lyon granted Vicarage of Bodenstown

    Bodenstown · townland · Kildare · 1580

    In 1580, a month before Lord Grey landed in Ireland, Queen Elizabeth advanced William Lyon to the Vicarage of Bodenstown in County Kildare.

    Read the passage

    “ On Friday 12th August, 1580, about four o’clock in the morning, Lord Arthur Grey de Wilton, arrived at Howth ; and on Wednesday, the 7th of September, was, by virtue of Queen Elizabeth’s Letters Patent, which were solemnly read by Nicholas White, Master of the Rolls, sworn Lord Deputy in St. Patrick’s Church, before the Lord Justice Pelham, the peers and counsellers of the state. Grey was a ruthless Puritan^ and the Queen sent him to Ireland ‘ to dissolve the spell of Rome or in plain phase, to compel the Irish to accept the doctrines of the so-called Reformation. Pelham had not succeeded in effecting this ; and it occurred to her Majesty that Grey’s swordsmen might achieve what his predecessor s ranting preachers were not able to realise. In Greys suit were three remarkable men— Spenser, the poet, his Excellency’s Secretary ; Sir Walter Raleigh, statesman, soldier, navigator, poet, and philosopher ; and William Lyon, a native of Chester, who, in 1573; was made Vicar of Naas, and, four years after¬ wards, obtained dispensation ‘ to hold the same, with any other benefice, for life, and leave to live in England, and transport the profits of his vicarage into that kingdom. A special favourite of the Queen was this Lyon : for, one month before Grey landed, her Majesty advanced him to the Vicarage of Bodenstown, in the county of Kildare ; and when the new deputy was sworn, caused him to be appointed chaplain to his

    Excellency.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 167

20. Aghacross parish and St. Molaga's cross

    Aghacross · townland · Cork

    Aghacross is a parish whose name means the ford of the cross, probably taken from a cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

    Read the passage

    Aghacross, a parish, the ford of the cross, took its name probably from some cross erected by St. Molaga to mark a ford.

    “ Aglishcormick, a parish — the church of the sloe bushes. Mr. Joyce says : — Another term for a church is eaglais [aglish] derived in common with the Welsh eccluis, the Cornish eglos, and the Armoric ylis, from the Latin ecclesia. This term was applied to a great many churches in Ireland ; for we have a considerable number of parishes and townlands called Aglish and English, the former being more common in

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 390

21. Earl of Cork admitted as freeman of Cork city

    Cork · city · Cork · 1624

    In 1624, Richard, Earl of Cork, was admitted and sworn as a freeman of the city of Cork.

    Read the passage

    1624. “ Richard, Earl of Cork, was this year admitted and sworn a freeman of the city of Cork. On the 5th of Sep¬ tember, died Donough, Earl of Thomond, Lord President of Munster ; and the Lord Falkland issued out a commission, September 7th, to Henry, Earl of Thomond, the Earl of Desmond, the Earl of Cork, Lord Esmond, or any two of them, for the better government of this province during the vacancy of the presidentship, which was supplied by the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 279

22. Act to rebuild bridge at Cappoquin (1764)

    Cappoquin · town · Waterford · 1764

    An act was passed in 1764 for re-building the bridge over the Blackwater at Cappoquin. The lord lieutenant and council were empowered to raise up to £6,000 from the counties of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary, and the cities of Waterford and Cork.

    Read the passage

    September 29. — An act was passed this year for re-building the bridge over the Blackwater, at Cappoquin, towards defray¬ ing the expenses of which, the lord lieutenant and council were empowered to raise any sum not exceeding /6000, out of the counties of Waterford, Cork, Kerry, and Tipperary, and the counties of the cities of Waterford and Coik.

    “,£4,000 was granted to the members of the county, city, and of the several boroughs in the county of Cork, or any five of them, to be applied towards re-building and repairing the bridges which were destroyed or damaged by the late ex¬ traordinary floods in the county.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 318

23. Carriganas Castle, O'Sullivan stronghold near Bantry

    Carriganass · townland · Cork

    Carriganas Castle, located about four miles from Bantry on the road to Inchigeelagh, was once a stronghold of the O'Sullivan family. The castle is named after a nearby cascade on the Ouvane River.

    Read the passage

    Carriganas Castle, about four miles from Bantry, on the road to Inckigeela, once a stronghold of the O’Sullivans.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 419

24. Castles of Maylahiff, Callanafersy, Cloonmealane and Currans

    Currans · parish · Kerry · 1215

    The castles of Maylahiff, Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and Curreens (now Currans) were erected by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

    Read the passage

    The castles of Maylahiff, of Cala na feirse (Callanafersy), of Cluain Maolain (Cloonmealane), and of Curreens (now Currans), by the son of Maurice Fitzgerald.

    The castle of Arlioch, by Boche.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 117

25. Abbot Landey at St. Mary's Dublin

    Dublin · city · Dublin

    During the reign of Henry VIII, an Abbot named Landey held the monastery of St. Mary's in Dublin, demonstrating the presence of the Landey name in Irish ecclesiastical records.

    Read the passage

    corruption for some other original name. Such errors m names are very frequent in the consistorial entries of Irish bishops : still, two distinct copies of the consistorial acts, the Corsinian and the Vallicellian , retain the present name without variation ; and, what is still more important, the Brief appointing his successor, Dr. Tanner, in 1 5 74, describes the see as then vacant per obitum Nicolai Landes. Moreover, the name Land\ Lwas no novelty in the ecclesiastical records of Ireland in the sixteenth century, an Abbot Landey having held the monastery of St. Mary’s, Dublin, during Henry VIII. ’s reign, as we learn from the first volume of Morrins Records.

