A history of the city and county of Cork

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Ogham stone at Lisheenagreme rath, Gurranes

   Gurranes · townland · Cork · 1868

   An Ogham stone was found in a rath called Lisheenagreme on the townland of Gurranes, parish of Templemartin, county Cork, a quarter mile north of the parish church. Discovered through Rev. John Lyons of Newcestown, it was visited on December 16, 1868, and found to be a rough flag of hard clay slate with deeply cut Ogham characters.

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   Another Ogham stone was found in a Rath called Lisheenagreme, on the townland of Gurranes, and parish of Templemartin, county of Cork, and one quarter of . a mile north of the mrish church My first information of its existence was received from the Rev. John Lyons, C.C., Newcestown Ermskeane, who informed me that a stone bearing marks which he believed to be Oghams, was seen by him in the locality -abovenamed. Being convinced from Mr. Lyons description that it was a veritable Ogham inscription, 1 took the earliest oppor¬ tunity of visiting the spot, which I did on December 16th,

   “Ot,

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 436

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here in Gurranes, an Ogham stone was found in a rath called Lisheenagreme, a quarter mile north of the parish church in Templemartin. The first word of its existence came from Rev. John Lyons of Newcestown, who reported seeing a stone with marks he believed to be Oghams in the locality. Convinced by his description that it was a genuine Ogham inscription, the visitor made his way to the spot on December 16, 1868, and found a rough flag of hard clay slate with deeply cut Ogham characters.

2. Plundering of Kenmare in 836

   Kenmare · townland · Kerry · 836

   Kenmare (Cenn-mare) was plundered by the Danes in 836, along with Cloyne and Ros-Ailithir, as part of frequent and persistent raiding across southern Ireland.

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   In 836 C ena,in- M or (Cloy no), Ros-Ailithir , and Cenn-mare (Kenmare) were all plundered. Indeed, places were plundered so frequently and persistently by each succeded raid, that one wonders how anything could have been left to take away.

   The Danes were divided into two parties, the Black Gentiles ( Dnbhgaill), and the Finngall , or White Gentiles. The White or Azure Gentiles were Norwegians, and their power was considerably broken after the death of Turgesius.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 60

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Kenmare, in 836, this place was plundered by the Danes. Cloyne and Ros-Ailithir were raided at the same time, and the raids across southern Ireland came so frequently and persistently that one wonders how anything was left to take. The Danes were split into two parties, the Black Gentiles and the White Gentiles. The White Gentiles were Norwegians, and their power was considerably broken after the death of Turgesius.

3. Plundering of Rosscarbery in 836

   Ross Carbery · town · Cork · 836

   Ros-Ailithir, identified as Rosscarbery, was plundered by the Danes in 836 along with Cloyne and Kenmare, as part of successive raiding waves.

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   In 836 C ena,in- M or (Cloy no), Ros-Ailithir , and Cenn-mare (Kenmare) were all plundered. Indeed, places were plundered so frequently and persistently by each succeded raid, that one wonders how anything could have been left to take away.

   The Danes were divided into two parties, the Black Gentiles ( Dnbhgaill), and the Finngall , or White Gentiles. The White or Azure Gentiles were Norwegians, and their power was considerably broken after the death of Turgesius.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 60

   As the companion tells it

   You are coming through Ross Carbery now. In 836 this place, then called Ros-Ailithir, was plundered by the Danes, along with Cloyne and Kenmare. Raids came so frequently and persistently that one wonders how anything was left to take away. The Danes were split into two parties, the Black Gentiles and the White Gentiles. The White Gentiles were Norwegians, and their power was considerably broken after the death of Turgesius.

4. Round Tower and Sacred Stone at Kinneigh

   Kinneigh · townland · Cork

   A high round tower stood in the south-west corner of Kinneigh churchyard, and the church was thought to have formerly been a cathedral. A sacred stone in the south-west corner of the church was used by the Irish for solemn oaths, and a tradition held that a medicinally powerful well in the churchyard had been stopped up because the concourse of pilgrims was too costly for inhabitants.

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   from Bantry, by the sea-side, are the ruins of an abbey which belonged to the Franciscans. I don’t hear that there were any other religious houses besides this in the baronies of Beer and Bantry. Humphrey Sullivan is Popish priest of this parish, and of Kilcroghan ; he has been here about twelve years. All the inhabitants are Papists. No Papists are allowed to live within the walls of Bandon. The Earl of Cork, in his leases, has obliged all the tenants not to admit Papists. In the parish of Skull there are about four Protestant families, and about four hundred Papist families. Daniel Carthy is Popish priest of the eastern part of this parish ; he has been here ever since before the late troubles. No glebe in this parish, no registry - book, nor Bible, nor Common Prayer-book. In Kilmoe there are the ruins of a chapel at the west-end of the town dedicated to St. Mullagh. The church of Kilmoe is dedicated to St. Briana, alias Brandon, whese festival is observed. In this parish there are about nine Protestant families, and two hundred Papist. Teige Coghlan is Popish priest of Kilmoe, and of the western part of Skull. He has been here about eight years. A young Irishman, a Papist, teaches school about the middle of the parish. In all the O’Sullivan’s country they observe as a holiday St. Rooane’s Day. At Kinneigh a high round tower stands in the south-west corner of the churchyard. ’Tis sup¬ posed this church was formerly a cathedral. A stone is in the south-west corner of the church of Kinneigh counted very sacred, which the Irish solemnly swear upon. The church is accounted by the Irish very sacred. There is a tradition that formerly in this churchyard there was a well that had great medicinal virtues, and that the concourse of people being very chargeable to the inhabitants, they stopped it up.

   Yet the Catholic had to support both their own clergy and and the Protestant ministers — an injustice of the very gravest kind, and this not only in a general way, but as the Cork Grand Jury presentments show, fees were exacted from the Catholics for every domestic occurrence.4

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 313

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Kinneigh, a high round tower stood in the south-west corner of the churchyard. It was supposed that this church had formerly been a cathedral. The Irish accounted the church as very sacred. A stone in the south-west corner of the church was counted very sacred, and the Irish solemnly swore upon it. The church was sacred in their reckoning, and the stone within it was held sacred too, a place where the Irish came to swear solemn oaths. There is a tradition that formerly in this churchyard there was a well that had great medicinal virtues. The concourse of people who came to this well was very chargeable to the inhabitants, and they stopped it up. The well had drawn people for its medicinal powers, and the gathering of those people became too costly for those who lived here, so the well was stopped up. The round tower in the south-west corner of the graveyard and the sacred stone in the south-west corner of the church remained. A church once supposed to have been a cathedral, accounted very sacred by the Irish. A stone the Irish solemnly swore upon. A well of great medicinal virtue, stopped up because the concourse of people was too chargeable to the inhabitants.

5. Sir John Perrott brings ships to Cork

   Cork · city · Cork · 1579

   In 1579 Sir John Perrott brought six ships to Cork for the protection of the English interest in that city against the Spaniards. The lord deputy Drury died at Waterford soon after, and the Desmonds took advantage of the temporary relaxation of government.

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   In 1579 Sir John Perrott brought six ships to Cork for the protection of that country, or at least of the English interest in that city, against the Spaniards. The lord deputy, Drury, died at Waterford soon after, and the Desmonds were very ready to take advantage of any temporary relaxation of

   government.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 223

   As the companion tells it

   Cork, 1579. Sir John Perrott brought six ships here to protect the English interest in the city against the Spaniards. The lord deputy Drury died at Waterford soon after, and the Desmonds were ready to take advantage of any temporary relaxation of government.

6. Abbot of Cork dies, head of monastic rule

   Cork · city · Cork · 926

   In 926 Cennachta, Abbot of Cork, died and is described as the head of the rule of the Monks of Ireland. This attests to Cork's importance as a monastic centre in the early tenth century.

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   In the year 926, Cennachta , Abbot of Cork, died, and is described as the head of the rule of the Monks of Ireland.

   In the same year Celedubhaill, son of Scannal, went on a pilgrimage to Rome from the abbey at Bangor, and he com¬ posed these quatrains at his departure, which show that the raids of the Northmen, terrible as they were, had neither lessened the devotion nor the literary taste of the Irish : —

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 62

   As the companion tells it

   As you pass through Cork, in 926 Cennachta, Abbot of Cork, died. He is described as the head of the rule of the Monks of Ireland. That title tells you Cork was a place of real weight in the monastic life of early tenth-century Ireland.

7. Ancient names and burial place of Munster kings at Fermoy

   Fermoy · townland · Cork

   The Book of Lismore records multiple ancient names for Fermoy, including Fir Muighe Mene, named for minerals in surrounding mountains and fields. The territory also contained Ross-na-Righ, the ancient burial place of the Kings of Munster, where Mac Con remained until the battle of Ceann Abrath.

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   “They then sent for the clay of Comlehaille Meic Con., i.e., the Caile (or land) o Mene,” son of Ere, son of Deaghaidli, which is called Fir Mulghe, i.e., Fermoy, to¬ day. The reason it is called Caile Meic n Eirce is because his sons dwelt there, namely, Mene, son of Ere, and Uatha, son of Ere, and Ailbhe, son of Ere. Another name for it was Fir Muighe Mene, so called because of the abundance of the minerals contained in the mountains around it, and because there are minerals in all the fields around it also. Another name for it was Corr Chaille Meic Con, because it was the patrimony of the Clann Dairine ; and it is in it Rossachna-Righ is, i.e. , Ross-na-Righ, the ancient burial place of the Kings of Munster ; and it is there Mac Con was till the time of the battle of Ceann Abrath.”

   90

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 86

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere around here is the place the Book of Lismore calls by several old names. It was called Caile Meic Con, the land of Mene, son of Ere, son of Deaghaidli, because his sons dwelt there, Mene, Uatha, and Ailbhe, all sons of Ere. It was also called Fir Muighe Mene, and later simply Fermoy. The name Fir Muighe Mene came from the abundance of minerals contained in the mountains around it, and because there are minerals in all the fields around it also. Another name for it was Corr Chaille Meic Con, because it was the patrimony of the Clann Dairine. And it is in this place that Ross-na-Righ is, the ancient burial place of the Kings of Munster. And it is there Mac Con was until the time of the battle of Ceann Abrath.

8. Battle of Moin Mor, Co. Tipperary

   Moanmore · townland · Tipperary · 1151

   In 1151, united armies of Turlough O'Connor and Dermod Mac Murrough plundered as far as Moin Mor, where they encountered Dalcassian forces returning from plundering Desmond. A bloody battle ensued with 7,000 men of north Munster left dead, attributed to the Dal-Cais refusing to flee or ask quarter.

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   Yet it must not be forgotten that an Irish traitor, Dermod Mac Murrough, was the direct cause of the subjection of Ireland to English rule. Dermod commenced his career of perfidy by carrying off the Abbess of Kildare from her cloister, killing i 70 of the people of Kildare, who interfered to prevent this wanton and sacrilegious outrage. In 1141 he endeavoured to crush the opposers of his atrocious tyranny by a barbarous onslaught, in which he killed two nobles, put out the eyes Df anothor, and blinded7 seventeen chieftains of inferior rank. A fitting commencement of his career of treachery towards his unfortunate country ! In 1 148 a temporary peace was made by the Primate of Armagh between the northern princes, who bad carried on a deadly feud ; but its duration, as usual, was brief. Turlough O’Brien was drp osed by Teigue in 1 1 5 1 . He was assisted by Turlough O’Connor and the infamous Dermod . The united armies plundered as far as Moin Mor,8 where they encountered the Dalcassian forces returning from the plunder of Desmond. A sanguinary combat ensued, and the men of north Munster suffered a dreadful slaughter, leaving 7,000 dead upon the field of battle. This terrible sacrifice of life is attributed to the mistaken valour of the Dal-Cais, who would neither fly nor ask quarter.

   7. In 1165, Henry II. gratified his irritation against the Welsh by laying hands upon the hostages of their noblest families, and commanding that the eyes of the males should be rooted out, and the ears and noses of the females cut off ; and yet Henry is said to have been liberal to the poor, and though passionately devoted to the chase, he did not inflict either death or mutilation on the intruders in the royal forests.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 100

   As the companion tells it

   Somewhere close to Moanmore, a battle was fought in 1151. Turlough O'Brien had been deposed by Teigue that year, and he sought help from Turlough O'Connor and Dermod Mac Murrough. Dermod Mac Murrough was called an Irish traitor, the direct cause of the subjection of Ireland to English rule. He commenced his career of perfidy by carrying off the Abbess of Kildare from her cloister, killing 170 of the people of Kildare who interfered to prevent this wanton and sacrilegious outrage. He endeavoured to crush the opposers of his atrocious tyranny with a barbarous onslaught, killing two nobles, putting out the eyes of another, and blinding 17 chieftains of inferior rank. A temporary peace had been made by the Primate of Armagh between the northern princes, who had carried on a deadly feud, but its duration was brief. The united armies of Turlough O'Connor and Dermod plundered as far as Moin Mor, where they encountered the Dalcassian forces returning from the plunder of Desmond. A sanguinary combat ensued. The men of north Munster suffered a dreadful slaughter, leaving 7,000 dead upon the field of battle. This terrible sacrifice of life is attributed to the mistaken valour of the Dal-Cais, who would neither fly nor ask quarter.

