The Parliamentary gazetteer of Ireland

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Shauganah renamed Gracefield in Queen's County

   Gracefield · townland · Laois

   A branch of the Grace family settled at Shauganah in Queen's County. The settlement was afterwards called Gracefield, reflecting the family's establishment in the area.

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   repository of the dead ; an upper chamber, a1s«o ' arched, is disposed for the receptMin of mural monuments; and the roof, wholly compo^d of stone, rests on the high pointed arch of the upper apart- 1 ment, and is imbedded in Roman cement. The simple and unostentatious variety of the pointed style I adopted, displays great oorrectaess of taste ; aad the ' interior is chaste, solemn, and imposing. On each of . the exterior flanking walls is an old marble monu- ! ment of the G race family ; and orer the entrance to : the burial vault is a tablet of Kilkenny marble, with a long appropriate inscription in Greek and Latin. The Graces trace their ancestry to Raymond Fit«- william, surnamed Le Gro^, who accompanied Strongbow, Earl of Pembroke, to Ireland in the r2th century ; and, through hiiu, they further trace it to Other de Windsor, who descended from the Dukes of Tuscany, and was a Baron of England in K)57. Grace's castle in Kilkenny, and a large tract of country lying to the west of it, and still called Grace's couatry, indicate their naturaliaed position and importance. Branches of them became fixed in CO. Wexford, at Ballylinch, Carney, and Leighan in CO. Tipperary, and at Shauganah, afterwards called Gracefield, in Queen's co. Their principal modern representatives are the family of Grace, Barons of Courtstown and Lords of Grace's country, and the &mily of Fitzmaurice, Earls of Kerry, and Marquesesof Lansdowne. Area of the village, 14 acres. Pop., in 1881, 205; in 1841, 231. Houses 47.

   ARLES and Ballylinan, a Roman Catholic parish in the dio. of Kildare aod Leighlin. It includes the village just noticed ; and its post town is Ballylinan by Carlow. The statistics are given under the civil parochial divisions.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 124

2. Sligo Harbour and its pier

   Sligo Harbour · harbour · Sligo

   Sligo Bay has three inner parts: Ardnaglass Harbour and Drumcliffe Bay, both large but shallow, and Sligo Harbour proper, which has a pier outside the bar. Though access is troublesome, the pier has very important adaptation to considerable and growing trade.

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   are Clew bay at Wegtport, Galway bay at Oolway, the estuary of the Shannon, and the bay of Dublin. The outer part of Sligo bay measures 7 miles across the entrance, and though capacious is very much exposed ; the two inner parts, called Ardnaglass Harbour and Drumcliffe bay, are large and sheltered but very shallow ; and the central inner part, constituting Sligo Harbour proper, is furnished outside of the bar with a pier which, though of rather troublesome access, possesses very important adaptation to an already considerable and a prospectiyely great trade. Ballyshannon and Donegal harbours, at respectively the south side and the head of Donegal bay, are estuarial and of small capacity and not much depth ; yet both are valuable ; and the former, in particular, might, with the help of a canal or a railway to Lower Lough Erne, become a marine outlet to all the internal navigations of the west and north-west of Ireland. The principal inlets on the north side of Donegal bay are Inver bay, MacSwine*s bay, Killybegs Harbour, and Fintragh bay ; and the third of these — Killybegs Harbour — though narrow in the entrance, has a wellsheltered anchorage in from 6 to 8 £Eithoms of water, and can accommodate vessels of any burden. Donegal bay itself, apart from the inlets upon its shores, is a mere miniature gulf^ quite open to the west, and often tossed into tremendous tumult by gales firom the Atlantic. The larger bays and estuaries between Teelin Head and Horn Head, are Loughrusb^ and Loughrusmore south of Dawras Head, Guibarra bay north of Dawras Head, Innisfere and Guidore bays several miles south of Bloody Foreland, and Ballyness bay several miles east of Bloody Foreland ; and the smaller bays and harbours of noticeable character are Malin bay between Teelin Head and Rossan Point, Glen bay immediately north of Rossan Point, Dawras bay between Loughrusmore and Dawras Head, Trawenagh bay an arm of Guibarra bay, Maghery bay north of Trawenagh, Donglo Harbour north-east of Maghery bay, Rutland Harbour between Rutland Island and the mainland, and Ourran's Port between Bloody Foreland and Ballyness bay ; but— estimating the two classes jointly — some of the bays are destitute of shelter, others are shallow, intricate, and foul, others afford good shelter and accommodation to fishing craft, and only one or two are fit for the uses of coasting vessels. The tidal current between Bloody Foreland and Horn Head a little to seaward, or through the sound between Tory Island and the mainland, runs at the rate of 2 knots in spring tides, and three-fourths of a mile in neap tides. Sheephaven, immediately east of the Horn Head peninsula, measures 4^ miles across the entrance, penetrates the land 8^ miles southward, sends off a small ramification to the town of Dunfiemaghy, and, though exposed over the greater part of its surface, is hindered from subordination to extensive trade only by the remoteness and poverty of the upland country which surrounds it. Mulroy bay sinuously penetrates the land in a prevailingly southern direction to the extent of 14 miles, but has an extreme breadth of 3^ miles, and is aggregately shallow, intricate, and unsuited to general navigation. Lough Swilly measures 4^ miles across the entrance, penetrates the land 25^ miles southward, contains some excellent interior harbours, possesses perfectly safe anchoring ground for the largest man-of-war, is capable of sheltering and accommodating half the fleets of Europe, and boasts a series of highly diversified and strongly picturesque shores ; yet it is frequented by comparatively very few trading vessels, and is shamefully little known either to merchants or to men of taste. Strathbreaga bay, which washes the south-west side of the peninsula of Malin, is a shallow and intricate inlet, pf no value whatever to navigation. From Horn Head east-north-eastward to MaUn Head, the true stream of tide sets along a line at the mean distance of about 4^ miles from the intervening headlands, six hours each way ; but within side of the line, the stream turns at half-flood to the west, and at half-ebb to the east.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 7

3. The Laune drains the celebrated lakes of Killarney

   Killarney · town · Kerry

   The Laune or Lane river carries off the excess waters of the celebrated lakes of Killarney. It then flows onward to enter Castlemaine Harbour near its head.

