The Parliamentary gazetteer of Ireland

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1. Corcass lands along the Fergus and Shannon

   near River Fergus · river · Clare

   A rich, deep soil of peculiar character, known locally as "corcass land," prevails in the low grounds near the River Fergus and the Lower Shannon. Formed by fluviatile deposit, it resembles the carse lands of Scotland but is less adhesive.

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   with finnness, that bullocks of 100 or 105 stones weight may be seen rapidly fattening upon them in places where, even in the wettest season, the sward would not receive the print of a horses* foot A dark, friable, dry, sandy loam prevails in part of the counties of Limerick and Tipperary, of a kind equally adapted to grazing and tillage, seldom experiencing a season too wet or a summer too dry, and so rich that, if it be preserved in a clean state, it will yield good cereal crops for a eonsiderable succession of years. The aggregate of fertile loams, or even of all kinds of calcareous soils, is not great in the mountainous sections of Ulster ; yet they carpet and enrich a very great proportion of the valley ground, and produce an astonishing alternation of contrasts to the ferruginouB, moorish, sterile soils, on the intersecting uplands. *^ In the north,** says Mr. Wakefield, ** the quantity of rich soil is not very considerable, yet valleys of extraordinary rich land are to be found in every county ; and I was not a little astonished, amidst the rocky and dreary mountains of Donegal, where there was hardly a vestige of cultivation, to find myseLf drop all at once into a district where the soil was exceedingly fertile.** The loams of much of the county of Meath and of many other districts are so conspicuously fertile as to resist, to a very great degree, the malign effects of very prolonged and exceedingly erroneous systems of clumsy cultivation. A very rich soil of great depth and rather peculiar character prevails in the low grounds adjacent to the Fergus and the Lower Shannon, and locally bears the name of corcass land ; it seems evidently to have been formed by fluviatile deposit ; it closely resembles the celebrated carse lands in the valleys of the Forth and the Tay in Scotland, but is not so adhesive or so powerfully argillaceous ; and it has a subsoil of blue silt, differing nothing in substantial character from the upper soil, and capable of being advantageously turned up, to any depth and at any time, by the plough or the •pade.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 25

2. Curragh, seat of the De Vere baronets

   Curragh · townland · Limerick

   Curragh, the seat of De Vere, Bart, is described as an elegant edifice encompassed by a demesne that is both extensive and replete with varieties of beautiful scenery. It stands as one of the noble mansions decorating the undulating surface of the Adare parish.

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   AD ARE, or Adair, a parish in the three baronies of Coshma, Kenry, and Upper Conello, co. Limerick, Munster. The Coshma section contains the town of Ad ARE : see next article. Area of the Upper Conello section, 1,004 acres; of the Kenry section, 4,358 acres ; of the Coshma section, 6,631 acres. Pop. of the parish, in 1831, 4.913; in 1841, 4,902. Houses 723. Pop. of the Coshma section, in 1831, 2,270; in 1841, 3,148. Houses 439. Pop. of the Kenry section, in 1831, 1,474; in 1841, 1,362. Houses 22a Pop. of the Upper Conello section, in 1831, 403 ; in 1841, 392. Houses 56. The modern name is a corruption of Athdare or Ath-daar, *the ford of oaks. The river Maig traverses the parish northward ; and luxuriates between banks which are rich in the soft and sylvan features of beauty. Most of the land is good and highly improved ; and much of it is sheeted Mrith wood, or disposed in opulent and tastefully ornamented demesne. A British traveller entering it from the north, forgets the bog and moor and miserable cultivation which had figured largely in some previous views ; and sees in joyous combination around him the luxuriousness of a warm district of merry England, with the picturesqueness of a brilliant nook of lowland Scotland. Fine crops of wheat, neat enclosures, tidy cottages, noble mansions, numerous little gardens, clumps of orchard^ and a profusion of wood, decorate an undulating and gently featured surface. Currah, the seat of De Vere, Bart, is an elegant edifice encompassed bjr a demesne, both extensive and replete with varieties of beautiful scenerv. Adare Castle, the seat ^ the Quin family, earls of Dunraven, situated on the west bank of the Maig in the vicinity of the village of Adare, is a splendid edifice, commenced only a few years ago on the site of a former mansion, anording a fair imitation specimen of the later pointed style of architecture, and rivalling the first residences in the kingdom for at once taste, beauty, and chasteness of design. The extensive plantations, gardens, and pleasure-grounds around it exhibit richness, variety,

   and extreme neatness The parish of Adare is •

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

3. Deserted military castles of the Antrim coast

   Dunluce · townland · Antrim

   The chief deserted or ruinous military castles of County Antrim include Carrickfergus, Olderfleet or Larne, Dunluce, Dunseverick, Red Bay, and Cushendall, while Shane's Castle and Castle Upton are the only modernized and inhabited ones.

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   History and Aniiquities.'] — The ancient or uncorrupted name of Antrim is Andruim or Endruim, 'the habitation upon the waters;' a name which probably refers to one locality, whence a designation was diffused over the whole county, yet which has been thought expressive of the county's nearly insulated position. The early history of the district is strictly that of the kingdom of Dalriada [which see] ; and the later history is so unconsecutive, or so generally identified with the towns and strengths, that it must be narrated piecemeal in our notice of celebrated localities. Cairns, cromlechs, pillar-stones, ratbs, and earthen mounds, all strictly similar to those which prevail from Belfast Lough to Meath, abound along the whole coast, and occur somewhat numerously even in the interior. The most remarkable of the cairns — all of which are rude, and indicate the work of quite a barbarous people — are one on Colin mountain, 3 miles north of Lisbum, one on Slieve True, west of Carrickfergus, and two on Colinward. The chief cromlechs are one near Cairngrainey, one near Ballintoy, and one at the north end of Island Magee. Raths and mounds are so plentiful that no fewer than 237 have been enumerated in the two parishes of Killead and Bf uckamore ; and they are so featureless that only 7, situated at respectively Dunethery, Dundermot, Dunmacalter, Dunmaul, Cushendall, Camlent, and Ballykennedy, may be named as in any respect interesting specimens. Archdall enumerates 48 monastic estalvliihments in Antrim, but says that 20 of them had ceased to be known. The onl^ ones which now figure in either ruin or history will be noticed in the articles on Carrickfergus, Woodburn, Glenarm, Kells, Massarene, Muckamore, Whiteabbey, Killead, Rathlin, Ballycastle, and Glynn. The round towers of the county, 4 in number, are situated at Antrim, at Trummery, at Armoy, and in Ram*8 Island. The chief deserted or ruinous military castles are those of Carrickfergus, Olderfleet or Lame, Dunluce, Dunseveric. Red bay, and Cushendall; and the only modernized and inhabited ones are Shane's castle and Castle-Upton. All these antiquities, as well as any others which deserve notice, will figure in the articles on their respective localities.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 120

4. Donaghadee Harbour's costly improvement

   near Donaghadee · town · Down

   Donaghadee Harbour, located south-south-east of Kout Head, was naturally small and indifferent but has been artificially improved at enormous cost. It serves as the mail-packet station for all of the north of Ireland.

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   Belfast Lough penetrates the land 14 miles south-westward between co. Antrim and co. Down ; it is of easy access, has a current at the mouth of 2| knots in spring tides, and possesses several interior small harbours, particularly at Carrickfergus and Bangor ; it was formerly so encumbered with shoals near the head as to be navigated with difficulty by large vessels to Belfast, but it has of late been rendered practicable by the cutting of a long artificial channel ; and its shores and seaboard are beautiful and expressive in their scenic features, and compose one of the richest and most powerful landscapes in the kingdom. Donaghadee Harbour, 3 miles south-south-east of Kout Head, was naturally very small and very indifferent, but it has been artificially improved at an enormous cost, and is now a pretty good pier harbour, — distinguished for being the mailpacket station for all the north of Ireland. The current, off Ballyferis Point, runs 3 knots in spring tides ; and the stream in shore, 5 miles south of Ballyhalbert, turns at half-flood to the north. The largest bays between Ballyhalbert and Ballyquintin Point, are the bays of Cloghy, Quintin, and Millin ; but they are mere open coves, of value only to fishing-boats. Lough Strangford is, in some respects, the most curious piece of marine water in the kingdom : its entrance is a narrow channel, extending north by westward, and not less than 5^ miles in length ; the Lough itself extends 15 miles northward, with an extreme breadth of 5^ miles, and is profusely studded with islets, and richly furnished with good harbours and anchoring-grounds ; an exceedingly)

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 6

5. Farm sizes near Dublin city

   Dublin · city · Dublin

   In Dublin, the estates are generally small. Farms near the city are small while those at a distance are larger, and the agriculture is very much less improved than the vicinity of the district to the metropolis would suggest.

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   mere is lis. 3d. In Kerry, the estates are verj large ; some grazing and dairy farms are of con- •iderable size, but tillage farms are very small ; the practices of husbandry are in a wretched condition ; tillage is effected on the upland districts with the loy or the spade ; potatoes are nearly the only produce reserved for the use of the cultivators, and frequent and severe scarcities occur in the south and west ; and the average rent of land per acre is 6s. Id. In Limerick, the estates are large ; some grazing farms are very extensive ; tillage is not so extensive in proportion to the whole area as in many other counties, but has of late very much increased ; the land experiences the severest treatment, yet with amazing rapidity recovers its tone and productiveness ; the principal crops are oats, wheat, and barley ; and the average rent of land per acre is 18s. 8d. In Cork, most of the estates are very extensive ; tillage farms are in general very small, and, when comparatively large, are held in partnerships ; the practices of husbandry in most districts are bad, but in some are improved and good ; potatoes are the chief crop among the small and the partnership fiurmers ; much tillage is effected with the spade, and much with the plough by a species of combination ; and the average rent of land per acre is ISs. 7d. In Tipperary, some estates are very large, and many are of a moderate size ; tillage farms are in general small, and held under middlemen ; the ruinous system of con-acre is extensively prevalent, and occasions great prominence in cropping to potatoes ; and the average rent of land per acre is, in con-acre, from £7 to £13, and in farms 17s. Shd. In Waterford, the estates are very large ; farms have been increasingly divided, and tillage has very greatly extended ; the practices of husbandry have been materially improved ; and the average rent of land is 128. 6d. In Kilkenny, the estates are laige ; the farms are of various sizes, but for the most part small ; the practices of husbandry have been materially improved, but are still backward ; partnership tenures are not infrequent ; and the average rent of land per acre is 17s. In Wexford, the estates are of considerable extent ; the £arms are of various sizes, and are less subdivided than in most other counties ; the practices of husbandry are backward in some districts, and improved in others ; the principal crops are potatoes, oats, barley, beans, and wheat ; and the average rent of land per acre is 14s. In Carlow, the estates are of medium extent ; some dairy farms are very large, and farms in general are less subdivided than in most other counties ; and the average rent of land per acre is 16s. In Wicklow, the estates are for the most part large ; the farms are of various sizes ; the condition of the small farmers is exceedingly bad ; very little wheat is raised ; and the average rent of land per acre is 128. In Kildare, some estates are vory large, but many are moderate or small ; most of the farms ▼ary in extent from 5 to 200 acres ; the practices of husbandry were formerly very bad, but have been materially improved ; the principal crops are potatoes, oats, and wheat ; and the average rent of land per acre is 13s. In Queen*s county the estates are in general large ; many of the fimns are very small, and are held by persons too poor to adopt any improved practices in husbandry ; the larger farmers have for a number of years practised a comparatively improved system of agriculture ; and the average rent of land per acre is 148. In King's county, the estates in general are very large ; tillage farms are small, but some grazing ones are extensive ; partnership tenures are less infrequent than in some other counties ; the tillage farmers are aggregately in a Tery poor condition ; and the average rent of land per acre is 12s. In Westmeath, the estates arc moderate in extent ; the tillage farms are much subdivided ; the practices of husbandry are considerably improved ; and the Average rent of land per acre is 13s. In Longford, the estates are rather large ; the tillage farms are in general small ; grazing is prevalent ; and the average rent of land per acre is 12s. 3d. In Meath, some estates are large, but most are moderate or small ; grazing was formerly prevalent, but now about three-fifths of the county are in tillage ; the state of agriculture, especially as compared with the singular excellence of the soil, is shamefully bad ; cropping with com to exhaustion is not unfrequent, but the usual rotation is wheat, oats, fallow, potatoes, and clover; and the average rent of land per acre is 18s. In Dublin, the estates are in general small ; the farms near the city are small, but those at a distance are larger ; agriculture is very much less improved than the vicinity of the whole district to the metropolis would induce a stranger to expect ; and the average rent of land per acre is 18s. In Louth, the estates are of moderate extent ; the farms are of all sizes, but many are very small ; husbandry is improved ; the principal crops arc wheat, oats, and potatoes ; and the average rent of land per acre is IGs.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 27

6. Geological strata at Cuilcagh Mountain

   Cuilcagh · townland · Cavan

   An examination of the calp strata from Belturbet westward across Slieve Rushen, the Swanlinbar valley, and Cuilcagh Mountain reveals that the grey sandstone member is notably absent.

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   impure urgillaoeoaB limestone or calp, which form the precipitous cliffs of Dartrj mountain faeing the west, and which, near the summit, are capped by the upper or splintery limestone. In examining the succession of the calp strata in a western direction, commencing with the lower Umestone at Belturbet, in the county of Cavan, and crossing Slieve Rushin, the valley of Swanlinbar and Ouilcagh mountain, an important member, namely, the grey sandstone with coaly impressions, &c., b wanting, or at least very slight traces of it can be discovered ; a circumstance which proves that oonsideTable variations may be expected in the composition as well as in the thickness of the same division of the carboniferous limestone series, even within the same district or neighbourhood ; and, hence, we need not be surprised to find in some of our carboniferous districts that the ca^ division is altogether wanting, and in others that it is only slightly developed. It would be tedious and almost endless to enter upon a particular description of the numerous localities in which the calp series occurs in the north of Ireland ; at present we need only observe, that the thale district, extending from Emyvale in the county of Monaghan, to Brookborough in the county of Fermanagh, known by the name of the Slieve Beagh mountains, has long been considered to belong to the true coal formation, and sanguine expectations have been entertained of the discovery of workable beds of coal ; but having ascertained that in the order of succession it forms a portion of the calp series, it appears very improbable that these expectations will be realized. The calp district of Leinster, if it may be so called, which extends through the counties of Dublin, Meath, and Westmeath, is composed of alternations of impure black argillaceous limestone, with black shale, containing balls of clay ironstone. Some of the shale beds, which are much impregnated with sulphuret of iron, are, no doubt, the sources of the numerous chalybeate as well as folphnreous springs which occur in that district. In the neighbourhood of Dublin, the calp shale nunely contains any organic remains ; while in other localities they are very abundant, particularly in varieties of producta, spirifera, terebratula, crinoidea, both heads and stems, together with various corallines, and particularly a large variety of turbinolia, probably turbinolia fungites."

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

7. Lighthouse with revolving light on Inishmore

   Inishmore · electoral division · Galway · 1640

   A lighthouse in the centre of Inishmore exhibits a revolving bright light. Including building stores, its construction occasioned an expense of £680 18s. 4d. in 1640.

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   ARRANMORE, or Ivkumorb, the largest of the islands, «nd a parish, in the insular barony of Arran, ^ust described, co. Galway, Connaught. It contains the villages of Killant and Kilronan : see these articles. Length, Similes; breadth, U; area, 7,635 acres. Pop., in 1831. 2,315; in 1841, 2,592. Houses 451. Pop. of the rural districts in 1841, 1,364. Houses 224. The island extends from east-south-east to west-north-west. Its south side is precipitous, grandly bold, an almost straight line of unindented mural limestone bulwark. The north side is low, fringed with a shingly beach, and deepjhr indented by two bays or natural harbours. The elms of the south are not more bold than romantic, are frequented by clouds of the sea-fowl called puffins, and are curiously perforated >vith holes, in which the puffins nestle, and whence the islanders supply themselves in seasons of scarcity with the eggs of the fowls for food. Other curiosities are Kilmurr^^ fort. Great Kevin's Head, and the objects noticed in the preceding article. The highest ground in the island appears to rise less than 400 feet above sea-leveL Good oats are raised ; sheep are pastured ; and oxen of an esteemed kind are reared. The chief residence is the seat of John W. Digbv, Esq. A lighthouse in the centre of the island exhibits a revolving li^ht of a bright colour; and, including the iCost of building stores, occasioned in 1640 an expense of £680 18s. 4d. On the island are 2 vilkiges, 8 hamlets, and a station of the coast-guard. The bay north from the village of Killany, named After it, separated by a peninsuU from St. Gregory's Sound, and partly covered by an islet called Straw Island, is the principal harbour, not only in Arranmore, hut in the whole Arran groi^). Outward-bound ships, from Liverpool to the West Indies and America, are frequently driven toward this harbour, and would find it a valuable retreat were the entrance to the sheltering oart of it widened, and a pier suitable for large vessels provided. The entrance is by the west side of^ Straw Island^ and though deep, is exceedingly narrow and somewhat dangerous ; yet could, it is said, be widened for the trivial expense of £300 — This parish is a vicarage in the dio. of Tuam ; and forms part of the benefice of Ballinakill : which see. The vicarial tithes are compounded for £6 13s. 8Jd., jmd the rectorial for £20 is. 0^ ; And the latter are in^roipriate, and belong to the Rev. John Cdgbj. The Roman Catholic cnapel is attended by from 400 to 600, and has one officiate. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 28, and the Roman Catholics to 2,077; an4 4 pay- schools, at Killany, Kilronan, Kilmurvey, and Coorough, were attended by from 160 to 230 scholars.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 138

8. Lough Sheelin adorned by park improvements

   near Lough Sheelin · lake or lakes · Cavan

   Lough Sheelin lies on the mutual border of counties Meath, Westmeath, and Cavan, chiefly within the last. It is a beautiful though only third-rate expanse, greatly adorned on its north shores by recent georgic and park improvements.