9. Bishop Bennett endows St. Mary's chantry in Youghal

   Youghal · town · Cork · 1531

   Dr. Bennett died in 1531 and at his death enriched the chantry of St. Mary's with ancestral lands in Youghal and its neighbourhood. His family had originally founded the collegiate establishment at Youghal where he had chosen to reside.

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   Dr. Bennett died in the year 1531, and at his death enriched the chantry of St. Mary’s with some ancestral lands in Youghal and its neighbourhood. Henry VIII. appointed Dominick Tirrey to the vacant see, but the reigning Pontiff refused to recognise this nomination, and chose a Franciscan named Lewis MacNamara as successor to Dr. Bennett. The brief of his appointment to Cork and Cloyne is dated 24th September, 1540 This prelate, however, soon after his consecration was summoned to a better world, and on the 5th November, the same year, another brief was expedited appointing John Hoyeden, (which name is probably a corruption for O'h-Eidhin , u o’ Heyne) a canon of Elphin, bishop of the united dioceses. From the consistorial acts we learn that he was impeded by the crown nominee from taking possession of the temporalities

   q. O’Donovan’s Book of Rights, p. log.

   Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 175

   As the companion tells it

   Youghal is the town where Bishop Bennett ended his days in 1531. At his death he enriched the chantry of St. Mary's with ancestral lands in Youghal and its neighbourhood. His family had founded the collegiate establishment here, and he had chosen to reside in it. After his death the succession fell into dispute. Henry the Eighth appointed Dominick Tirrey to the vacant see, but the reigning Pontiff refused to recognise that nomination and chose a Franciscan named Lewis MacNamara as Bennett's successor. The brief of his appointment to Cork and Cloyne is dated the 24th of September, 1540. This prelate, soon after his consecration, was called to a better world. On the 5th of November the same year another brief appointed John Hoyeden, a canon of Elphin, bishop of the united dioceses. From the consistorial acts we learn that he was impeded by the crown nominee from taking possession of the temporalities.

10. Bishops of Cork and Cloyne sign testimonial for Earl of Ormond

    Cork · city · Cork · 1445

    In 1445, the bishops of Cork and Cloyne, along with the Dean and Chapter of Cork, signed a testimonial attesting to the good behaviour of the Earl of Ormond. Lord Barry Roche and others also signed the document.

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    In the year 1445 the bishops of Cork and Cloyne, with the Dean and Chapter of Cork, signed a testimonial “of the good behaviour” of the Earl of Ormond. This document was also signed by the bishops of Cork and Cloyne, and by Lord Barry Roche, and others.

    A letter was addressed to the English court, according to one account, in this reign,- — but, according to Usher, in the time of Henry IV., — in which the writer requests that the English lords and Irish may be bound over “ upon pain of life and goods” not to make war upon each other. It had been found by this time that the English lords could not have it all their own way, and that peace was preferable to continual domestic war. The Irish, indeed, “ had become stronger than the English,” which accounts further for this ardent desire for peace.4

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 142

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, this city carries a record from 1445. In that year the bishops of Cork and Cloyne, with the Dean and Chapter of Cork, signed a testimonial of the good behaviour of the Earl of Ormond. Lord Barry Roche and others also signed the document. A letter was addressed to the English court, according to one account, in this reign, but according to Usher, in the time of Henry IV. The writer requested that the English lords and Irish be bound over upon pain of life and goods not to make war upon each other. It had been found by this time that the English lords could not have it all their own way, and that peace was preferable to continual domestic war. The Irish had become stronger than the English, which accounts further for this ardent desire for peace.

11. Blackwater river's anomalous turn at Cappoquin

    Cappoquin · town · Waterford

    The river Blackwater follows a limestone valley for 54 miles from near Millstreet but turns at a right angle at Cappoquin, flowing south across Old Red Sandstone ridges into Youghal harbour instead of continuing east to Dungarvan. This course reflects the river's capture of an older north-south stream that predated the limestone valley.

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    said, in conformable sequence. The greater anticlinal folds, at least, appeared doubtless at the surface as ridges of Coal Measures ; or, perhaps, partly of Carboniferous Slate or Lime¬ stone. The upper parts of these ridges were removed by some denuding agency, which, in this case, was probably the sea, until the O.R.S. was laid bare, and itself much cut away along the crests of the anticlinal folds (Fig. 2.). This denuding agency may have begun to work, indeed, at the beginning of the disturbance of the strata ; it had, doubtless, accomplished some of its work before the age of the Permian formation ; it may have been laying down some Permian beds in this very district ; but if so, as the land was rising the sea was removing its own fresh deposits as well as demolishing much of the older strata. How much the sea may have done in this way it is impossible to say ; for afterwards another denuding agent came into operation, viz., the atmosphere ; and we cannot tell what proportion of the whole work of demolition was done by each. Still, considering the capabilities and mode of operation of each, it seems probable that the role of the sea was chiefly smoothing down the original ridges, and that the subsequent work of the atmosphere was to bring out the ridges again to some extent, and to form nearly all the surface shaping pretty much as we now see it. We have in this district strong grounds for this belief. Mr. Jukes, in his paper on the river valleys of this district, has drawn attention to the remarkable case of the river Blackwater, which, for by far the greater part of its course, belongs to this county ; although the phenomenon to be con¬ sidered occurs outside, in Waterford. As will be seen by the map, the Blackwater enters, near Millstreet, a limestone valley, which valley, and the band of limestone, runs east continuously to Dungarvan harbour in Waterford ; but the river, having run along the valley for 54 miles, does not follow it on to Dungarvan, but turns at a right angle at Cappoquin, and its channel runs then directly south, across several Old Red Sand¬ stone ridges, into Youghal harbour. This is explicable only on the supposition that the north and south part of the Black¬ water represents the lower part of a stream which flowed south from the Knockmealdown mountains, before the west and east valley of the Blackwater existed. As this valley was gradually lowered by the atmosphere dissolving the limestone, its drain¬ age flowed into the above mentioned north and south stream, which, with the increasing accession to its water, was able to cut down through the sandstone of the gradually brought out

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 361

    As the companion tells it

    Cappoquin is a town in Waterford where the river Blackwater does something geologists still puzzle over. The Blackwater enters a limestone valley near Millstreet, and that band of limestone runs east continuously all the way to Dungarvan harbour. The river follows it for 54 miles. But at Cappoquin the river turns at a right angle and runs directly south, cutting across several Old Red Sandstone ridges, into Youghal harbour instead. Mr. Jukes, in his paper on the river valleys of this district, drew attention to this. His explanation is that the north and south stretch of the Blackwater represents the lower part of an older stream, one that flowed south from the Knockmealdown mountains before the east and west limestone valley ever existed. As the atmosphere slowly dissolved the limestone and lowered that valley, its drainage flowed into this older north and south stream. With the increasing accession of water, that stream was able to cut down through the sandstone of the ridges. The greater anticlinal folds had once appeared at the surface as ridges of Coal Measures, or perhaps Carboniferous Slate or Limestone. The sea removed their upper parts, laying bare the Old Red Sandstone and cutting it away along the crests. Then the atmosphere took over, bringing the ridges back out and shaping the surface much as it is seen now.

12. Blarney: MacCarthy seat and the Blarney Stone

    near Blarney · townland · Cork

    Blarney was the seat of the great MacCarthy family and a place of Druidical worship at a remote period. The famous Blarney Stone, which reputedly grants eloquence to whoever kisses it, has a disputed identity, with public opinion favouring the stone easiest to reach.

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    Blarney is a place of very ancient fame. It was the seat of the great Mac Carthy family, and was a place of Druidical worship at a very remote period. It is mentioned by the Four Masters : —

    “ 1489. — Teige, son of Donald Oge the Mac Carthy More, killed Patrick, son of the Knight of Kerry.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here lies Blarney, a place of very ancient fame. It was the seat of the great MacCarthy family and a place of Druidical worship at a very remote period. The Four Masters mention it. In 1489, Teige, son of Donald Oge the MacCarthy More, killed Patrick, son of the Knight of Kerry.

13. Charles II proclaimed in southern towns

    Cork · city · Cork · 1649

    Immediately after the execution of Charles I, the Earl of Ormond proclaimed Charles II in Cork, Kinsale, Youghal, and other southern towns.

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    Immediately after the execution of Charles I., the Earl of Ormond proclaimed Charles II. in Cork, Kinsale, Youghal, and other southern towns. Prince Rupert landed in Kinsale, where his brother Maurice had arrived about a fortnight before; but the English parliament sent at once to blockade that port, and Rupert was obliged eventually to sail for Lisbon, having lost more than half his fleet.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 291

    As the companion tells it

    Passing through Cork, the Earl of Ormond proclaimed Charles II in 1649, immediately after the execution of Charles I. He did the same in Kinsale, Youghal, and other southern towns. Prince Rupert landed in Kinsale, where his brother Maurice had arrived about a fortnight before. The English parliament blockaded the port, and Rupert eventually sailed for Lisbon, losing more than half his fleet.

14. Clancarre pledges service at Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1580

    The Earl of Clancarre came to Cork to meet the lord general (Ormonde), promising to serve the Queen against the Geraldine rebels. His son and heir was held as a hostage for his loyalty for a year and a half.

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    “ The rebels in Munster doe still continue their rebellion, keeping themselves in desart places, expecting the coming of foreign powers, which the doited doctor and traiture Saunders doth verifie unto them, offering his head to be cutte off yf aide come not by the xx day of April next. There arrived in Dyngall in Kerrie, two Spanish barks about the 26th of February, to understand the state of the rebels, and Doctor Saunders, who declared they were sent from the court of Spain, upon report that all the Geraldines were overthrown and killed. They came to know the certainty thereof, and finding before them in the town the said dolting doctor, he did return them with speede, with vehement letters for the speedie sending into Ireland the ayde promised ; and also certifying the prosperous successe of the Geraldynes, setting them forth, as I understood, a thousand times with more force and success than they have had, or are like to have, and so the said barques are despatched from the first of Marche. This much I am advertised of by the Earl of Clancarre, who came from these parts of late, and was here at Cork with the lord general [Ormonde], promising to serve her magistie with all his force against the said rebels, alsoe, the said Earle of Clancarre his son and heire remaineth in my custody this twelve month and halfe, as pledge for the good and dutiful behaviour of his father. He hath no more sonnes but the same. Methinks if I had not good regard in keeping the sonne, the father had been as false with us as the rest. Likewise I do understand the Baron of Lixnaw, and Patrick his son, are ready to run

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 215

    As the companion tells it

    As the road brings you through Cork, this city was the setting for a meeting in 1580 that tied a Munster earl to the Crown. The rebellion in Munster was still burning. The rebels held themselves in wild and deserted places, waiting for foreign help. Doctor Saunders, described as a traitor, had staked his head that aid would arrive by the 20th of April. Around the 26th of February, two Spanish vessels reached Dingle in Kerry, sent from the court of Spain. They had heard that all the Geraldines were overthrown and killed, and came to learn the truth. They found Doctor Saunders in the town, and he sent them back swiftly with urgent letters pressing for the promised aid, reporting the Geraldines' success a thousand times greater than it truly was. The barks were dispatched by the first of March. All of this was reported by the Earl of Clancarre, who had lately come from these parts. He came here to Cork and met the lord general, Ormonde, promising to serve her Majesty with all his force against the rebels. His son and heir, his only son, was kept in custody for a year and a half as a pledge for the father's loyalty. The writer remarked that without a firm hold on the son, the father would have proven as false as the rest. Word also came that the Baron of Lixnaw and his son Patrick were ready to run.

15. Danes burn Kenmare during Munster raids (c.840)

    Kenmare · townland · Kerry · 840

    During the Danish irruption around 840, Kenmare was burned by Northern Pirates along with Rossailithir and the greater part of Munster. The raiders were eventually defeated by the men of middle Munster at Ard-Feradagh.

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    “ A.D. 840, the c Wars of the Danes’ mentions an irruption of the Northern Pirates about the year 840, when £ they killed Cormac, son of Selbach, the Anchorite. He it was whom the angel let loose three times, but each time he was bound again. Moreover, Cork was plundered by them, and they burned Eossailithir and Kenmare and the greater part of Munster. But the men of middle Munster gave them battle, and their slaughter was completed at Ard-Feradagh.’

    “ A.D. 850, Condach, Abbot of Eossailithir, died.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 85

    As the companion tells it

    Cork, which the road passes through, was plundered around 840 by Northern Pirates. The Wars of the Danes records that they killed Cormac, son of Selbach, the Anchorite. The angel let him loose three times, but each time he was bound again. They burned Rossailithir and Kenmare and the greater part of Munster. The men of middle Munster gave them battle, and their slaughter was completed at Ard-Feradagh.