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   estuary, is a romantic mountain rivulet. The Currane and the Inny, which enter BallinaskelligB bay, and the Fartin, which flows into Valentia Harbour, are of small note. The Oarra or Tinganff, which enters the lower part of Castlemaine Harbour, descends from a grandly romantic glen, and traverses the powerfully picturesque lakes of Oarra. The Laune or Lane carries off the Buperfluent waters of the celebrated lakes of Killamey, and enters Castlemaine Harbour near its head ; and its principal tributaries are the Flesk and the Deanagh into the Lower Lake, and the Oiddagh, the Lishadan, and the Anagarry, into its own current. The Maine enters the head of Castlemaine Harbour, and is navigable from the Inch bar to the bridge of Castlemaine, a distance of about 12 miles; and its principal tributaries are the Fleskroe, the Aunahity, the Keelbredagh, and the Castle river. The Cashen river is formed by the Feale, the Gale, and the Brick ; it drains smaU parts of counties Limerick and Cork, and a large proportion of the north of co. Kerry ; it is tidal, and navigable for vessels of 10 tons, over a distance of 6 miles ; and the principal tributaries of its forming streams are the Shannaw into the Brick, and the Brenagh, the Owenbeg, the Ullahan, the UUa, and the Smearla, into the Feale. The river Shannon drains a small part of co. Cavan, a large part of co. Leitrim, very nearly the whole of co. Roscommon, very nearly the whole of co. Longford, a pendicle of co. Meath, a large part of co. Westmeath, the larger part of King^s co., a considerable part of co. Qalway, a large part of co. Tipperary, the greater part of co. Clare, very nearly the whole of co. Limerick, and a considerable part of co. Kerry ; its principal tributaries are the Arigna, the Foerus, the Boyle, the Owenure, and the Cronagh in Roscommon, the Clonard, the fiamlin, the Kenagh, and the Inny in Longford, the Suck between Roscommon and Oalway, the Blackwater and the Brosna in King^s co., the Little Brosna between King's co. and Tipperary, the BaUyshmel and the Rosmore in Qalway, the Borris-o*-kane, the Kenagh, and the Kilmastulla in Tipperary, the Scarriff, the Blackwater, the Ougamee, and the Fergus in Clare, and the Mulkem, the Groody, the Maig, the Deel, and the Ovan in Limerick ; it is tidal, deeply navigable, and in a certain sense estuariid, all the way to the city of Limerick ; it sends off the estuary of the Fergus from its north side, and has a series of small harbours on both the north side and the south, particularly at Clare, Kildysert, the mouth of the Maig, the mouth of the Deel, Glynn, Tarbert, and Kilrush, between the city and the ocean ; it is navigable for river craft, partly up its own channel and partly by canal, from Limerick to KiUaloe ; it is navigated by steam-vessels from KiBaloe to Athlone, and by river craft from Athlone to Lough Allen ; and it comipands all the ramifications of inland navigation in the centre, east, and west, of Ireland, and is proposed to be connected also with the basin of the Erne, and thence with all the inland navigation of the north and north-east of Ireland. The Bunbeg and the Ennistymon rivers possess considerable volume ; bat the other streams of the west side of Clare are of no note.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

4. The River Bandon and Kinsale harbour

   Bandon · town · Cork

   The River Bandon washes the towns of Dunmanway, Enniskeen, Bandon, Innishannon, and Kinsale. It forms the fine, prolonged, estuarial harbour of Kinsale.

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   The Liffey is a stream of brilliant beauty, and acquires fame from washing and bisecting the metropolis ; it rises on very lofty ground among the northern Wicklow mountains, describes a singularly circuitous course, and drains large districts of counties Wicklow, Kildare, and Dublin, and a small portion of co. Meath ; it is navigable for sea-borne vessels to Carlisle Bridge in Dublin^ and for boats over a distance of 3^ miles; and its principal tributaries are the Poddle, the Bradogue, the Camoe, and the Rye into its own current, and the Tolka and the Dodder into its estuary, the upper part of the bay of Dublin. — The Bray river possesses an entire basin of magni* ficent, grand, and romantic landscape ; it drains a small part of co. Wicklow, and a smaller one of CO. Dublin, and is occasionally navigable over J of a mile to the town of Bray ; and its principal tributaries are the Enniskerry, the Powerscourt, and the Qlencree rivulets. — The Tartry drains the larger part of the north-eastern section of co. Wicklow, but is remarkable chiefly for the wild grandeur of a portion of its scenery. — The Ovoca is celebrated for the exquisite combination of power with beauty in its richly wooded motintain vale ; it drains the central and south-eastern districts of CO. Wicklow, and forms at its embouchure a very indifferent harbour for the town of Arklow ; and its principal tributaries, or rather head streams, are the Avonmore, the Avonbeg, and the Derry or Aughrim. — ^The Slaney drains considerable portions of counties Wicklow and Carlow, and about one-half of co. Wexford ; it is navigable by sea-borne vessels up its estuaoy to the town of Wexford, and by small vessels up its own stream to Enniscorthy ; and its principal tributaries are the Little Slaaiey, the Derreen, the Derry, the Low, the Boro, the Win, the Bann, and the Cloady. The chief of several rivnlets on the south of co. Wexford, is the Corug, to the head of Bannow Harbour. — The river Barrow, and its main tributary the Nore, drain a pendicle of co, Tipperary, a large part of King's co., very nearly the whole of Queen's co., large districts of coun-^ ties Kildare and Carlow, the larger part of co. Kilkenny, and a considerable part of co. Wexford ; their united stream is navigable by sea-borne vessels of large burden 4;o New Boss; the Barroir itself is tidal and naturally navigable to St. Malins, and navigable, with artificial aid, to Athy, whence it is connected by canal with Dublin^ and its principal tributaries an; the Ownass, the Feagile, the Little Barrow, the Douglas, the Fishoge, and the Burrin ; and the Kore is tidal ta Innistiogue, and navigable by boats to Thomastown, and has for its principal tributaries the King's river, the Dinane river, and the Ballyduff, Dobbin's Mill, Jerpoint, and Thomastown rivulets. — The 9uir drains very nearly the whole of co. Tipperary, a large part of co. Waterford and a considerable part of co. Kilkenny ; it is navigable for large sea-borne vessels to Waterford, and for river craft to Clonmel ; and its principal tributaries are the Black river, the Aherlow, the Far, the Nier, the Honour, the Linane, the Blackwater, and the Barrow. The rivulets of co. Waterfoard east of Dungarvan Harbour, the chief of which are the Maghan and the Tay, are neither long nor kirgc. The Colligan and the Brickey jointly form an estoarial harbour at Dungarvan. The Blackwater is one of the largest and most beautiful rivers of Ireland ; it drains small parts of counties Limerick and Kerry, a very large proportion of co. Cork, and a considerable proportion of CO. Wateiford ; it is navigable for barges 12 miles, or to the mouth of the Bride, and navigable for lighters, as well as tidal, 20 miles, or to Lismore Canal ; and its principal tributaries are the Allua, the Awbeg, the Funcheon, the Arraglin, the Ounashade, the Finisk, the Bride, and the Lickey. The Castlemartyr and the Fenis rivulets possess no consequence. The Middleton river, which enters the north-east comer of Cork Harbour, is navigable 3 miles from the East Ferry to the town of Middleton ; and it receives the waters of the Ballinasloe, the Lisgoold, the Gurtaerue, and the Dungoumey, The Lee drains a large part of co. Cork ; is navigable for large sea-borne vessels to Cork, 12 miles from the mouth of Cork Harbour, and for boats 2 miles above Cork ; and its principal tributaries are the Dripsey, the Perrot, the Bride, the Blarney, and the Glanmire. The Carrigaline river forms a small but snug estuarial harbour within the west side of Cork Harbour, The Bandon river washes the towns of Dunmanway, Enniskeen, Bandon, Innishannon, and Kin^* sale ; and forms the fine, prolonged, estuarial harbour of Kinsale ; and its tributaries are the Cahir, the Black Cascades, and the Blackwater. The Arigadeen river is tidal about 4 miles trojoti Courtmacsherry, and navigable for craft of 30 or 40 tons to Timoleague, about 3 miles above Courtmacsherry, The Hen washes Skibbereen, and forms the estuarial harbour of Baltimore ; ami is navigable for boats and tidal one mile above Skibbereen, and navigable for vessels of burden to within 3 miles of the town. The Roaring- Water, the Skull, and the Four-mile- Water, are all trifling, except in connection with their large estuaries. The Dunemark, the Moyalt, and ther Comhola, which flow into the head of Bantry bay, are small mountain rivers ; and the first has,, close to its mouth, a somewhat celebrated water&ll. The Ruaghty or Roughty, which flows into the head of the Kenmare estuary, is navigable for large hookers to Roughty Bridge ; and it receives the waters of the Aughberg and the Cleady. The Blackwater, on the noi*th side of the Kenmaso

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

5. The rocky 'Arabia Petraea' of north Clare

   near Clare · population centre · Clare

   A part of the north of Clare is described as a verdant plain encumbered with enormous blocks of naked rock, forming the 'Arabia Petraea' of Ireland.