    Dr. Edmund Tanner was. next appointed to Cork and Cloyne, by brief of 5th November, 1 574.5

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 178

26. Ath-Cros-Molaga between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery

    Kildorrery · town · Cork

    The place called Ath-Cros-Molaga, situated between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery in County Cork, is named after St. Molagga. It preserves the saint's memory in its place name.

    Read the passage

    The place called At/i-Cros-Molaga , between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery, Co. Cork, is named after him, and Eidham Malaga was the ancient name for St. Molagga : Church near Marshalstown, Co. Cork.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 49

27. Ballylicky ford of the flag-stone

    Ballylicky · townland · Cork

    Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry, is called in Irish Belatha-lice, the ford-mouth of the flag-stone. The name is described as visually appropriate to anyone who has seen the place.

    Read the passage

    Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry in Cork, is called in Irish Belatha-lice , the ford-mouth of the flao- stone, and whoever has seen it will acknowledge the appropriateness of the name. All the places called Bellanalack derive their names from similar fords.

    When a river spreads widely over a craggy or rugged spot, the rough shallow ford thus formed was often called Scairbh (Sarriv), or, as O’Reilly spells it, Scirbh.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 396

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere close to Ballylicky, on the road from Glengarriff to Bantry, the Irish name Belatha-lice means the ford-mouth of the flag-stone. Anyone who has seen the spot will acknowledge the name fits. Other places called Bellanalack take their names from similar fords. A rough shallow crossing where a river spreads over craggy ground was often called Scairbh.

28. Bishop Moylan buried in north chapel Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    Dr. Moylan, titular Bishop of Cork, was buried in the north chapel with great pomp on 13 February (year given in context as early 1810s), demonstrating the prominence of the north chapel as a Catholic site in the city.

    Read the passage

    “February 13. — Dr. Moylan, titular Bishop of Cork, was buried in the north chapel with great pomp.

    “ May 1, 1816. — Mr. James O’Brien lit his shop in Tuckeystreet with gas. The brilliancy of the lamp„outside the house, the neatness and novelty of the arrangement, and the extent to which the light was conveyed through his manufactory and workshop, excited general admiration.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 331

29. Cork corn market built 1740; great scarcity

    Cork · city · Cork · 1740

    The corn market in Cork was built on December 26, 1740. During the summer of that year the city experienced a great scarcity of provisions.

    Read the passage

    “December 26, 1740. — The corn market was built.

    During the summer of this year there was a great scarcity,

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

    As the companion tells it

    Coming through Cork, you pass the site of a corn market built on December 26, 1740. That summer, the city had known a great scarcity of provisions.

30. County Limerick praised for corn and game in the 1680s

    Limerick · city · Limerick · 1681

    Dinley described Ireland as bearing good corn of all sorts, singling out the county of Limerick in particular. He also found the country admirable for game of all sorts, with rabbits on rocks and mountains, and short fox and stag chases.

    Read the passage

    “ The countrey beares good corne of all sorts, in particular the county of Limerick. It is admirable for game of all sorts ; besides, the rocks and mountains have great number of rabbits, and a stagg runs not above seven miles out right. The chase of the fox is not so violent nor long as in England : it seldomes goes two miles out right also. The rivers, pools call’d loughs,

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 268

31. Effrinagh, a place for Mass in Leitrim

    Effrinagh · townland · Leitrim

    Effrinagh, in the parish of Kiltoghert, County Leitrim, is a name signifying simply a place for Mass, recording the fact that Mass was celebrated there.

    Read the passage

    Many other names of like formation are to be met with, such as Glenanaffrin, Carriganaffrin, etc. Occasionally the name records the simple fact that the Mass was celebrated, as we find in a place called Effrinagh, in the parish of Iviltoghert, Leitrim, a name which signifies simply a place for Mass. And sometimes a translated name occurs of the same class, such as Massbrook, in the parish of Addergoole, Mayo, which is a translation of the Irish Sruthanan-Aiffrinn.

    Awbeg, a river, three miles east of ICanturk. A ford on this river, Assolas, has given name to the townland, Assolas Ath-solais, the ford of the light, i.e.t where a light was kept to guide the traveller. Athsolais bridge crosses the Buingea river, four miles from Macroom.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 390

32. Fleet of Toirdhealbach raids Rosscarbery

    Ross Carbery · town · Cork · 1127

    In AD 1127, the fleet of Toirdhealbach sailed to Rossailithir (Rosscarbery) and despoiled the surrounding territory of Deas-Muinkain extensively.

    Read the passage

    “A.D. 1127, the Chronicum Scotorum records the facts that in this year £ the fleet of Toirdhealbach sailed to Eossailithir, and despoiled Deas-Muinkain very much.’

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 85

    As the companion tells it

    You are coming through Ross Carbery in Cork. In 1127, the Chronicum Scotorum records that the fleet of Toirdhealbach sailed to this place, which it calls Rossailithir, and despoiled the surrounding territory of Deas-Muinkain very much.

33. Foundation stone of St. Patrick's Bridge laid in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1788

    The foundation stone of St. Patrick's Bridge in Cork was laid, with Mr. Michael Shanahan serving as architect and contractor.

    Read the passage

    “July 25, 1788. — The foundation stone of St. Patrick’s Bridge was laid ; Mr. Michael Shanahan was the architect and contractor,

    “August 1, 1788. — The new meat, fish, poultry, and vegetable markets were opened in the city of Cork.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 322

34. Great flood causes damage in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1637

    In 1637 a flood in Cork did great damage to the city.