16. Desmond laid waste from the Blackwater, 1150-1151

    near River Blackwater · river · Cork · 1150–1151

    The O'Briens and the Dalgais laid waste the entire principality of Desmond from the river Amhain Mor (now Blackwater) to Cork. Turlough O'Connor and allied forces marched into Munster to assist Dermod MacCarthy as far as the banks of the Blackwater.

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    “ The O’Briens and the Dalgais laid waste the entire principality of A.D. 1150- Desmond, from the river called Amhain Mor (now Blackwater) to Corke- 1151, Turlough O’Connor and all the Canatian princes joined by Diarmoid Mac Morrogh, King of Leinster, with his forces, Malachy, son of Morough O’Maol-Seachlin, with the forces of Meath and Tiaghaman O’Ruairc, with the joint forces of Conmaicne and Feathblia, marched in one great body into Munster to the assistance of Dermod Mm Carthy, as far as the banks of the Blackwater , that night.

    3. Under the year 1175 we find that Donal Caomhanch and Fitzpatrtck marched from Limerick into Musgary Aodh, and in their rout laid waste with fire and sword Beadach Authe and Culle Grinn ; Diarmod More Mac Carthy came to meet them and concluded a treat . — Annals of lnnisfallen. Under the year. 1177 we find that Milo Cogan was banished from Dublin by Hugh de Lacy, and forced to fly to Corke.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 109

    As the companion tells it

    The River Blackwater runs through this country, and in 1150 and 1151 it was a boundary of ruin. The O'Briens and the Dalgais laid waste the entire principality of Desmond, from the river then called Amhain Mor, the Blackwater, all the way to Cork. Everything between those two points was put to fire. Then a great army gathered against them. Turlough O'Connor and the Canatian princes were joined by Diarmoid Mac Morrogh, King of Leinster, with his forces. Malachy, son of Morough O'Maol-Seachlin, brought the forces of Meath. Tiaghaman O'Ruairc brought the joint forces of Conmaicne and Feathblia. They marched in one great body into Munster to the assistance of Dermod MacCarthy, and came as far as the banks of the Blackwater, that night. The river you are passing near saw two armies meet on its ground in those years.

17. Desmond's march across the Shannon

    Shannon · town · Clare · 1559–1560

    In 1559-60, the Earl of Desmond assembled his troops to assist Tiege O'Brien against the Earl of Thomond. He marched his forces immediately across the River Shannon without waiting for a full muster.

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    at Dublin, 12th January, 1559-60. He also assisted Tiege O’Brien against the Earl of Thomond. The earl “ took Tiege s complaint to heart.” For the brave Tiege informed him that he should be left without home or kinsmen, unless he obtained speedy assistance. The earl, thereupon, assembled his gallant troops and mustered his tribes ; he did not, however, wait to make a proper muster, but proceeded at once with boldness and intrepidity across the waters of the limpidly rolling Shannon.”

    The Earl of Thomond considered prudence a necessary qualification of valour, and when he heard how large a party were marching down upon him he set out to seek the assistance of his “trusty friend,” the Earl of Clanrickar.d, leaving his camp empty. The application was successful, for the Earl of Thomond is said to have been “ the better of his solicitations.’ Moreover, his friend behaved very courteously, and “ did not wait to be asked a second time,” a statement which no one at all familiar with Irish history can doubt, for whatever faults the Celt or Anglo-Norman may have had, they certainly were never deficient in willingness to encounter their enemies.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 194

    As the companion tells it

    Near the town of Shannon, in 1559 or 1560, the Earl of Desmond took up arms for Tiege O'Brien against the Earl of Thomond. Tiege had told Desmond that he would be left without home or kinsmen unless help came swiftly. Desmond took the complaint to heart. He assembled his troops and called up his tribes, but he did not wait for a proper muster. He marched his forces at once, with boldness, straight across the waters of the Shannon. When the Earl of Thomond heard how large a party was marching down upon him, he chose prudence. He left his camp empty and went to seek help from his trusty friend, the Earl of Clanrickard. The request worked. Thomond was said to be "the better of his solicitations." His friend did not wait to be asked a second time.

18. English vice-admiral Winter puts into Ventry harbour

    Ventry · townland · Kerry · 1580

    Winter, the English vice-admiral, cruised the coast during the autumn of 1580 to prevent the Spaniards from landing. He put into the harbour of Ventry but returned to England in September. No Anglo-Irish writers mention a fleet taking part in the Carrigafoyle engagement.

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    None of the Anglo-Irish writers mention a fleet as having taken part in this engagement. Winter, the English viceadmiral, cruised about the coast during the autumn of 1580, to prevent the Spaniards from landing. He put into the harbour of Yentry, but returned to England in September.

    The next event of importance in Kerry history is the famous capture of the Fort del Ore. It is also, for many reasons, an event of national importance. It will be remembered that J ames Desmond landed here with Doctor Saunders, the Pope’s Nuncio, and that after he had been killed by the Bourkes, Sir

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 213

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in the autumn of 1580, the English vice-admiral Winter put into the harbour of Ventry. He had been cruising the coast to keep the Spaniards from landing. By September he was back in England. None of the Anglo-Irish writers mention a fleet as having taken part in the engagement at Carrigafoyle.

19. Great slaughter at Cork, Fitz Stephen forced to citadel, 1183

    Cork · city · Cork · 1183

    In 1183, great slaughter was made by the English of Cork, and Robert Fitz Stephens was forced to retire to the citadel for protection until Raymond Le Gros came with his English force to his relief.

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    1183. Great slaughter was made by the English of Cork, and Robert Fitz Stephens was forced to retire to the citadel for protection, till Raymond Le Gros came with his English

    force to his relief. . . ..4 . / -

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 110

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, the city carries a violent entry from 1183. Great slaughter was made by the English of Cork, and Robert Fitz Stephens was forced to retire to the citadel for protection, till Raymond Le Gros came with his English force to his relief.

20. Identification of Teamhair Luachra site near Castleisland

    Castleisland · town · Kerry · 1580

    The lord justice marched into Kerry and proceeded to Teamhair Luachra, an obsolete name whose site is known as Beal-atha-an Teamhrach, a ford in the parish of Dysart near Castleisland. This place was associated with the Geraldines, being almost the country of that house due to the fidelity of the Kerrymen to their fortunes.

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    The lord justice then "passed into Kerry, which, though they had vast tracks of land elsewhere, might be almost called the country of the Geraldines, from the fidility of the Kerrymen to the fortunes of the already falling house. He proceeded to Teamhair Luachra , a name now obsolete, but the site is known by the name of Beal-atha-an Teamhrach, and is a ford in the parish of Dysart, near the town of Castleisland. From thence he went to Tralee, the scene of so many a momentous event, and not being able to penetrate into the country further than Slieveinch, he resolved to lay siege to the Desmond stronghold at Carrigafoyle, which he took.

    After a rest of about two months in Limerick, he set out again, and plundered as far as Dingle, taking hostages. Amongst these were Barrymore, the wife and son ^ of Mac Carthy More, the two sons of Mac Maurice of Kerry, 0 Sullivan Beare, Mac Donagh, chief of Duhallow, and the son of Mac

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 213

    As the companion tells it

    Castleisland sits along the road, a town whose surroundings carry an older name most have forgotten. In 1580 the lord justice marched into Kerry. Though the Geraldines held vast tracts of land elsewhere, this might be almost called the country of that house, for the fidelity of the Kerrymen to the fortunes of an already falling house. He proceeded to Teamhair Luachra, a name now obsolete. Its site is known as Beal-atha-an Teamhrach, a ford in the parish of Dysart, near the town of Castleisland. From there he went on to Tralee, scene of so many momentous events. Unable to penetrate further than Slieveinch, he laid siege to the Desmond stronghold at Carrigafoyle, and took it. After resting about two months in Limerick he set out again, plundering as far as Dingle and taking hostages: Barrymore, the wife and son of MacCarthy More, the two sons of Mac Maurice of Kerry, O Sullivan Beare, Mac Donagh chief of Duhallow, and the son of Mac.

21. Inventory of Alderman Thomas Roinane of Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1641

    A detailed inventory of the goods and chattels of Alderman Thomas Roinane of Cork, dated June 1641, reveals silver plate, gold chains, jewels, and other valuables. The inventory demonstrates that the Cork corporation was not deficient in wealth despite troublesome times.

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    “ A true and perfect Inventary of all and singular the goods, creditts, and chattells of Thomas Roinane, late of the cittie of Corke, Alderman, deceased, which since the death have come to the hands and possession of Alice Ronan, als Mead, the relic of the sd- deceased, and James Ronan, Cozen German of the sd' deceased, and administrators of all and singular, the sd- goods, creditts, and the chattells of the said deceased ; valued and praised by those whose names are hereunder written, by virtue of a commission, out of his Maties Court of Prerogatives for causes Ecclical and ffacultyes to them directed, as by the sd- commission bearing date the ffifth day of June, anno dni one thousand six hundred ffortie and one, more at large may appear, as followeth, viz. : —

    Imprimis one silver quilted

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 265

    As the companion tells it

    Cork, in 1641, was a city where wealth still sat behind closed doors. That June, an inventory was drawn up for Alderman Thomas Roinane, lately of Cork, who had died. His widow Alice Ronan, also known as Mead, and his cousin James Ronan took charge of his goods and chattels, by commission from the Court of Prerogative for ecclesiastical causes. The commission was dated the fifth day of June, 1641. The listing began with one silver quilted item. The record goes on to show silver plate, gold chains, and jewels among the valuables. Despite troublesome times, the Cork corporation was not deficient in wealth.

22. Irish troops disarm Protestants in Cork and villages

    Cork · city · Cork · 1689

    A large party of Irish horse and foot entered Cork at midnight, disarmed all Protestants of the town, and seized their horses in neighbouring villages. They broke into the houses of principal citizens and took great sums of money.

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    Bandonians hearing that the Earl of Clancarty was marching with six companies to reinforce the troop of horse and two companies of foot there, commanded by Captain Daniel O’Neill, disarmed the garrison, killed some soldiers, took possession of all their horses and arms, and would have done much more if they were assisted. They shut their gates, and generously refused giving up any of their leaders ; but at last purchased their pardon for ^1,000, with the demolation of their walls, which were then razed to the ground, and never since rebuilt* About this time a large party of Irish horse and foot entered Cork, who, ad midnight, disarmed all the Protestants of the town, and next day seized their horses, as they likewise did in all the neighbouring villages. They also broke into the houses of several principal citizens, from whence they took great sums of money. Lieutenant-General Mac Carthy having thus} with the spoil of the English, increased his horse and mounted several more foot, marched wfith two field pieces towards Castle Martyr, the seat of Colonel Henry Boyle, who had with him about 140 gentlemen and servants to defend themselves against the violence of the Irish. He was persuaded by his friends not to make any resistance, upon the promise of the lieutenantgeneral that neither their persons or estates should be molested, but, without any regard thereunto, he caused the house to be plundered, and Colonel Boyle, with many of the gentlemen, to be carried prisoners to Cork.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 300

    As the companion tells it

    Cork, which this road passes through or near, was the scene of events in 1689. The Bandonians had heard that the Earl of Clancarty was marching with six companies to reinforce the troop of horse and two companies of foot commanded by Captain Daniel O'Neill. They disarmed the garrison, killed some soldiers, and took possession of all their horses and arms. They shut their gates and refused to give up any of their leaders, but at last purchased their pardon for 1,000, with their walls razed to the ground and never since rebuilt. About this time, a large party of Irish horse and foot entered Cork. At midnight they disarmed all the Protestants of the town. The next day they seized their horses, as they did in all the neighbouring villages. They broke into the houses of several principal citizens and took great sums of money. Lieutenant-General MacCarthy, with the spoil of the English, increased his horse and mounted several more foot. He marched with two field pieces towards Castle Martyr, the seat of Colonel Henry Boyle, who had about 140 gentlemen and servants to defend themselves against the violence of the Irish. Boyle was persuaded by his friends not to make any resistance, on the promise of the lieutenant-general that neither their persons nor their estates should be molested. But without any regard for that promise, MacCarthy caused the house to be plundered, and Colonel Boyle, with many of the gentlemen, to be carried prisoners to Cork.

23. Kilmoe chapel ruins and church dedications

    near Kilmoe · parish · Cork · 1690–1699

    Downes describes ruins of a chapel at the west end of Kilmoe town dedicated to St. Mullagh, and the church of Kilmoe dedicated to St. Briana, alias Brandon, whose festival was observed in the parish. About nine Protestant and two hundred Catholic families lived there.