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   The low or champaign country of Ireland can, to a very small extent, be regarded as a series of ▼alleys like the low surface of England, and still less as an alternation of vales with hiUs as in the low grounds of Sootloid ; but on the contrary, is for the most part either such an expanse of apparently dead level, or such a sheet of fitful undulations, or such a labyrinth of diluvial hills and winding hollows, that the stranger who scans it with the most practised eye is rarely able to conjecture the direction of any one prevailing declination. A very large proportion of the low country of Ulster, particularly in Down and Armagh, is such a continuous, vast, and mazy series of low, curved, fertile hills, cut into individual isolation by sinuous dells and dingles and mimic vales, that a Briton who travels among them during only a few hours begins to feel bewilderment with their close scenes of beauty ; a considerable proportion of the entire low grounds of the kingdom, particularly the corcasses of Clare and Limerick, " the golden vale " in Limerigk and Tipperary, and the great grazing district of Dublin and Meath, present the appearance of the most luxuriant steppe or prairie, cut into small sections and sprinkled with human dwellings ; another considerable or even large proportion, as the great district called the Bog of Allen, is a dismal level of brown bog, a horrible chaos of peat and morass, occasionally broken and relieved by edgings of wood and intervening tracts of fiat arable land ; another considerable proportion, as most of the county of Longford and of the great plain of Connaught, combines the characters or interweaves the texture of the grazing fiats and the level bogs ; a smaller proportion, as the remainder of the plain of Connaught and a part of the north of Clare, is a verdant plain profusely encumbered with enormous blocks of naked rock, and forming the '^ Arabia Pctrea" of Ireland; another smaller proportion, or most of the county of Cavan, presents a prevailingly low surface, broken and marred with the tilting up and the cropping out of rock, just as if it had in some degree been shaken and disturbed by an earthquake ; and multitudes of pendicles and tiny districts dispersed throughout the greater part of the otherwise level country, are sheets of horizontal strata lying upon horizontal carboniferous limestone, and tumulated with hillocky accumulations of limestone diluvium. ''The peculiar flatness of the interior of Ireland," observes Mr. GriflSth, ''has been the probable cause of those vast accumulations of alluvial matter, composed of clay and limestone gravel, which, in the form of low but steep ridges of hill, occur so abundantly throughout the middle districts, and which are generally known by the name of Eskcrs. These ridges of limestone gravel probably cfiginated at a period when the country was either wholly or partially submerged, from eddies formed by undulations in the surface. That the surface of the country was exposed to the action of rapid currents of water, is evidenced by the deep parallel scratches, sometimes amounting to lurrows, which may be frequently observed on the surface of solid rocks, when the diluvial soil has been removed. It is probable, also, that the gravel hills were rapidly deposited from water in violent action, from their frequently consisting of an intermixture of large masses of rock partially rounded, with small gravel, and even with clay and sand, The origin of those immense tracts of bog which are everywhere spread over the interior of the fiat country may also be attributed to the stagnant water pent up, as we now find it, above the level of the dry country, by gravel hills which form a continuous ridge, though not of equal height, round the bog edge,* Thus we find Eskers surrounding the several divisions of the great Bog of Allen, and the whole of the bogs contained in the valleys of the rivers 8hannon, Suck, Brusna, Camlin, Inny, and the Barrow, and of its several tributary streams. In many parts of Ireland, the study of the gravel hills becomes highly interesting and instructive, as throwing a light on the direction of the current of the waters. Thus in the county of Mayo, to the eastward of the town of Westport, the whole of the numerous gravel hills with which the country is studded are extremely narrow in a north and south direction, and very long in an east and west direction, having bluff fietces at the eastern extremity, and deep and lengthened valleys between them. This fact shows that, in this place, the direction of the current was westward towards Clew bay ; and it may be remarked that the whole of the limertone gravel islands in that bay partake of the appearance and character of inland gravel hills. In the northern part of the county of Mayo, near to Lough Conn and Killalla bay, the direction of the gravel hills is north and south, having their bluff heads to the south ; hence it msj be argued, that in the >'icinity this current took a northerly course."

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 13

6. Tidal navigation of the Shannon to Limerick

   Limerick · city · Limerick

   The river Shannon is tidal, deeply navigable, and estuariid all the way to the city of Limerick. It features a series of small harbours along both its northern and southern sides between the city and the ocean.

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   estuary, is a romantic mountain rivulet. The Currane and the Inny, which enter BallinaskelligB bay, and the Fartin, which flows into Valentia Harbour, are of small note. The Oarra or Tinganff, which enters the lower part of Castlemaine Harbour, descends from a grandly romantic glen, and traverses the powerfully picturesque lakes of Oarra. The Laune or Lane carries off the Buperfluent waters of the celebrated lakes of Killamey, and enters Castlemaine Harbour near its head ; and its principal tributaries are the Flesk and the Deanagh into the Lower Lake, and the Oiddagh, the Lishadan, and the Anagarry, into its own current. The Maine enters the head of Castlemaine Harbour, and is navigable from the Inch bar to the bridge of Castlemaine, a distance of about 12 miles; and its principal tributaries are the Fleskroe, the Aunahity, the Keelbredagh, and the Castle river. The Cashen river is formed by the Feale, the Gale, and the Brick ; it drains smaU parts of counties Limerick and Cork, and a large proportion of the north of co. Kerry ; it is tidal, and navigable for vessels of 10 tons, over a distance of 6 miles ; and the principal tributaries of its forming streams are the Shannaw into the Brick, and the Brenagh, the Owenbeg, the Ullahan, the UUa, and the Smearla, into the Feale. The river Shannon drains a small part of co. Cavan, a large part of co. Leitrim, very nearly the whole of co. Roscommon, very nearly the whole of co. Longford, a pendicle of co. Meath, a large part of co. Westmeath, the larger part of King^s co., a considerable part of co. Qalway, a large part of co. Tipperary, the greater part of co. Clare, very nearly the whole of co. Limerick, and a considerable part of co. Kerry ; its principal tributaries are the Arigna, the Foerus, the Boyle, the Owenure, and the Cronagh in Roscommon, the Clonard, the fiamlin, the Kenagh, and the Inny in Longford, the Suck between Roscommon and Oalway, the Blackwater and the Brosna in King^s co., the Little Brosna between King's co. and Tipperary, the BaUyshmel and the Rosmore in Qalway, the Borris-o*-kane, the Kenagh, and the Kilmastulla in Tipperary, the Scarriff, the Blackwater, the Ougamee, and the Fergus in Clare, and the Mulkem, the Groody, the Maig, the Deel, and the Ovan in Limerick ; it is tidal, deeply navigable, and in a certain sense estuariid, all the way to the city of Limerick ; it sends off the estuary of the Fergus from its north side, and has a series of small harbours on both the north side and the south, particularly at Clare, Kildysert, the mouth of the Maig, the mouth of the Deel, Glynn, Tarbert, and Kilrush, between the city and the ocean ; it is navigable for river craft, partly up its own channel and partly by canal, from Limerick to KiUaloe ; it is navigated by steam-vessels from KiBaloe to Athlone, and by river craft from Athlone to Lough Allen ; and it comipands all the ramifications of inland navigation in the centre, east, and west, of Ireland, and is proposed to be connected also with the basin of the Erne, and thence with all the inland navigation of the north and north-east of Ireland. The Bunbeg and the Ennistymon rivers possess considerable volume ; bat the other streams of the west side of Clare are of no note.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

7. Valentia Island and its harbour

   near Valencia Island · island or archipelago · Kerry

   Valentia Island measures 6.5 miles south-westward and 2.5 miles north-westward, screening the entire curved sound of Valentia Harbour. Its surface is diversified by the hills of Carramore, Carrabeg, and Fohilly, the last rising to 686 feet.