    Read the passage

    In 1631 the Turks gave some trouble on the Irish coast, and particularly at Cork and Kinsale. In 1637 there was a flood in Cork, which did great damage. In 1639 the tobacco manufactory at Kinsale, which might have been a source of

    3. Archbishop Laud was delighted, and wrote to Stafford “ My lord, I did not take you to be so good a physician as you are for the truth ; a great many church cormorants have fed so full upon it that they are fallen into a fever, and for that no physic is better than a vomit, if it be given time, and therefore you have taken a very judicious course to administer one so early to my Lord Cork. I hope it will do him good, though perchance he thinks not so, for if the fever hang long about him, or the rest, it will certainly shake either of their estates in pieces. Go on, my lord ; I must needs say this is thorough, indeed, and so is your physic, too, for a vomit never ends kindly that does not work both ways, and that is thorough.”

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 282

    As the companion tells it

    As the road passes through Cork, the records tell of a flood in 1637 that did great damage to the city. The same passage places trouble on this coast a few years before, when in 1631 the Turks gave trouble at Cork and Kinsale. The records also preserve a letter from Archbishop Laud to Stafford, written with delight about church affairs and Lord Cork. "My lord, I did not take you to be so good a physician as you are for the truth," Laud wrote. He spoke of church cormorants who had fed so full upon it that they were fallen into a fever, and said no physic was better than a vomit. He hoped it would do Lord Cork good, though perchance he thought not, for if the fever hung long about him, it would certainly shake his estate in pieces. He told Stafford to go on, calling the course thorough.

35. Greenstone on Dursey Island

    near Dursey Island · townland · Cork

    The north side of Dursey Island features beds and dykes of greenstone similar to those found at Cod's Head. These igneous rocks are part of the Old Red Sandstone formation in Cork.

    Read the passage

    The traps, or igneous rocks, in this formation in Cork, are of small extent, but of great interest. At Cod’s Head there are beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive green¬ stone ; the beds average 120 feet in thickness. We have the same again on the N. side of Dursey Island. About Crow Head there are intrusive dykes of the same rock. (The neigh¬ bouring Bere Island traps are mentioned in the next section.) The summit of the hill Carrigcleenamore, seven miles S. of Mallow, is composed of greenstone ash. (Contemporaneous beds of trap are flows of ancient volcanic rock poured out on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur ; they are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. Intrusive dykes of trap have been injected among the rocks in which they occur ; they are, therefore, of some age later than that of those rocks. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived either from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both ; this is, of course, contemporaneous with the strata among which it me curs.)

    In connection with the useful products belonging to this formation in Cork (reserving for the present the metallic veins), we must mention, first, the mechanically deposited copper ore which occurs in a set of beds lying either at, or just below, the base of the Upper Old Red. The copper zone, as this set of beds is called, can be traced over all the district stretching from Waterford into Cork and Kerry ; it includes a thickness of 300 or 400 feet, throughout which the particles of copper ore were deposited here and there in patches. The copper debris must have been derived from some older copper-, bearnm rock, perhaps Lower Silurian, as the rocks of that formation in S.E. Ireland contain copper veins which stop short at the junction with the O.R.S., and which must have been there

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 343

36. Harbours and rivers of Cork cleansed by Act

    Cork · city · Cork

    An Act of Parliament was passed for cleansing and deepening the harbours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each of these ports.

    Read the passage

    “ An act was passed for cleansing and deepening the har¬ bours and rivers of Cork, Galway, Sligo, Drogheda, and Belfast, and for erecting a ballast office in each.

    “ According to the accounts of the collector of the duly on coals, from 1719 to 1729 there were about 6,000 tons of coal burnt in this city yearly.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

37. Igneous rocks at Cod's Head

    near Cod's Head · promontory · Cork

    Cod's Head contains beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive greenstone, with the beds averaging 120 feet in thickness. Similar greenstone beds appear on the north side of Dursey Island, and intrusive dykes of the same rock are found at Crow Head.

    Read the passage

    The traps, or igneous rocks, in this formation in Cork, are of small extent, but of great interest. At Cod’s Head there are beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive green¬ stone ; the beds average 120 feet in thickness. We have the same again on the N. side of Dursey Island. About Crow Head there are intrusive dykes of the same rock. (The neigh¬ bouring Bere Island traps are mentioned in the next section.) The summit of the hill Carrigcleenamore, seven miles S. of Mallow, is composed of greenstone ash. (Contemporaneous beds of trap are flows of ancient volcanic rock poured out on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur ; they are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. Intrusive dykes of trap have been injected among the rocks in which they occur ; they are, therefore, of some age later than that of those rocks. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived either from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both ; this is, of course, contemporaneous with the strata among which it me curs.)