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    lias obliged all the tenants not to admit Papists. In the parish of Skull there are about four Protestant families, and about four hundred Papist families; Daniel Carthy is Popish priest of the eastern part of this parish ; he- has been here ever since before the late troubles. No glebe in this parish, no registry-book, nor Bible, nor common prayer 1 o ik . In Kilmoe there are the ruins of’ a chapel at the westr end of the town dedicated to St. Mullagh. 'Phe church of Kilmoe is dedicated to St. Briana, alias Brandon, whose festival is observed in this parish. There are about nine Protestant families, and two hundred Papists ; Teige Coghlen is Popish priest of Kilmoe, and of the western part, or Skull ; he has been here about eight years. A young Irishman, a Papist, teaches school about the middle of the parish. In all O’Sullivan’s country they observe as a holiday 1 St. Eooane’s Day.’ At Kinneigh a high round tower stands on the south¬ west corner of the church-yard. ’Tis supposed this church was formerly a cathedral. A stone is on the south-west corner of the church of Kinneigh, counted very sacred, which the Irish solemnly swear upon. The church is accounted by the Irish very sacred. There is a tradition that formerly, in this churchyard, there was a well that had great medicinal virtues, and that the concourse of people being very chargeable to the inhabitants they stopped it up. In Murragh, Daniel Hurly, a quiet man, is Popish priest of this and three or four contiguous parishes ; there are more Protestants than Papists ; there was a registry lately bought, and a Bible, and two Common Prayer books. In Desertsurgis there are one hundred and fifty families of Protestants ; no Popish schoolmaster in this parish ; a Bible and Common Prayer book lately bought ; Denis Mahony is Popish priest of this parish.”

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 187

    As the companion tells it

    The parish of Kilmoe in Cork held old dedications and a divided people in the 1690s. Downes, surveying the parishes of Cork, recorded that at the west end of the town stood the ruins of a chapel, dedicated to St. Mullagh. The church of the parish was dedicated to St. Briana, also called Brandon, and the festival of St. Briana, or Brandon, was observed in the parish. Downes counted about nine Protestant families living there, and about two hundred Catholic families. The neighbouring parish of Skull had about four Protestant families and about four hundred Catholic families. Daniel Carthy was priest of the eastern part of Skull, and had been there ever since before the late troubles. Teige Coghlen was the Catholic priest of the parish and of the western part of Skull. He had been there about eight years. A young Irishman, a Catholic, taught school about the middle of the parish. The chapel of St. Mullagh was already in ruins when Downes wrote. The church of St. Briana, or Brandon, still had its festival kept by the people. About nine Protestant families and about two hundred Catholic families lived in the parish. Teige Coghlen had been priest about eight years, which would place his arrival not long before Downes came through to record what he found. A young Irish Catholic man kept a school somewhere about the middle of the parish, the only schoolmaster Downes named there.

24. Lord Cork lodges soldiers on tenants at Lismore

    Lismore · town · Waterford · 1625–1629

    When Lord Wimbledon arrived at Kinsale with the king's forces, Lord Cork took ten companies of foot, many weak and wounded, and lodged and dieted them near three months upon his tenants. He entertained the general and all his officers at Lismore.

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    appointment of Sir Edward Villiers on the 27th of May. During his government the French and Spaniards gave out that in revenge for the expedition to Rochelle they would make a descent on Ireland, The forts of Cork and Waterford having been quite neglected, the Earl of Cork lent ^500 to the Lord President Villiers, with which these forts were made defensible. When Lord Wimbleton arrived at Kmsale with the king’s forces, Lord Cork took ten companies of foot, many of them being weak and wounded, and lodged and dieted them near three months upon his tenants. He supplied the general with ^500, and entertained him and all his ofhcers nobly at Lismore.”

    It is to be feared that Lord Cork’s tenants did not see the exact “nobility” of entertaining officers at their expense, or supplying a general1 with ^500, for which additional taxes were put on them,

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 280

    As the companion tells it

    This is Lismore, in County Waterford. In the late 1620s, the French and the Spaniards gave out that in revenge for the expedition to Rochelle they would make a descent on Ireland. The forts of Cork and Waterford had been neglected, and the Earl of Cork lent 500 to the Lord President Villiers to make them defensible. When Lord Wimbledon arrived at Kinsale with the king's forces, Lord Cork took ten companies of foot, many of them weak and wounded, and lodged and dieted them near three months upon his tenants. He supplied the general with 500, and, as the book says, "entertained him and all his officers nobly at Lismore." It is to be feared that Lord Cork's tenants did not see the exact nobility of it. Additional taxes were put on them for the entertaining of officers and the supplying of a general, all at their expense.

25. Mass-rock hills across Ireland

    Ardanaffrin · townland · Roscommon

    Hills across Ireland where Mass was celebrated in the open air during penal times have left their names on townlands. Examples include Ardanaffrin in Roscommon, Corraffrin in Donegal, Drumanaffrin in Mayo, Mullanaffrin in Cavan, and Knockanaffrin in the Cummeragh range of Waterford.

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    Sometimes the lonely side of a hill was chosen, and the people remember well, and will point out to the visitor the very spot on which the priest stood, while the crowd of peasants worshipped below. One of these hills is in the parish of* Kilmore, county Roscommon, and it has left its name on the townland of Ardanaffrin, the height of the Mass. Another in the parish of Donoghmore, county Donegal, called Corraffrin (cor, a round hill) ; a third in the parish of Kilcommon, Mayo, namely — Drumanaffrin ; a fourth in Cavan, Mullanaffrin (mullach, a summit); and still another, Knockanaffrin, in Waterford, one of the highest hills of the Cummeragh range, which name is made ixnocknafreeny, near Ardmore, in the same county.

    Many other names of like formation are to be met with, such as Glenanaffrin, Carriganaffrin, etc. Occasionally the name records the simple fact that the Mass was celebrated, as we find in a place called Effrinagh, in the parish of Iviltoghert, Leitrim, a name which signifies simply a place for Mass. And sometimes a translated name occurs of the same class, such as Massbrook, in the parish of Addergoole, Mayo, which is a translation of the Irish Sruthanan-Aiffrinn.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 390

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here is a height whose name remembers what happened on it. Ardanaffrin means the height of the Mass. In penal times the lonely side of a hill was sometimes chosen for the celebration of Mass, and the people remembered well. They would point out to the visitor the very spot where the priest stood while the crowd of peasants worshipped below. This hill is in the parish of Kilmore, county Roscommon. It is not alone. Corraffrin, a round hill, lies in the parish of Donoghmore in Donegal. Drumanaffrin is in the parish of Kilcommon in Mayo. Mullanaffrin, a summit, is in Cavan. Knockanaffrin is in Waterford, one of the highest hills of the Cummeragh range, and its name is made knocknafreeny near Ardmore in the same county. Many other names of like formation are to be met with across the country, such as Glenanaffrin and Carriganaffrin. Sometimes the name records the simple fact that Mass was celebrated, as in Effrinagh, in the parish of Iviltoghert, Leitrim, a name which signifies simply a place for Mass. And sometimes a translated name occurs, such as Massbrook in the parish of Addergoole, Mayo, which is a translation of the Irish Sruthanan-Aiffrinn.

26. Maurice Oge dies suddenly at Castlemaine

    Castlemaine · town · Kerry · 1357

    In 1357 Maurice Oge, the younger, second Earl of Desmond, died suddenly at Castlemaine and was succeeded in the family honours by his younger brother John.

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    In 1357 Maurice Oge, or the younger, second earl of Desmond, died suddenly at Castlemaine, and was succeeded in the family honours by his younger brother, John, who died at Youghal in 1369. He was succeeded by his half brother, Gerald, better known as the poet and the hero of romance. From all accounts, it is evident that the earl was in advance of his age in learning, if not in science ; and, as an almost necessary consequence, he attained the reputation of being a magician. His knowledge, however, took a practical, as well as a poetical turn, for we find that he held a prominent place

    in the politics of the day.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 129

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Castlemaine, there is a death here from 1357. Maurice Oge, called the younger, second Earl of Desmond, died suddenly in this town. He was succeeded in the family honours by his younger brother John, who died at Youghal in 1369. John was then succeeded by his half brother Gerald, better known as the poet and the hero of romance. Gerald was said to be in advance of his age in learning, if not in science, and as a consequence earned a reputation as a magician. His knowledge took a practical as well as a poetical turn, and he held a prominent place in the politics of the day.

27. Merchant families' castles around Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    Cork's wealthy merchant families built castles in the country alongside their town shops. The Roches built Shippool Castle, the Barrys built Shandon and Barrymore Castles, the Sarsfields had a fortress at Garrycloyne, the Meades at Meadstown, and the Martels at Ballymartle.

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    they bore themselves bravely. The greater merchants had castles in the country as well as shops in the town. 1 The Roches built Shippool Castle ; the Barrys, Shandon and Barry¬ more Castles. The Sarsfields had a fortress at Garrycloyne ; the Meades at Meadstown ; the Martels at Ballymartle. Thus, while the artizan took his turn at defending the walls, the stout burgher-merchant left his counting-house to don his arms and sally out to his castle, at the head of his retainers, like a feudal lord. So they traded, ruled, suffered and fought, for centuries.”

    We are also able to give a most interesting contemporary account of the manners and customs of the Irish at this period from another and entirely different source. A letter is preserved in the archives of the Irish College, Rome, written by a priest who accompanied Monsignore Rinuccini to Ireland in 1645.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 273

    As the companion tells it

    Cork was a place where the greater merchants kept shops in the town and castles in the country. The Roches built Shippool Castle. The Barrys built Shandon and Barrymore Castles. The Sarsfields had a fortress at Garrycloyne. The Meades had theirs at Meadstown, and the Martels at Ballymartle. While the artisan took his turn defending the walls, the stout burgher-merchant left his counting-house, put on his arms, and sallied out to his castle at the head of his retainers, like a feudal lord. So they traded, ruled, suffered, and fought, for centuries.

28. Mitchelstown caves and St. Fachna's holy well

    Mitchelstown · townland · Cork

    Mitchelstown is remarkable for its caves, situated between Mitchelstown and Cahir, featuring beautiful stalactites and stalagmites forming columns and pyramids of spar across chambers spanning 700-800 feet. A holy well dedicated to St. Fachna has been an object of pilgrimage for many centuries.

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    CaiT”™'ral places are small pools of limpid water between lar<re masses of roek. The extent of the cavern, Including the° various chambers, is from 700 to 800 feet m length ™ about 570 in breadth, and the depression of the lowest chamber beneath the level of the entrance, about 5° feet- The holy well is dedicated to St. Fachna, and has ieen an object of pilgrimage for many centuries.

    Muskeky, Barony of, obtains its name from Cairbre Muse the son of Conaire Mor, monarch of Ireland, in the beginning of the third century. According to 0 h-Uidhrm s top - graphical poem, there were six Muscraidhes, m -Muns > namely — i Muscraidhe Mitme, the country of Ohio] nil , 2, Muscraidhe Luachra, the country of O h *

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 438

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, Mitchelstown is remarkable for its caves. The cavern runs from 700 to 800 feet in length and about 570 in breadth. The lowest chamber sits roughly 50 feet beneath the level of the entrance. Inside, small pools of clear water lie between large masses of rock. The holy well close to Mitchelstown is dedicated to St. Fachna, and has been an object of pilgrimage for many centuries.

29. Old drawbridge lighting and drownings in Cork city

    Cork · city · Cork · 1768–1771

    In the late 1760s, Cork city had no street lamps and a light was proposed at the old drawbridge to prevent accidents. After lamps were discontinued around 1770, several persons drowned, and by 1771 the public was cautioned about the dilapidated drawbridge at dusk.

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    “ As there were no lamps in the city at this time, it was proposed to fix a light at the old drawbridge, to prevent accidents.

    “November 22, 1770. — Since lamps had been . iv n up in this city a number of persons were drowned, who in all probability might have been saved if that useful and wellappointed mode of lighting the streets had been continued.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 319

    As the companion tells it

    Cork had no street lamps in the late 1760s. A light was proposed at the old drawbridge to prevent accidents. The lamps were given up, and by November 22, 1770, a number of persons had drowned who in all probability might have been saved had that useful and well-appointed mode of lighting the streets been continued.

30. Ross as the most ancient town in Ireland

    near Ross · parish · Cork

    Ross is described as the most ancient town in Ireland, with a see founded by St. Fachtna, and a quatrain dedicated to the seven and twenty bishops of Ross.