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   Great Island, 4^ miles in length ; Little Island, 2^ miles in length ; Foaty Island, 1^ mile in length ; Hawlboline Island, and Spike Island, lie within Cork Harbour. The Sovereign Islands are a mimic group across the mouth of Oyster haven. The Barrels are a little cluster of rocks in Courtmacsherry bay. A series of islets, the chief of which are Adam*8 Island, Squince Island, Low Island, High Island, Ragged Island, Skiddy Island, and Horse Island, closely flank the coast between Ross Harbour and Toe Head. The Stags of Castlehaven are a cluster of bold, beetling rocks, one mile south oif Toe Head. Kedge Island is a pendicle of insulated ground, 2 miles eastsouth-east of the entrance of Baltimore Harbour. Cape Clear Island, terminating 7 miles southwest of the entrance of Baltimore Harbour, measuring 3| miles south-westward, and possessing an extreme altitude of 436 feet above sea-level, forms — ^with the exception of the Fastnet Rock, 3^ miles south-west of it — ^the most southerly ground in Ireland, and is the point whence most vessels sailing out to the Atlantic take their leave of British soil. Sherkin Island is separated from the north-east end of Cape Clear Island by an islet-sprinkled sound of a mile in breadth, and extends 3^ miles in length north-north-eastward, so as to screen the west side of both the entrance and the interior of Baltimore Harbour. Within a straight line drawn due west from the middle of Sherkin Island to Mizen Head, lies a crowded archipelago, whose chief islands are Innismore 2^ miles in length, Innisbcg 1^ mile, Innisdriscol 1^ mile. Castle Island 1^ mile, Horse Island 1^ mile. Long Island 2| miles. East Calf, Mid Calf, West Calf, Mutton Island, Scheme Island, Carty's Island, Moan Island, Coney Island, and Goat Island. The chief of a number of islets sprinkled athwart Dunmanus bay, are Mannin, Owen, Bulge, Cold, Carbery, Furze, Horse, Leek, and Bird Islands. Bere Island, 6 miles in length in the direction of east by north, and possessing an extreme altitude of 6d4 feet above sea-level, lies within Bantry bay 5 miles north of Sheep*s Head, and screens the whole of the curved sound of from half-a-mile to a mile in breadth, which constitutes the noble harbour of Berehaven. Whiddy Island, extending 3^ miles in length northeastward, lies 1^ mile west of the town of Bantry, and screens the whole of the west side of Bantry Harbour or anchoring ground. The islands in Bantry bay, additional to Berc and Whiddy, arc all small ; and the chief of them bear the names of Garrinish, Stuke, Horse, and Sheelhane Islands. The Grelogh Rocks and the Leek Rock lie respectively 4^ miles south and 9^ south-west of Crow Head. Dursey Island measures 4 miles in leo^h south-westward, and is separated by a narrow sound from Crow Head and the adjacent parts of the peninsula which that promontory terminates; The three islets called the Calf, the Cow, and the Bull, lie respectively IJ mile south by west, Ij mile west, and 2^ miles west of Dursey Island ; and the Cow is 1^ mile distant from the Calf, and the Bull 1 mile from the Cow. The principal islands in the Kenmare estuary, within a line drawn from the north end of Dursey Island to Lamb Head, are Rossmore, Dunkerrin, Cappancush, Sheep, Pigeon, and Green Island, and Illansloe, lUansharkey, Inniskellig, Illanleagh, Illanrane, Illanslane, and Inishfinard ; and the first and second of these — Rossmore and Dunkerrin — measure respectively 1^ mile and 1 mile in length. Two Head Island, 1 mile in length, lies half-a-mile south-west of Lamb Head. Hog and Scara Islands lie respectively 2| miles south and 3^ south by west of Hog Head. Horse Island, a mere dot of land, yet of some local note, lies close to the west side of Ballinaskelligs bay. The Great Skellig and the Little SkelHg Rocks — the former soaring to an altitude of 707 feet above sea-level, and both possessing a character of singular power and wildness — ^lie respectively 8} miles west by south and 7^ due west of Bolus Head. The Lemon Rock lies 2{ miles north-east of Little Skellig, and 4} miles west-north-west half-west of Bolus Head. Puffin Island, Ij mile in length south-westward, screens the west side of St. Finnan*s bay, and approaches within about ^ of a mile of the mainland. Valentia Island measures 6h miles south-westward, and 2^ miles north-westward, screens the whole of the curved sound of Valentia Harbour, and is diversified in its surface by the hills of Carramore, Carrabeg, and Fohilly, the last of which has an altitude of 686 feet above sea-level. The islets called Long Island and Church Island lie at the south entrance to Valentia Harbour ; and Innisbeg and Lamb Island — the former upwards of a mile in length — ^lie within the north entrance. The Blasquet Islands — consisting of Inishtuiskero, Inishbeg, the Great Blasquet, Tiraght, Inishnubro, Inishmakillaan, the Foze Rock, and a number of skerries — ^lie from 1 mile to 10 miles seaward of Dunmore Head, chiefly in the direction of south-west ; and the Great Blasquet, by much the largest island of the group, measures 3^ miles in length. A sprinkling of islets and rocks, the principal of which are Illanemeil, Illanamoyne, and Garrah Island, lie nearly under a straight line between Brandon Head and Kerry Head ; and the Mucklagh Rock and Samphire Island lie respectively in Ballyheigue bay and Tralee bay. The principal islands within the estuary of the Shannon arc Innispike,

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 8

8. Water communications linking Armagh to Belfast, Newry, and Enniskillen

   near Lough Neagh · lake or lakes · Antrim

   County Armagh maintained water communication with Belfast via the Bann and Lagan navigation, with Newry and Carlingford Bay via the Newry navigation, with Enniskillen and Lough Erne via the Ulster canal, and with parts of Tyrone, Londonderry, and Antrim via Lough Neagh.