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   Loogh Melvin, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim and Fermanagh, is partly overhung by the Dartry mountains, and partly bounded by low, rocky, moorish grounds ; and, with the aid of a few wooded islets, it presents, on the whole, an agreeable appearance. Loughs Macnean, Upper and Lower, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim, Cavan, and Fermanagh, are wild sheets of water, cradled amidst a region of brilliant highland scenery. Lough Oughter, in oo. Gavan, and in the channel or river-course of the Upper Erne, is a singularly intricate and almost labyrinthine intermixture of water with bold headlands, deep, projecting, wooded peninsulas, and large fertile islands. Lough Key, in the north of co. Roscommon, and in the river-course of the Boyle, is a luscious sheet of water, gemmed with beautiful islands, and zoned with fertile and ornate grounds. Lough Gara, on the mutual borders of counties Roscommon, Mayo, and Sligo, has a singulariy beautiful outline, and possesses some extent of interesting shore, yet fails to produce a generally pleasing effect. Lough Arrow, partly on the boundary between Roscommon and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, is studded with some beautiful islands, and surrounded with not uninteresting shores. Lough Gill, partly on the mutual border of Leitrim and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, has some charming islands, is surrounded by bold and singularly varied mountain ranges, and has been pronounced inferior in scenery only to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Dereveragh, in co. Westmeath, is a beautiful and comparatively large sheet of water. Lough Owhel, a little south of Lough Dereveragh, is a limpid lake, fed by internal springs, and affording to the Royal Canal its main supply of water. Lough Iron, in co. West* meath, and a little north-west of Lough Owhel, has, in general, flat and boggy shores. Lough Eonel, in oo. Westmeath, and south of Lough Owhel, is languishingly beautiful Lough Sheelin, on the mutual border of counties Meath, Westmeath, and Cavan, but chiefly within the last of these counties, is a beautiful though only third-rate expanse of water, greatly adorned on its north shores by recent georgic and park improvements. Lough Ganny, Gaiinagh, or Gouna, on the mutual border of counties Longford and Cavan, forms the young Erne by its superfluent waters, and has been pronounced the most beautiful of the Leinster lakes. Lough Ramor, in the southeast of 00. Cavan, is beautified with several wooded islets, and has considerably varied shores. The CootehiH lakes, on the mutual border of counties Cavan and Monaghan, are replete with luscious beanty, and completely screened with highly embellished demesnes. Lough Derg, in the southeast eomer of co. Donegal, is a gloomy mountain lake, remarkable for St. Patrick*B Purgatory on one of its dismal islets. Lough Esk, in the south of Donegal, is a pleasant and ornate sheet of water, of medium character between highland and lowland. Lough Veagh, a little north of the eeatre of co. Donegal, is a magnificent though not large mountain lake. Lough Carrowmore, in the north-east of co. Mayo, is a dreary expanse of water, amidst a vast region of wild moorlands. Loughs Bray, in the north of co. Wicklow, are mere loughlets, remarkable for the great elevation at which they lie, and the sublime scenery in which they are cradled. The lakes of Glendalough, near the centre of co. Wicklow, are noticeable, not strictly on their own account, but in associatioo with the many and singular architectural ruins of their small and savagely wild %len. The lakes of Inchegeelagh or Allua, in the west of co. Cork, have an agreeable mountain character. Lougfa Gougane Barra, on the western margin of co. Cork, a few miles west of the lakes of Inche* geehgh, is a loughlet of the most thrilling mountain romance. The lakes of Carra, Upper and Lower, in the west of co. Kerry, lie in a wild and beautiful glen, and have, for a number of years past, commanded the attention of many visitors to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Currane, on the coast of Ballinaskelligs bay in co. Kerry, has a mingled character of mooriehncss and moun* tain might.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

9. MacGillycuddy's Reeks and the Lakes of Killarney

   Macgillycuddy's Reeks · mountain or mountain range · Kerry

   The Iveragh, Dunkerrin, and Magonihy mountains fill the great peninsula between the Kenmare estuary and Bantry Bay, including MacGillycuddy's Reeks with the monarch mountain of Ireland. These ranges embosom the exquisite and magnificent scenery of the Lakes of Killarney.

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   3] milea wesi-north-wcst of Ballyduff 777, Knocknalough 1,028, a height 1 mile east of Knocknaloagh 1,066, West Croghan 1,718, a height IJ mile south-west of West Croghan 2,101, Sugarloaf Hill 2,144, KnockshanahuUion 2,150, Knockanard 1,337, and Carra Hill 1,189. — The Galtees mountains are an interior range, nearly parallel with the coast, at the mean distance of 32 miles from the sea, and extending west-south-westward from the vicinity of Cahir in co. Tipperary to the eastern vicinity of CharleviUe on the mutual border of co. Limerick and co. Cork ; and their principal summits within Tipperary have altitudes of 2,166, 2,109, 844, 1,141, 1,183, 2,378, 1,969, 2,638, 2,588, 1,977, 1,591, 856, 1,476, 1,473, 1,782, 1,577, and 856 feet above sea-level; their loftiest sammit, Galteemore, is on the boundary between Tipperary and Limerick, and has an altitude of 3,015 feet; and their principal summits within Limerick and Cork,"^ are Slievereagh, Knocktaniso, Leaderry, Carrigeena, Ballyorra, and Seefin — ^the last 1,706 feet in altitude. — The Eilworth mountains, within co. Cork, are a westward continuation of the Enockmeledown mountains, 7 miles in extent, and not remarkable for either altitude or character. — The Nagles and the Boggra mountains, are. two interior and somewhat continuous ranges, westward from the vicinity of Fermoy to the vicinity of Mill-street ; they have a mean distance of from 23 to 31 miles from the sea ; and their principal summits are Rathcormack mountain, Enockinskea 1,388 feet, Sechane, Kagles, Mount Hillary, Eaglets Nest, Oigveaul, and EnockacappuL The southern mountains of . Cork extend westward from the southern vicinity of Bandon to Bantry bay ; they are situated at the distance of from 5^ to 13^ miles from the sea ; their principal summits between Bandon and the town of Bantry, are Rathronan Hill, Skea QiU, Mount Bandon, Ballinard, Yew Trea Rock, Cairick&dda 1,028 feet, Owen mountain 1,760 feet, Milawn, and Clondarly ; the principal summits in the peninsula on the south-east side of Dunmanus bay, are Mount Gabriel 1,335, Enockmadden 1,029, 8assin Hill, and a height of 759 feet immediately behind Mizen Head ; and the principal flommit in the peninsula between Dunmanus bay and Bantry is Enockavrane. The Sheehy mountains are situated a little north-north-west of the Yew Tree Rock summit of the preceding series, and from 7^ to 16 miles north-east of the head of Bantry bay ; and they have an extreme altitude of 1,796 feet above sea-level. The Slicvemisk and the Caha mountains occupy the whole of the peninsula between Bantry bay and the Eenmare estuary ; the Derrynasaggart or Slieve-Logher moantains form a continuation of the Caha series north-eastward to the valley of the Blackwater at MiUstreet ; and the principal summits of the triple series, enumerating them from the point of tho peninsula north-eastward, are Lohanmore, Enockoura, Gaule, Enockahoag, Hungry Hill 2,249 feet. Drum, Idede, Lateran, Comingany, Ei^ockgarran, Glenkeagh, Pinkeen, Shandrum, Gullybo, Gabrigeen, Monagour, Curreal, the Paps, and Cahirbama 2,234 feet. The Iveragh, Dunkerrin, and Magonihy mountains fill the whole of the great peninsula between the Eenmare estuary and Bantry bay ; include MacGillicuddy's Reeks, with the monarch mountain of Ireland ; embosom the exquisite and magnificent scenery of the Lakes of EiUamcy ; and extend east-north-eastward thenoe to Olenflcsk ; — and the principal summits of their peninsular division gouth-east of the Inny, are Croghan, Pickoen, Skialagh, Tureen, Guibane, Coomenagh 2,535 feet, Dreemagreen, Rnockaninvaan, and Ooombull ; the principal summits in their peninsular division north-east of the Inny, are Enockagalisky, a height of 1,351 feet immediately behind Bolus Head, Lateeve Hill, Corrabeg, Corramore, Fohilly 886 feet, Ferraoyle, Eilkane, Enocknatubrid, Bennetee, Enockdynahan, Knocknadober, CuUeen 2,231 feet, Coomlancaran, Drung, and Curragheen ; the principal summits of the Reeks, and thence to the western bank of the lakes, are Carrantual 3,404 feet, the Sugarloaf, the Toomies, and the Glena Purple mountains ; and the principal summits on the eastern bank of the lakes, and thence eastwaixl, arc Turk mountain, Mangerton, and Croghan — the second 2,754 feet in altitude. — The Corkaguiney and Southern Trughenackmy mountains eocupy the whole of the peninsula of Corkaguiney, extend eastward to the valley of the Maine a little west of Castle-Island, and are in no instance farther than 12 miles from the sea ; and their principal summits are Mount Eagle, Sugarloaf, Brandon 3,126 feet, Crosskerdagh, Binbrae, Binshehy 2,710 feet, Cappaclou^, Ballyvalder, Bautregaun 2,784 feet, Cahirconree, and Slievemish. Tlie mountains of North Eerry form one congeries with the Mullagharerik mountains in co. Limerick, and the Use and the Pobl>e O'Eeefe mountains in co. Cork ; this congeries attains an extreme distance of 33^ miles from the western sea ; its seaward side rapidly recedes inward, so as, with the exception of the isolated height of Enockanore, to possess a mean distance from the •ea of aliout lOj miles ; and its principal summits are Doon Mountain, the Stacks mountains, Taylogfa Hill, Cahan, Enaghadave, Enockacur, Enockanadrive, Mount Eagle Loyal, Enocknacabrig, Knocklilavan, Tor 1,329 feet, Glcntora, the Use mountains, the Clanruddery mountains, Demanaberg, Knocknaglaghan, Enock brack, Enockfrcaghan, Enocknagossy, Enockmanaghan, Mienskavan,

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 17

10. MacSwyne's Gun natural phenomenon

    near Horn Head · promontory · Donegal

    The coastal area described in this section features a singular and astounding phenomenon popularly called MacSwin's Oon, referring to a notable natural curiosity on the coastline near Horn Head.

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    The coast from Carrigan Head to TeeUn Head trends in the direction of north-west by west, meaaores 5| miles, and presents to the sea a series of stupendous mountain cliffs or precipitous dedivities, — the three mountains of Teelin, Sleave-League, and Lehan, flinging their skirts ahnost sheer down to the shore, and lifting their summits to the altitudes of respectively 1,018, 1,9(U, and 1,415 feet above sea-leveL The coast from Teelin Head to Rossan Point trends north by westward, measures 3 miles, and possesses the same sublime character as the coast from Carrigan. A straight line from Rossan Point to Dawros Head extends north-eastward, measures 13| miles, and first very nearly coincides over 8^ miles with the shore, and then passes across the entrance of the bays of Loughrusbeg and Loughrusmore ; and the coast between Rossan Point and these bays is everywhere very bold and lofty, presenting in two places cliffs or summits to the sea of 803 and 676 feet in altitude, and immediately overhung on its seaboard with summits of 911, 1,231, 1,613, and 1,684 feet in altitude. A straight line from Dawros Head to Bloody Foreland extends in the direction of north-east by north, measures 25} miles, cuts off to seaward Arran Island, various smaller islands, and 6 or 8 square miles of the mainland, and places the greater part of the main shore at the mean distance of about 2 miles to the south-east. The coast, over this stretch, is intricate, low, rocky, sterile, and repulsive ; but at Bloody Foreland it presents to the sea a cliff of 198 feet in altitude, forming the skirt of a hill whose summit has an altitude of 1,035 feet. A straight line from Bloody Foreland to Horn Head extends in the direction of northeast by east, measures 13 miles, and places the head of Ballyness bay and the mean distance of the general shore respectively 4| miles and 1^ mile to the south-east. Horn Head, though crowned with a summit of only 833 feet, and therefore very much lower than several other of the promontories which frown defiance on the Atlantic, is an object of great scenic power, and much natural cnriodty ; and it possesses the singular and astounding phenomenon popularly called MacSwin3*s Oon. A straight line from Horn Head to Fannat Head extends east-north-eastward, measures 14^ miles, passes across the entrance of Sheephaven and Tranarossan bay to near the extremity of Pointahomash, and then passes across the entrance of Mulroy bay, and places the remainder of the shore at the mean distance of about half-a-mile to the south-east. A straight line from Fannat Head to Dunaff Head extends in the direction of east by north, measures 4} miles, and passes across the entrance of Lough Swilly ; and a summit of 506 feet in altitude above sea-level, overhangs at once Fannat Head, and the west side of the mouth of Lough Swilly, while the summit of Raghtinmore, soaring to the altitude of 1,656 feet, overhangs Dunaff Head and the east side of the mouth of the Lough. A straight line from Dunaff Head to Malin Head extends north-north-eastward, measures 8 miles, and forms the chord of a semicircular sweep of marine indentation upon the land, whose shores are bold, and have in one place an altitude of 818 feet, and whose extremity ramifies far inland in the irregular but flaunting inlet of Strathbreaga bay.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog

11. Malin Head, the most northerly point of mainland Ireland

    near Malin Head · promontory · Donegal

    Malin Head is described as the most northerly ground of County Donegal and of the mainland of the kingdom, forming a bold-featured peninsula with sea-wall sides and a highest point of 578 feet above sea-level.

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    Malin Head, the most northerly ground of the county of Donegal and of the mainland of the kingdom, is situated in 55° 22' north latitude, and 7° 23' 30" longitude west of Greenwich, and tarrainatss a bold-featured peninsula, whose sides are sea-walls, and whose highest ground, Sjskin, has an altitude of 578 feet above sea-leveL The coast from Malin Head to Innishow.n Head, a distance of 21^ miles, trends south-eastward, presents a slightly sinuous line of cliffs to the S3a, and is overhung near the middle by the hills of Crocknamara and Latchet, whose altitudes above sea-level are 808 and 537 feet. The principal headlands on this stretch of coast ara Glengad and Dunmore ; and these are inconsiderable both in projection and in character. Innishowcn Head bears aloft two lighthouses with fixed lights, and is overhung by Craignamaddj mountain, whose summit has an altitude of 1,054 feet. Magilligan Point, a comparatively smaU but magnificent headland, is situated on the east side of the entrance of Lough ?oyle, about 2^ miles south of Innishowen Head. The coast thence to the vicinity of Port-Stewart, a distance of 9\ miles, is low, flat, and sandy, destitute of character, and tamely cut in one place by the embouchura of the Bann. A straight line drawn from Port-Stewart to Tor Point, extends nearly due cast, measures 26 miles, and places all the coast at a distance of from 2 or 3 furlongs to 4 miles to the north. This coast, followed round its dnuosities, measures at least 35 miles : it contains the far-famed and justly celebrated headlands of Skerries, Dunluce, Giant *s Causeway, Plaiskins, Bengore, Kenbane, and Fair Head ; it possesses a singular profusion of both columnar and amorphous basalt, piled, amassed, and soaringly edificed in clififs, escarpments, and colonnades of the noblest character ; and it challenges comparison, for at once beauty, romance, brilliance, and power, with any similar extent of coast in the world. The highest grounds on its brink are one of 307 feet behind the Giant^s Causeway, one of 395 feet at Bengore Head, and one of 636 feet at Fair Head ; but a grand feature of its central part is Enocklade, rising to the altitude of 1,685 feet, immediately behind Ballycastle. A straight line, drawn from Tor Point to the west side of the entrance of Lough Lame, extends south-south-eastward, measures 26 miles, and places very nearly the whole of the coast to the west at a maximum and a mean distance of 3^ and about 1^ miles. The principal headlands on this stretch of coast are Garron Point a little north of its middle, and Ballygalley Head near its south end ; and the almost immediate backgrounds of the bold and sometimes stupendous shores, are a chain of sublimely picturesque heights, whose skirts occasionally drop sheer down to the sea, whose escarpments often rise in mural yet broken cliflfB of chalk, and whose acclivities and summits frown impressiviely in a deep black cap of basalt. The chief summits of the chain are one near the north of 1,013 feet in altitude, Trostan 1,810 feet, Slieveaneer 1,782 feet, Nachore 1,179 feet, Collin 1,419 feet, one a little south of Collin 1,321 feet, Craigy-Hill 1,055 feet, Loughduflf 1,262 feet, and AgnewVHill 1,558 feet The north end of Island-Magee, at the east side of the entrance of Lough Lame, has a lighthouse with a fixed light. Skeenaghan Point is situated nearly 2 miles east of the west side of the entrance of Lough Lame ; and the coast thence to Black Head at the north side of the entrance of Belfast Lough, trends south by eastward, measures 7 miles, presents a bluflf and unindented face to the sea, and is overhung by one high ground of 465 feet a little south of the middle of Island-Magee, and another of 431 feet on the crown or immediately behind the extremity of Black Head.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 3

12. Oolite formation traces near Larne

    near Larne · town · Antrim

    Although Ireland lacks much of the oolite formation found in England, traces of this formation have been discovered on the coast near Larne in County Antrim.