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    Ecclesiastical foundations in the County Cork from the sixth to the tenth century -Ross the most ancient town in Ireland — Foundation of the See by St. Fachtna Prediction of his birth by St. Ciaran of Ossory — His pedigree— St. Ciaran a Cork saint— His bounty to the poor — Quatrain of the seven and twenty Bishops of Ross St. Fachtna styled the “hairy” — His vocation encouraged by St. Ita — He applies to St. Mochaemoc for the cure of his sight— St. Fachtna believed to be also the patron of Raphoe— His commemoration by Alngus and by St. Cuiman of Conor — Obituaries of the Abbots of “ Ross of the Pilgrims”— Foundation of the Monastery of Fermoy by St. Fmnchna— His education in the Monastery of Benchor (Bangor) by St. Comgall— The fame of this Monastery— Opinion of St. Bernard— The Rules of the Monks of “ Great Cork, Fermoy, Cloyne, and Brigown— Their devotion to the study of Holy Scripture— Their occupations— Devotion to the celebration of Mass— The translation of important Iris ecclesiastical documents by the Rev. Dr. Todd and Rev. Dr. Reeves- How humility and charity were practised in the monastery-The ecclesiastical foundations of St. Cairthage, near Cork— His Monastic Rule still preserved— The foundation of St. Senan —The true story of St. Senan and the lady— The lady a Cork samt and nun Her visit to St. Senan, and death.

    will be necessary to give some brief acconnt of the early Ecclesiastical Foundations of the County of Cork, before proceeding to the history of the English Invasion.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    You are coming through the parish of Ross now, in Cork. It is called the most ancient town in Ireland. The see here was founded by St. Fachtna. His birth was predicted by St. Ciaran of Ossory. St. Ciaran was a Cork saint, known for his bounty to the poor. Fachtna's vocation was encouraged by St. Ita. He applied to St. Mochaemoc for the cure of his sight. He is styled the hairy. He is believed to be also the patron of Raphoe. He was commemorated by Alngus and by St. Cuiman of Conor. There is a quatrain dedicated to the seven and twenty bishops of Ross. The place is also called Ross of the Pilgrims, and there are obituaries of its abbots under that name. The passage goes on to other foundations. St. Fmnchna founded the monastery of Fermoy. He was educated in the monastery of Benchor, or Bangor, by St. Comgall. St. Bernard wrote of the fame of this monastery. The monks of Great Cork, Fermoy, Cloyne, and Brigown had their own rules. They were devoted to the study of Holy Scripture, to their occupations, and to the celebration of Mass. Important Irish ecclesiastical documents were translated by the Rev. Dr. Todd and the Rev. Dr. Reeves. Humility and charity were practised in the monastery. St. Cairthage made ecclesiastical foundations near Cork, and his monastic rule is still preserved. St. Senan made a foundation too. There is a true story told of St. Senan and a lady. The lady was a Cork saint and nun. She visited St. Senan, and died.

31. Ruins and altar in Cannaway churchyard

    Cannaway · parish · Cork

    Bishop Downes records that Cannaway parish had no church and no Protestants. The ruins of a house stood in the churchyard, and a vault remained intact into which the priest built an altar about a year before when a person of note was buried. Denis Sweeny was the Catholic priest of Cannaway and Macroom.

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    “In Dromdaleague parish, Felix M‘ Car thy is priest; he was here before the late troubles. A Protestant schoolmaster com¬ plains that Papists teach publick school in this parish. In Caharagh parish ’tis thought that there are forty Papists for one Protestant. William Guricheen, a very old man, is priest there. In Cannaway parish — no church, no Protestants — there are the ruins of a house in the churchyard ; there is a vault whole ; the priest built an altar in it about a year ago, when some person of note was buried. Denis Sweeny is Popish priest of this parish and Macroom.”

    Of Durrus he writes : —

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 312

    As the companion tells it

    Cannaway is a parish the road takes you through. Bishop Downes found no church here and no Protestants. In the churchyard stood the ruins of a house, and a vault still whole. The priest built an altar in that vault about a year before, when some person of note was buried. Denis Sweeny was the Catholic priest of this parish and of Macroom.

32. Silver pectoral cross found at Bridgetown Abbey

    Bridgetown · townland · Cork

    A silver pectoral cross of the twelfth or thirteenth century was found at Bridgetown Abbey. It had been gilt and ornamented with four carbuncles and a central garnet cut in the shape of a parallelogram. A monumental tomb with a carved fish shield is also nearby.

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    Bridgetown Abbey is situated on the lower Blackwater, in the barony of Fermoy ; called also Ballynadroghid, from two bridges which formerly crossed the river. The ruins lie low and near the river. It was founded in the reign of King John by Alexander Fitzroche, and was supplied with friars from the friary of Newtown, in the Co. Meath. In 1375 it was evidently a place of consideration, for the Prior was one of those chosen to proceed on a special mission to the English court. The masonry is strong, and in wonderful preservation. There is a monumental tomb close to the high altar, which has a rude carving of an inverted shield charged with one fish. It is supposed to be the tomb of the founder. The present arms of the Bodies are three fish. A silver pectoral cross was found here some years since. It is described in the Kilkenny Archeological Journal as being of the twelfth or thirteenth century. The cross had been gilt, and was ornamented with four carbuncles, one on each arm, and in the centre a garnet cut in the shape of a parallelogram. The stones were of fine quality, but unpolished.

    Blackwater. — This river is called Abhoinn-Mor (the great

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 391

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here lie the ruins of Bridgetown Abbey, on the lower Blackwater, also called Ballynadroghid from two bridges that once crossed the river. The ruins lie low and near the water. It was founded in the reign of King John by Alexander Fitzroche, and friars were brought from the friary of Newtown in County Meath. By 1375 it was clearly a place of standing, for the Prior was one of those chosen to proceed on a special mission to the English court. The masonry is strong and in wonderful preservation. Close to the high altar stands a monumental tomb with a rough carving of an inverted shield charged with one fish. It is supposed to be the tomb of the founder. The present arms of the Bodies are three fish. A silver pectoral cross was found here, described in the Kilkenny Archaeological Journal as twelfth or thirteenth century. The cross had been gilt, and was ornamented with four carbuncles, one on each arm, and in the centre a garnet cut in the shape of a parallelogram. The stones were of fine quality, but unpolished.

33. Spaniards taken prisoner at Castlemaine

    Castlemaine · town · Kerry · 1580

    Ormond left six Spanish prisoners at Castlemaine to be examined and otherwise used at the lord deputy's pleasure, in addition to those slain during the engagements.

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    “ I left six Spaniards at Castel-Mayne, prisoners, to be examined and otherwise used, at my lord deputie’s pleasure, besides such as were slain.”

    Even from this account, in which, as we might expect, the English losses are treated as lightly as possible, it is evident that they suffered considerably. The account given of the death of Captain Martin agrees exactly with the details given by Dr. Saunders ; vTho further adds that the earl’s retreat gave great courage to the men.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 219

    As the companion tells it

    Castlemaine in Kerry, 1580. Ormond wrote, "I left six Spaniards at Castel-Mayne, prisoners, to be examined and otherwise used, at my lord deputie's pleasure, besides such as were slain." Even from this account, the English losses are treated as lightly as possible, yet it is evident they suffered considerably. The account of the death of Captain Martin agrees with details given by Dr. Saunders, who adds that the earl's retreat gave great courage to the men.

34. St. Comgall's Bangor rule brought to Fermoy, Cloyne and Brigowne

    near Bangor · town · Down · 516–700

    St. Comgall, born around 516 into a distinguished Dalaradia family, established a monastery at Bangor that gained European fame. St. Finnchua, who had been Abbot of Bangor, brought the Bangor monastic rule to Fermoy, as well as to other Cork-area establishments at Cloyne and Brigowne.

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    No doubt St. Finnchua brought the rule of the Bangor monks to Fermoy, as he was himself for a time Abbot of Bangor ; and happily some of the monastic rules of the monks of this period of Irish history are still preserved, so that we can know the manner of life enjoined on those who lived in “Great Cork,” and Fermoy, and Cloyne, and Brigowne.

    The rales consist in lessons or instructions on the duties of a priest, an abbot, and a monk, and on the fashion in which their lives should be regulated.6 •

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 87

    As the companion tells it

    Bangor was the home of a monastery founded by St. Comgall, born around 516 into a distinguished Dalaradia family, a house that gained fame across Europe. St. Finnchua, who had been its abbot for a time, carried the monastic rule to Fermoy, and to Cloyne and Brigowne in Cork. Some of those rules are still preserved. They consist of lessons on the duties of a priest, an abbot, and a monk, and on how their lives should be regulated.

35. St. Finbarr's Cathedral remains on old map

    Cork · city · Cork

    In the south-west angle of the old map of Cork appear the remains of St. Finbarr's Church, marked with the title 'Cathedrale Church of old Corcke.' The site indicates the early ecclesiastical significance of the location.

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    “ In the south-west angle of the map you see the remains of St. Finnbarr’s Church, with the significant title, £ye Cathedrale Church of old Corcke.’ Not far distant from it to the east, at the place we now call Crosses-green, was the Do¬ minican Abbey of St. Mary’s of the Isle, built on St. Dominick’s Island ’ by the Barrys, nearly four centuries before the time we are considering. It had been a famous place. When the lord deputy came to Cork, it was there he lodged. Thence went forth prelates to rule dioceses far and near at Cashel of the King’s, in O’Neill’s country up north, over in France at fair Toulouse. There died the gallant Edward

    CORK IN SEVENTEENTH CENTURY. 33°

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 272

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, the old map shows the remains of St. Finbarr's Church in its south-west angle, carrying the title, "The Cathedrale Church of old Corcke." Not far to the east, at what is now Crosses-green, stood the Dominican Abbey of St. Mary's of the Isle, built on St. Dominick's Island by the Barrys nearly four centuries before the time the map describes. It had been a famous place. When the lord deputy came to Cork, it was there he lodged. From there prelates went out to rule dioceses far and near, at Cashel of the King's, in O'Neill's country up north, and over in France at Toulouse. There died the gallant Edward.

36. Strancally and Kilfinan garrisoned by Spaniards

    Strancally · townland · Waterford · 1579–1580

    Desmond carried spoils from Youghal to Strancally and Kilfinan, which were garrisoned by Spaniards. These places were subsequently plundered by the queen's soldiers.

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    The fact was that the Irish mayors and governors who wished to keep their heads on their shoulders were often obliged to have two faces. Their hearts were with the “rebels,” yet policy obliged them to make a decent show of resistance. Nevertheless, the Mayor of Youghal, Mr. Coppinger, was not successful on this occasion, foi the Duke of Ormond had him tried by court-martial and hung at his own door for his supposed complicity in admitting Desmond/ Desmond carried his spoils to Strancally and Kilfinan,5 which were garrisoned by Spaniards. These places were of course plundered by the queen’s soldiers soon after.

    Smith gives the following account of an exploit of “ Captain Raleigh’s,” which is certainly but little credit to his fame for

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 225

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here stands Strancally, close to Strancally itself. In 1579 the Earl of Desmond carried spoils from Youghal to this place and to Kilfinan, and both were garrisoned by Spaniards. The Queen's soldiers plundered them soon after. The trouble at Youghal had begun when Desmond was admitted into the town. The mayor, a Mr. Coppinger, was said to have been complicit in that. He was not successful in keeping his position safe. The Duke of Ormond had him tried by court-martial and hung at his own door. The Irish mayors and governors who wished to keep their heads on their shoulders were often obliged to have two faces. Their hearts were with the rebels, yet policy obliged them to make a decent show of resistance.

37. Surrender of Kinsale to Marlborough's forces

    Kinsale · town · Cork · 1690

    Marlborough's cavalry marched to Kinsale and summoned the inhabitants to surrender. After a sharp conflict they yielded and obtained honourable terms, the severe weather making the English general willing to purchase peace.

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    Marlborough’s cavalry were marched to Kinsale now, and the inhabitants were summoned to surrender. After a sharp conflict they yielded, and obtained honourable terms, the weather being so severe that the English general was glad to purchase peace in any way.1

    The early part of the year 1691 was spent in internicine warfare, which was of little advantage to either party, while it served to desolate the country once more. Fermoy, Bandon, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery — all suffered, and no man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 305

    As the companion tells it

    You're coming into Kinsale in Cork. In 1690 Marlborough's cavalry marched here and summoned the inhabitants to surrender. After a sharp conflict they yielded, and obtained honourable terms. The weather was so severe that the English general was glad to purchase peace in any way. The early part of 1691 was spent in internecine warfare, of little advantage to either party, while it served to desolate the country once more. Fermoy, Bandon, Clonakilty, and Rosscarbery all suffered, and no man was likely to put in seed with so little prospect of a peaceful harvest.

38. The Marsh described as desolate morass

    Cork · city · Cork

    The area now occupied by South Mall, Patrick Street, and adjacent streets was formerly a marsh described by Lord Macaulay as a desolate marsh where a sportsman pursuing waterfowl would sink deep in mire. The western marshes, still known as 'The Marsh,' underlie Nile Street, Henry Street, and the Mardyke.

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    “ But the most significant object on the map, as it was the chief object of civic care and expenditure, is the great city wall, encircling the whole, with the river for a foss, and six¬ teen towers for a coronal. The eastern walls corresponded with the western side of our present Grand P arade. P ortions of them were lately to be seen near Tobin-street. The Marsh, spreading eastward, is the site of the present South Mall, Patrick-street, and the conterminous streets. It looks on the map decidedly like what Lord Macaulay described it ‘ a desolate marsh, in which a sportsman who pursued the waterfowls sunk deep in the mire at every step.’ The western wall corresponded with the eastern side of the present Duncan - street. The river ran here, as depicted on the map, until the close of the last century. To the west were other marshes, on which now stand Nile-street, Henry-street, the Mardyke, etc. This district was called by our fathers, and is still known as, emphatically, 4 The Marsh.’ The space inside the walls was scarcely a quarter of a mile in length from north to south, and not more than an eighth of a mile in breadth from east to west.