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   Communications.'] — The roads of the county are in general good and well kept; and they are so abundantly, minutely, and intncately ramified as to be describable only by means of a road map. One principal line runs parallel with the Newry canal, and forks toward Lurgan and Portadown; good roads connect all the towns and large villages ; and principal roads radiate from Armagh toward Dungannon, Moy, Lurgan, Tanderagee, Acton, Newry, Dundalk, Castleblaney, Keady, and Tynan, and pass away, in most instances, to large towns or sea- ports at a distance. Water-communication is maintained with Belfast and its bay through the Bann and the Lagan navigation; witn Newry town and Carling. ford bay, by the Newry navigation ; with Enniskillen and all the ramifications of Lough Erne, by the Ulster canal; and with part of Tyrone, and the interior shores of Londonderry and Antrim, by the far-spreading expanse of Lough Neagh. — The railway Commissioners projected a line of railway to -xmnect Armagh and Dublin, and were anticipated by joint-stock companies or private parties in the projection and survey of other lines traversing or immediately aifectiiig the county. A line from Belfast to Armagh was sanctioned by parliament previous to the Commissioners' appointment ; and, at the close of 1841, it was open from Belfast to Lurgan. A line was surveyed to deflect from the former at Portadown, run parallel to the Newry canal, and join at Newry a coast-line tbence by Dundalk to the northern terminus of the Dublin and Drogheda railway. Another line, quite independent of thb, was surveyed to connect Armagh with Dublin by way of Castleblaney and Ardee, and across the Boyne nearly midway between Drogbeda and Navan. A line was surveyed also to run northward from Armagh, and connect it along the western shore of Lough Neagh, and by way of Coleraine. with Portrush on the north coast of Antrim. The Commissioners' own line passes through the towns of Navan in Meath, and Carrickmacross and Castleblaney on the east border of Monaghan, and sends off, at the first of these, a branch toward Enniskiilen. The Commissioners calculate that, including intermediate stages, the number of passengers daily, in one direction, on the Armagh and Dublin line, will be 7,481 ; and on the Armagh and Belfast line, 4,213.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 130

9. Western mountains of Clare

   Burren · townland · Clare

   The western mountains of Clare, situated between the Fergus valley and the Atlantic in the baronies of Corcomroe and Burren, consist mostly of higher moorish ground. They are never more than 16.5 miles from the sea and include notable summits like Slievecallan and the Slieve-Elva mountains.

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   The western mountains of Clare, or those situated between the valley of the Fergus and the Atlantic, and in the baronies of Corcomroe and Burren, include a few considerable summits, but consist for the most part of simply the higher grounds of a sort of moorish tableau ; they are, in no instance, farther than 16^ miles from the sea ; and their principal summits are a height of 554 feet in the parish of Eilmichael, a height of 700 in Eilmurry, Enocknaboley 701, a height of 425 in Eildysert, two heights of 500 and 699 in Clondagad, two heights of 669 and 672 in Eilmaley, Slievecallan 1,282, two heights of 661 and 843 in Eilfarboy, two heights of 487 and 493 in Inagh, a height of 485 in Eilmanaheen, a height of 510 in Eilmacrehy, Slievebeg 525, two heights of 635 and 920 in Rathbomey, the Slieve-Elva mountains 1,134, 1,109, and 1,004, two heights of 562 and 678 in Eillilagh, Turlough Hill 945, Cappanavalla 1,023, a height of 821 in Eillonaghan, two heights of 1,044 and 647 in Gleninagh, Moneen mountain 862, and a height of 1,008 in Oughtmana. The Sliove-Bamagh mountains, or south-eastern mountains of Clare, are a wholly interior congeries, at the distance of from 30 to 40 miles from the sea, and situated between the Ougamee and the Shannon ; and their principal summits are two heights of 566 and 1,010 in the parish of Eilfinaghta, Enockaphunta 843, a height of 1,018 in Eilseily, Enockglass 541, Cragnamurragh 1,729, Glennagalliagh in Eillokennedy 1,458, Glennagalliagh in Eillaloe 1,746, Enocknalecka 818, a height of 1,019 in Ogonelloe, and a height of 1,353 in Eillaloe. The Slieve-Baughta Mountains are separated from the preceding congeries only by the valley of Scarriff; they extend about 17 miles north-north-eastward, so as to form a screen to the greater part of Lough Derg ; they are situated at the distance of from 12 to 24^ miles from the head of Qalway bay ; and their principal summits are two heights of 829 and 990 in the parish of Inchicronan, four heights of 1,064, 533, 755, and 308 in Tullagh, five heights of 1,312, 448, 569, 724, and 992 in Feakle, three heights of 765, 1,126, and 1,028 in Moynoe, a height of 944 in Tomgraney, a height of 977 in Eilthomas, three heights of 1,060, 1,207, and 799 in Eilleenadeema, the Scalp 1,074, three heights of 692, 602, and 562 in Ballinakill, a height of 655 in Inniscalthra, and a height of 407 in Eilbeaconty. The Cunnemara mountains occupy the greater part of the area between Lough Corrib and the sea, and between Galway bay and Eillery Harbour ; their remotest summit is 20^ miles distant from the sea ; their principal summits within the barony of MoycuUen, or in the south, are Booroughauu Hill 541 feet, Eeeraun-Duff Hill 420, Enockaunanilra 627, two heights of 737 and 1,138 in the parish of Eilcommon, and a height of 633 in Eillanin; the principal summits on the mutual boundary of the baronies of Ross and Ballinahinch are four of 2,128, 2,307, 2,193, and 1,536 feet ; the principal summits within the barony of Ross, or in the north-east, are Bunnocuneen 1,902, Devil's Mother 2,131, five heights of 1,370, 1,230, 2,218, 2,052, and 1,383 in the parish of Ross, and a height of 1,697 in the parish of Ballinrobe ; and the principal summits within the barony of Ballinahinch, or in the centre and the north-west, are Bencullagh 2,084, Benbawn 2,395, Bencorr 2,336, Benlettery 1,904, Garraun 1,973, a height of 1,172 in the parish of Ballinakill, a height of 700 in Oraey, and five heights of 987, 428, 1,024, 1,164, and 741 in Moyrus. The southern mountains of Mayo, or those of Murrisk and Slieve-Partree, are partly situated between Eillery Harbour and Clew bay, and extend 21 miles eastward from the Atlantic ; and their principal summits are Benbury 2,610 feet, Muikea 2,682, Bengorm 2,224, BengorriflT 2,039, Farmnamore 2,210, a height 3 miles north-east of Farmnamore 1,694, Toneysall 1,270, Slieve-Bohaun 1,294, Curveigh 704, Slieve-Mahanagh 785, Bohen 723, Oughty 1,104, Croaghpatrick 2,510, Enockfoda 957, Enockakishaun 1,286, and Corvockbrack 1,287. The north-western mountains of Mayo are bounded on the south by Clew bay, and on the east by Lough Conn and the lower valley of the Moy ; they occupy a space of nearly 26 miles by 28, yet are in no instance further than 14 miles from either the open ocean or some great inlet of it ; and their principal summits are Enockletteragh 1,509 fieet, a height 2| miles south of Enockletteragh 1,766, Benmore 791, Slieveglory 937, Enocknatintree 1,646, Cushcancurragh 2,262, Slieveturk 1,322, Nephinbeg 2,012, Slievealp 1,084, Slievecar 2,368, Croghan 802, Enocklettercass 1,208, Buckogh 1,922, Berreencorrough 2,295, Laplagh 462, Enockmore 1,259, Spinkanilra 1,290, a height 3 miles north-east of Spinkanilra 1,655, a height 2 miles north-north-east of Spinkanilra 420, Nephin 2,646, Enockshandrim 430, Trista Hill 430, Slievemore 439, Glenoastle Hill 760, Gortmore 790, Enocknalower 613, Cubbin 876, Garraphuill 891, a height 5 miles north-east of Garraphuill 1,092, Clinsk 1,002, Tannymore 1,117, Glencolry 1,155, Maumakeogh 1,243, Eeadochmeel 776, Enocknadurave 667, a height 3 miles south of Enocknadurave 661, Aughaleague 786, and Enockbohe 472. Slievecama, an isolated height, 20 miles due east of the middle of the head of Clew bay, has an altitude of 855 feet. A small interior range commences 10]^ miles east-north-east of Slievecama, extends 12^ miles east by northward to the vicinity of Lough Cara, is situated at the mean distance of 23 miles from the northigcoast, and has

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 18

10. Athlone town: irregular streets and castle mound

    Athlone · town · Westmeath

    The Connaught division of Athlone comprised ten streets and fifteen lanes so irregular they blended into each other. The castle stood perfectly insulated on a lofty mound, with the two leading ways running one on each side of it, while narrow lanes of cabins clustered below along the river.