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    portions of the declivitj, between the base of the chalk and the level of the sea, usually present a steep inclined plane, many parts of which have been cultivated, and some so successfully, that they may be classed among the most productive soils of the north of Ireland. Though the strata of the great northern mineral basin have, in a great degree, been altered or modified by the action of igneous matter, arising partly from the pressure of the great superincumbent mass of trap which covers the chalk, and partly by protrusions, consisting of trap veins or dykes, and occasionally of large mountain masses of trap, still the lithological character of the strata is sufficiently preserved to enable us to identify them ; but, with the assistance of the fossil organic remains, which are abundant in the upper member of the series, no doubt can be entertained of the correspondence of these strata with similar successions of rocks in England as well as in other countries. The ma^ nesian limestone which occurs in the neighbourhood of Hollywood, on the south side of Belfast Lough, is identical in mineral character with that of the county of Durham and other parts of the north of England ; and like it, it is succeeded by beds of new red sandstone and new red marl ; and, consequently, Ireland may be said to possess portions of the whole of the upper series of the secondary rocks of England, with the exception of oolite, though traces even of that formation have been discovered on the coast, near to Lame, in the county of Antrim. The new red sandstone, which succeeds the magnesian limestone, is not altogether confined to the boundaries of the great mineral basin ; it occurs in detached districts, resting on the carboniferous limestone, in tho counties of Armagh and Tyrone, and likewise, as already mentioned, resting on the coal formation in the neighbourhood of Coal Island in the same county. A small district of new red sandstone, and red marl also, occurs to the north of Kingscourt, in the county of Cavan, between the coal district of Monaghan and the greywacke slate. This district contains one bed of gypsum, upwards of 60 feet in thickness, which was ascertained partly by sinking, and partly by boring ; but, owing to the great influx of water, workings have not hitherto been commenced for commercial purposes ; but there can be no doubt that that district contains a valuable deposit of gypsum."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

13. Parish church with octangular spire on gravel ridge

    Ballinasloe · town · Galway

    The parish church of Ballinasloe, crowned about the middle of a gravel ridge summit-line, featured a singularly beautiful octangular spire springing from scrolls. It was a striking object in itself and a remarkable feature in the landscape for many miles round.

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    Public Buildimga.']^ The remarkably handsome and unique church, with its singularly beautiful octangular spire, springing from scrolls, and shooting ht aloft from the crown of the gravel ridge, is a striking object itself, and forms a remarkable feature in the landscape for many miles round. The military barrack for infantry is a small and unattractive mass of masonry. The district bridewell was a miserable apology for a place of confinement, and long an ugly blot upon the town ; but it has just been replaced by a more suitable erection. Places of worship and schools, and statistics connected with them, will be noticed in the articles Kilcloont and Crbaoh : which see. The hotels are large, commo<lious, and good. A workhouse for the Ballinasloe Poorlaw union, was contracted for on Oct. 1st, 1839, — to be completed on June 19th, 1 841. ~ to cost £7,600 for building and completion, and £1,882 Os. lOd. for fittings and contingencies, — to contain accommodation for 1,000 persons, — and to occupy a Mte of 5 acres, 3 roods, 3 perches, procured for £1 17 98. 3d. of compensation to occupying tenant, and £10 ISt. 9d. of annual rent. PooT'iaMf C/iMm. ]~Tbe Ballinasloe Poor-law iuiiop

    138

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 150

14. Portaferry castle and landscape from Lough Strangford

    near Portaferry · town · Down

    The high grounds around Portaferry, with the town and its castle on their skirts, form a fine landscape as seen from the west shore of Lough Strangford, commanding a noble prospect of the lake, baronies of Ardes and Lecale, the sea, and the Isle of Man.

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    BALLYPHILIP, a parish containing the town of Portaferry, in the barony of Ardes^ cow Down, rister. See Portaferry. Length of the parish, 2^ miles ; breadth, 2 ; area, 2,334) acres. Pop., in 1831, 3,090; in 1841, 3,086. Houses 605. Pop. of the rural distrii^ts, in 1841, 979. Houses 194. The surface forms a chief part of what is called Little Ardes, and lies between the neck or Sound of Lough Strangford and the Irish sea. The land is in general extremely fertile. The high grounds around Portaferry, with that town and its castle on their skirts, form a fine landscape as seen from the west shore of the Lough ; and they command a noble and thrilling prospect of the whole lake, the baronies of Ardes »imI Lecale, the sea, and the Isle of Man. The chief ariiiicial objects of interest belong to our notice

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

15. Proposed navigation linking Corrib to Clew Bay and Shannon

    Galway · city · Galway

    The Galway or Corrib river carries off surplus waters of Loughs Carra, Mask, and Corrib, draining large districts of Mayo and Galway. A scheme was proposed to connect it by artificial navigation with Lough Corrib, opening Galway bay to an extensive ramified navigation through Connaught to Clew bay, Killalla bay, and the Shannon.

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    The Qurtnamartin and the Camamart, which flow into the head or east end of Galway bay, are cf large size among rivulets; and the former is curious and wonderful for the number and mjnieriousness of its subterraneous dives and runs. The Galway or Corrib river, which enters Galway bay at the town of Galway, carries off the superfluent waters of Loughs Carra, Mask, and Corrib, a!hd drains a pendicle of co. Roscommon, and very large districts of counties Mayo and Galway ; it is proposed to be connected by artificial navigation with Lough Corrib, and to open Galway bay to an extensive and ramified navigation through Connaught to Clew bay, Killalla bay, and the Shannon ; and its principal tributaries are the Aile and the Robe into Lough Mask, tlie Bealnabrack and the Fuogh into the west side of Lough Corrib, and the Black river and the Clare, both sinking streams, into the east side of Lough Corrib. The Owenmore or Ballinahinch river to the head of Birterbuy bay, the Gowla to the side of Birterbuy bay, the Dowrus to the bay of Hallfnakill, the Culphin between Renvyle Point and the Little KiUery, and the Bunowen, the Errive, and the Bundurra, to Killery Harbour, are all inconsiderable streams. The Lewisburgh, the Bunowen, the Westport, the Glendahurk, the Glenthomas, and the other rivulets which flow into Clew bay, with the exception of the Newport river, are all very inconsiderable ; and even the Newport river is navigable for boats over a distance of only ^ of a mile, but its tributaries are the Skndagh, the Buckadoon, the Glenisland, and the Beltra. The Gulamore, the Munree, the Owenmore, and the other rivulets of north-western and northern Mayo, are chiefly mountain torrents. TIm Moy drains a large part of Mayo and a considerable part of Sligo, and enters ^he head of Killalla bay between these counties ; it is tidal to Ballina, and navigable by sea-borne vessels to within a mile of that town ; and its tributaries are the Bunree-Deel, the Yellow river, the Loghardone, the Turlough, the Guishden, the Troomony, the Coarre, the Aclarc, and several other strcmms. The Torvod and the PuUoching are small rivulets. The Easkey is navigable over about i of a mile by boats of 5 tons ; and it receives the waters of the Croagh. The Uncion, which enters the head of Ardnaglass Harbour, is formed by the Arrow, the Owenmore, and the Colloony, and makes a fine cataract at Ballysadere. The Sligo river forms the estuarial harbour of Sligo, off the superfluent waters of Lough Gill, and is fed or fonned, through that lake, by the

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

16. Salmon Leap cataract at Coleraine on the Lower Bann

    near Coleraine · town · Derry

    A cataract called the Salmon Leap occurs at Coleraine on the Lower Bann, with one or two rapids higher up. Despite these obstructions, the general current of the river is smooth and level.

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    course, from Lough Neagh downwards, measures, exclusive of sinuosities, ^out 30 miles. Over its first and its second 10 miles, it separates the county of Londonderry from that of Antrim ; and over its third 10 miles, it chiefly bisects the liberties of Coleraine. Much of its immediate banks is a band oC considerably broad low valley; some is irksome, monotonous bog ; and some is rugged, basaltic ground, formerly overgrown with wood, and naturally flinging leaps and obstructions ia the river's path. Though a cataract, called the Salmon Leap, occurs at Coleraine, and one or two rapids higher up, the general current is smooth and level. The river appears to have, over some distance above its embouchure, forsaken its ancient path, and adopted one more sinuous in direction, and less rapid in gradient. Between the sandy promontory of its present eastern bank and the low sand bills on the side of Port- Stewart, is a vale covered with shells and various marine exuvise, and generally called the * Old Bann ;' and little doubt can exist that this was the river's quondam route. The chief tributaries are the Claudy, on the left bank, a little below the bridge of Portglenone ; the Agivey, on the same bank, 6i miles above Coleraine ; the Macaskin, on the same bank, a mile below the Agivey ; and the Bally money, on the right bank, half-a-mile below the Macaiskin. The nver is tidal and navigable from the sea to the Salmon Leap ; but the rapidity with which it meets the ocean, and the formidable bulk of the bar flung up by its conflict with the tide, render the navigation of it^ entrance so difficult, that only a skilful pilot can bring over a vessel of tnore than 200 tons burden. Projects for completing the navigation to Lough Neagh have long been entertained ; are regarded with much interest ; and, if they could be eflTected, would open to all the northern counties, from Carlingford bay round to the outlet of Lou^k Erne, a water communication with the Atlantic An estimate of the cost, for a navigation in 5 feet of water, was made man^ years ago, and represents the feat as achievable with only about £15,300 — The salmon-fishery of the Bann has long been celebrated for its productiveness ; and has, at diflferent periods, been the property of such persons and bodies as the Protector Cromwell, the Earls of Donegal, the London Society, &c. But during 20 years, ending in 1835, it seriously declined; and, in spite of its great lake and its extensively ramified tributaries, became less productive than the Foyle. Its average annual produce in these years was about 40 tons ; and, in 1835 — ^but not owing to any cause which was likely to be of frequent operation-— the produce suddenly rose to 75 tons. The rent paid for the fishery is Jb750; and about £500 is required for paying water -keepers and superintendents. The salmon need to go 30 miles and upwards to find a spawningplace, and, in consequence, have only one season. The eels of the Bann weigh from half-a-pouad to two pounds.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 162

17. Scattery Island: pillar tower and ecclesiastical ruins

    Scattery Island · townland · Clare

    Scattery Island, opposite Kilrush in the Shannon estuary, is famous for its pillar tower and ecclesiastical ruins. It is one of the principal islands within the estuary of the Shannon.

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    off Corless Point ; Hog and Scattezy Islands — ^the latter £EunouB for its pillar tower and eocle^ Biastical ruins — opposite Kilrush ; Carrigafoyle, 1^ mile in length, and close to the Kerry shore, direct south of Scattery ; Tarbert Rock, off Tarbert ; Foynes Island, 1 mile in length, and opposite Shanagolden ; Dear Island, Dynish, Rat Island, Innishadrain, Fynish, Low Island, Illaanagranock, and others in the estuary of the Fergus ; Beeve Rocks and Tramore Island opposite Askeaton ; and Key Island, Gross Island, Qreg Island, and the Whelps, between Pallaskenry and Limerick. The Inniskerry Islands and Mutton Island — ^the latter about a mile long, and all forming one small group 2 miles north-north-west of the north side of the entrance of Dunbeg bay — are the only noticeable islands on the west coast of co. Clare.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 8

18. Skerries islets and coastal scenery near Portrush

    near Portrush · town · Antrim

    The parish of Ballywillin (or Miltown) spans the coast of Co. Antrim and the liberties of Coleraine, Co. Londonderry. The Skerries, a cluster of islets and sea-girt rocks, lie about a mile from the mainland, while magnificent coast and ocean scenery is visible from the basaltic high grounds near Portrush, taking in views from Bengore Head to Magilligan Point.

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    BALLYWILLIN, or Miltown, a parish partly on the coast of the barony of Lower Dunluce, co. Antrim, and partly on the coast of the liberties of Coleraine, co. lA>ndonderry, 3| miles north-northeast of Coleraine, Ulster. The Antrim section contains the village of Portrush : which see. Length, 3 miles; breadth, 2; area, 4,673 acres, — of which 3,056 acres are in the Londonderry section, and 44 acres are in Portrush. Pop., in 1831, 2,219; in 1841, 2,202. Houses 402. Pop. of the Londonderry section, in 1831, 1,324; in 1841, 1,170. Houses 226. Pop. of the rural districts of the Antrim section, in 1831, 508 : in 1841 , 402. Houses 75. The land consists partly of light and partly of strong soil. A small brook drains the surface uorth-northeastward, and terminates at Portrush, in a romantic cove, screened and overhung by basaltic rocks. The Skerries, a cluster of islets and sea-girt rocks, lie at a mean distance of about a mile from the mainland. A magnificent expanse of coast and ocean scenery is seen from the basaltic high grounds in the neighbourhood of Portrush, including the wide sweep of sea which opens from Loch Foyle, and about half of the northern ooast of the counties of Antrim and Londonderry, from Bengore Head and the headlands of the Giant's Causeway on the east, to Magiltigan Point and Innisbowen Head on the west. About a mile south-south-west of Portrush is an old castle with a sufficiently pretending name, Ballyreagh, • the town of the king.'— This parish is a rectory, and a separate benefice in the dio. of Connor. Tithe composition, £265; glebe, £42 9s. 4|d. Gross income, £307 9s. 4|d.; nett, £283 198. 4jd. Patron, the diocesan. A curate has a stipend of £55. The church is verv old. Sittings 300; attendance, from 50 to 100. A schoolhouse in Portrush is also used as a parochial place of worship, and has an attendance of 100. A Presbyterian meeting-house has an attendance of 400. In 1834, the parishioners consisted of 294 Churchmen, 1,919 Presbyterians, 7 other Protestant dissenters, and 138 Roman Catholics; a Sunday school was attended, on the average, by 50 children ; and 3 daily schools — one of which was aided with £2 a- year from Mr. Lyle, and another wholly supported by £6 from Miss Rice, and £26 from the Methodist Missionary Society— had oa their books 121 boys and 68 girls.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 153

19. The distinct bogs of the Bog of Allen

    near Bog of Allen · bog · Kildare

    The bogs east of the Shannon, occupying portions of King's County and Kildare, are collectively known as the Bog of Allen. Rather than one continuous morass, they are distinct bogs separated by high ridges of dry country and cultivated land.

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    The Commissioners appointed to inquire into the nature and extent of the several Bogs in Ireland, say, in their first Report, '^A portion of Ireland, of little more than one-fourth of its entire superficial extent, and included between a line drawn from Wicklow Head to Galway, and another drawn from Howth Head to Sligo, comprises within it about six-sevenths of the bogs in the island, exclusive of mere mountain bogs, and bogs of less extent than 500 acres, in its form resembling a broad belt drawn across the centre of Ireland, with its narrowest end nearest to the capital, and gradually extending in breadth as it approaches to the western ocean. This great division of the island extending from east to west, is traversed by the Shannon from north to south, and is thus divided into two parts ; of these the division to the westward of the river contains more than double the extent of the bogs which are to be found in the division to the eastward ; so that if we suppose the whole of the bogs of Ireland, exclusive of mere mountain bog and of bogs under 500 acres, to be divided into 20 parts, we shall find about 17 of them comprised within the great division we have now described, 12 to the westward and 5 to the eastward of the Shannon, and of the remaining 3 parts, about two are to the south and one to the north of this division. * * Most of the bogs which lie to the eastward of the Shannon, and which occupy a cofnsiderable portion of the King^s county and county of Kildare, are generally known by the name of the Bog of Allen ; it must not, however, be supposed that this name is applied to any one great morass ; on the contrary, the bogs to which it is applied are perfectly distinct from each other, often separated by high ridges of dry country, and inclining towards difierent rivers, as their natural directions for drainage, and so intersected by dry and cultivated land, that it may be affirmed generally there is no spot of these bogs to the eastward of the Shannon so much as two Irish miles distant from the upland and cultivated districts." Twenty-five great districts were minutely surveyed, and fuUy reported on, by ten engineers, appointed by the Commissioners ; and these, together with their acreable contents, are the eastern extremity of the Bog of Alien in co. Kildare, 36,430 acres; the district of the river Barrow in co. Kildare, 41,075 acres; the district of the river Boyne, in counties Meath and Westmeath, 42,370 acres ; the district of the river Bmsna, in King*s co., 44,594 acres ; the district of the river Shannon, in counties Westmeath and Longford and King's co., 34,500 acres ; the district of the river Inny and Lough Ree, in counties Longford and Westmeath, 34,569 acres ; the district of Lough Gara, in counties Roscommon, Sligo, and Mayo, 83,669 acres ; a district lying between Roscrea and Killenaule in the counties of Tipperary and Kilkenny and Queen's co., 36,025 acres ; a district lying to the west of ^Inryborough, Queen*s co., 14,754 acres; the western extremity of co. Clare, 22;340 acres; a small

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 20

20. The diverse Castlebar Lakes

    Castlebar · town · Mayo

    A numerous series of lakes and loughlets situated between the towns of Castlebar and Westport are collectively known as the Castlebar Lakes. They present a highly diversified appearance, ranging from sheets of beauty to huge bogholes, and were identified with proposed inland navigation routes.