    In connection with the useful products belonging to this formation in Cork (reserving for the present the metallic veins), we must mention, first, the mechanically deposited copper ore which occurs in a set of beds lying either at, or just below, the base of the Upper Old Red. The copper zone, as this set of beds is called, can be traced over all the district stretching from Waterford into Cork and Kerry ; it includes a thickness of 300 or 400 feet, throughout which the particles of copper ore were deposited here and there in patches. The copper debris must have been derived from some older copper-, bearnm rock, perhaps Lower Silurian, as the rocks of that formation in S.E. Ireland contain copper veins which stop short at the junction with the O.R.S., and which must have been there

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 343

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Cod's Head, the rocks tell an old volcanic story. The igneous rocks in this part of Cork are of small extent, but of great interest. At Cod's Head itself there are beds and dykes of contemporaneous and intrusive greenstone, with the beds averaging 120 feet in thickness. The same greenstone beds appear again on the north side of Dursey Island, and intrusive dykes of the same rock are found about Crow Head. What this means is that some of these rocks were poured out as flows of ancient volcanic rock on the surface during the deposition of the sedimentary strata in which they occur. They are of the same age as the strata with which they are immediately connected. These are the contemporaneous beds. The intrusive dykes, on the other hand, were injected among the rocks in which they occur, and so they are of some later age than those rocks. Not far off, the summit of the hill called Carrigcleenamore, seven miles south of Mallow, is composed of greenstone ash. Trappean ash is a stratified deposit of volcanic matter, derived either from the scoriae of the eruption or from the destruction of trappean rocks, or both. This too is contemporaneous with the strata among which it occurs. The neighbouring Bere Island traps are noted separately. The rocks here are part of a wider pattern stretching across Cork, connected to the copper zone that runs from Waterford into Cork and Kerry.

38. Inniscarra ruined church at river junction

    Inishcarra · parish · Cork

    A ruined church of Inniscarra stands near the junction of two rivers, where the river scenery is described as very picturesque. The site is noted as a topographical landmark in the Lee valley.

    Read the passage

    and near the confluence the river scenery is very picturesque. The ruined church of Inniscarra is near the junction of the rivers.

    Ballyhooly. — A castle and village on the Blackwater, below Mallow ; it is called Ath-ubkla in the Book of Lismore. The present name is formed by the prefix Bally, and makes the town of the appleford. In many places, and especially in the north, the word abhlia is used in the sense of “ orchard,” as for instance, in Avalreagh in Monaghan, grey orchard ; Annaharil, in Londonderry and Tyrone, the marsh of the orchard. Very much the same meaning has Oola on the Limerick and Waterford railway, which preserves exactly the sound of the Irish name Ubhlia , i.e., apple trees, or a place of apples.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 396

39. Limestone beds at Mitchelstown Castle demesne

    Mitchelstown · townland · Cork

    A sharp, regular bend in the limestone beds is observable at the south-west corner of the Mitchelstown Castle demesne. The cleavage planes remain parallel through the curved beds, and some beds contain lengthened nodules of black chert.

    Read the passage

    on both sides from within the bend, so as to cut somewhat directly across the beds all round the curve, the strike being the same all the while. Since, with these exceptions, the cleavage will maintain a steady direction for considerable distances, while cutting through beds which are inclined m different directions, it is evident that the cleavage was not superinduced until after the folding of the strata, although these two were caused by the same compressing force. It is readily conceivable that the cleavage would require a longer time for its development and completion than the other. There is an interesting phenomenon to be observed at the S.W. corner of Mitchelstown Castle demesne, where there is a sharp and very regular bend in some limestone beds ; in this case the cleavage planes remain parallel to themselves throughout the sharply curved beds ; some of the beds have nodules of black chert ; these are lengthened in the direction of the cleavage planes. At first sight this might seem to be a case of distortion, similar to that of the fossils above mentioned, and such it may be ; yet it might also be accounted for in this way, viz. — that whereas the chert nodules, during segregation and growth, usually extend them¬ selves rather in the direction of the bedding, as being that of least obstruction, they have, in this case, for the same reason, spread along the surfaces of cleavage. There is a curious phenomenon well displayed, for instance, on the east side of the hill Knockaphuka, beyond Schull, which we might call stepped cleavage. The cleavage planes have, at pretty regular distances, small oblique steps or shifts in them ; though there seems to have been no dislocation in the material of the rock. At some little distance, whence the cleavage cannot be seen, these steps will still catch the eye, and form very regular lines, running nearly at right angles to the cleavage lines. It seems difficult to account for this. It may be that the cleavage planes and the transverse planes of shift were not produced simultaneously, and that the latter were caused by an action which, under other circumstances, would have given rise to regular joint planes.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 356

40. Lord president's salary recorded at Lismore

    Lismore and Mocollop · parish · Cork

    An ancient document at Lismore, in the handwriting of the first Earl of Cork, records the salary and allowances of the lord president and council. The document specifies their weekly diet allowance and daily retinue costs for horse and foot.

    Read the passage

    “ According to an ancient document at Lismore, in the hand¬ writing of the first Earl of Cork, besides the above salary, the

    3 1 6

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 260

41. Lords Justices lodged near Castlelyons, dined at Waterpark

    Castlelyons · town · Cork

    On their journey from Clonmel to Cork, the Lords Justices stayed overnight at Colonel Barry's near Castlelyons. The following day they dined at Waterpark with the Lord Chief Justice Pine before continuing to Cork.

    Read the passage

    “ August 16. The Marquis of Winchester, and the Earl of Galway, lords justices, set out from Dublin to Kilkenny, where they were sumptuously entertained by the Duchess of Ormond. On the 1 8th they arrived at Waterford, being met on the road by several gentlemen, and, near the city, by the mayor and corporation, with whom they dined. Next day, they viewed the garrison and the fort of Duncannon, where they were entertained by the governor, Colonel Purcell. After knighting John Mason, Esq., the mayor, their lordships proceeded to Clonmel, attended by the sheriff, and several gentlemen of the county of Tipperary, and by the mayor, aldermen, and recorder of Clonmel. They reviewed several regiments at Two-milebridge, who were there encamped. From Clonmel they pro¬ ceeded to Cork. On the 23rd they lay at Colonel Barry’s, near Castle-Lyons, and dined next day at Waterpark with the Lord Chief Justice Pine.