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    General Description.'] — The town, especially when viewed in connection with its size and importance, not only disappoints all travellers, but disgusts some, and astonishes others. To describe it with fidelity, yet without apparent invidiousness or prejudice, is so nearly impossible, that we gladly allow the chief part of the task to be performed by Mr. Weld. ** Dr. Strean,*' says he, " enumerates m the Connaught part of Athlone ten streets and fifteen lanes ; but these are so irregular, and so blended into each other, that it is difficult to pronounce, in many instances, where they begin or end. On passing into tbe Connaught town from the bridge, ana advancing straight forward, a considerable flat space, nearlv on a level, first appears, on one side of Mrhkn alone to the south there are houses, whilst the other is occupied by the lofty walls which sustain the castle mound. In this open space a weekly market b held, and it is rarely destitute of stalls during any of the intervening days ; but the principal meat-market, which is well provided with sluimbles, is situated within an enclosure on the banks of the river, in the lower part of the town. A passage opens ^om it to the water, a circumstance highly conducive to neatness and cleanliness, and which can leave no valid grounds of excuse for their non-observance. The houses which front to the open space below the castle walls contain the principal shops on that side of the river." '* On the low ground behind this place, the streets are obscure, and bounded in great part by the lofty walls of thenlistilleries, tanneries, ' &c. The whole of the Connaught division of the town " may be considered as consisting of two parts, the one extending along the flats, nearly on a level with the bridge, the other covering the hill above the castle, and these are connected by various winding irregular streets along the slope. The two leading ways run one on each side of the castle, which stands perfectly insulated. Along that nearest the river, there

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 142

11. Best limestone in Ireland near Carlow

    Carlow · townland · Carlow

    The River Barrow forms a remarkable division of soil, with abundant limestone found to its west while none is found in Wexford or Wicklow. The best limestone in Ireland is generally believed to be found in the neighbourhood of Carlow.

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    *^ In Ireland,** says Mr. Wakefield, " there is not much land sufficiently light, though abundance of it is luxuriant enough, to be what is known in England under the name of ' turnip lands.* A vein of it, however, may be seen partly in Tipperary, and partly in the King*s county, west of Roscrca, where I found turnips universally growing, though the soil is much inferior to that of our best turnip land. In many of the mountains I have observed that the calcareous soil does not extend to the top, though the sunmiits of some produce rich clover. It is found also in patches on the mountains. Such spots afford great room for improvement. One of the most remarkable divisions of soil is that formed by the Barrow. To the west of that river limestone is met with in abundance, while it is nowhere to be found throughout the counties of Wexford and Wicklow. The best limestone in Ireland is obtained in the neighbourhood of Carlow, at lea^t such is the general opinion : but it is not improbable that if some of the marbles were analyzed, they would prove to be not in the least inferior to it. On the other hand, in the county of Waterford, there is no limestone east of the Blackwater ; so that there is a border of country extending from Dublin, through Wicklow, Wexford, and Waterford, entirely without it. Land, with a calcareous substratum, l^ by ao means adapted in all cases to tillage ; and Mr. Tighe*s remarks on this subject in regard to Kilkenny, may be applied to Ireland. ' The ground that skirts the western bank of the Kore below Kilkenny/ ^vs this sagacious observer* 'is of a poor quality, consisting of a hungry clay loam, lying immodiately over a bed of limestone. In general, the nearer the limestone comes to the surface the poorer the soil ; but this bank of the river, as well as the opposite, seems admirably calculated by nature to form the best kind of sheep walks ; where they are permitted, they produce close and green herbage, are extremely dry, and tend by nature to produce white clover and wild bumet, but give miserable crops of com.* Independently of the caucasses [corcasses], the richest soil in Irdand is to be found in the counties of Tipperary, Limerick, Roscommon, Longford, and Meath. In Longford there is a &rm called Qranard-Kill which produced eight crops of potatoes without manure. Some parts of the county of Cork are unoonmionly fertile, and, upon the whole, Ireland may be considered as affording land of an excellent quality, though I am by no means prepared to go the length of many writers, who assert that it is decidedly, acre per acre, richer than Kngland.** But though the aggregate allodial wealth of Ireland is seriously depreciated by the country*s great extent of waste bog, moorish uplands, and irreclaimable mountain, the cultivated land must unquestionably be regarded, and seems to be so even by Mr. Wakefield himself, as aggregately far superior, in its own substance, to that of England, sad even as scarcely less productive in spite of its enormous amount of maltreatment. All the loams or calcareous soils seem to be indestructible ; so that, when let alone after the most frightful scourging and utter exhaustion, they speedily recover tone, and dothe themselves with the finest herbage. " The exuberant fertility of the soil of Ireland," says Mr. Curwen, " rabies the husbandman to proceed in a manner which, if pursued in England, would long ago have made that garden a deeert. A century ago. Swift complained of the ruinous custom of overcropping : in later times, it haa been carried to an extent far exceeding the practice of his days ; and though still persisted to, there is no deficiency of produce.**

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 25

12. Flora growing on the old walls of Derry

    near Derry · city · Derry

    The ancient city walls of Derry are covered in common pellitory of the wall, and the common plane tree also grows naturally on them. This observation links the historic fortifications with the local botanical landscape.