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    Lough Neagh, on the boundaries of counties Antrim, Down, Armagh, Tyrone, and Londonderry, is not only the largest lake in the United Kingdom, but one of the largest in Europe ; it is a characterless inland sea, surrounded by low shores and a generally flat country ; it possesses extensive, but, in a great measure, factitious fame, for its power of petrifaction ; and though comparatively shallow, it boasts important subordination to the ramified inland navigation of the whole of Ulster. Loughs Erne, Upper and Lower, partly in counties Cavan and Donegal, but chiefly in co. Fermanagh, are multitudinously studded with beautiful islands, and completely environed with diversified, rich, and picturesque shores, and mutually connected, as well as partly flanked, by chains of meadow-encinctured loughlets, and possessed of far more extent, power, and character, than the Winandermere of England ; and they serve, not only as a great navigable series of waters in themselves, but as the counterpart of Lough Neagh in the system of navigations for Ulster and by the Ulster canal. Lough Corrib, partly on the boundary between Mayo and Galway, but chiefly within the latter county, is a large lacustrine expanse, very variable in width, depth, and scenery, but, to a large extent, gemmed with green islands, and either bounded by luxuriant grounds or overhung by wild and lofty mountains ; and it forms a main part of the chain of natural inland navigation in what have been termed the Lakes of Connaught. Lough Mask, situated in the counties of Galway and Mayo, a little north of Lough Corrib, displays wooded isles and luscious beauty, pours its great volume of superfluent waters down a wondrous subterranean channel to Lough Corrib, and is also an important part of the navigable series of Connaught Lakes. Lough Carra, situated within Mayo very near the head of Lough Mask, is much inferior in size to the latter, but considerably similar in character. An intricate and rather numerous series of lakes and loughlets, in the vicinity of Castlebar, and chiefly between that town and Westport, are in some instances sheets of b^uty, in others huge bogholes, and in others of diversified appearance ; and they often bear the aggregate name of the Castlebar Lakes, and are, to some extent, identified with the proposed ramification of inland Connaught navigations. Lough Conn, in the north of co. Mayo, has a few islets, and is partly overhung by Mount Nephin, partly bounded by pleasant shores, and partly screened with heathy moors ; it is divided into Lough Conn proper in the north, and Lough Cullen in the south, by a brief strait of river-width, spanned by the Pontoon bridge ; and it belongs to the river-system of the Moy, and holds a place, though a subordinate one, in the proposed series of inland navigations. The Lakes of KiUamey, Upper, Middle, and Lower, in co. Kerry, the first and second small, and the third large, are known either by inspection or by £Eune,

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

21. The stupendous declivities of Achill

    near Achill · parish · Mayo

    Achill Island's seaward sides feature stupendous declivities that drop directly into the ocean. In the vicinity of Achill Head, the landscape stoops precipitously towards the water's edge.

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    Two straight lines from Black Head to respectively the headland between Cashleh bay and Greatman*8 bay, and Goulin Head or the exterior point of a group of islands seaward of Greatman's bay, may both be regarded as passing across the entrance of Galway bay ; and the former extends in the direction of north-west by west, and measures 16 miles, while the latter extends west-northwestward, and measures 23 miles. A line from the headland between Cashleh and Greatman's bays to Slyne Head extends in the direction of north-west by west, measures 26^ miles, traverses Garomna Island and Ardcastle Point, passes along nearly the middle of a comparatively large archipelago, and places the shore of the mainland at the mean distance of probably about 5 miles to the north-east ; a line from Slyne Head to Achris Point extends northward, measures 10 miles, places the head of Ardbear Harbour 7^ miles to the east, and stretches at the mean distance of about 3^ miles seaward from the shore of the mainland ; and a line from Achris Point to Devlin Point extends north-eastward, measures 26^ miles, is coincident with about two miles of the shore and with Claggan and Renvyle Points, and passes across the entrance of Claggan bay and BallinakiU and KiUery Harbours. The whole coast from Galway bay to Killery is exceedingly broken, intricate, and wild, consisting of a lab3rrinth of peninsulse, islands, and intervening waters, presenting to the sea an absolute melee of frowning headlands and heights, backed on the immediate seaboard with stem hills or soaring mountains, and possessing a very near aggregate resemblance to the western or Deucaledonian coast of Scotland, and even to a considerable portion of the coast of Norway. A straight line from Devlin Point to Emlogh Point, extends in the direction of north by west, measures 4^ miles, and places the shore at the mean distance of about half-a-mile to the east ; a line from Emlogh Point to the south-west extremity of Achillbeg extends in the direction of north by west, measures 7^ miles, places Clare Island immediately to the west, and passes across the entrance of Clew bay ; a line from the south-west extremity of Achillbeg to AchiU Head extends north-westward, measures 15 miles, and places the shore at the mean distance of from 1^ to IJ mile to the north-east ; and a line from Achill Head to the south-west extremity of the peninsula of the Mullet extends in the direction of north-east by half north, measures 10 miles, and first coincfides with Saddle Head, and then passes across the entrance of Blacksod bay. Both Achillbeg and Achill lie so compactly with the mainland, or are separated frx>m it by such narrow and shallow sounds, and blend with it in such close admixture of view, that they cannot be treated apart from it in an exhibition of the coast-line ; and the latter, along the whole of both its seaward sides, flings down stupendous declivities to the ocean, and, in the vicinity of Achill Head, stoops precipitously to the water's edge in the awful cliff of Croghan, from a summit above sea-level of 2,222 feet. The coast from the south-west extremity of the Mullet to Annagh Head trends north by eastward, measures 10| miles, and is low, featureless, and but slightly undulated ; and the coast from Annagh Head to Erris Head trends in the direction of north-east by north, measures 6 miles, and is bold but not very high, the loftiest ground on or near its margin having an altitude above sea-level of 286 feet. A straight line from Erris Head to Benwee Head extends east-northeastward, measures 8^ miles, and passes across the entrance of Broad Haven. The coast from Benwee Head to Downpatrick Head trends in the direction of east by south, lies all from a furlong to 2^ miles south of a straight line of 18^ miles in extent, — is everywhere bold, rugged, and grand, — presents iu some places the most romantic and sublime sea-cliffs, torn by cavernous openings or dissevered into ravines, fissures, and high natural arches, — ^and possessing, either on its very margin or on the near part of its seaboard, the summits of Pollagh, Clinsk, Tannymore, Glencolrj, Maumakeogh, Keadochmeel, Knocknadurave, Aughalcague, and Knockbohe, four of which have altitudes above sea-level of respectively 1,002, 1,117, 1,155, and 1,243 feet. A straight line from Downpatrick Head to Benwee-Givraun extends in the direction of south-east by east) measures 6 miles, and first nearly coincides with 3^ miles of coast and with Benmore, and then passes across

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 4

22. Tread-mill at Cavan county gaol

    Cavan · town · Cavan · 1842

    The tread-mill in the Cavan county gaol had the minimum daily ascent among Irish county gaols, totalling 240 feet per day.

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    In 1842, the number of district lunatic asylums was 10, of bridewells 105, of city or town prisons 14, and of county gaols 34. One of the lunatic a^lums, situated at the city of Armagh, served for the counties of Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, and Fermanagh; one at Limerick, for Limerick, Clare, and Kerry ; one at Belfast, for Antrim and Down ; one at Londonderry, for Londonderry, Donegal, and T^ne ; one at Dublin, for Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Wicklow ; one at Maryborough, for Queen*8 county, King's county, Westmeath, and Longford ; one at Carlow, for Carlow, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Wexford ; one at Ballinasloe, for Qalway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, and Leitrim ; one at Waterford, for Waterford ; and one at Olonmel, for Tipperary. Three of the bridewells were in the county of Antrim, 4 in Armagh, 3 in Cavan, 3 in Donegal, 1 in Down, 1 in Fermanagh, 2 in Leitrim, 3 in Londonderry, 1 in Louth, 2 in Mayo, 2 in Meath, 2 in Monaghan, 4 in Roscommon, 1 in ^go, 3 in Tyrone, 1 in Westmeath, 5 in Clare, 17 in Cork, 7 in Gal way, 8 in Kerry, 3 in Kilkenny, 1 in King*s county, 6 in Limerick, 3 in Queen*s county, 11 in Tipperary, 2 in Waterford, 3 in Wexford, and 1 in Wicklow. Two of the county gaols are at respectively Athy and Naas in the county of Kildare ; two are at respectively Gonmel and Nenagh in the county of Tipperary ; and one is at the assize-town of each of the other counties. Tread-mills exist in 29 of the county gaols ; and those of Cava^i and Cork are the minimum and the maximum of the 29 mills, and have an isoent per day of respectively 240 and 14,400 feet. The cost of the diet of the prisoners ranges from 2|d. per day in the county gaol of Carlow, to 5}d. per day in the city gaol of Kilkenny. The total expenditure of the county, city, and town gaols was £85,424 Os. Id. in 1841, and £82,664 bs. ^d. in 1842.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 80

23. Tread-mill at Cork county gaol

    Cork · city · Cork · 1842

    The tread-mill in the Cork county gaol had the maximum daily ascent among Irish county gaols, totalling 14,400 feet per day.

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    In 1842, the number of district lunatic asylums was 10, of bridewells 105, of city or town prisons 14, and of county gaols 34. One of the lunatic a^lums, situated at the city of Armagh, served for the counties of Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, and Fermanagh; one at Limerick, for Limerick, Clare, and Kerry ; one at Belfast, for Antrim and Down ; one at Londonderry, for Londonderry, Donegal, and T^ne ; one at Dublin, for Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Wicklow ; one at Maryborough, for Queen*8 county, King's county, Westmeath, and Longford ; one at Carlow, for Carlow, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Wexford ; one at Ballinasloe, for Qalway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, and Leitrim ; one at Waterford, for Waterford ; and one at Olonmel, for Tipperary. Three of the bridewells were in the county of Antrim, 4 in Armagh, 3 in Cavan, 3 in Donegal, 1 in Down, 1 in Fermanagh, 2 in Leitrim, 3 in Londonderry, 1 in Louth, 2 in Mayo, 2 in Meath, 2 in Monaghan, 4 in Roscommon, 1 in ^go, 3 in Tyrone, 1 in Westmeath, 5 in Clare, 17 in Cork, 7 in Gal way, 8 in Kerry, 3 in Kilkenny, 1 in King*s county, 6 in Limerick, 3 in Queen*s county, 11 in Tipperary, 2 in Waterford, 3 in Wexford, and 1 in Wicklow. Two of the county gaols are at respectively Athy and Naas in the county of Kildare ; two are at respectively Gonmel and Nenagh in the county of Tipperary ; and one is at the assize-town of each of the other counties. Tread-mills exist in 29 of the county gaols ; and those of Cava^i and Cork are the minimum and the maximum of the 29 mills, and have an isoent per day of respectively 240 and 14,400 feet. The cost of the diet of the prisoners ranges from 2|d. per day in the county gaol of Carlow, to 5}d. per day in the city gaol of Kilkenny. The total expenditure of the county, city, and town gaols was £85,424 Os. Id. in 1841, and £82,664 bs. ^d. in 1842.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 80

24. Unrecorded old castle near Armoy

    near Armoy · parish · Antrim

    An old castle, enclosed in a plantation and unnoticed in history, is located about two miles inland from the village of Armoy.

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    toirer is a cemetery. About 2 miles distent, and more inland, is an old castle, enclosed in plantation, but unnoticed in history. Fairs are held in the village on Jan. 5, Feb. 25, March 29, May 25, Nov. 12, and Dec. 25. Area of the villaffe, 1 1 acres. Pop., in 1831, 129; in 1841, 315. Houses 61 — Arrooy parish is a rectory and a separate benefice in the dio. of Connor. Tithe composition, £225. Gross in. come, £259 lOs. ; nett, £232 Ts. 3d. Patron, the diocesan. The church was built, in 1820, by means of a loan of £383 Is. 6^d. from the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 150 ; attendance, from 00 to 60. A Presbyterian meeting-house is attended by from 150 to 400, and a Roman Catholic chapel by from 100 to 400; and the latter shares with the chapel of Ballintoy the services of one officiate. In 1834, the parishioners consisted of 676 Churchmen, 817 Presbyterians, 1 other Protestant Dissenter, and 1,359 Roman Catholics; 2 Sunday schools were attended by from 155 to 205 children; and 4 daily schools, two of which were aided respectively with £5 from the rector, and £8 from the National Board, bad on their books 164 boys and 102 girls.

    ARNEY (The), a river of the co. Leitrim, Connaught, and the co. Fermanagh, Ulster. Its remotest head-stream rises 2\ miles south-east of Manor- Hamilton, and runs 7 miles eastward to Lough Cane, or Upper Lough Macnean. Another considerable head-stream rises not far from the centre of the Fermanagh barony of Magheraboy, and flows southwestward to the same lake. The river is popularly viewed, however, as issuing from the foot of Lough Nitty or Lower Lough Macnean, 9( miles south-east of the latter head-stream's inosculation with Lough Cane ; and thence it has a course of about 7 miles, in a direction south of east, to Upper Lough Erne, at a point 5 miles south of Enniskillen. The stream has almost everywhere wooded banks, and luxuriates over much of its course among the beautiful demesne grounds of Florence Court. The Amey and the chain of lakes which it connects form the line of division between the dioceses of Clogher and Kilmore.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 138

25. Wicklow forests many miles long and broad

    Wicklow · town · Wicklow · 1640–1652

    Boate recorded that County Wicklow was throughout full of woods, some extending many miles in length and breadth, along with King's County and Queen's County. Parts of Wexford and Carlow were also greatly furnished with forests.

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    Henry XL, this country was full of woods on every side ; but the English, on gaining possession of it, cut them down, partly in order to deprive the banditti of their lurking places, and partly to gain the greater scope of profitable lands. Another cause operated, which operates in all countries — the desire to obtain wood for ,fVLel. Forests, ho^wever, were still numerous in those parts especially over which the English had not acquired a perfect and tranquil power ; but after the quelling of the great rebellion in the time of Elizabeth, the forests were still more reduced in extent and number. The same motives which operated i^ith the conquerors on their first invasion, operated now. Besides, the prospect of gain for the sale of the timber was a further inducement. Immense ship loads were sent to foreign parts ; and whereas, before this period, there waa not a single charcoal manufactory, on the subduing of the rebelUon, a great number on a very extensive scale were erected. All these causes, however, though operating probably with a progressive effect, had not denuded Ireland entirely of forests in the middle of the 17th century, iitt period when Boate published bis Natural History of that country. He complains, indeed, that great part of Ireland was very bare of woods in his time ; and that, In some places, you might travel whole days long without seeing any wood or trees, except a few about gentlemen's houses; and, particularly, instances the route from Dublin, as far as Dromore, by Dundalk and Newry^ being above 90 miles, in some parts whereof you shaU not see so much as one tree in many miles^ and adds, th{it the ' great yroods, which the maps do represent to us upon the mountains between Dundalk and Newry, are quite vanished.* Notwithstanding these complaints, there were, in the time of this author, large forests, which no longer exist. In Leinster he states, that the counties of Wicklow, and King and Queen's counties, were throughout full of woods, some many miles long an4 broad ; and that part of the counties of Wexford and Oarlow were greatly furnished with them. In Ubter, there were, in his time, great forests in the county of Donegal, and in the north part of Tyro^e ; like^e ^n Fermanagh, along lake Erne, in Antrim, and in the north part of Down. The greatest part of the latter county, however, as well as Armagh, Monaghan, and Cavan, ^hich; in the war with ^rone, were encumbered with great and thick forest^, were, in the time of Dr Boate, almost everywhere bare. With respect to Munster, he represents the counties of Kerry and Tipperary as possessing sundry great forests, notwithstanding the English, especially the Earl of Cork, had ipade great havoc with the woods. In Cionnaught he states, that there were very few forests, except ip the counties of M^yo and Sligo.**

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 36

26. Aughnacloy town founded by Acheson Moore

    near Aughnacloy · town · Tyrone

    The market-town of Aughnacloy, consisting of one long street and several transverse lanes, was commenced by Acheson Moore, Esq. By 1841 it had a population of 1,841 and contained churches and chapels of multiple denominations.