    “ In the south-west angle of the map you see the remains of St. Finnbarr’s Church, with the significant title, £ye Cathedrale Church of old Corcke.’ Not far distant from it to the east, at the place we now call Crosses-green, was the Do¬ minican Abbey of St. Mary’s of the Isle, built on St. Dominick’s Island ’ by the Barrys, nearly four centuries before the time we are considering. It had been a famous place. When the lord deputy came to Cork, it was there he lodged. Thence went forth prelates to rule dioceses far and near at Cashel of the King’s, in O’Neill’s country up north, over in France at fair Toulouse. There died the gallant Edward

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 272

    As the companion tells it

    As you travel through Cork, the ground beneath these streets was once marsh. The area now occupied by South Mall, Patrick Street, and the surrounding streets was a marsh spreading eastward from the old city wall. Lord Macaulay described it as a desolate marsh, in which a sportsman who pursued the waterfowls sunk deep in the mire at every step. To the west lay other marshes, where Nile Street, Henry Street, and the Mardyke now stand. This district was called by their fathers, and is still known as, The Marsh. The great city wall encircled the whole of old Cork, with the river for a foss and sixteen towers for a coronal. The eastern walls corresponded with the western side of the present Grand Parade. Portions of them were lately to be seen near Tobin Street. The western wall corresponded with the eastern side of the present Duncan Street. The river ran there until the close of the last century. The space inside the walls was scarcely a quarter of a mile in length from north to south, and not more than an eighth of a mile in breadth from east to west. In the south-west angle you see the remains of St. Finnbarr's Church, with the title the Cathedral Church of old Corcke. Not far distant to the east, at the place now called Crosses-green, was the Dominican Abbey of St. Mary's of the Isle, built on St. Dominick's Island by the Barrys, nearly four centuries before the time described. It had been a famous place. When the lord deputy came to Cork, it was there he lodged. Thence went forth prelates to rule dioceses far and near, at Cashel of the King's, in O'Neill's country up north, over in France at Toulouse. There died the gallant Edward.

39. The Ovens caves seven miles west of Cork

    Ovens · electoral division · Cork

    Celebrated caves at the Ovens, whose name is a corruption of the Irish 'Uamhainn' meaning the cave, lie seven miles westward of Cork. They feature winding alleys and crossing branches broad enough for six or eight persons to walk abreast, penetrable for about a quarter mile, and lined with stalactitic incrustations.

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    of the cave). There is another near Midleton, where there is also an underground stream. There are celebrated caves at the Ovens (this name being a corruption of Uamhainn, the cave) seven miles westward of Cork. These have winding alleys and crossing branches, sometimes broad enough for six or eight persons to walk abreast. They can be penetrated for about a quarter of a mile from the entrance. They are lined with stalactitic incrustations. The famous caves of Mitchelstown may be here mentioned, as some people imagine them to. be in this county, the village from which they are named being within its northern boundary, though they themselves are just outside, in Tipperary. They are half-way between Mitchels¬ town and Caher. There are two sets of them : the western

    _ that of Skeeheenarinka — has long beery known ; the eastern

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 348

    As the companion tells it

    The Ovens takes its name from Uamhainn, the Irish word for cave, and the caves themselves lie seven miles west of Cork. They are celebrated for their winding alleys and crossing branches, some of them broad enough for six or eight people to walk abreast. A person can penetrate them for about a quarter of a mile from the entrance. Along the way the walls and roof are lined with stalactitic incrustations.

40. Youghal Franciscan convent founded 1224, destroyed 1583

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1224–1583

    The Franciscan convent of Youghal, called the mother of the Irish Franciscan Province, was built in 1224. It was destroyed and depopulated in 1583, with some friars taken and put to death, according to Ward's MS. History of the Irish Convents written in 1632.

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    Youghal. — “Ward’s MS. History of the Irish Convents, ’’writ¬ ten in 1 63 2, gives some further details regarding the house of that order in Youghal: — “The convent of Youghal, which was called the mother of the Irish Franciscan Province, was built in the year 1224. In the year 1583 it was destroyed and depopulated, some of the friars having been taken and put to

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 446

    As the companion tells it

    Youghal had a Franciscan convent, built in 1224. Ward's history of the Irish convents, written in 1632, called it the mother of the Irish Franciscan Province. In 1583 it was destroyed and depopulated. Some of the friars were taken and put to death.

41. Abbot of Cork and Lismore mortally wounded

    Cork · city · Cork · 863

    In 863 Daniel na Luaithidhe, Abbot of Cork and Lismore, was mortally wounded. This reflects the violent conditions ecclesiastical figures faced during the Norse raids.

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    In 863 Daniel na Luaithidhe , Abbot of Cork and Lismore, was mortally wounded ; and in 868 Reihtubhnev , son of Corchadh , Abbot of Cork, qneivit .

    In 881 Barid, son of Imhar, chief of the Norsemen, died “ through the miracle of God and Ciaran, but several years before his death he had plundered Leinster and Munster, until he reached Kerry.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 61

    As the companion tells it

    Cork has an old wound in its story. In 863 Daniel na Luaithidhe, Abbot of Cork and Lismore, was mortally wounded. In 868 Reihtubhnev, son of Corchadh, Abbot of Cork, died. In 881 Barid, son of Imhar, chief of the Norsemen, died, as the book says, "through the miracle of God and Ciaran." Years before, he had plundered Leinster and Munster, until he reached Kerry.

42. Beheading of Earl Thomas at Drogheda

    Drogheda · town · Louth

    Thomas, the last earl before the thirteenth, was beheaded at Drogheda. He is referred to as 'the unfortunate Thomas' and was father of Thomas Maol, who succeeded James Fitzmaurice.

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    James Fitzmaurice died in 1529, and was succeeded by Thomas Maol, or The Raid, uncle of Maurice, and son of the unfortunate Thomas who was beheaded at Drogheda. He died at an advanced age at Rathkeale, in 1 534-

    James, the thirteenth earl, was grandson of Thomas, the last earl — a fact which may give the reader some idea of the difficulty a historian must encounter in tracing out the

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 189

    As the companion tells it

    Drogheda is the town where the unfortunate Thomas was beheaded. He was the last earl before the thirteenth, and father of Thomas Maol, who succeeded James Fitzmaurice after his death in 1529. The book calls him "the unfortunate Thomas" and notes that James, the thirteenth earl, was his grandson.

43. Cloyne and Ardagh burned

    Cloyne · town · Cork · 1137

    In 1137, both Cloyne (Cluain-Uamha) and Ardagh of Bishop Mel were burned, destroying houses and churches. This was a devastating event for both ecclesiastical settlements.

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    A.D. 1137. — Cluain-Uamha and Ardagh of Bishop Mel were burned, both houses and churches.

    A.D. 1149— Aelneniah O’Mariertach, bishop, died. He flourished in 1140, as we hear from St. Bernard in Vita, S. Malachiae, who gave him the title “ Episcopas Cluain-Vaniae,” which in some of the printed texts is corrupted into “ Duenvaniae.” Bishop Nemiah is described by an old writer in Tyndal’ s Vision as a plain and modest man, excelling in

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 424

    As the companion tells it

    The town of Cloyne suffered a great burning in 1137. Cluain-Uamha, as it was called, and Ardagh of Bishop Mel were both put to the flame. The record says both houses and churches were lost. Two settlements of faith, their dwellings and their places of worship, consumed in one fire. Nothing more of that day's destruction has come down. The town you are passing through carries that year in its long memory.

44. Cork and Youghal targeted by Cromwell; Colonel Phair appointed governor

    Cork · city · Cork · 1649

    After campaigning through Wexford and Ross, Cromwell turned his attention to Cork and Youghal. Colonel Phair, who had been appointed to ensure Charles I was duly executed, was made governor of Cork.

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    Cork and Yougkal were the next objects of his attack, and Colonel Phair, one of those appointed to see that Charles was duly executed, was made governor of Cork.

    He accuses him of “conniving at the severe persecution of this unoffending society t in violation of his solemn professions, confirmed by oath on his entrance in the Protectorate.” Mr. Gough’s opinion of Cromwell’s character is given in very plain language, and without circumlocution. He says that “ Cromwell made every religious and moral con¬ sideration subordinate to that of retaining his sovereignty,” vol. 1, p. 199. No viler character could be given of any man. Of Cromwell’s soldiers he makes the sharp remark — “Thus the soldiers who once pretended to fight for liberty of conscience became oppressors of other men’s conscience,” vol. 1, p. 322. We purposed giving some notes of individual cases of persecution, but that we feared they were too numerous. The inoffensive Quakers were flogged and imprisoned, and even women were not spared the brutal punishment of the lash. See Gough passim. In fact they were treated like the “vilest criminals,” vol. 1, p. 316. See also History of the Quakers. Here there are some earnest appeals to Cromwell’s soldiers to repent of their evil lives. But Cromwell was not without his difficulties in the promotion of civil and religious liberty in England. His eccentric biographer, Carlyle, describes his government as carrying “eternal gospel in the one hand, and temporal drawn sword in the other.” Precisely the way in which the gospel of Mahomet was proclaimed. Yet even the English were not all grateful for this gospel, nor did they all admire the fashion in which it was propagated. Carlyle himself admits that there were a good many who could not see the gospel as Cromwell saw it, and who in consequence wished to “blow up” the Protector, who cer¬ tainly was not a Protector to them. “ Sexby, the Anabaptist colonel; Muggletonians, mad Quakers riding into Bristol ; fifth monarchists, hungry flunkies, ever scheming, plotting, with or without hope, to ‘seduce die Protector’s guard,’ to blow up the Pro¬ tector in his bedroom.”

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 292

    As the companion tells it

    Approaching Cork now. In 1649, after campaigning through Wexford and Ross, Cromwell turned his attention to this city and to Youghal. Colonel Phair, one of those appointed to see that Charles was duly executed, was made governor here. The record goes on to Cromwell's character. Mr. Gough gives his opinion in plain language, saying Cromwell "made every religious and moral consideration subordinate to that of retaining his sovereignty." Of Cromwell's soldiers, the sharp remark is made that they "once pretended to fight for liberty of conscience" but "became oppressors of other men's conscience." The inoffensive Quakers were flogged and imprisoned, and even women were not spared the punishment of the lash. They were treated like the "vilest criminals." There are earnest appeals to Cromwell's soldiers to repent of their evil lives. Cromwell was not without his difficulties in the promotion of civil and religious liberty in England. Carlyle describes his government as carrying "eternal gospel in the one hand, and temporal drawn sword in the other." Yet not all the English were grateful for this gospel, nor did they all admire the fashion in which it was propagated. Carlyle himself admits there were a good many who could not see the gospel as Cromwell saw it, and who in consequence wished to "blow up" the Protector. Sexby, the Anabaptist colonel, Muggletonians, mad Quakers riding into Bristol, fifth monarchists, hungry flunkies, ever scheming, plotting, to seduce the Protector's guard, to blow up the Protector in his bedroom.

45. Cork freemen petition against post-siege taxes

    Cork · city · Cork

    Freemen of Cork petitioned the House of Commons against the mayor and aldermen, complaining of unreasonable taxes imposed since the city's surrender to King William. The late mayor was ordered into custody and a former sheriff summoned to attend the House.

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    “ The freemen of Cork petitioned the House of Commons against the mayor and aldermen, complaining of several unreasonable taxes imposed on them since the surrender of the city to King William, upon which the late mayor was ordered to be taken into custody, and Mr. Theophilus Morrice, one of the late sheriffs, commanded to attend the House.

    “ April 24th. The West India fleet, outward bound, put

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 306

    As the companion tells it

    The freemen of Cork petitioned the House of Commons against the mayor and aldermen, complaining of several unreasonable taxes imposed on them since the surrender of the city to King William. Upon this, the late mayor was ordered into custody, and Mr. Theophilus Morrice, one of the late sheriffs, was commanded to attend the House.

46. Cork trading privileges confirmed by Edward VI (1543)

    Cork · city · Cork · 1543

    King Edward VI granted a new charter to Cork dated May 9th, 1543, confirming existing privileges and adding new ones. No foreigner could buy corn, wool, or leather but from citizens in the city, nor sell wine except in their own shop, nor merchandise longer than forty days without licence. Citizens could not be arrested for debt outside the city.

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    As the privileges of the city were renewed and confirmed by King Edward VI., by a new charter, dated May 9th, ann. reg. 3, 1543, in which, besides the foregoing privileges, the following are added : — No foreigner to buy corn, wool, leather, etc., but of the citizens in the city, nor to sell wine but in his shop, nor merchandise longer than forty days without licence from the mayor. No citizen to be arrested for debt out of the city. The goods of citizens dying intestate not to be claimed by the crown. Power to the citizens to match their children as they shall think .proper, and that they shall have reasonable guilds as in Bristol.