    “ On the 25th they came to Cork, being met some miles from the town by the bishop and clergy of the diocese, and several gentlemen, and were received at the gates of the city by the mayor and aldermen in their formalities, by whom they were sumptuously entertained at the expense of .£200, and were made free of the city. On the 26th they went to Kinsale, visited the fort, and reviewed Sir Matthew Bridges’ regiment of foot. On the 28th they returned to Cork, where they reviewed the royal regiment of foot, commanded by Colonel Hamilton ; and having taken a view of the harbour, were

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 307

42. Mount Gabriel synclinal trough near Schull

    near Mount Gabriel · hill or hills · Cork

    Mount Gabriel, near Schull, is a ridge that coincides with a synclinal trough of the strata, its upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate. This resulted from denudation removing the surrounding country that once rose higher than the prominence.

    Read the passage

    But, however we may apportion the work done between the agents, the amount of the denudation effected by them has been enormous. To take a couple of clear and unmistakable instances — the now exposed Old Red Sandstone at Courtmacsherry, or Seven Heads promontory, must have been once covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which, in all probability, lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, of which a p&tch has been left only sixteen miles distant. Again, the rocks at the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh are 9,800 feet down in the O.R.S. ; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them ; not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone which must have overlaid that, and the Coal Measures which, in all proba¬ bility, came over all. Where the Coal Measures proper still remain the denudation has been comparatively small ; yet even there it must have been considerable, as we see from the way in w:hich the surface of the ground stretches across the edges of the steeply inclined, sometimes inverted, strata. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident ; although the greater surface ridges correspond with the greater anticlinal arches and the valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are very gentle ‘undulations compared with the great folds of the strata (Fig. 2) ; and most of the smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges. Sometimes, indeed, a ridge will even coincide with a synclinal trough of the strata. Such is the case with Mount Gabriel, near Schull, also with Sheehy Mountain, and with Milane Hill, both of which have been already mentioned as having their upper parts composed of Carboniferous Slate (Fig. 4.). This is entirely the result of the denudation having removed the surrounding country which once rose on each side higher than those prominences. The rocks in a synclinal curve present their edges to the denuding agent; and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it. It is very necessary to realize fully the large amount of denudation that has taken place ; otherwise we may be led to form great mis¬ conceptions as to various phenomena connected with the rocks

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 362

    As the companion tells it

    Mount Gabriel rises near Schull, and the road passes through that hill country. It holds a geological curiosity. A ridge of high ground here coincides with a synclinal trough of the strata, a reversal of the usual order where valleys follow troughs and ridges follow arches. The mountain's upper parts are composed of Carboniferous Slate, and so are the upper parts of Sheehy Mountain and Milane Hill. This happens because denudation has removed the surrounding country. That surrounding ground once rose on each side higher than these prominences. In a synclinal curve the rocks present their edges to the denuding agent, and this often seems to give them an advantage in resisting it, so the trough survives as a ridge while the higher ground around it is worn away. The scale of that wearing away across Cork is hard to grasp. At Courtmacsherry, the Seven Heads promontory, the exposed Old Red Sandstone must have once been covered with at least 5,000 feet of Carboniferous Slate, over which lay a considerable depth of Coal Measures, a patch of which survives sixteen miles distant. At the north end of the Pass of Keimaneigh, the rocks sit 9,800 feet down in the Old Red Sandstone; that depth of their own formation has been removed from above them, not to speak of the Carboniferous Slate or Limestone that overlay that, and the Coal Measures that probably came over all. The surface of the ground and the beds of rock never coincide but by accident. Greater surface ridges correspond with greater anticlinal arches, and valleys with synclinal troughs, yet the ridges are gentle undulations compared with the great folds of the strata, and most smaller undulations of the beds do not give rise to surface ridges at all.

43. New charters for Bandon and Clonakilty

    Bandon · town · Cork · 1611

    In 1611, new charters were made out for Bandon and Clonakilty as part of the ongoing municipal reorganisation in Munster.

    Read the passage

    under Sir Oliver St. John, Lord President, reviewed the forces of this province ; and, among others, the English planters settled in it by the gentlemen who were undertakers. New charters were made out for Bandon and Cloughnakilty the

    same year.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 278

44. Places in Cork named after St. Molagga

    Timoleague · town · Cork

    St. Molagga, also known as Laicin, was the patron of Tegh-Mollagga. Various places in Cork, including Timoleague, Mitchelstown, and Marshalstown, were named after him.

    Read the passage

    His poems — St. Molagga, or “Laicin,” Patron of Tegh-Mollagga — His birth and parentage — Various places in Cork named after him — Timoleague, Mitchelstown, and Marshalstown.

    CHAP. IV. — The Danish Invasion ... ... ... ... ... 48

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 5

    As the companion tells it

    Up ahead is Timoleague, one of several places in Cork that take their name from St. Molagga, also known as Laicin. He was the patron of Tegh-Mollagga. Mitchelstown and Marshalstown share the same connection.

45. Railway geological section north of Mallow

    Mallow · town · Cork

    A fine geological section exposed by the railway north of Mallow revealed 1,600 feet of combined lower black shale and flag-grit series, with 700 feet of remaining Coal Measures proper above them.