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    The plants which the officers of the Ordnance Survey thought most worthy of notice in the large parish of Templemore — ^the parish which contains the city of Londonderry, and which may be regarded as a fair specimen of a large part of counties Londonderry and Done^ — ^were, alisma ranunculoides, lesser water plantain, in boggy ground beside the Foyle ; sparganium simplex and sparganium natans, unbranohed and floating bur-reed, in Ballyemet lake ; blysmus rufus, narrowleaved blysmus, at the side of the Foyle near Brook Hall ; rhynchospora alba, white beak rush, in a bog at Culmore Point ; iris foetidissima, stinking iris, on banks at Culmore Point ; circssa lutetiana, common enchanter's nightshade, in bushy places beside the Foyle ; utricularia vulgaris and utricularia minor, the greater and the lesser bladderwort, in holes in the race-course bog ; pinguicula vulgaris, common butterwort, on moist banks on the side of the Foyle ; erythrsea oentaurium, common centaury, at the side of the Foyle ; samolus valeraudi, water pimpernel, at the side of the Foyle ; drosera rotundifolia, drosera longifolia, and drosera Anglica, round-leaved, longleaved, and great sundew, in the bay at Culmore ; solanum dulcamara, woody nightshade, on the walls of Londonderry ; oeiuinthe crocata, hemlock water dropwort, abundant at the side of the Foyle from Culmore to Pennybum ; slum latifolium, broad-leaved water parsnip, in a marsh near Culmore Point ; rosa tomentosa, downy-leaved rose, in many places ; rubus cscsius, dewberry, on the banks of the Foyle above Londonderry ; rubus Kochleri, Kochleri's bramble, on the banks of the Foyle ^bove Londonderry ; rubus rhamnifolius, buckthorn-leaved bramble ; nuphar lutea, and nymphsea alba, yellow water lily, and great white water lily, in Ballyemet lake ; galeopsis versicolor, large flowered hemp nettle, in Killea ; cnicus pratensis, meadow plume thistle, in meadows in KiUea ; and ceratophyllum demersum, common homwort, in a marsh by the side of the Foyle above Londonderry. The more common plants, on the muddy shore from Culmore Point to Londonderry, are eleochaiis palustris, creeping spikerush ; juncus compressus,round-friLited rush ; glauxmaritima, sea milkwort ; statice armoria, sea gilliflower ; cochlearia officinalis, common scurvy grass ; cochlearia Anglica, English scurvy-grass ; and zostera marina, common grass rack. *' Kear the bridge of Derry, where the last plant becomes scarce, large patches of sarpus maritimus or salt marsh clubrush occur, which, with the others, spreads to the extremity of the county. Along the dry banks in Termonbacca, the lithospermum officinale, or conmion gromwell, which is not general in this county, is very abundant, together with a flesh-coloured variety of the convolvulus sepium or conmion bindweed, — a variety of that genus which does not seem to have been hitherto noticed in Britain, and only in one place in Ireland, viz., the island of Boffin or Inishboffin in the county of Galway." '^The old walls of Derry are in many places literally covered with the common parietaria officinalis, or pellitory of the wall : the acer pseudo-platanus, or common plane tree, abo grows naturally on them." '^ The grasses and other plants of which the natural meadows are chiefly composed, are, the agrostis alba, or florin or marsh bent grass ; cynosurus cristatus, or crested dog's tail grass ; holcus mollis, or soft grass ; aiia coespitosa, or turiy hair grass ; and, in wet ground, the juncus efiusus, or soft rush ; juncus conglomeratus, or common rush ; and juncus acutiflorus, or sharpflowered jointed rush. The average produce of these meadows is generally rated at 2^ tons the Cunningham acre. The aiopecurus pratensis, or meadow fox tail grass, and the bromus mollis, or soft brome grass, are also very common in the neighbourhood of Derry. The mountain pasture is generally poor. The most abundant plant on the top of Sherifi*s mountain, (552 feet in height,) is the calluna vulgaris, or ling or common heath. The pasture grasses ; — ^the festuca ovina, or sheep's fescue grass ; agrosstis vulgaris, or fine bent grass ; anthoxanthum oderatum, or sweet-scented vernal grass ; and the nardus stricta, or mat grass The following plants likewise are abundant : — eleocharis coespitosa, or scaly stalked spike rush ; and the juncus squarrosus, or heath rush. The productions of Creevagh UiU and of all the mossy ground in that neighbourhood, are similar, with

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 24

13. Mayo green acres among lowest valued in Ireland

    Mayo · parish · Mayo

    Green or cultivated acres in Mayo averaged only about £1 6s. per Irish acre, among the lowest land values in Ireland, contrasting sharply with Limerick's pasture land.

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    " The tenure of landed property in Ireland differs, in one respect, very considerably from that by which land is held in Englaud ; for, with but two exceptions, there arc no manorial rights in Ireland. The income of estates varies very much — from the lowest value to upwards of £100,000 per annum. There are several estates of upwards of 60,000 acres. It was formerly a common practice, to grant leases for ever, or for 999 years, or renewable for lives on a payment of a certain fine. Hence the property of very extensive estates at present, is vested in those who receive very little rent from them. In Ireland landlords never erect buildings on their estates, nor expend any thing in repairs ; and the leases, in general, contain very few clauses. Six months credit is generally given on the rents, which renders the tenant very dependent on the landlord. In many leases the tenant is bound, besides paying his rent, to labour for his landlord at an inferior rate of wages. The system of what are called * middle men,' prevails very much in Ireland : these are persons who rent land from the proprietors, and let them again to the real occupiers. Sometimes there are several renters between the landlord and the occupier ; and the latter is answerable, not only for the rent to the person under whom he directly holds, but also for the rent due by each renter to the person above him, and by the first renter to the proprietor. This system arises from the poverty of the Irish farmers in general ; but it evidently not only proceeds from poverty, but tends to increase it. The leases commonly granted, are 61 years and lives — 31 years and lives — 31 years — 21 years and lives — and 21 years. In some counties, according to Mr. Wakefield, the green, or cultivated acres, average from £2 lOs. to £^ 88. ; the latter is the case with the pasture land of Limerick, whereas the green acres in Mayo and Fermanagh do not average above £l 6»^ OT £1 7s. Id. Irish money per Irish acre. In some parts of Ireland the value of estates is at 30 years' purchase ; in general it does not exceed 20 ; and in some places it is not more than 16 or 18.*'

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 26

14. Rare bindweed variety on Inishbofin

    near Inishbofin · parish · Galway

    A flesh-coloured variety of the common bindweed was noted on the island of Inishbofin in County Galway. This specific variety had not previously been noticed in Britain and was found in only one place in Ireland.