    EXECUTION OF MAYOR OF CORK. 163

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    Coming up near Cork now. In 1543, on the 9th of May, King Edward VI granted the city a new charter, renewing its old privileges and adding new ones. No foreigner could buy corn, wool or leather except from citizens of the city. A foreigner could sell wine only in his own shop, and could not keep merchandise longer than forty days without licence from the mayor. No citizen could be arrested for debt outside the city. The goods of a citizen who died without leaving a will could not be claimed by the crown. The citizens were given power to match their children as they saw fit, and to have reasonable guilds, as in Bristol.

47. Cullin tower at Buttevant friary

    Buttevant · town · Cork

    A square tower south-west of Buttevant friary, called Cullin and traditionally known as 'Caislane Caoimhin,' was built by an earl of Desmond. It appears to have originally formed part of the conventual buildings and is now built into the Catholic parish church.

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    with their ancestors, until the resurrection of the dead with Christ our Lord/’ To the south-west of the friary, and about thirty yards from it, stands a square tower, which is described by Smith, as being called Cullin, and as having been built, by an earl of Desmond. It is at present traditionally known as “ Caislane Caoimhin,” and appears to have originally formed part of the conventual buildings. It is now built into and connected with the Catholic parish church, which is deservedly reckoned among the handsomest parochial structures in the south of Ireland. Archdall says this chapter house was repaired by the Roman Catholics in the year 1604.

    Brigowne, Bri-Gobhunn , the hill of the south — a village near Mitchelstown, founded by St. Abhan. The Right Rev. Dr. Moran, in his editorial, vuites to Archdall, and suggests that the etymology of the name may be Brigh-Abhann , the hill of St. Abhan. In the year 1720 a violent storm threw down the Round Tower of Brigowne, near Mitchelstown, leaving standing only of it a fragment or stump about fifteen feet high from the base. I11 that state it continued until about fifty years ago, w7hen this fragment was taken down, and the stones used is the erection of a new glebe house or parsonage in its immediate neighbourhood. The key stone or lintel over the door, which had on it an inscribed cross, the wmrkmen refused to take away, and that is either buried in an adjoining cemetery, or perhaps forms there now7 the footstone on an unknown grave. Archdall says that it was once a remarkable place and called a city7.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 395

    As the companion tells it

    As the road takes you through or near Buttevant, there is a square tower standing south-west of the friary, about thirty yards from it. Smith described it as being called Cullin, and as having been built by an earl of Desmond. It is traditionally known now as Caislane Caoimhin, and it appears to have originally formed part of the conventual buildings. It is now built into and connected with the Catholic parish church, which is deservedly reckoned among the handsomest parochial structures in the south of Ireland. Archdall says this chapter house was repaired by the Roman Catholics in the year 1604. Not far from here, near Mitchelstown, there is Brigowne, the hill of the south, a village founded by St. Abhan. Dr. Moran wrote to Archdall suggesting the name may be Brigh-Abhann, the hill of St. Abhan. In the year 1720 a violent storm threw down the Round Tower of Brigowne, leaving standing only a fragment about fifteen feet high from the base. In that state it continued until about fifty years ago, when this fragment was taken down and the stones used in the erection of a new glebe house or parsonage in its immediate neighbourhood. The key stone or lintel over the door, which had on it an inscribed cross, the workmen refused to take away, and that is either buried in an adjoining cemetery, or perhaps forms there now the footstone on an unknown grave. Archdall says that it was once a remarkable place and called a city.

48. David Terry of Ardnageehy gives milk to the poor

    Ardnageehy · townland · Cork

    Bishop Dive Downes records that in the parish of Ardnageehy, a Catholic named David Terry gave the seventh part of his milk to the poor. This is noted in Downes' visitation narrative as an example of Catholic charitable practice in county Cork.

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    “ In the parish of Ardnageehy, David Terry, Papist, gives the seventh part of his milk to the poor. In Abbeystrowry, the rector or vicar usually demands, besides his burying fees, when the man of the family or widow dies worth /5, the sum of 13s. 4d. as a mortuary ; if the man dies worth less than £$, they demand his second-best suit of clothes, or 6s. 8d. in lieu thereof.

    “In Dromdaleague parish, Felix M‘ Car thy is priest; he was here before the late troubles. A Protestant schoolmaster com¬ plains that Papists teach publick school in this parish. In Caharagh parish ’tis thought that there are forty Papists for one Protestant. William Guricheen, a very old man, is priest there. In Cannaway parish — no church, no Protestants — there are the ruins of a house in the churchyard ; there is a vault whole ; the priest built an altar in it about a year ago, when some person of note was buried. Denis Sweeny is Popish priest of this parish and Macroom.”

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 312

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, in the parish of Ardnageehy, Bishop Dive Downes found something worth noting on his visitation through county Cork. A Catholic man named David Terry gave the seventh part of his milk to the poor. Downes recorded this in his visitation narrative, describing Terry as "Papist," the term of the time for a Catholic. The giving of a seventh part of milk stood out to Downes as an example of Catholic charitable practice. Downes was travelling through the parishes of Cork, noting priests, congregations, church buildings, and local customs parish by parish. In Ardnageehy, what caught his attention was this single act of giving, one man's regular charity from his own supply of milk to those who had less.

49. Death of King Neimhidh and 3,000 at Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    King Neimhidh and three thousand persons died at Cork, according to early annalistic tradition. This event is recorded alongside a battle at Berehaven and the establishment of sovereignty in Ireland.

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    Ireland first peopled in Munster— The reasons iui accepting the Annals of pre-Christian Ages — -Their importance — Their probable truth— Difference between legends and narra¬ tives true in the main — The great value of Celtic studies — Dunamark, in the barony of Bantry, the first place inhabited in Ireland — Traditions of the “Morning Land” — Early historic records— Anthropological science — The first colonization of Ireland — Parthalon — The Firbolgs — The Tuatha-de-Dananns— Death of King Neimhidh and three thousand persons at Cork — Battle at Berehaven — The seat of sovereignty estab. lished — The Beile festivals at Clontinty, near Cork — Ireland divided into provinces — Origin of the prefix, “ ster” — The Irish fire-worshippers — Examples from names of places in Cork — Assolas, near Kanturk, and near Doneraile— The seat of monarchy settled at Dun-Cearmna, now Kinsale, A.M. 3668 — Battles in the County Cork — Second division of Ireland — riingus, king of Munster — Ancestor of the Mac Carthys, O’Keeffes, O’Callaghans, and O’Sullivans — Battle at Cuille, County Cork — the Plague.

    Ill'CCORDiNG to the best and earliest traditions, Ireland was first peopled in Munster. If such traditions are to be alto¬ gether rejected because they stretch away into a dim and and misty past, we must give up a great deal of pre-Christian history. Why should not the Irish Celt have as ancient and respected traditions as the Assyrian or the Indian ? Does ancient Irish history fail to interest because it can be studied nearer home, or because it is the history of a people for whom there is less sympathy ? Dates in the pre-Christian periods may be doubtful, but this by no means invalidates facts: Facts may be handed down with a halo of romance, but the fact none the less underlies the halo. Yet. when all is said, there

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 12

    As the companion tells it

    As you come through Cork, the early annalistic tradition records that King Neimhidh and three thousand persons died here. This is among the oldest traditions the annals preserve for Ireland. The same body of tradition holds that Ireland was first peopled in Munster, and the author of this history argues that such traditions should not be rejected simply because they stretch into a dim and misty past. He asks why the Irish Celt should not have traditions as ancient and respected as those of the Assyrian or the Indian. Dates in the pre-Christian periods may be doubtful, he says, but this does not invalidate facts. Facts may be handed down with a halo of romance, but the fact none the less underlies the halo. The death of King Neimhidh and the three thousand at Cork is recorded alongside a battle at Berehaven and the establishing of the seat of sovereignty in Ireland. These traditions also place the first inhabited place in Ireland at Dunamark, in the barony of Bantry. The seat of monarchy was later settled at Kinsale, recorded as A.M. 3668. The Beile festivals were held at Clontinty, near Cork. Ireland was divided into provinces in this early tradition, and the prefix ster in place names is traced to this period. The Irish fire-worshippers left their mark on place names in Cork, with examples given at Assolas near Kanturk and near Doneraile. Battles were fought in the County of Cork, and a battle at Cuille is named among them. A plague is also recorded in this early material.

50. Franciscan friary leased to Samuel Hayman with military obligation

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1621

    In 1621 the dissolved Franciscan friary at Youghal, including St. Anne's Chapel, was leased by Richard, second earl of Cork, to Samuel Hayman, a Somersetshire gentleman. The lease required Hayman to keep armed English footmen resident for defence of the country.

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    second earl of Cork, to Samuel Hayman Esq., a Somerset¬ shire gentleman. The demise conveyed ‘ all that message or tenemt lately erected and built by the said Samuel Hayman wth the yard, orchard, and garden thereunto belonging, and also the severall houses, etc., and one plott of enclosed ground contevning by estimation six acres, together with the dissolved nunnery 0? chappell, called St. Anne’s Chapell, w* the applotements as the same are all now in the tenure of the said Samuell Hayman, situate, lying, and being m and neere the site, circuit, ambite and precincts of the dissolved monastery of St. Francis. All the south abbey of Youghaii. Among the covenants is the following, which declares too plainly the unsettled state of public affairs ; And keeping always resident on the premisses for every tenem* one able English footman, wth a pyke or muskett, well and compleately armed and furnished ; and therewth all shall and will answere and attend the said earle, his heires or assignes, in all musters and in the service of the crown and defence of the countrey, being thereunto reasonably warned and summoned during this lease.’ ”

    The Dominican friary, commonly called the North Abbey.— “1 268 — Thomas Fitzmaurice FitzGerald, surnamed N. Appagh, founded a friary for Dominicans, or friars preachers, at Youghal. This house was first placed under the Invocation of the Holy Cross, but it was subsequently dedicated to St. Mary of Thanks, (S. Maria Gratriarum), on account of a miraculous image of the Blessed Virgin Mary preserved here.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 448

    As the companion tells it

    Youghal, in Cork, was the site of a dissolved Franciscan friary. By 1621 the friary and its grounds had passed into the hands of Richard, the second earl of Cork, who leased them to Samuel Hayman, a gentleman from Somersetshire. The lease laid out what Hayman held: a house he had lately built himself, with a yard, an orchard, and a garden, several other houses, and a plot of enclosed ground measuring about six acres. It also included the dissolved nunnery or chapel called St. Anne's Chapel, with its appurtenances. All of this stood in and near the site, circuit, and precincts of the dissolved monastery of St. Francis, described as the south abbey of Youghal. The lease carried a covenant that tells you what kind of country this was. For every tenement, Hayman had to keep one able English footman resident on the premises, armed with a pike or musket, completely furnished. These men were to answer and attend the earl, his heirs or assigns, in all musters, in the service of the crown, and in the defence of the country, whenever reasonably warned and summoned, for the duration of the lease.

51. James I charter constitutes Cork a free city

    Cork · city · Cork · 1609

    The 1609 charter of James I constituted Cork a free city with the title of Mayor, Sheriffs, and Commonality, and defined the liberties and franchises as extending three miles from the city walls. The charter made the county of the city a distinct county by creation rather than prescription.

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    “ The sixth charter is that of Henry VII. (1500)- If extends the franchise and liberties over the entire of Cork harbour, wheresoever the tide ebbs and flows. There are other charters of Henry VIII., (1537) ; Edward VI,. (1541), and Elizabeth, (1571)/ The charter of James I., (1609), constitutes Cork a free city, and the mayor, etc., a body politic by the name of Mayor, Sheriffs, and Commonality, (the previous title of incor¬ poration had been that of Mayor, Bailiffs, and Citizens) ; and that said city, and the soil and ground extending from the outward part of the walls thereof, by the space and circuit of three miles, should be the liberties and franchises of said city, and a distinct county of itself. Hence it appears that the county of the city is not a county by prescription, but a creation of the charter, and it was afterwards defined by an ambit, made in pursuance of it ; by this charter the mayor is empowered to punish whores, scolds, and disorderly persons.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 408

    As the companion tells it

    Cork became a free city under the charter of James I in 1609. Before that, there had been charters from Henry VII in 1500, which extended the franchise over the whole of Cork harbour wherever the tide ebbed and flowed, and further charters from Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Elizabeth. The 1609 charter made the mayor and others a body politic by the name of Mayor, Sheriffs, and Commonality. The previous title of incorporation had been Mayor, Bailiffs, and Citizens. It declared that the city and the ground extending three miles from the outward part of the walls should be the liberties and franchises of the city, and a distinct county of itself. So the county of the city was not a county by prescription but a creation of the charter. It was afterwards defined by an ambit made in pursuance of it. By this charter the mayor was empowered to punish whores, scolds, and disorderly persons.

52. John, Earl of Desmond, dies at Youghal

    Youghal · town · Cork · 1369

    John, who had succeeded as Earl of Desmond after the death of Maurice Oge at Castlemaine, died at Youghal in 1369 and was succeeded by his half brother Gerald, the poet and hero of romance.