    Read the passage

    amount ; first, because we have no evidence that the top of the Coal Measures is anywhere to be found here, as no later formation comes over them ; on the contrary, as we shall see presently, the great probability is that much of the highest part of the formation is wanting ; and even if it were present, the great disturbance that these beds have undergone would make it impossible to get their thickness without sufficiently extended and very continuous sections. In the Mullaghareirk district, the lower or black shale series is 700 feet thick, the flag and grit series 800. In the southern part of the area, as is shown by a fine section made by the railway, N. of Mallow, these two series together give 1,600 feet of thickness, whilst what remains of the O.M.s. proper measures 700 feet.

    The principal useful product is, of course, the coal, which is of three kinds, viz. : — anthracite, sometimes containing iron pyrites ; culm, which is a laminated coal, crumbling down on exposure to the air ; and pindy, a shale which is sometimes sufficiently carbonaceous to be used as fuel. Seams of coal have been worked in different places near the Mullaghareirk hills, and at Glencollin colliery, about a mile S. of Kingwilliamstown. There are two lines of collieries beginning two or three miles S.W. of Kanturk, and running, for eight or nine miles, towards W.S.W. ; of these the Dromagh and Lisnacon collieries are the most important. Several pits of culm have been worked near Gneeves and Bally dough, six or eight miles E.S.E. of Kanturk. Iron-stone and wavellite occurs in this formation, and some spas rise therein, as near Kanturk, etc.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 352

46. Ruins of Dunanore Castle on Innisherkin Island

    near Sherkin Island · townland · Cork

    The ruins of the Castle of Dunanore, also known as the Golden Fort, stand on Innisherkin (Sherkin) Island, opposite Baltimore on the south coast of Cork.

    Read the passage

    Ruins of the Castle of Dunanore, or the Golden Fort, "situated in Innisherkin Island, opposite Baltimore, South Coast of Cork.

    FIRST CATHOLIC CHAPEL AT BANDON. *01

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 322

47. St. Molagga's Church near Marshalstown

    Marshalstown · townland · Cork

    The ancient name Eidham Malaga referred to St. Molagga's Church near Marshalstown, County Cork. The site is linked to the veneration of the saint in the area.

    Read the passage

    The place called At/i-Cros-Molaga , between Mitchelstown and Kildorrery, Co. Cork, is named after him, and Eidham Malaga was the ancient name for St. Molagga : Church near Marshalstown, Co. Cork.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 49

48. The Harp of Erin newspaper in Cork

    Parliament Street · street · Cork · 1798

    The Harp of Erin, a Cork paper, was published by John Daly at 16 Parliament Street. It printed political squibs against Pitt, including a verse about taxes dated March 7, 1798.

    Read the passage

    3. The Harp of Erin, a Cork paper, published by John Daly, at 16 Parliament street, has the following squib : —

    “ Since many a tax has been laid on by thee,

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 327

    As the companion tells it

    Along here on Parliament Street, at number 16, John Daly published The Harp of Erin, a Cork paper. In 1798 it carried political squibs against Pitt, including a verse about taxes that began, "Since many a tax has been laid on by thee."

49. Torc Mountain at Killarney named for the wild boar

    Torc · townland · Kerry

    The name of Tore (Torc) mountain at Killarney indicates the presence of wild boars in ancient times. The name, pronounced 'Turk,' also gave rise to the name of the nearby Turk Waterfall, well known to tourists.

    Read the passage

    The wild boar (tore fiadhain) would not be far to seek, as the name of Tore7 mountain at Killarney indicates; nor would

    6. One of the lost books mentioned by Keating is the Black Book of St. Molaga.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 29

50. Triennial assembly of ancient Tara

    Tara · parish · Meath · 1167

    An assembly of Irish clergy and bishops in 1167 was compared to the ancient triennial assembly at Tara, representing the last act of Irish independence before the English invasion.

    Read the passage

    An assembly of the Irish clergy and bishops was held in 1167, which emulated, if it did not rival, the triennial assembly of ancient Tara. It was the last act of Irish independence. The tyrannical Danes had been expelled as a body, and those who yet remained amalgamated with the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 98

51. William Gold delivers four city charters in Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1618

    On November 7th, 1618, former mayor William Gold delivered up in open court to his successor four charters of Cork—those of Edward IV, Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth, and King James I—along with a quietus of the exchequer for the fee-farm rent.

    Read the passage

    1618. “ On the 7th of November Mr. William Gold, who was the foregoing year mayor of Cork, delivered up in open court, to his successor, four charters, viz., those of Edward IV., Henry VIII., Queen Elizabeth, and the charter of King James I., as also one quietus of the exchequer for the fee-farm rent of the city.

    1620. “ Richard Boyle, bishop of Cork, Cloyne, and Ross, this

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 279

52. Anticlinal fold from Buttevant to Castleisland via Meelin and Taur

    near Meelin · population centre · Cork

    An anticlinal fold runs from between Mallow and Buttevant to Castleisland in Kerry, its course marked by limestone appearing from beneath the surface at Meelin and Taur. Another fold runs from Kanturk into Kerry.

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    This formation makes a table land, with a well-defined escapement running all round it ; in the middle parts of its area it rises into monotonous undulating hilly moorlands, with many eminences approaching 1,341 feet, the height of Mullaghareirk, and 1,417 feet, the height of Mount Eagle. There are many parallel folds in this formation running E.N.E. and W.S.W., many of which are not perceptible on the map ; others, however, are so. The three arms or promontories which run out to Mallow, Buttevant, and Charleville, are, as might be anticipated, synclinal troughs. An anticlinal fold runs between the last two to Castleisland, in Kerry ; its course being marked by the limestone peeping up from beneath at Meelin and Taur ; another runs in the same direction from Kanturk into Kerry, whose course is similarly indicated, though outside of our county.