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    AUGHNACLaY, a roarket-town in the parish of Carrenteel, barony of Dungannon, ca. Tyrone, Ulster. It stands on the left bank of the Blackwater, 2.V miles below the point where that river begins to divide co. Tyrone from co. Monaghan ; and on the mail-road from Dublin to Londonderry, 151 miles south-east by south of Omagh, 10^ north of Monaghan, 24| east by north of Enniskillen, and 71 north-north-west of Dublin. It consists of one long street, and several transverse and subordinate sta*ets and lanes ; and, though not opulent in appearance, is clean, pleasant, and comparatively neat. It contains the parish -church, a Roman Catholic chapel, a Presbyterian meeting-house, two Wesleyan Methodist chapels, and several public and private schools. See Carrenteel. In 1839-40, a dispensary in the tomi, under the Clogher Poor-law union, received £108 14s., expended' £94 I5s. ll^d., made 3,52& dispensations of medicine, and had a district of 23,221 acres, with a pop. of 10,019. The dispensary was of recent establishment ; and, on account of many proprietors within its district not being subscribers, it was much repressed in its efficicncv. In 1842, the Aughnacloy Loan Fund had a capital of £919, circulated £4,744 in 1,572 loans, cleared a nett profit of £60 148. 7d., and expended for charitable purposes £64 17s. 7d. ; but this fund was officially reported at the close of the previous year to be very irregularly managed, and has been suppressed by the Loan Fund Board. A weekly market 18 held on Wednesday. In 1838, a public car ran between Aughnacloy and Armagh ; and a car was in transit between Clogher and Armagh, a coach between Omagh and Dublin, and the mail-coach between Londonderry and Dublin. The erection of the town was commenced by Acheson Moore, Esq. Two miles west of it, on the road to Clogher, are the ruins of Garvey-house and Lismore Fort, — the latter erecte<I in 1619 by Sir Thomas Ridge way. Area, 70 acres. Pop., in ia31, 1,742; in 1841, 1.841. Houses 334. Aughnacloy is the seat of a Roman Catholic parish in the di<»cese of Armagh. Foe statistics, see Carrenteel.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 146

27. Ballyloughan Castle in Carlow with round corner towers

    Ballyloughan · townland · Carlow

    An old castle in the parish of Dunleckny, formerly a place of considerable strength. Though roofless, the walls are well preserved; the square castle has two large round towers at the front angles, walls about 5 feet thick and up to 50 feet high, and a second floor resting on an arch reached by 14 stone steps.

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    BALLYLOUGHAN. an old castle, formerly a place of considerable strength and importance, in the parish of Dunleckny, barony of East Idrone, co. Carlow, Leinster. Though the roof has disappeared, the walls are in good preservation. The castle is square, and has at the front angles two large round towers. The walls are about 5 feet thick, and in some places 50 feet high ; and they consist of rude but firm and stable masonry. The second floor rests on an arch, and is reached by a flight of 14 stone steps. The chief entrance was of arched cut stone, midway between the towers ; and an apartment was in each of the towers, 7 feet high, with 2 windows. The edifice seems to have been surrounded by a

    which, over a great distance, fall into the south side I ditch ; and in its immediate vicinity are two small

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

28. Historical union of Aghada benefice with Cloyne see

    Aghada · townland · Cork

    Prior to the Church Temporalities act, the Aghada benefice was united from time immemorial with the parishes of Corkbeg, Inch, Rostellan, Kilteskin, and Garrane-Kekefeck, and held in commendam with the see of Cloyne.

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    AG HAD A, a parish on the western border of the barony of Imokilly, 4 miles south-west of Cloyne, CO. Cork, Munster. It contains the villages of Lower Aghada, Upper Aghada, Farsid, and Whitegate. Length, 3 miles ; breadth, 2. Area of the rural districts, 2,349 acres; of the whole parish, 2,459 acres. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 2,512 ; in 1841, 2335. Houses 496. Pop. of the rural districts in 1841, 1,147- Houses 193. Area of Lower Aghada vilhige, 16 acres. Pop, in 1841, 106. Houses 21. Area of Upper Aghada, 5 acres. Pop., ill 1841, 241. Houses 34. — The parish extends along the eastern shore of Cork harbour, between Rostel* Ian and Cbrkbeg ; and contributes fine features to that beautiful marine inlet's intricate intermixtures of land and water. The soil is, for the nost part, excellent. — Aghada is a rectory, and a separate benefice m the dio. of Cloyne. Tithe composition, £-292 15s. 6d. ; glebe, £17 lOs. Gross income, £310 5s. 6d. ; nett, £258 68. 4d. Patron, the Crown. Previous to the passing of the Church Temporalities act, this benefice was, from time immemorial, united to those of Corkbeo, Ikch, Rostella.v, K1LTE8KIN, and part of Garrane-Kekefeck, [<^'e these articles,] and held in commendam with the see of Cloyne. — These parishes are all contiguou!*, and constituted an union about 7 miles long, and the same distance broad. The church of the present benefice was built in 1817, by means of a loan of £923 Is. 6i|d. from the kte Board of Fin(t FruiU. Sittings 300 ; average attendance, 140. Two Roman Catholic chapels are attended by rcfpectively 600 and 150. The parishioners consisted in 1834, of 11 1 Churchmen, and 2,514 Ronuin Catholics. There were, in 1834, a Natioual school, aided

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

29. Lough Owel feeds the Royal Canal

    Lough Owel · lake or lakes · Westmeath

    Lough Owel, a little south of Lough Derravaragh in County Westmeath, is a limpid lake fed by internal springs. It affords to the Royal Canal its main supply of water.

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    Loogh Melvin, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim and Fermanagh, is partly overhung by the Dartry mountains, and partly bounded by low, rocky, moorish grounds ; and, with the aid of a few wooded islets, it presents, on the whole, an agreeable appearance. Loughs Macnean, Upper and Lower, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim, Cavan, and Fermanagh, are wild sheets of water, cradled amidst a region of brilliant highland scenery. Lough Oughter, in oo. Gavan, and in the channel or river-course of the Upper Erne, is a singularly intricate and almost labyrinthine intermixture of water with bold headlands, deep, projecting, wooded peninsulas, and large fertile islands. Lough Key, in the north of co. Roscommon, and in the river-course of the Boyle, is a luscious sheet of water, gemmed with beautiful islands, and zoned with fertile and ornate grounds. Lough Gara, on the mutual borders of counties Roscommon, Mayo, and Sligo, has a singulariy beautiful outline, and possesses some extent of interesting shore, yet fails to produce a generally pleasing effect. Lough Arrow, partly on the boundary between Roscommon and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, is studded with some beautiful islands, and surrounded with not uninteresting shores. Lough Gill, partly on the mutual border of Leitrim and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, has some charming islands, is surrounded by bold and singularly varied mountain ranges, and has been pronounced inferior in scenery only to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Dereveragh, in co. Westmeath, is a beautiful and comparatively large sheet of water. Lough Owhel, a little south of Lough Dereveragh, is a limpid lake, fed by internal springs, and affording to the Royal Canal its main supply of water. Lough Iron, in co. West* meath, and a little north-west of Lough Owhel, has, in general, flat and boggy shores. Lough Eonel, in oo. Westmeath, and south of Lough Owhel, is languishingly beautiful Lough Sheelin, on the mutual border of counties Meath, Westmeath, and Cavan, but chiefly within the last of these counties, is a beautiful though only third-rate expanse of water, greatly adorned on its north shores by recent georgic and park improvements. Lough Ganny, Gaiinagh, or Gouna, on the mutual border of counties Longford and Cavan, forms the young Erne by its superfluent waters, and has been pronounced the most beautiful of the Leinster lakes. Lough Ramor, in the southeast of 00. Cavan, is beautified with several wooded islets, and has considerably varied shores. The CootehiH lakes, on the mutual border of counties Cavan and Monaghan, are replete with luscious beanty, and completely screened with highly embellished demesnes. Lough Derg, in the southeast eomer of co. Donegal, is a gloomy mountain lake, remarkable for St. Patrick*B Purgatory on one of its dismal islets. Lough Esk, in the south of Donegal, is a pleasant and ornate sheet of water, of medium character between highland and lowland. Lough Veagh, a little north of the eeatre of co. Donegal, is a magnificent though not large mountain lake. Lough Carrowmore, in the north-east of co. Mayo, is a dreary expanse of water, amidst a vast region of wild moorlands. Loughs Bray, in the north of co. Wicklow, are mere loughlets, remarkable for the great elevation at which they lie, and the sublime scenery in which they are cradled. The lakes of Glendalough, near the centre of co. Wicklow, are noticeable, not strictly on their own account, but in associatioo with the many and singular architectural ruins of their small and savagely wild %len. The lakes of Inchegeelagh or Allua, in the west of co. Cork, have an agreeable mountain character. Lougfa Gougane Barra, on the western margin of co. Cork, a few miles west of the lakes of Inche* geehgh, is a loughlet of the most thrilling mountain romance. The lakes of Carra, Upper and Lower, in the west of co. Kerry, lie in a wild and beautiful glen, and have, for a number of years past, commanded the attention of many visitors to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Currane, on the coast of Ballinaskelligs bay in co. Kerry, has a mingled character of mooriehncss and moun* tain might.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

30. Prisoner diet cost at Carlow county gaol

    Carlow · townland · Carlow · 1842

    The cost of the daily diet for prisoners in the county gaol of Carlow was the lowest in Ireland, at two-and-a-half pence.

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    In 1842, the number of district lunatic asylums was 10, of bridewells 105, of city or town prisons 14, and of county gaols 34. One of the lunatic a^lums, situated at the city of Armagh, served for the counties of Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, and Fermanagh; one at Limerick, for Limerick, Clare, and Kerry ; one at Belfast, for Antrim and Down ; one at Londonderry, for Londonderry, Donegal, and T^ne ; one at Dublin, for Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Wicklow ; one at Maryborough, for Queen*8 county, King's county, Westmeath, and Longford ; one at Carlow, for Carlow, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Wexford ; one at Ballinasloe, for Qalway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, and Leitrim ; one at Waterford, for Waterford ; and one at Olonmel, for Tipperary. Three of the bridewells were in the county of Antrim, 4 in Armagh, 3 in Cavan, 3 in Donegal, 1 in Down, 1 in Fermanagh, 2 in Leitrim, 3 in Londonderry, 1 in Louth, 2 in Mayo, 2 in Meath, 2 in Monaghan, 4 in Roscommon, 1 in ^go, 3 in Tyrone, 1 in Westmeath, 5 in Clare, 17 in Cork, 7 in Gal way, 8 in Kerry, 3 in Kilkenny, 1 in King*s county, 6 in Limerick, 3 in Queen*s county, 11 in Tipperary, 2 in Waterford, 3 in Wexford, and 1 in Wicklow. Two of the county gaols are at respectively Athy and Naas in the county of Kildare ; two are at respectively Gonmel and Nenagh in the county of Tipperary ; and one is at the assize-town of each of the other counties. Tread-mills exist in 29 of the county gaols ; and those of Cava^i and Cork are the minimum and the maximum of the 29 mills, and have an isoent per day of respectively 240 and 14,400 feet. The cost of the diet of the prisoners ranges from 2|d. per day in the county gaol of Carlow, to 5}d. per day in the city gaol of Kilkenny. The total expenditure of the county, city, and town gaols was £85,424 Os. Id. in 1841, and £82,664 bs. ^d. in 1842.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 80

31. Prisoner diet cost at Kilkenny city gaol

    Kilkenny · city · Kilkenny · 1842

    The cost of the daily diet for prisoners in the city gaol of Kilkenny was the highest in Ireland, at five-and-a-half pence.

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    In 1842, the number of district lunatic asylums was 10, of bridewells 105, of city or town prisons 14, and of county gaols 34. One of the lunatic a^lums, situated at the city of Armagh, served for the counties of Armagh, Cavan, Monaghan, and Fermanagh; one at Limerick, for Limerick, Clare, and Kerry ; one at Belfast, for Antrim and Down ; one at Londonderry, for Londonderry, Donegal, and T^ne ; one at Dublin, for Dublin, Meath, Louth, and Wicklow ; one at Maryborough, for Queen*8 county, King's county, Westmeath, and Longford ; one at Carlow, for Carlow, Kilkenny, Kildare, and Wexford ; one at Ballinasloe, for Qalway, Mayo, Sligo, Roscommon, and Leitrim ; one at Waterford, for Waterford ; and one at Olonmel, for Tipperary. Three of the bridewells were in the county of Antrim, 4 in Armagh, 3 in Cavan, 3 in Donegal, 1 in Down, 1 in Fermanagh, 2 in Leitrim, 3 in Londonderry, 1 in Louth, 2 in Mayo, 2 in Meath, 2 in Monaghan, 4 in Roscommon, 1 in ^go, 3 in Tyrone, 1 in Westmeath, 5 in Clare, 17 in Cork, 7 in Gal way, 8 in Kerry, 3 in Kilkenny, 1 in King*s county, 6 in Limerick, 3 in Queen*s county, 11 in Tipperary, 2 in Waterford, 3 in Wexford, and 1 in Wicklow. Two of the county gaols are at respectively Athy and Naas in the county of Kildare ; two are at respectively Gonmel and Nenagh in the county of Tipperary ; and one is at the assize-town of each of the other counties. Tread-mills exist in 29 of the county gaols ; and those of Cava^i and Cork are the minimum and the maximum of the 29 mills, and have an isoent per day of respectively 240 and 14,400 feet. The cost of the diet of the prisoners ranges from 2|d. per day in the county gaol of Carlow, to 5}d. per day in the city gaol of Kilkenny. The total expenditure of the county, city, and town gaols was £85,424 Os. Id. in 1841, and £82,664 bs. ^d. in 1842.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 80

32. 237 raths enumerated in Killead and Muckamore parishes

    near Killead · parish · Antrim

    Raths and mounds are so plentiful in Antrim that 237 were enumerated in just the two parishes of Killead and Muckamore, though most are featureless, with only seven named as interesting specimens.

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    History and Aniiquities.'] — The ancient or uncorrupted name of Antrim is Andruim or Endruim, 'the habitation upon the waters;' a name which probably refers to one locality, whence a designation was diffused over the whole county, yet which has been thought expressive of the county's nearly insulated position. The early history of the district is strictly that of the kingdom of Dalriada [which see] ; and the later history is so unconsecutive, or so generally identified with the towns and strengths, that it must be narrated piecemeal in our notice of celebrated localities. Cairns, cromlechs, pillar-stones, ratbs, and earthen mounds, all strictly similar to those which prevail from Belfast Lough to Meath, abound along the whole coast, and occur somewhat numerously even in the interior. The most remarkable of the cairns — all of which are rude, and indicate the work of quite a barbarous people — are one on Colin mountain, 3 miles north of Lisbum, one on Slieve True, west of Carrickfergus, and two on Colinward. The chief cromlechs are one near Cairngrainey, one near Ballintoy, and one at the north end of Island Magee. Raths and mounds are so plentiful that no fewer than 237 have been enumerated in the two parishes of Killead and Bf uckamore ; and they are so featureless that only 7, situated at respectively Dunethery, Dundermot, Dunmacalter, Dunmaul, Cushendall, Camlent, and Ballykennedy, may be named as in any respect interesting specimens. Archdall enumerates 48 monastic estalvliihments in Antrim, but says that 20 of them had ceased to be known. The onl^ ones which now figure in either ruin or history will be noticed in the articles on Carrickfergus, Woodburn, Glenarm, Kells, Massarene, Muckamore, Whiteabbey, Killead, Rathlin, Ballycastle, and Glynn. The round towers of the county, 4 in number, are situated at Antrim, at Trummery, at Armoy, and in Ram*8 Island. The chief deserted or ruinous military castles are those of Carrickfergus, Olderfleet or Lame, Dunluce, Dunseveric. Red bay, and Cushendall; and the only modernized and inhabited ones are Shane's castle and Castle-Upton. All these antiquities, as well as any others which deserve notice, will figure in the articles on their respective localities.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 120

33. Abbeyleix Bog surveyed by Commissioners on Bogs

    Abbeyleix · town · Laois

    Abbeyleix bog comprises 964 English acres, lying 298–324 feet above sea level, skirting both the demesne and town of Abbeyleix. It consists principally of fibrous peat or red bog of a wet, spongy nature interspersed with pools, discharging surface-water by three rivulets to the Nore.

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    drawn out in splendid avenues, or disposed in ornamental arrangements. But the ground is low, flat» naturally poor, and encompassed with great expanset of bog. Though now smiling in cultivation, and rich in dresses woven for it bv judicious and persevering exertion, it is part ot a tract which, while under the sway of the O'Mores, was utterly cheerless and unpromising. Even yet the aggregate land of the parish is poor in quality. Abbeyleix bog, as reported on by the Commissioners on Bogs in Ireland, comprehends 9G4 English acres ; lies from 298 to 324 feet above sea-level ; skirts both the demesne and the town of Abbeyleix, consists principally of fibrous peat or red bog, of a wet and spongy nature, interspersed with pools ; discharges its surface-water by three rivulets to the Nore ; and could be improved at the cost of £1,208 — This parish is a vicarai^e, and a separate benefice, in the dio. of Leighlin. Vicarial tithe composition £169 4s. 7id. ; glebe £5 15s. 5d. Gross income £175 Os. O^d. ; nett £138 Us. O^d. Patron, the Viscount de \eicy. The rectoKal tithes are impropriate, belong to tne Viscount de Vescy, and are compounded tor £.338 9:t. 2iid. A curate has a salary of £75. The parishchurcli was built in 1830, at the cost of £2,215, lent by the late board of First FruiU. Sittings 500. Another place of worship exists in connection with the Establishment ; but is not generally used. The Roman Catholic chapel is attended, on the average, by 2,000 persons ; and a Wesleyan Methodist meeting-house by 70. The parisliioners were, in 1834, classified, by computation, into 1,028 Churchro^Hi^ 4 Protestant Dissenters, and 4,907 Roman Catbolio^. The schools, in 1834, were a parochial day-school, averagely attended by 120; a Hibernian school society's day-school, by 18 ; a girl's work-school, by 40; an infant-school, by 30; and two pay dayschools by jointly 45.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

34. Abbey ruin at Annagh parish still occupied by friars

    Ballyhaunis · town · Mayo

    An abbey in the parish of Annagh, County Mayo, survived as a fragmentary ruin and was still occupied by some friars as of 1846. The ruin is referenced in connection with the town of Ballyhaunis, which lies partly within the parish.