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    In 1357 Maurice Oge, or the younger, second earl of Desmond, died suddenly at Castlemaine, and was succeeded in the family honours by his younger brother, John, who died at Youghal in 1369. He was succeeded by his half brother, Gerald, better known as the poet and the hero of romance. From all accounts, it is evident that the earl was in advance of his age in learning, if not in science ; and, as an almost necessary consequence, he attained the reputation of being a magician. His knowledge, however, took a practical, as well as a poetical turn, for we find that he held a prominent place

    in the politics of the day.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 129

    As the companion tells it

    Youghal is a town the road takes you through. In 1357 Maurice Oge, the younger, second earl of Desmond, died suddenly at Castlemaine, and the family honours passed to his younger brother John. John died at Youghal in 1369. He was succeeded by his half brother Gerald, better known as the poet and the hero of romance. From all accounts the earl was in advance of his age in learning, if not in science, and as an almost necessary consequence, he attained the reputation of being a magician. His knowledge took a practical as well as a poetical turn, for we find that he held a prominent place in the politics of the day.

53. Kinsale's royal charter from Edward III

    Kinsale · town · Cork · 1327–1377

    Kinsale's citizens received a charter from Edward III as a reward for loyalty, granting the power of choosing a mayor or sovereign. Kinsale was one of the oldest corporate towns in Ireland and was famous in ancient times as a seat of Irish royalty.

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    Kinsale is one of the oldest corporate towns in Ireland. The citizens got a charter from Edward III. as a reward for the loyalty and the power of chosing a mayor or sovereign. In more ancient times, as we have related m the historical part of this work, it was famous as the seat of Irish royalty. Kinsale, however, was not always loyal, and was eventual y deprived of its greatness. The fisheries of Kinsale, like all the other Irish fisheries, have suffered seriously from the utter neglect and indifference of the English government. Ihe

    534

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 434

    As the companion tells it

    Coming through Kinsale now, one of the oldest corporate towns in Ireland. Back between 1327 and 1377, the citizens here got a charter from Edward III as a reward for their loyalty, granting them the power of choosing a mayor or sovereign. In more ancient times it was famous as the seat of Irish royalty. The town was not always loyal, though, and was eventually deprived of its greatness.

54. Mallow Preceptory of Knights Templars

    Mallow · town · Cork · 1199–1216

    A Preceptory for Knights Templars was founded at Mallow during the reign of King John. It was situated in the barony of the Barrets, and many of the Barret and Trimblett families were buried in its graveyard.

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    Mallow ( Magh Ealla). — The plain of the river Alio. The river also gives name to the barony of Duhallow — Duthaigh Ealla — the district of the Alio. There was a Preceptory for knights templars here, founded in the reign of King John. It is situated in the barony of the Barrets, and many of that family and the Irimlaus were buried in its graveyard.

    Midleton. — An abbey was founded here, a.d. i 180, by the Fitzgeralds, or, according to others, by the family of Barry. It was supplied with monks of the Cistercian Order from the Abbey ot Nenay, or Magio, in the county of Limerick, and

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 437

    As the companion tells it

    Mallow takes its name from Magh Ealla, the plain of the river Allo, the same river that gives its name to the barony of Duhallow. During the reign of King John, a Preceptory for Knights Templars was founded here. It stood in the barony of the Barrets, and many of the Barret family and the Trimbletts were buried in its graveyard.

55. Manor of Dromagh granted to Arthur O'Keene, 1610

    Dromagh · townland · Cork · 1610–1619

    In 1610 Arthur O'Keene of Dromagh, County Cork, received a patent for various castles, lands, tithes, and rights, which were erected into the manor of Dromagh with markets, fairs, courts, and tolls. In 1619 he received a further grant of the manor, castle, and mill of Dunbullog with liberty to impark 200 acres.

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    castle and lands in the county of Cork, parcel of the estates of Teitrue O’Quiefe, attained two years after which Arthur O Keene, of Dromagh, in the same county, passed patent for various castles, lands, tithes, etc., which where thereupon erected into the manor of Dromagh, with markets, fairs, courts, and tolls.

    In 1619 he had a further grant of the manor, castle, and mill of Dunbullog, with various townlands, the advowson o± the vicarage, and liberty to impark 200 acres, to create tenures, hold courts leet and baron, enjoy all waifs and strays etc. The confiscations consequent upon the Desmond war, and those resulting from the civil war of 1641, greatly despoiled this family ° The attainders on the latter occasion mcludes the names of four of the sept, viz., Cornelius Oge 0 Keeffe, of Cullin ; Keeffe-O’Keeffe, of Kilcoleman ; Donogh, son of Daniel O’Keeffe, and Donogh O’Keeffe Oge, the two last being described

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 440

    As the companion tells it

    Somewhere around here, Arthur O'Keene of Dromagh, in County Cork, passed patent for various castles, lands, tithes, and rights in 1610. These were thereupon erected into his manor, with markets, fairs, courts, and tolls. The lands were parcel of the estates of Teigue O'Keeffe, attainted two years before. In 1619, Arthur O'Keene had a further grant of the manor, castle, and mill of Dunbullog, with various townlands, the advowson of the vicarage, and liberty to impark 200 acres, to create tenures, hold courts leet and baron, and enjoy all waifs and strays. The confiscations consequent upon the Desmond war, and those resulting from the civil war of 1641, greatly despoiled this family. The attainders on the latter occasion included four of the sept: Cornelius Oge O'Keeffe of Cullin, Keeffe O'Keeffe of Kilcoleman, Donogh son of Daniel O'Keeffe, and Donogh O'Keeffe Oge.

56. March from Cork to Mallow (1535)

    Mallow · town · Cork · 1535

    After parleys at Cork, Lord James's forces removed to a place called Malaghe (Mallow) and camped by a river side. This movement was part of the broader military campaign through Munster to assert royal authority over the Desmond and Cormac Oge factions.

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    “ We removed from Cork to a place called Malaghe, and there camped by a river side. Oh the morrow we went to

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 199

    As the companion tells it

    Mallow is a town the road passes through. In 1535, Lord James's forces removed from Cork to a place then called Malaghe, and camped by a river side. The morrow, they went on.

57. Rosscarbery inquisition on Kinsale fisheries

    Ross Carbery · town · Cork · 1685–1688

    An inquisition held in Rosscarbery during the reign of James II recorded details of Kinsale's fishing administration, including the appointment of a fishing admiral and the holding of admiral's court every Monday.

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    “ In an inquisition taken in the town of Rosscarbery on the 8th of April, in the reign of James II., we find it set down that the town of Kyngsale was wont to appoint an adimral for the fishing season, and then he and the lord did join m setting the order for the fishing, and keep admirals court every' Monday, and all pecuniary punishments for treating the orders agreed upon were to be equally divided between the lord and the admiral.”

    Kinsale is one of the oldest corporate towns in Ireland. The citizens got a charter from Edward III. as a reward for the loyalty and the power of chosing a mayor or sovereign. In more ancient times, as we have related m the historical part of this work, it was famous as the seat of Irish royalty. Kinsale, however, was not always loyal, and was eventual y deprived of its greatness. The fisheries of Kinsale, like all the other Irish fisheries, have suffered seriously from the utter neglect and indifference of the English government. Ihe

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 434

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through the town of Rosscarbery, this place holds a quiet record from the reign of James II. On the 8th of April 1685, an inquisition was held here in the town, and it set down details of how the fishing was run at Kinsale. The town of Kinsale was wont to appoint an admiral for the fishing season, and then he and the lord did join in setting the order for the fishing. They kept admiral's court every Monday, and all pecuniary punishments for breaking the orders agreed upon were to be equally divided between the lord and the admiral. Kinsale is one of the oldest corporate towns in Ireland. The citizens got a charter from Edward III as a reward for their loyalty and the power of choosing a mayor or sovereign. In more ancient times it was famous as the seat of Irish royalty. Kinsale, however, was not always loyal, and was eventually deprived of its greatness. The fisheries of Kinsale, like all the other Irish fisheries, have suffered seriously from the neglect and indifference of the English government.

58. Royal Cork Institution founded and chartered

    Cork · city · Cork · 1803–1830

    The Royal Cork Institution was founded in 1803 by private subscription to diffuse knowledge of arts, manufactures, and applied science. It received a royal charter in 1807 and a parliamentary grant of £2,000 per annum, with lectures given on natural history, chemistry, botany and mineralogy until the grant was withdrawn in 1830.

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    “ 1803. — year the Royal Cork Institution, founded by subscription amongst private gentlemen of the city and county, for diffusing the knowledge and facilitating the intro¬ duction of all improvements in the arts and manufactures, and for teaching by lecture the application of science to the common purposes of life. The obvious usefulness of such an

    6. See Croker's Popular Songs, illustrated, of the Irish invasion. Be it observed, how¬ ever, in passing, that the commander of the expedition was by no means disposed to poverty of living. Mr. Teeling, in his account of the rebellion, attributes the failure of the expedition to the greediness of the commander. He used to send mounted escorts for miles to procure some luxury. The forces were wretchedly fitted out. Nine-pound shot was provided for six-pound cannon.

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Cork, there is a piece of its learned history. The Royal Cork Institution was founded in 1803 by subscription among private gentlemen of the city and county. Its purpose was, in the words of the record, "for diffusing the knowledge and facilitating the introduction of all improvements in the arts and manufactures, and for teaching by lecture the application of science to the common purposes of life." It received a royal charter in 1807 and a parliamentary grant of £2,000 per annum. Lectures followed on natural history, chemistry, botany, and mineralogy. The grant was withdrawn in 1830, and the lectures came to an end.

59. St. Finbar's relics brought to Cork

    Cork · city · Cork

    St. Finbar went to Cloyne to die, but his relics were brought back to Cork with great honour. Seventeen holy bishops are said to rest in Cork with Barri and Nessan.

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    Cork owes its foundation to Christian Monks — Omissions of former Historians — St. Finbar — His early life and piety — Peculiar circum¬ stances attending his birth — His father Amergin emigrates to the Co. Cork— Various ancient MS. Lives of St. Finbar — -Miraculous occurrences at his baptism — His education — Miraculous supply of food— Fie reads the “alphabet” — Meeting with St. Brandon, who recognizes the sanctity and prophecies the future of St. Fin¬ bar — He is instructed in ecclesistical rules by a holy man from Rome — He remains at Cloyne for some time, and why he leaves it — The piety and learning of his disciples — The state of Cork when St. Finbar founded the city — The swamp of Cork— He asks St. Colman to be “ the father of his confession ” — He goes to Cloyne to die — His relics brought back to Cork with great honour — “Seventeen holy bishops rest in Cork with Barri and Nessan”

    — St. Finbar’s virtues — He is distinguished for his charity, and “ blooming sweet ” to the poor — The ancient Latin Lives of St. Finbar — The famous Schools of Cork — Coleman O’ Cluasiaghe —

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 5

    As the companion tells it

    Cork owes its foundation to Christian monks, and the man at its heart is Saint Finbar. His father Amergin emigrated to county Cork. There were miraculous occurrences at his baptism, and a miraculous supply of food in his youth. He read the alphabet. He met Saint Brandon, who recognized his sanctity and prophesied his future. A holy man from Rome instructed him in ecclesiastical rules. He remained at Cloyne for some time before leaving it. His disciples were known for their piety and learning. He founded the city on the swamp of Cork. He asked Saint Colman to be, in the source's words, "the father of his confession." He went to Cloyne to die, but his relics were brought back to Cork with great honour. Seventeen holy bishops are said to rest in Cork with Barri and Nessan. He was distinguished for his charity, and, in the words of the old text, "blooming sweet" to the poor. The famous schools of Cork followed, under Coleman O'Cluasiaghe.

60. Tara's house of groaning hostages

    near Tara · hill or hills · Meath

    The poem referenced in the Book of Lecan indicates that the top of the house of the 'groaning hostages' at Tara was closed with a single stone, demonstrating early use of cut stone in Irish architecture.

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    Read off the scanned page by machine, so a word here and there is misread. Kept as the reading produced it, not corrected.

    From the poem it appears that stone, and even cut stone, was used at a very early period, for the top of the house of the “ groaning hostages” at Tara was closed with one stone — but we reserve a fuller account of the ancient architecture of Ireland for a future page.

    If the bardic accounts are to be taken as literally true, or even as poetically true — and poetic truth is but a cloud of fancy surrounding a pillar of fact — the dress of the early Irish must have been very costly. If the gold ornaments which they have so elaborately described had not been found, there might be some question of their veracity ; but since they still exist, and have even been found in abundance, there can

    Internet Archive historyofcitycou0000cusa, Chapter 32

    As the companion tells it

    As you pass through Tara, in Meath, there is a house known as the house of the groaning hostages. A poem preserved in the Book of Lecan says something striking about it. The top of that house was closed with a single stone. That detail, small as it is, tells us that cut stone was used in Ireland at a very early period. The old bardic accounts were once doubted, but the writer here makes a careful point about them. He says poetic truth is but a cloud of fancy surrounding a pillar of fact. The gold ornaments the bards described so elaborately have been found, and found in abundance. Where the poems and the ground agree, there is something worth trusting.