    There are many characteristic fossils found in this formation within this district ; but, as with other formations, we shall not take up space by giving lists ; particularly as there is no special interest in the fossils (as compared with those of other Coal Measure localities), as is the case, for instance, in Kilkenny. We shall merely note that sea shells are sometimes found in the lower shales and land plants in the upper parts of the series.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 351

53. Cork coal consumption 1719–1729

    Cork · city · Cork · 1719–1729

    According to the collector of the duty on coals, about 6,000 tons of coal were burnt yearly in Cork city between 1719 and 1729.

    Read the passage

    “ According to the accounts of the collector of the duly on coals, from 1719 to 1729 there were about 6,000 tons of coal burnt in this city yearly.

    “February 2, 1732. — According to a return made by the hearth money collectors in this and the following year, there were in the city of Cork 2569 Protestants and 5398 Roman Catholic families.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 316

54. Death of Roisseni, abbot of great Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 685

    In 685, Roisseni, described as another abbot of 'great Cork,' died. The author notes it was fortunate he did not live to see the coming desolation of the land.

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    In 685 Roisseni, another abbot of “ great Cork,” died.

    It was well for him that he had gone to his peaceful rest, so that he did not live to see the terrible desolation which was so soon to overspread' the land.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 53

55. Death of Suibhne, Bishop Prince of Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 677–682

    In the year 680, the Four Masters record the death of Suibhne, son of Maelmuha, successor of Bairre of Corcach. He is described as bishop prince of Cork in the Annals of Clonmacnoise.

    Read the passage

    “ The seventh yvsr of Finachta, Suibhne, son of Maelmuha, successor of Bairre of Corcach, died.” 4

    In the year 680, the Annals of Clonmacnoise record “ extreme great wind and earthquakes in Ireland,” and add :

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 52

56. Geological inversion from Cape Clear to Toe Head

    Cape Clear · electoral division · Cork

    Along the south side of the Cape Clear anticlinal, rocks dip the wrong way (N.N.W.) for 13 miles from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head. This inversion likely extends a further 14–15 miles inland beyond Galley Head.

    Read the passage

    have already referred. The character of the folding shows that the disturbance was not produced by pressures ol upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches as some might suppose on first thoughts. The distances of t le axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relatively to tne reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth s crust ; and it would be impossible that forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could produce a corrugation, on such a comparatively small scale, in such a crust, not to men¬ tion the difficulty of imagining how such forces could arise. Moreover, the foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlinais must be actually doubled up together (kig. 2) ; and besides some of the folds have been pushed over, until the beds at one side have been inverted (Fig. 3) ; neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. We may here mention some of the inversions which have been ascertained ; there are, doubtless, many, the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of what we may call the Cape Clear anticlinal the rocks dip the wrong way, viz,, to N.N.W., from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles ; but this inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still ; since a little beyond, and inland of, Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone ; the intermediate part of the inversion being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay, etc. Also along the south side (again) of the Mizen Head anticlinal the Carboniferous Slate dips under the O.R.S., the inversion of the rocks extending for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen (Fig. 3). An inversion on a much larger scale extends from the middle lake at Killarney, along the limestone valley, m rked on the map, to beyond Mallow, a distance of about 45 miles ; it is supposed that it may reach even to near Fermoy. Scarcely less than 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted ; in this case it is the north side of the great anticlinal which has been overturned. (We may mention that there is an apparent inversion on the south side of Dingle bay, in Kerry, this being again on the north side of a great anticlinal, which is, probably, a different one from that just mentioned ; the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 353

57. Geological inversion near Galley Head and Rosscarbery Bay

    near Galley Head · promontory · Cork

    Beyond and inland of Galley Head, Carboniferous Slate dips under Old Red Sandstone along the same line as the Cape Clear inversion. The intermediate part of this inversion is nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay.

    Read the passage

    have already referred. The character of the folding shows that the disturbance was not produced by pressures ol upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches as some might suppose on first thoughts. The distances of t le axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relatively to tne reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth s crust ; and it would be impossible that forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could produce a corrugation, on such a comparatively small scale, in such a crust, not to men¬ tion the difficulty of imagining how such forces could arise. Moreover, the foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlinais must be actually doubled up together (kig. 2) ; and besides some of the folds have been pushed over, until the beds at one side have been inverted (Fig. 3) ; neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. We may here mention some of the inversions which have been ascertained ; there are, doubtless, many, the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of what we may call the Cape Clear anticlinal the rocks dip the wrong way, viz,, to N.N.W., from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles ; but this inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still ; since a little beyond, and inland of, Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone ; the intermediate part of the inversion being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay, etc. Also along the south side (again) of the Mizen Head anticlinal the Carboniferous Slate dips under the O.R.S., the inversion of the rocks extending for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen (Fig. 3). An inversion on a much larger scale extends from the middle lake at Killarney, along the limestone valley, m rked on the map, to beyond Mallow, a distance of about 45 miles ; it is supposed that it may reach even to near Fermoy. Scarcely less than 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted ; in this case it is the north side of the great anticlinal which has been overturned. (We may mention that there is an apparent inversion on the south side of Dingle bay, in Kerry, this being again on the north side of a great anticlinal, which is, probably, a different one from that just mentioned ; the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 353

58. Hills of Sheehy and Milane near Dunmanway

    Shehy Mountains · mountain or mountain range · Cork

    The Carboniferous Slate formation generally forms lower ground than the Old Red Sandstone, but the hills of Sheehy (1,792 feet, six miles NW of Dunmanway) and Milane (1,172 feet, four miles WSW of Dunmanway) rise higher than any Old Red Sandstone ground in their neighbourhood.