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    ANNAGH, a parish on the southern border of the barony of Costello, co. Mayo, Connaught. It contains part of the town of Ballthackis : which see. Length, 8 miles; breadth, 3; area, 20,315 acres. Pop., in 1831, 6,348; in 1841, 7,904. Housee 1,454. Pop. of the rural districU, in 1841, 7,635. Houses K409. The surface extends to the southern limit of the river system of the Moy; and is drained northward by nascent feeders of that system's chief river and its lakes. Bog constitutes by far the larger part of the surface, yet the general quality of the arable land is good. The interior is traversed eastward by tlie road from Castlebar to Tulsk and Strokestown. An abber in the parish, still occupied by some friars, though existing as but a fragmentary ruin, will be noticed in the aKicle on Ballyhaunis. The chief seats are Holywell and Legboy — Annagh is a rectory in the dio. of Tuara; and forms part of the benefice of Kiltullaoh: which see. Tithe composition, ^194 19s. lid. Public worship id conducted every Sabbath evening at the curate's private residence in Ballyhaunis. Two Roman Catholic chapels at Tuliabm and Ballyhaunis have an attendance eC C

    ANN

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

35. Achill peninsula and island landscape

    near Achill · parish · Mayo

    The district of Achill consists of the peninsula of Coraan Achill, meaning 'the Hook of the Eagle,' and the island of Achill. The peninsula is connected to the mainland by the narrow isthmus of Molyrany.

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    ACHILL, a district consisting of the peninsula of Coraan Achill and the island of Achill, and possessing at once a melancholy, a wild, and a sublime interest. The peninsula, whose name means *the Hook of the Eagle,' is connected with the mainland by the narrow isthmus of Molyrany ; and extends about 6 miles westward, with a mean breadth of about 4

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

36. Achill's wild upland surface and summits

    near Achill · parish · Mayo

    Achill is separated from the mainland by a narrow strait and Achill Sound. Its wild upland surface features four principal summits—Knockmore, Minnaun, Slievemore, and Croghan—reaching altitudes up to 2,222 feet above sea-level.

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    The Arran Islands — ^forming a tolerably compact group of 16 miles in length and 3 in extreme breadth, and consisting of a tiny sub-group called the Branach isles in the north-west, Arranmore or lUanmore, 6} miles in length, and two other islands respectively 3 miles and 2 miles in length —extend north-westward right across the entrance of Galway bay, lifting their highest ground 460 feet above sea-level and forming a strong natural protection to the bay against the furious western surges of the Atlantic. Numerous islets are sprinkled in intricacy athwart the head of Galway bay ; and the chief of them are called Mutton, Hare, and Tawna Islands, Meenish, and Elaneddy. The principal islands and islets in the crowded archipelago, between Cashleh bay and Slyne Head, are Garomna 4^ miles in length, Littermore 3^ miles in length, LittermuUen 2 miles in length, Innisbaraha 1 mile in length, Innistravin 1 mile in length, Annaghvaan 1 mile in length, lUanrura, m^nlrin, Dlanirach, Birr, Dynish, Furnish, Innisherk, Knappogh, Carricketra, Tynish 1^ mile in length, Mynish 1^ mile in length, Innisnooskery, Carrickmashin, Skird Rocks, Mason Island, Toneyall, Myle Rocks, Crunakarra, Crunakeel, Smithes Rock, Floor Rock, Fruhillan, Innishtrech, Innidackan, Innishnee 3 miles in length, Carrickcauly, Little Bellows, the Bellows Rocks, Carrickirk, Innisdaury, Fox Island, Hanora, and Duck Island. Innisboffin, 3| miles long and 2^ broad, lies 4^ miles west by north of Renvyle Point, or the extreme southern screen of the entrance of Killery Harbour ; and Innishark, 1| mile in length, lies j of a mile west-south-west of Innisboffin. The principal islands between Slyne Head on the south and Innisboffin and Innishark on the north, are Lyin, Innisdoogan, Clarks, Breakers, Knockatoorish, Tonterry, Muingcruton, Tarbert, Innisturk, Eshall, Grua, Omcy 1^ mile in length, High Ishmd, Friar Island, Oudda, Frughillaan, Innisbrooan, Black Rock, GlassiUaan, and Innisgort. Several islets and many rocks lie dose to the shore of Innisboffin. Innisbruan and a tiny group called the Cramp Islimds lie a4iaoent to Renvyle Point. Another tiny group, called the Innistegil Islands, lie in the mouth, or rather throat, of Killery Harbour. Freehill Island lies 2^ mUes north-west of the Innistegil itH^nAm Innisturk, 2^ miles in length, and 1| in breadth, lies 5 miles north-north-east of Innisboffin, and 7 miles west of Devlin Point. Innisdalla, Ballybeg Island, and Cahir Island, lie respecUvely 2^ miles south-east, 2 east, and 2^ east by north of Innisturk. Clare Island, 4^ miles in length, 2^ in breadth, and 1,457 feet in extreme altitude above sea-level, lies 5^ miles northnorth-west of Emlogh Point, and forms a strong natural breakwater at the entrance of Clew bay. Even the chief of the multitudinous isles and islets at the head of Clew bay are so many, that we most refer for the enumeration of them to the article on Clew bay in the body of our Work. Achillbeg, 1^ mile in length, lies closely ac^acent to the south-eastern extremity of Achill, and 2^ miles north by east of Clare Island. Achill— separated from the mainland partly by a very narrow and shallow strait, and partly by AchiU Sound or the south-eastern limb of Blacksod bay — ^measures 13| miles in the direction of west by south, and 11^ miles in the direction of north-north- west, and lifts the four principal summits of its wild and upland surface, Knockmore, Minnaun, Slievemore, and Croghan, to the altitude of respectively 1,119, 1,530, 2,217, and 2,222 feet above sealeveL Annagh Island and Innisbegil, respectively 2 miles and 1^ mile in length, lie in Achill 8oand. Davillaun, 1 mile in length, lies 2 miles south-south-west of the south-western extremity of the Mullet peninsula ; and Davillaunbeg, Gaughta, and Leamarcha Islands, lie between it and the mainland. A cluster of Skerries, called the Black Rock, lies 5^ miles west of Davillaun ; and a comparatiTely wide sprinkling of rocks, the chief of which is called Carricklaven, occurs between DaviOaon and South Inniskea. The southern extremity of South Inniskea lies 3 miles north-west of Davillaon ; the east shores of South and North Inniskea lie from 2 miles to 3} miles west of the Mnllei ; and theee two islands are mutually separated by a very narrow strait, and measure each 2 miles in length. The islets of Carrigee, Duffer, Inniskeeragh, Innisglora, 1 mile in length, and David^s Island, lie between North Inniskea and Erris Head. Kid Island, the Stags of Bruadhaven, Muck Island, and several other islets and rocks, lie in the vicinity of Ben wee Head. Illanmaster ^lyf Horse Idand lie near the shore between Ben wee Head and Downpatrick Head. Bartragh, a low and narrow island, 2| miles in length, lies in Killalla bay, opposite the town of Killalla. Derrineh islet Hes in Ardnaglass harbour. Magain's Island, Coney Island 1 mile in length, Black Bo^ the site of a lighthouse, the Wheaten Rocks, seen only in spring tides, and Bird Rock, lie

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 8

37. Ahamlish church built 1813 with Palmerston support

    Ahamlish · parish · Sligo · 1813

    The church in Ahamlish parish, Co. Sligo, was built in 1813 at a cost of about £831. Lord Palmerston contributed £92 6s. 11d. and the late Board of First Fruits lent £646 5s. 1d. toward its construction.

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    A HAM LIS H, or Ahamplish, a parish on the coast of the barony of Carbery, 9 miles north-northwest of Sligo, CO. Sligo, Connaught. It contains the villages of Ballintemple, Grange, and Kil- KiLLOGE : see these articles. Length, 7 miles ; breadth, 3; area, 16,414 acres, — of which 29 acres are occupied by the villages. Pop , in 1831, 7,483 ; in 1841, 8,720. Houses 1,457- Pop. of the rural districts, in 1841,8,214. Houses 1,369. The parish stretches along the Atlantic between the bay of Sligo and that of Donegal ; and includes the islands of Dernish and Inismurray : which see. The mountain Ben-Albin extends south-westward from near the eastern boundary. The rest of the surface is, for the most part, moorish, boggy, of churlish aspect, or otherwise tame and uninviting. The well-known statesman. Lord Palmerston, proprietor of nearly the whole parish, reclaimed a large area of bog, and effected some other improvements of im- .. portance. But wood, verdure, diversity of sur&ce, and lineaments of landscape are all awanting, to remove monotony and irksomeness of scene. The state of agriculture, as to at once its tools, its skill, and its enterprise, is low. Turf and limestone abound. The rivulet Bunduff is a good trouting stream. — This parish is a vicarage and a separate benefice in the dio. of Elphin. Vicarial tithe composition, £[\0 15s. 4^d. Gross income, £129 4s. 6^d. ; nett, ^692 8s. 6d. Patron, the diocesan. The rectorial tithes, consisting of one moiety of the whole, and compounded for the same sum as the vicarial, are impropriate, and belong to Viscount Palmerston. The church was built m 1813, at a cost of about £831, of which Lord Palmerston gave £92 6s. Ifd., and the late Board of First Fruits lent £646 ds. Id. Sittings 100 ; average attendance 25. Two Roman Catholic chapels have each one officiate, and an average attendance of 200. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 73, and the Roman Catholics to 7,789 ; and 6 schools—additional to a school on one of the islands, which was supported by Mr. Wynn, but the statistics of which could not be ascertained — bad on their books 285 boys and 175 girls. Three of the teachers had each a house and garden, and respectively £15, £21, and £25 a-year, from Lord Palmerston.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 112

38. Amphitheatre rath near Ballymena

    near Ballymena · town · Antrim

    Near the town of Ballymena stands a rath or earthen mound connected with another mound shaped like an amphitheatre, 50 feet high and planted with trees. The antiquarian feature groups picturesquely with the principal edifices in views of the town.

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    BALLYMENA, a market and post town in the parish of Kirkinriola, barony of Lower Toome, co. Antrim, Ulster. It stands on the Braid or Broad river, 7i miles north by east of Randalstown, 14^ south-south-east of Ballymoney, 20J south-east by south of Coleraine, 24 north-west by north of Belfiist, and respectively 94^ and 104 by different routes north of Dublin. A suburb of it, called Henry ville, or Harry ville, stands within the parish of Ballyclug. and barony of Lower Antrim. The site of the town is 2 miles above the confluence of the Braid and the Main waters, and in the centre of an undulating plain which extends eastward from the rising grounds along the lower Bann, to the water-shedding line of heights on the summit of the trap tableau of the comity. The circumjacent plain is not softly but boldly undulated, or possesses the contour produced by a constant alternation of level or scooped ground and low hill ; and, though interspersed with marsh and bog, and minutely subdivided into small farms, yet, as seen from a little hill to the west of the town, it presents an aspect of cultivation and opulence, a display of hedge-rows, orchards, groves, neat houses, and aggregate embellishments, which may compare with almost any vale in England. In the vicinity of the town is a rath or mound of earth, connected with another mound in the form of an amphitheatre, 50 feet high, and planted with trees ; and this, besides being in itself a fine object, and one well deserving the inspection of the curious, groups picturesquely with the principal or overtopping edifices near it in a close exterior view of the town. The general appearance of Ballymena is that of an antiquated and irregular town in the process of transmutation into modern neatness of masonry, and combined spaciousness and order in street arrangement. The principal street is new, wide, and well built. But a number of houses are of the gable-end construction, or in the style of old English cottages. The market-house, near the centre of the town, is a large and convenient edifice surmounted by a steeple 60 feet in height. The bridewell contains 2 dayrooms, 8 cells, and 2 yards; and is kept with remarkable regularity. The church of the Establishment, 3 Presbyterian meeting-houses, a Methodist chapel, a Roman Catholic chapel, and the class-rooms of 2 academies and a free school in the town, are interesting, not as buildings, but only in statistics ; but all, as well as other schools, fall properly to be noticed in the articles Balltcluo and Kirkinriola: which see. Ballymena, when used either popularly or topographically as a parochial name, is a misnomer for either the parish of Kirkinriola qr the benefice of Ballyclug.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

39. Ancient castle of Ballymahon and its surviving vaults

    Ballymahon · town · Longford

    The ancient castle of Ballymahon stood near the site of the present bridge and was a place of considerable strength. The only surviving vestiges are some vaults beneath a modern dwelling-house.

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    inhabitants. " His description of the alehouse/* says a writer, long and minutely acquainted with the locality, *' may be considered as applicable to mor^t of the habitations of the farmers in the neighbourhood of Lissoy and Ballymahon, where, until the late introduction of modern expensive habits, every parlour-floor was sanded or flagged, had ' its bed by night, a chest of drawers by day,' and exhibited either on a chimney-board, or in an open cupboard, a parcel of broken or unbroken pieces of china, glass, or stained earthenware ; while the walls were covered with gun-racks, fishing-tackle, and homely prints, anaong which latter ornaments, * the twelve good rules, and royal game of goose,' always obtained a conspicuous place. Thus was Jemmy Anthony's parlour once ornamented in the old mill oi Ballymahon, which had been by himself or his ancestors occupied for a centurjr ; but in his early days it boasted the addition of violins, hautboj^s, flutes, and a French horn, with which he and his ingenious brothers often made sonorous melody on the lovely banks of the Inny, about 40 years ago, and delighted the villagers who assembled in the summer evenings on the bridge to hear them." — The ancient castle of Ballymahon stood in the vicinity of the site of the present bridge, and was a place of considerable strength. The only vestiges of it are some vaults beneath a modern dwelling-house. Area of the Noughaval section of the town, 10 acres ; of the Shruel section, 47 acres. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 1,081 ; in 1841, 1,229. Houses 197. Pop. ot the Shruel section, in 1841, 1,12S. Houses 179.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

40. Ancient Church at Horseleap

    Ardnurcher or Horseleap · parish · Westmeath

    The church of the union of Ardnurcher, situated at Horseleap, is described as a very ancient building of unascertained cost and date. It had 150 sittings and an attendance of about 50 in the 1840s.

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    is found in the two piers of the drawbridge and lower gate, vulgarly called the Horse-leap." The circumstance whence, at once, this part of the fortalice, the hamlet, and the parish, are popularly termed Horseleap, is a traditionary and faliled leap made by Sir Hugh de Lacy's horse over the space between the piers of the drawbridge. — This parish is a vicarage in the dio. of Meath. The vicarial tithes are compounded for £94 12s. 3.}d., and the rectorial for £'189 48. 7d. ; and the latter are impropriate in the Marquis of Downshirc. The vicarages of Ardnurcher, Kilcumreagh, Kilhanaghan, RanuE, and Kilbride-Langan, [see these articles,] constitute the benefice of Ardnurcher. Length, 7 miles; breadth, 6. Gross income, £850 1.5s. 9d.; nett, £612 169. IJd. Patron, the Crown. A perpetual curacy is erected within the parishes of Kilmanoghan and Kilbride-Langan. See Clara. The church of the union, situated at Horseleap, is a very ancient building, of unascertained cost and date. Sittings 150 ; attendance, about 50. The Roman Catholic chapel of Ardnurcher is attended by about 2,000 ; and shares with a chapel in Clara the core of two ofHciates. Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenting chapels exist in the other parishes. In 1834, the Protestants of Ardnurcher amounted to 1 1 6, and the Roman Catholics to 3,662 ; the Protestants of the union, but exclusive of those in Clara curacy, to

    392, and the Roman Catholics to 8,404. In the same year, 8 daily schools in Ardnurcher, one of which was parochial, and aided with £13 of salary, had on their books 132 boys and 80 girls ; and 14 in the union, but exclusive of those in Clara curacy, had 207 boys and 108 girls.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 122

41. Ardara village and parish on rugged Donegal coast

    Ardara · town · Donegal · 1833–1841

    Ardara is a quoad sacra parish in the barony of Bannagh, County Donegal, comprising rugged upland seaboard with large interspersions of bog. The village stands at the head of a long narrow peninsula formed by Loughrisbeg and Loughrismore, with the Owencocker and Owenea rivers falling into Loughrisbeg. The church was built in 1833 on the site of a former one at a cost of £600 gifted by the Board of First Fruits.

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    little or no scenic beauty; and, excepting in a few cultivated spots around the village of Ardara, presents few patches of even softness or verdure. Various mountain- paths are traversable in summer ; and tolerably good roads lead, in one direction, toward Killybegs, and in another toward Lifford. Woodhill, close to the village, is the only mansion. Ardara village stands within the quoad civilia parish of Lower Killybegs, at the head of the long, narrow peninsula formed by Loughrisbeg and Loughrismore ; and is distant 5 miles from Narin and 8 from Inver. Area, 24 acres. Pop., in 1831, 456; in 1841,603. Houses 102. The Owencocker and the Owenea [which see] fall into Loughrisbeg, the former a little below the village, and the latter a mile above. In Ardara is a branch of the Killybegs and Ardara dispensary. See Killybegs. The village of Glenties, ^i-ithin the parish, and 5 miles from Ardara, is the head of a Poor-law union. See Glentier. Length of the parish, 10 miles; breadth, 9; area, 16,000 acres. Pop., in 1831, 6,154 — This parish is a perpetual curacy in the dio. of Raphoe. Gross income, £90 ; nett, £70. Patron, alternately the incumbent of Killybegs, and the incumbent of Inniskeel. The church was built on the site of a former one in 1833, at the cost of £600, gifted by the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 330; attendance 300. The Roman Catholic chapel is the sole care of one officiat«, and has an attendance of 1 ,000. A schoolhouse, used as a Wesleyan place of worship, is attended by 40. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 1,206, and the Roman Catholics to 5,180; a Wesleyan Sunday school was attended by 29 boys and 38 girls ; and 4 daily schools — one of which was aided with £24 from the Wesleyan Missionary Society, and another with £11 Is. 6d. from Robinson's fund-— had on their books 229 boys and 99 girls. In 1840, the National Board salaried a school at Ardara with £10, and one at Cronaybais with £2 ; and granted £67 lOs. toward the building and fitting up of a girls' school at Ardara.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 121

42. Ardglass bay, harbour and limestone cavern

    Ardglass · townland · Down

    Ardglass bay is a small rocky creek ramified into sandy coves, with a curious limestone cavern at its north-east point penetrating about 60 feet. The outer ledge was built into a pier to form the harbour, and the innermost cove, called Kimmer's Port, affords thorough shelter to small vessels.

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    The bay of Ardglass is a small rocky creek about 150 fathoms wide, extending at high water 500 fathoms inland, and ramified at its heald into three or four sandy coves, divided from one another by rocky ledges. At the north-east point of the bay is a very curious limestone cavern, possessing a large entrance a|>erture, and penetrating about 60 feet. The outer ledge on the west side of the bay has been built up at the public expense into a sort of pier, so as to cover the cove immediately on its inner side. This cove has an area of 70 fathoms by 130 at high water, and constitutes the harbour of Ardglass. It is provided with a light at the extremity ; it has always 3 or 4 fathoms of water at the entrance ; and, much to the convenience of craft on an iron-bound coast, it may at any time be run for, either at low water or by night. On the end of the adjoining ledge on the west side is a stone {)ercli ; and though all the rest of the ba^' is in its natural state, the iimermo»t cove, called Kimmer's Port, which is dry at low water, atfonis thorough shelter to small vessels from all winds. Much public money has been expended to

    ARD

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 122

43. Armaghbrague church built in 1830

    Armaghbrague · townland · Armagh · 1830

    The perpetual curacy of Armagh-Breague saw its church built in 1830 using a £600 grant from the late Board of First Fruits.

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    ARMAGH-BREAGUE, a quoad $acra parish, on the mutual border of the baronies of Armagh and Fews, and on the south-western border of oo. Armagh, Ulster. It is included, quoad civilia, in the parishes of Lisnadill and Kbadt: which see. Length, 5 miles; breadth, d|; area, 9,113 acres. Pop., in 1831, 3,632. The surface extends among the water-sheds and nascent affluents of the streams which run respectively northward to Lough Neagh, and south-eastward to Dundalk bay; is naturally moorish, upland, and wild ; and forms part of th^ pastoral district of the Fews mountains. Such land as is arable has nearly all been reclaimed from a moorish condition. The village or hamlet of Armagh-Breague is situated about 3^ miles south-east of Keady.— This parish is a perpetual curacy in the dio. of Armagh. Gross income, £80; nett, £55. Patron, alternately the incumbent of Lisnadill, alid the incumbent of Keady. The church was built in 1830 by means of a grant of £600 from the late Board of First FniiU. Sittings 150; attendance, from 100 to 120. The Roman Catholic chapel is attended by 800 persons; and, jointly with two chapels in IJsnadill and Rilcluny, is under the care of Uiree officiates. In 1834, the parishioners con* sisted of 608 Churchmen, 1,410 Presbyterians, and 1,748 Roman Catholics; 485 of the Presbyterians, and 872 of the Roman Catholics, were in the LisnadUl section ; and 925 of the Presbyterians, and 876 of the Roman Catholics, in the Keadv section ; a Protestant Sunday school was attended by 80 children, a parochial school by 80 boys and 40 girls, and a hedge-school by about 10 boys and 10 girls. The parochial school was aided with donations amounting to £5 a-year.

    ARMOY, a name of Febxot : which see.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 138

44. Ballinrobe parish church built c.1746, tower added 1816

    Ballinrobe · town · Mayo · 1816

    The Church of Ireland church at Ballinrobe was built about a century before the 1846 publication, and a tower was added in 1816 using funds borrowed from the Board of First Fruits. The church seated 850 with an attendance of about 120.

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    parish is a rectory, and a separate benefice, in the dio. of Tuam. Tithe composition, £480. Gross income, £610; nett, £500 17s. 7d. Patron, the diocesan. A curate, in addition to a salary of £90, receives £13 for visiting the military hospitaL The church was built about a century ago, but at what cost is not known; and, in 1816, a tower was added at the cost of £276 18s. 5^d., borrowed from the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 850; attendance 1 20. The Roman Catholic chapel has two oflBdates, and an attendance of about 2,000. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 372, and the Ronuui Gatholics to 9,263 ; a Protestant Sunday school, held in the church, was attended by about 50 children ; and 9 daily schools, 6 of which were in the town, 2 at lakeview, and 1 at Rahard, had on their books 202 boys and 141 girls. One of the daily schools in the town was aided with £20 a-year from the National Board, £10 from C. N. Knox, Esq., and a free house and garden ; and another with £10 and a free house from C. N. Knox, Esq. Some time previous to 1840, the National school was suspended.

    BALLINROBE, a post and market town, and the capital of the southern district of the county of Mayo, stands on the river Robe, 4^ miles south-west by south of HoUymount, 5 north-north-east of Cong, 15^ south-east of Westport, and 109 west by noru of Dublin. Much the larger section is situated on the left bank of the Robe, and consists principaUy of an airy, well-edificed, and partly straight street^ along the line of thoroughfare between Cosig and Hollymount, — an intersecting street, containing a few good houses, but lined chiefly with rows of cabins along the road between Kilmain and Westport,-*. and two shorter streets parallel respectiveW with these, and almo;it everywhere meanly edificed. Thr

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

45. Ballintobber seat near Kinsale

    Ballintober · townland · Cork · 1700–1766

    A seat in the parish of Ballymartle, 3.5 miles north of Kinsale, belonging in the last century to Sir John Meade, whose grandfather was raised to the baronetcy by Queen Anne and who was himself created Viscount Clan William in 1766.

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    BALLINTOBBER, a seat in the parish of Hallymartle, 3^ miles north of Kinsale, co. Cork, Muiu ster. It belonged, in last century, to Sir John Meade, whose grand&ther was raised to the baronetcy by Queen Anne, and who vras himself created Viscount Clan William in 1766.

    BALLINTOGHER, a village in the parish of Killery, barony of Tiraghrill, co. Sligo, Connaught.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

46. Ballyane parish and O'Ferral seat, Co. Wexford

    Ballyanne · townland · Wexford

    Ballyane parish on the western border of Bantry barony, Co. Wexford, is bounded by the river Barrow and consists of good tillage, pasturage and meadow land. Ballyane House was the seat of O'Ferral, Esq.

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    BALLYANE, or Balltanne, a parish on the western border of the barony of Bantry and co. Wexford, and 2^ miles north-north-east of New Ro?(s, Leinster. Length, 3 miles ; breadth, 2 ; area, 4,578 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1,096; in 1841, 1,292. Houses 192. The surface is washed on the west, and separated from the county of Kilkenny, by the river Barrow ; it is traversed north-north-eastward bv the road from New Ross to Dublin ; and it consists of good tillage, pasturage, and meadow land.

    Ballyane-house is the seat df O'Ferral, Esq.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

47. Ballydeloher: Riverstown trees and industry

    Ballydeloher · parish · Cork

    In Ballydeloher parish, the Riverstown grounds contain a considerable expanse of the largest and finest trees in Munster, and wood and tumulated surface create a pleasing landscape. The parish also contains three paper-mills, a glass-house, and a woollen factory.

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    BALLYDELOHER, or Kilroan, a parish on the south-west frontier of the barony of Barrymore, 6 miles east-north-east of Cork, co. Cork, Munster. It contains the vilUge of Broorlodge : which see. Length, 1^ mile; breadth, 1; area, 2,101 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1,145; in 1841, 1J83. Houses 195. Pop. of the rural districts, in 1841, 611. Houses 95. The stream of the beautiful vale of Gbmmire traces the western boundary, and divides the parish from the barony of Cork. On this stream, and within Ballydeloher, are the hamlet and the handsome villa of Riverstown. On the Riverstown grounds is a considerable expanse of the largest and finest trees in Munster ; and elsewhere wood and a tumulated surface produce a pleasing landscape. In the parish are 3 })aper-mills, a glass-house, and a

    woollen factory Ballydeloher is a rectory, and

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

48. Ballyellin House and old castle

    Ballyellin and Tomdarragh · townland · Carlow

    In the parish of Ballyellin, Ballyellin-house is the seat of Walter Blacker and adjoins an old castle. The village of Ballyellin itself stands on the River Barrow and has extensive flour mills.

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    BALLY EL LIN, a parish, 5 miles south-east by south of Goresbridge, and partly in the barony of Forth, partly in that of Lower St. Mullins, but chiefly in that of East Idrone, co. Carlow, Leinster. Length, 3 miles; breadth, 2. Area of the Forth section, 744 acres; of the St. Mullins section, 1,522 acres ; of the Idrone section, 2,G91 acres. Pop. of the whole, in 1^31, 1,760; in 1841, 1,750. Houses 285. Pop. of the Forth section, in 1831, 218; in 1841, 213. Houses 40. Pop of the St. Mullins section, in 18:31, 549; in 1841, 584. Houses 94. Pop. of the Idrone section, in 1831, 993; in 1841. 9.j3. Houses 151. The main body of the parish extends along the left bank of the Barrow; is separated by that riviT from co. Kilkenny, in the vicinity of Graigue and (ioresbridge; and is traversed westward throui^h its interior by a small ailluent of the Barrow. The su-able and pasture land averages in value 35s. per acre. Ballyellin-house is the seat of ^V;llter BlaekiM'v, E<q., and adjoins an old castle. The vilhiiie of IJallyellin stands on the Barrow, within the Idrone section of tiie parish, and has extensive llour-niills and corn-stores. The road from New Ross to Leighlin Bridge passes along the banks of the river. Area of the vilhige, 3 acres. Pop., in 1S41, II J). Houses 22. — This parish is a rectory, and f)art of the benetice of IjORITM [which see], in the (iio. of Leighlin. Tithe com{>osition, £413 Is.

    G^d. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 45, and the Roman Catholics to 1,712; and there was neither church, glebe-house, chapel, nor school.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

49. Ballykean parish ruins of two old castles

    Ballykean · townland · Offaly · 1827

    The parish of Ballykean (or Killeigh) in King's County contains ruins of two old castles and several chief residences including Cloneygown, Woodfield, Bloomville, Agbanvilla, Retreat, and Finter. Its church was built in 1827 at a cost of £1,107.

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    BALLYKEAN, or Kflleight, a parish partly in the barony of Geashill, but chiefly in that of Upper Philipstown, 3^ miles north by west of Portarlington. King's co., Leinster. The Philipstown section contains the village of Cloneygown : which see — Length of that section, 5^ miles; breadth, 3J; area, 12,201 acres, 2 roods, 37 perches. The Geashill section lies detached 3 miles to the west. Length and breadth, each l^mile; area, 711 acres, 2 roods, 24 perches. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 2,415; in 1841, 2,445. Houses 411. Pop. of the Geashill section, in 1831, 144; in 1841, 147. Houses 24. Pop. of the rural districts of the Philipstown section, in 1831, 2,113; in 1841, 2,118. Houses 358. The land is variously good, bad, and indifferent; and, to a large extent, consists of bog: see next article. Its declination is to the south-east The chief residences are Cloneygown, Woodfield, Bloomville, Agbanvilla. Retreat, and Finter. There are ruins of two eld castles. — This parish is a vicarage and a separate benefice, in the dio. of Kildare. Vicarial tithe composition, £132; glebe, £'20. Gross income, £152; nett, £137 178. lid. Patron, the diocesan. The rectory of the parish, with £264 of tithe composition, is a sinecure in the possession of an ecclesiastical incumbent. The church was built, in 1827, at the cost of £1,107 13s. lOd., partly lent, but chiefly gifted by the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings

    200; attendance 85. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance of 1,050; and, isi the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to Killeigh and Ballinegan chapels in Geashill. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 264, and the Roman Ca^ tholics to 2,029 ; 4 Sunday schools were attended, on the average, by 388 children ; and 4 dailv schools, one of which was aided with £5 a-year from subscription, had on their books 107 boys and 71 girls. In 1840, the National Board had a school of 45 boys and 43 girls at Cloneygown, and aided it with £i2 a-year; and, in the same year, they granted £60 12s. 6d., toward the building and fitting up^ of a school at Raheerk

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

50. Ballymoney town description and trade

    near Ballymoney · town · Antrim · 1831–1841

    Ballymoney is a post and market town in the Dunluce section of Mallock parish, irregularly built and dispersed over about three-quarters of a mile. Its town-hall, church, and meeting-houses are all plain structures, and it is the capital of the two baronies of Dunluce with considerable provincial trade.

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    BALLYMONEY, a post and market town, in the Dunluce section of the above parish, co. Antrim, Ulster, stands on a small tributary of the Bann, about 3 miles east- north -east of its confluence with that river, 6^ miles south-east of Coleraine, 14| north-north-west of Ballymena, 21 f north by weat of Randalstown, and 39 north-north-west of Belfiist, It is irregularly built, and lies dispersedly over an area of about f of a mile in length, from Milltown on the Rathsharkin road to Roaden or Rawdon Foot. Its town-hall, its church, and its various meetinghouses, are all plain structures. Its bridewell contains 2 day-rooms, 6 cells, and 2 yards ; and is kept

    in excellent order The Ballymoney Poor-law

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

51. Banagher Church construction and patronage

    Banagher · parish · Derry · 1791

    Banagher church in the diocese of Derry was built around 1791 through parochial assessment and a donation from Lord Bristol, the bishop of Derry. The parish's patron was the Skinners' Company of London.

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    of a true sritiquary, remained for more tlan half-aiw hour, absorbed apparently in wonder and admiration, and re^rdless of the magnificence and beauty of the surrounding scenery." — This parish is a rectory, and constitutes, jointly with the vicarage of Dungiven, the benefice of Banagher, in the dio. of Derry. See Dungiven'. Tithe composition of the parish, £650; glebe, £200. Length of the benefice, 10 miles; breadth, 5. Pop., in 1831, 7,651. Gross income, £1,191); nett, £921 Us. Id. Patron, the Skinners' Company of London. A curate has a stipend of £75. Banagher church was built about 55 years ago, by means of parochial asses^^ment, and a donation from Lord Bristol, bishop of Derry. Sittings 160; attendarice 80. The Presbyterian meeting-house has an attendance of 200 in winter, and 400 in summer, — the Roirian Catholic chapel, of 872; and the latter, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to the chapels of Bovevagh aiwl Learmount. In 18:U, the parishioners consisted of 493 Cliurchmen, 1.1 OS Presbyterians, and 2,650 Roman Catholics; 3 Suiiday schools were attended, on the average, by 115 children; and 7 daily schools, — one of which was aided with £10 a- year from Mr. Ogilby, one with £5 from the rector, and £8 from the Associa> tion for Discountenancing Vice, one with £5 from the rector, and a giant from the London Hibernian Society, and one supported by the Fishmongers' Conipaj>y of London, — had on their books 176 boys and 1 16 girls, and were attended, in addition, by 1 15 children whose names were not on the books.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 156

52. Belfast Lough and its artificial channel

    near Belfast Lough · estuary · Antrim

    Belfast Lough penetrates 14 miles south-westward between Antrim and Down, featuring easy access and several interior harbours. An artificial channel was cut to allow large vessels to navigate past former shoals to Belfast.