    Read the passage

    This formation seems to present no marked peculiarity of surface ; its materials having about the same durability as those of the O.R.S. It generally, indeed, forms lower ground than does that formation ; though sometimes its hills, as Sheehy, 1,792 feet, six miles N.W. of Dunmanway, and Milane, 1,172 feet, four miles W.S.W. of the same town, rise higher than any O.R.S. ground in their neighbourhood.

    The Carboniferous Slate is often abundant in fossils from top to bottom. It yields, especially in the Coomhola Grits, which are in the lower part of it, some land plants found in the Upper Old Red ; but its shells, which are of marine character, and occur even in its lowest beds, separate it strongly from that formation. It contains many fossils of regular Carboniferous species, which circumstance, as well as that of its sometimes representing the limestone, clearly determine its position and relations among the stratified formations. It has also fossils peculiar to itself mingled with those mentioned ; but this is only what we might have expected ; as different kinds of sea bottom, in the same ocean, whether sandy, muddy, etc., attract and foster different forms of animal life. A list of the fossils would take up much space, and without illustrations, would be of no use, except to the practised palontologist. Those who wish to go into the matter should consult Mr. Baily’s elaborate lists, with localities, etc., in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Exp.s to sheets 187, etc., and 192, etc., or Jukes’ Manual of Geology.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 345

59. Kerry royal revenue accounts under Henry III

    Kerry · county · Kerry · 1254–1255

    In 1254–55, during the 38th and 39th years of Henry III, Walter de Brackleyer served as vice-comes (sheriff) of County Kerry. He acknowledged £10 for pleas and perquisites, two marks for sergeantry dues, and 100 shillings for pleas and perquisites for the entire 37th year.

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    Some of the entries, in a computation of the king's revenue from the county of Kerry, in the 38th and 39th of Henry III., a.d. 1254-5 are very curious. Walter de Brackleyer was then vice-comes, the old name for sheriff, and acknowledged ^10 for “pleas and perquisites,” and, moreover, had two marks for the dues of sergeantry in the said county, from Michaelmas term, 39th year ; and 100 shillings for pleas and perquisites of the said county for the whole. year 37th.

    IO—2

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 124

60. Mizen Head anticlinal and rock inversion near Skibbereen

    near Mizen Head · promontory · Cork

    Along the south side of the Mizen Head anticlinal, Carboniferous Slate dips under Old Red Sandstone, with the inversion extending at least nine miles northward of Skibbereen along the strike of the rocks.

    Read the passage

    have already referred. The character of the folding shows that the disturbance was not produced by pressures ol upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches as some might suppose on first thoughts. The distances of t le axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relatively to tne reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth s crust ; and it would be impossible that forces acting from below, along lines so close together, could produce a corrugation, on such a comparatively small scale, in such a crust, not to men¬ tion the difficulty of imagining how such forces could arise. Moreover, the foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlinais must be actually doubled up together (kig. 2) ; and besides some of the folds have been pushed over, until the beds at one side have been inverted (Fig. 3) ; neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. We may here mention some of the inversions which have been ascertained ; there are, doubtless, many, the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of what we may call the Cape Clear anticlinal the rocks dip the wrong way, viz,, to N.N.W., from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles ; but this inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still ; since a little beyond, and inland of, Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone ; the intermediate part of the inversion being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay, etc. Also along the south side (again) of the Mizen Head anticlinal the Carboniferous Slate dips under the O.R.S., the inversion of the rocks extending for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen (Fig. 3). An inversion on a much larger scale extends from the middle lake at Killarney, along the limestone valley, m rked on the map, to beyond Mallow, a distance of about 45 miles ; it is supposed that it may reach even to near Fermoy. Scarcely less than 15,000 feet of rock, including the whole thickness of the Carboniferous Limestone, have been slightly inverted ; in this case it is the north side of the great anticlinal which has been overturned. (We may mention that there is an apparent inversion on the south side of Dingle bay, in Kerry, this being again on the north side of a great anticlinal, which is, probably, a different one from that just mentioned ; the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 353

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere about Mizen Head, the rocks tell a story of violent folding. Along the south side of the Mizen Head anticlinal, Carboniferous Slate dips under Old Red Sandstone, and this inversion of the rocks extends for at least nine miles along their strike northward of Skibbereen. The folding here was not produced by pressures of upheaval acting from below along the anticlinal arches. The distances between the axes of the folds are sometimes very small, relative to the reasonably presumed minimum thickness of the earth's crust, and it would be impossible for forces acting from below along lines so close together to produce a corrugation on such a comparatively small scale in such a crust. The foldings are generally violent, as shown by the steep dips of the strata, and sometimes so violent that some of the beds along the medial lines, or axes, of the anticlines must be actually doubled up together. Some of the folds have been pushed over until the beds at one side have been inverted, neither of which could have been accomplished by forces simply acting from below. There are doubtless many inversions the existence of which is unknown from want of sufficient evidence. Along the south side of the Cape Clear anticlinal, the rocks dip the wrong way, to north-northwest, from the end of Cape Clear to the root of Toe Head, a distance of 13 miles. This inversion extends, with the greatest probability, for at least 14 or 15 miles farther still, since a little beyond and inland of Galley Head, in the same line, the Carboniferous Slate dips under the Old Red Sandstone, the intermediate part being nearly concealed under Rosscarbery Bay.