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    Belfast Lough penetrates the land 14 miles south-westward between co. Antrim and co. Down ; it is of easy access, has a current at the mouth of 2| knots in spring tides, and possesses several interior small harbours, particularly at Carrickfergus and Bangor ; it was formerly so encumbered with shoals near the head as to be navigated with difficulty by large vessels to Belfast, but it has of late been rendered practicable by the cutting of a long artificial channel ; and its shores and seaboard are beautiful and expressive in their scenic features, and compose one of the richest and most powerful landscapes in the kingdom. Donaghadee Harbour, 3 miles south-south-east of Kout Head, was naturally very small and very indifferent, but it has been artificially improved at an enormous cost, and is now a pretty good pier harbour, — distinguished for being the mailpacket station for all the north of Ireland. The current, off Ballyferis Point, runs 3 knots in spring tides ; and the stream in shore, 5 miles south of Ballyhalbert, turns at half-flood to the north. The largest bays between Ballyhalbert and Ballyquintin Point, are the bays of Cloghy, Quintin, and Millin ; but they are mere open coves, of value only to fishing-boats. Lough Strangford is, in some respects, the most curious piece of marine water in the kingdom : its entrance is a narrow channel, extending north by westward, and not less than 5^ miles in length ; the Lough itself extends 15 miles northward, with an extreme breadth of 5^ miles, and is profusely studded with islets, and richly furnished with good harbours and anchoring-grounds ; an exceedingly)

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 6

53. Carrickfergus Castle's authority over Island Magee

    near Carrickfergus · town · Antrim

    Carrickfergus Castle served as the seat of authority upon which Island Magee depended, linking the island to the wider territory of North Claneboy.

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    Divisions.^ — By far the greater part of Antrim, from the north coast southward, formed for a series of centuries the ancient kingdom of Dalriada ; while the southern border of the county was probably in alternate possession of the Dalriadans and their neighbours of Down. At a subsequent period, the territory from Belfast Lough and the Lagan, westward to Lough Neagh, was called North Claneboy in contradistinction to South Claneboy in Down; a part of this territory, won by the Scots of the clan Macdonnell, was called Bryan Currough's country ; the territory from Olderfleet or Lame, northward to near Ballycastle. and westward to the mountains, was called the Glynnes, from the ravine or narrow valley character of the ground ; Island Magee was subordinate to Claneboy, and dependent on the castle of Carrickfergus ; and all the rest of the country, the reduced and successional territory of Dalriada. was called the Route, and occasionally, in Elizabeth's reign, MacSorley Boy's country. An arrangement into baronies was made by Sir John Perrot in 1584. but was not, for a considerable time, completely acknowledged or rendered practical ; and it has since been so modified that even a comparatively modern list of baronies does not quite correspond with the present distribution. The division according to which all taxes upon the county are now apportioned, consists of the county of the town of Carrickfergus, and the 14 baronies of Lower Antrim, Upper Antrim, Lower Belfast, Upper Belfiast. Carey, Lower Dunluce, Upper Dunluce, Lower Glenarm, Upper Glenarm, Kilconway, Lower Maasarene. Upper Massarene, Lower Toome, and Upper Toome. 'Tonaghs were a division sometime in use ; they have been supposed to correspond to baronies, but were in reality much smaller ; and though they partly survive in name, and may be vaguely traced within ill-defined localities, they have long ceased to be recognised by either law or topography, dnament, another antiquated denomination, seems to have corresponded with the Scotch sense of the word barony, designating the estate or territorial

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 118

54. Carrick-on-Shannon census anomaly

    Carrick-on-Shannon · town · Leitrim · 1841

    The 1841 census commissioners noted that Carrick-on-Shannon, in southern Leitrim, was a town approaching 2,000 inhabitants but still included in rural population figures. This made the surrounding district appear more densely peopled than it truly was.

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    as when towns are excladed a limit must be drawn. We have taken, of course, that already explained as marking our civic district, viz. 2,000 inhabitants ; but there are many towns very little below this limit, and in such cases, especially when two of more happen to lie together, the rural population appears more dense than it really is. An instance of this may be seen in the southern portion of the county of Leitrim, where there is no town above 2,000 inhabitants. But the towns of Carrick-on-Shannon and Mohill, approaching to that number, are retained in the rural population. That district, accordingly, appears more densely peopled than it probably will be in ten years more, when the towns may be expected to contain more than 2,000. A similar case occurs in the district around Clonakilty. These anomalies, however, do not disturb the general effect of the map as a graphic representation; and the shading on such maps ought never to b& considered in any other light!'

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    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 108

55. Cathedral and monastic traces of Armagh

    near Armagh · town · Armagh

    The principal ecclesiastical antiquities of County Armagh include the cathedral of Armagh, two or three old churches, and traces of about twelve or thirteen monastic establishments. These remnants are more historical than architectural in character.

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    on a lofty hill, which is supposed to be excavated. The principal civil antiquities are various old castles, and the vestiges of the Earl of Tyrone's intrenchments, thrown up during the long-continued war with the English, and stIU called Tyrone's Ditches. The principad ecclesiastical antiquities are the cathedral of Armagh, two or three old churches, and traces, more historical than architectural, of about 12 or 13 monastic establishments.

    ARMAGH, a barony in the county of Armagh, Ulster. It is bounded, on the north, by co. Tyrone; on the east by O'Neilland and Fews ; on the south, by CO. Monaghan ; and on the west, by Turaney and CO. Tyrone. Length, 14^ miles; breadth, 6|; area, 47,866 acres. Pop., in 1831, 39,466; in 1841, 41,607. Houses 7,166. Annual valuation, £49,452 18s. 4d. Sums levied under the grand warranto of Spring and Summer 1840, £4,460 lis. 9d., and £4,168 14s. 7d. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 4,047 ; in manufactures and trade, 2,954; in other pursuits, 812. Males at and above 5 years of age, in 1841, who could read and write, 7>813; who could read but not write, 4,123; who could neither read nor write, 5,687. Females at and above 5 years of age who could read and write, 4,171 ; who could read but not write, 7.057; who could neither read nor write, 7,709 — This barony comprehends no entire parish ; but consists of parts of the parishes of Armagh, Clonfeacle, Derrynoose, Eglish, Grange, Ready, Lisnadill, Loughgall, and Tvnan. The rich limestone lands of this barony are m good heart, excellently enclosed with white thorn hedges, judiciously disposed in fields proportionately to the size of farms, exuberant in prime crops of wheat and other grain, and thickly sprinkled with neat and comfortable cottages. The western border, about Tynan, is warm and bosk v vriih the plantations of the Caledon end Glasslough demesnes ; and the country thence to Armagh is beautifully rolled and nodulated witk undulation and hillock, and exhibita on many a small conical hill a crown of shrubs or of trees.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 131

56. Clonakilty rural density anomaly

    Clonakilty · town · Cork · 1841

    The census commissioners identified the district around Clonakilty as exhibiting the same anomaly as southern Leitrim, where towns near the 2,000-inhabitant threshold inflated the apparent rural population density on the census map.

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    as when towns are excladed a limit must be drawn. We have taken, of course, that already explained as marking our civic district, viz. 2,000 inhabitants ; but there are many towns very little below this limit, and in such cases, especially when two of more happen to lie together, the rural population appears more dense than it really is. An instance of this may be seen in the southern portion of the county of Leitrim, where there is no town above 2,000 inhabitants. But the towns of Carrick-on-Shannon and Mohill, approaching to that number, are retained in the rural population. That district, accordingly, appears more densely peopled than it probably will be in ten years more, when the towns may be expected to contain more than 2,000. A similar case occurs in the district around Clonakilty. These anomalies, however, do not disturb the general effect of the map as a graphic representation; and the shading on such maps ought never to b& considered in any other light!'

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    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 108

57. Copper and lead mines at Knockmahon, County Waterford

    Knockmahon · townland · Waterford

    The copper and lead mines at Knockmahon in County Waterford were being worked on an extensive scale and with signal success. They were part of the southern clay slate district stretching from Waterford to Dingle Bay.

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    A seventh district of great extent — and the third which contains a large aggregate of transition rocks — stretches .from Waterford on the east, to Dingle bay on the west, and comprehends very nearly the whole of co. Waterford, and large portions of the counties of Cork and Kerry. This district contains abundance of carboniferous or mountain limestone, and two varieties of transition slate, an older and aoiewer. The limestone forms the bottom of the valleys of all the principal rivers, and is found aroundthe edges of the great sea^loughs and bays. The older transition slate is grey in colour, of similar age, composition, and structure, to Uiat of Down, Eildare, Widclow, and Wexford, and extensively mitable to be used as roofing slate; and it is successfully quarried at Glenpatrick in co. Waterfd^, and West Carbery in cq. Cork. '^ The second or newer slate, usually rests unconformably on the older. The lower portions of its strata consist of alternating beds of brownish red quartzese conglomerate, and coarse red slate. These strata are succeeded by alternations of red and grey quartz rock, red quartzose slate, and clay slate, the grain becoming gradually finer as the be^s accumulate and recede farther from the conglomerate, till at length the upper beds produce varieties of purple, brownish, red, and reddish grey clay slate, which are quarried and used as roofing slate, particularly in the vaUey of the river Blackwatcr, near Lismore. In the counties of Waterford and Cork, these strata form successive undulations, the ridges of which have an east and west direction, and the beds jalways incline towards the valleys of the principal rivers, And thus form troughs, which are filled by indurated sandstone and secondary limestone, whose strata rost conformably on the day slate. The southern clay slate district contains several copper and lead mines of great value, some of which are now being worked on an extensive scale, and with signal success, particularly those of Knockmahon in co. Waterford, and of Allihies near Berehaven in co. Cork. Mining operations have lately been commenced with great spirit at Ardtully, near Kenmare, in co. Kerry ; and extensive works have, till within a short period, been carried on at the Ardley copper minesi near the southrwestem coast of co. Cork,"

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

58. Copper mines of Ballymurtagh in the vale of Avoca

    Ballymurtagh · townland · Wicklow

    The copper mines of Ballymurtagh, situated in the vale of Avoca about six miles west of Arklow in County Wicklow, were among the few metalliferous workings still in operation. They were one of four active mines in the county.

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    " With the exception of granite, which is used as ft valuable building-stone, and some inferior slate quarries which occur in different parts of the counties of D^rry, Tyrone, and Donegal, and also in parts of the counties of Down, Klldare, and Wicklow, the only valuable rock, in an economical point of view, is primary limestone, which occurs in great abuj^idance throughout the schistose districts of the counties of Derry, Donegal, Tyrone, and Galway. This substance is chiefly valuable for manure when burned into lime ; but in some districts the limestone beds occasionaUy produce beautiful varieties of crystalline marble of various tints, as white, rose, find dove colour ; and, in co. Galway, large quarries have been opened, containing a valuable kind of serpentine, -striped and mottled, white and green, from which blocks of large dimensions have been raised. The whole of these primary and transition schistose districts contain metalliferous veins ; but a few only of those which are known have been worked, and, no doubt, many yet remain undiscovered. Owing to the great decrease in the prices of copper and lead during the last few years, many mines, formerly at work, have been abandoned ; and at present no metallic mines are in operation in the north of Ireland, with the exception of one containing lead at Clonhig, ftear Kewton-Ardes, in co. Down, and another at Derrynoose, in co. Armagh^ Of the numerous copper and lead veins known in co. Wicklow, only four are at present at work ; namely, the lead mines of Lugganure and Glenmalure, situated on the boundary of the granite and slate, and the copper mines of 3allymurtagh and Cronbane, in ihe vale of Ovoca, 6 miles to the west of Arklow^ The metalliferous relations of the counties of Wicklow and Wexford have been described in great detail by Mr. Weaver, in his valuable Memoir, contained in the 6th vol. of * The Transactions of the Geological Society of London.* It is consequently unnecessary to enter further on the subject in this place. At present there are no mines working in the primary mountain districts of the counties of Leitriqi, Sligo, Mayo, and Galway ; but many, both of copper and lead, are known, and have been worked at former periods with considerable success."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

59. County infirmary and lunatic asylum

    near Lisburn · town · Antrim

    The county infirmary for County Antrim was situated at Lisburn, while the county lunatic asylum was located at Belfast. These institutions were major components of the county's healthcare infrastructure.

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    StatUtict.'] — The prisons of the county are the cour»ty gaol at Carrickfergus, the house-of- correction at Belfast, and bridewells at Antrim, Ballymoney, and Ballymena. In 1841, the number of committals for offences against the person was 80 ; for violent offences against property, 33 ; for unvioleiit offences against property, 529 ; for malicious offences against property, 1 ; for offences against the currency, 7 ; and for offences not included in the aliove das&es, 58 ; — the number of convictions was 532 ; of capital punishments, 2 ; of transportations for 14 years, 10 ; and of transportations for 7 years, 56 ; — the number of summary convictions was K)4 ; and of committals for drunkenness 1,270. The expense of the constabulary force, for 1841, was £11,163. — The county lunatic asylum, situated at Belfast, and the county infirmary at Lisburn, will be noticed in connection with these towns*. Workhouses have been provided, or are in the course of being erected, for the several Poor>law unions of Antrim, Ballycastle, Ballymena, Bally money, Belfa«tt, Lame, and Lisburn. — TLe annual amount of the valuation of the county, under 6 and 7 'Will. IV., but exclusive of the countv of the town of Carrickfer^U!*. is £474,524 17s. 2d. The amount of county cess levied for local purposes, in 1824, was £32,094; in 1834. £45,612; in 1838, £53,256. The county itself sends two members to parliament ; and, including Belfast, Lisburn, and Carrickfergus, six members, for a total pop. of 360,875. Constituency, in 1835, 3.933; of whom 622 were £50 freeholders, 457 were £20 freeholders, 2,403 were

    £10 freeholders, 73 wer« £20 leaseholders, 368 were £10 leaseholders, 2 were £50 rent-chargers, and 8 were £20 rent-chargers. Constituency in 1841, 2, 157 ; of whom 268 were £50 fireeholdera, 213 were £20 freeholders, 1^469 were £10 freeholders, 33 were £20 leaseholders, 165 were £10 leaseholders, and 9

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 119

60. Crawfordsburn mansion seat of Sharman Crawford

    near Crawfordsburn · town · Down

    A beautifully situated mansion at Crawfordsburn, close to the shore near the Grey Rocks, served as the seat of Sharman Crawford, Esq. It lay adjoining Crawfordsburn village, about two and a half miles west of Bangor.

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    BANGOR, a parish, partly in the barony of Lower Castlereagh, but chiefly in that of Ardes, co. Down, Ulster. The Castlereagh section contains the village of Crawfordsbdrn; and the Ardes section contains the town of Bangor, and the villages of Conlio and Groom«port: see these articles. Length, 6 miles; breadth, 4. Area of the whole, 17,027 acres; of the rural districts of the Castlereagh section, 4,057 acres ; of the rural districts of the Ardes section, 12.646 acres. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 0,355; in J841, 10,060. Houses 1,748. Pop., in 1831, of the Castlereagh section, 1,^20; of the rural districts of the Ardes sectidn, 4,508. Pop., in 1841, «f the rural districts of the Castlereagh section, 1 ,418 ; of the rural districts ef the Ardes section, 4<48I. Houses, in 1841, of the rural districts of the two sections, respectively 245 and 757. The parochial limits include the Copeland Islands : which see. The whole parish, excepting the islands, extends along the south shore of Belfast Lough, from near the south headland at its entrance, to a point about 3^ miles west of the town. The surface is agreeably variegated, well-cultivated, and opulently embellished ; and consists of land very various in quality, but all, or almost all, profitable. The great bog ef Cotton and Granshaw, comprising 1,000 acres, lies within the manor of Bangor, and was begun to be veckimed and improved in 1743. The streams are mere rills or short rivulets, all running northward to the Lough ; and the largest of them is only 4 miles in length, flows along the boundary between Ardes and Castlereagh, and enters the Lough at the wefft •kirt of the town. The lacu^rine water-area lies all in Castlereagh, and amounts ta only 22 acres, 2 roods, 35 perches. The coast, eastward of the town, and particularly around the village of Groomsport, is rocky. A lead mine was formerly worked by the Mining Companjr ef Ireland. Adjoinmg Crawibrdsburn village, 2^ miles west of Banger, and close to the shore near the Grey Rocks, is the beautifully lituated mansion of Crawfordsburn, the seat of Sharman Crawford, Esq. ; a mile south of this is Ballyleidy, the seat ef Lord Dufferin ; near Ballyleidy, is Rathgail House, the seat of J. R. Cleland, Esq.; contiguous to Bangor is Bangor-castle, the seat of •the Earl of Bangor, the proprietor of the town; and about a mile south of this is Ballow, the seat of W. S. Nicholson, Esq. The other seats are Portavoe *nd Springhill. A iiill near the town commands a charming view of the water and coasts of Belfast Lough, and of part of the baronies of Ardes and Castlereagh — This parish is a perpetual impropriate curacy, and a separate benefice, in the dio. of Down. Salary from the lay rectors, £55 8s. 8d. ; glebe, .£a5. Gross income, £95 Ss. 8d. ; nett, jf91 Us. 8d. Patrons, the Earl of Bangor, and Robert Ward, Esq. All the townlands except two are tithe freei and the tithes of these two are compounded for £52 6s. 9d., and are impropriate in the patrons. The dHirch was built in 1833, at the cost of £950 10s. Ud.4 of which jb'200 was contributed by Lord Dufferin, £271 10:». by Col. John Ward, £50 each bv Lord Banger, Edward Ward, Esq., and S. Crawford, Esq., and £154 14^, 9d. by parochial assessment. Sittings 500; attendance, from 200 to 800. Two Presbyterian meeting-houses are attended respectively by from 600 to 1<000, aad by 400; and a Methodist chapel is attended by from 100 to 200. In 1834, the parishioners consisted of 757 Churchmen. 8,182 Presbyterians, 113 other Protestant dissenters, and 250 Roman Catholics; 11 Sunday schools were numerously attended; and 18 daily

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 161