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    The plants which the officers of the Ordnance Survey thought most worthy of notice in the large parish of Templemore — ^the parish which contains the city of Londonderry, and which may be regarded as a fair specimen of a large part of counties Londonderry and Done^ — ^were, alisma ranunculoides, lesser water plantain, in boggy ground beside the Foyle ; sparganium simplex and sparganium natans, unbranohed and floating bur-reed, in Ballyemet lake ; blysmus rufus, narrowleaved blysmus, at the side of the Foyle near Brook Hall ; rhynchospora alba, white beak rush, in a bog at Culmore Point ; iris foetidissima, stinking iris, on banks at Culmore Point ; circssa lutetiana, common enchanter's nightshade, in bushy places beside the Foyle ; utricularia vulgaris and utricularia minor, the greater and the lesser bladderwort, in holes in the race-course bog ; pinguicula vulgaris, common butterwort, on moist banks on the side of the Foyle ; erythrsea oentaurium, common centaury, at the side of the Foyle ; samolus valeraudi, water pimpernel, at the side of the Foyle ; drosera rotundifolia, drosera longifolia, and drosera Anglica, round-leaved, longleaved, and great sundew, in the bay at Culmore ; solanum dulcamara, woody nightshade, on the walls of Londonderry ; oeiuinthe crocata, hemlock water dropwort, abundant at the side of the Foyle from Culmore to Pennybum ; slum latifolium, broad-leaved water parsnip, in a marsh near Culmore Point ; rosa tomentosa, downy-leaved rose, in many places ; rubus cscsius, dewberry, on the banks of the Foyle above Londonderry ; rubus Kochleri, Kochleri's bramble, on the banks of the Foyle ^bove Londonderry ; rubus rhamnifolius, buckthorn-leaved bramble ; nuphar lutea, and nymphsea alba, yellow water lily, and great white water lily, in Ballyemet lake ; galeopsis versicolor, large flowered hemp nettle, in Killea ; cnicus pratensis, meadow plume thistle, in meadows in KiUea ; and ceratophyllum demersum, common homwort, in a marsh by the side of the Foyle above Londonderry. The more common plants, on the muddy shore from Culmore Point to Londonderry, are eleochaiis palustris, creeping spikerush ; juncus compressus,round-friLited rush ; glauxmaritima, sea milkwort ; statice armoria, sea gilliflower ; cochlearia officinalis, common scurvy grass ; cochlearia Anglica, English scurvy-grass ; and zostera marina, common grass rack. *' Kear the bridge of Derry, where the last plant becomes scarce, large patches of sarpus maritimus or salt marsh clubrush occur, which, with the others, spreads to the extremity of the county. Along the dry banks in Termonbacca, the lithospermum officinale, or conmion gromwell, which is not general in this county, is very abundant, together with a flesh-coloured variety of the convolvulus sepium or conmion bindweed, — a variety of that genus which does not seem to have been hitherto noticed in Britain, and only in one place in Ireland, viz., the island of Boffin or Inishboffin in the county of Galway." '^The old walls of Derry are in many places literally covered with the common parietaria officinalis, or pellitory of the wall : the acer pseudo-platanus, or common plane tree, abo grows naturally on them." '^ The grasses and other plants of which the natural meadows are chiefly composed, are, the agrostis alba, or florin or marsh bent grass ; cynosurus cristatus, or crested dog's tail grass ; holcus mollis, or soft grass ; aiia coespitosa, or turiy hair grass ; and, in wet ground, the juncus efiusus, or soft rush ; juncus conglomeratus, or common rush ; and juncus acutiflorus, or sharpflowered jointed rush. The average produce of these meadows is generally rated at 2^ tons the Cunningham acre. The aiopecurus pratensis, or meadow fox tail grass, and the bromus mollis, or soft brome grass, are also very common in the neighbourhood of Derry. The mountain pasture is generally poor. The most abundant plant on the top of Sherifi*s mountain, (552 feet in height,) is the calluna vulgaris, or ling or common heath. The pasture grasses ; — ^the festuca ovina, or sheep's fescue grass ; agrosstis vulgaris, or fine bent grass ; anthoxanthum oderatum, or sweet-scented vernal grass ; and the nardus stricta, or mat grass The following plants likewise are abundant : — eleocharis coespitosa, or scaly stalked spike rush ; and the juncus squarrosus, or heath rush. The productions of Creevagh UiU and of all the mossy ground in that neighbourhood, are similar, with

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 24

15. Aghmacart: 6th-century monastery and Augustinian priory ruins

    Aghmacart · townland · Laois · 500–600

    A religious establishment was founded in Aghmacart parish about the middle of the 6th century by St. Tighernac. A priory for Augustinian canons was afterwards built on the site, the ruins of which still exist.

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    AUGHMACART, Acghamacart, or Agrxa- CART, a parish in the barony of Clarmallagh, Queen'i CO., 4| miles south-west of Castle- Durrow, I^inster. Area, 9,601 acres. Pop., in 1831, 3,373; in 1841, 3,667. Houses 585. A portion of the surface ia mountainous and wa^te ; but the greater part is fertile land in tolerable cultivation. The highest ground is a summit in the south, whose altitude a1)ove sea-level is 914 feet. The Erkinagh, a con* sidereble aflluent of the Nore, drains the sur&ce in a north-easterly direction. The principal residences are Philipsborough, Lo<Igefield, BelmoDi, Oldfield, Prospert, Brooklawn, Aghmacart, and Edmundsbury. Belmont, though a small, is m rtry handsome demesne; and the house, which is weft planned and extremely neat, commands a pleasing view of minute objects on the foreground, and m range of mountains in the perspective. A religious establishment is said to have been founded in the parish, about the middle of the 6th century, by 8t. Tighernac; and a priory for Augustinian canons, tiie niins of which bttll exist, was afterwurdi built upo»

    AUG

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 146

16. Andalusite at Djouce Mountain

    near Djouce Mountain · mountain or mountain range · Wicklow

    Andalusite occurs in the micaceous schist of Djouce Mountain in Wicklow, accompanied by a crystallized mineral similar to indurated talc.

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    becomes evident that the bottom of the tertiary deposit must be at least 164 feet below the lerel of the sea. The clay district of Lough Neagh is similar to the potter's clay district of Bohvey, in Devonshire ; and pits have been opened in many parts for the purpose of raising pipe day ; but hitherto no beds of a pure white colour have been discovered, at least none which preeerre their white colour when exposed to the heat of the potter's baking furnace ; but there can be no doubt, if proper trials were made in different parts of the district, that pure white potter's clay would be discovered. Potter's clay, similar to that of Lough Neagh, occurs in a valley resting on the carboniferous limestone situated to the south-east of Cahir, in the county of Tipperary ; and many years since, considerable quantities of clay were raised, and exported from thence to the potteries of England. White clay also occurs in a similar position, resting on limestone near St. John's Point, and other localities on the western bank of Lough Ree, in the county of Roscommon." Yesuvian, though of not well developed crystal, has been found at Kilranelagh, in a rock composed of common garnet, quartz, and felspar. Grenalite occurs in a micaceous compound, in the lead mines of Wicklow. The precious beryl has been found embedded in granite near Loughs Bray in CO. Wicklow. Cronebane has been found in the mountains of Wicklow and Dublin. Andalusite occurs in the micaceous schist of Djouce mountain in Wicklow. A mineral nearly allied to andalusite has been found in great abundance at Killincy in co. Dublin. A crystallized mineral of characters very similar to those of indurated talc, accompanies the andalusite of Djouce mountain. Hollow spar, in very distinct specimens, has been found at and near Baltinglass in co. Wicklow. Pitch-stone, traversing granite, occurs near Newry in co. Down. Granular sulphate of baryies, mcoompanied by iron pyrites, has been found on the shore near Clonakilty in co. Cork. Wavellite, Tery similar in its external character and in its analysis to the wavellite of Devonshire, as described bj Sir Humphrey Davy, has been found about 10 miles south-east of the city of Cork. Jaspers of Tarious sizes have been discovered in yellow clay, a few feet below the surface, near the southern extremity of the granite district in co. Kilkenny. Amethysts have been found in the cliffs in the Tidnity of Kerry Head. Transparent crystals, popularly known as Kerry stones, and harder, larger, and more brilliant than Bristol stones, are comparatively abundant in various parts of Kerry. Gold was for several years obtained in rather large quantity on the mountain of Croghan- Kinshela in co. Wicklow. Silver appears to have been obtained in considerable quantities, previous to the Carlist wars of the 17th century, in the lead mines of Antrim, Sligo, and Tipperary. Copper is found at Ross Island in the lower lake of KiUarney ; at Muckross, on the shores of that lake ; at Cronebane and Ballymurtagh in co. Wicklow ; and in some parts of counties Cork, Clare, Mcath, Waterford, and Dublin. Lead occurs near Enniscorthy in co. Wexford ; at Derrynoose in co. Armagh ; near Glendalough in co. Wicklow ; near the city of Dublin ; and in parts of counties Sligo, Antrim, Tipperary, and Donegal Iron ores are plentiful in various parts of Ireland ; and, in the 17th century, they were worked in a number of districts till the circumjacent timber available for smdting was exhausted. The grey ore of manganese has been found in the peninsula of Howth, in various parts of co. Kilkenny, in the Mayo mountains of Glanmore, and in several other counties. Cobalt accompanies the copper of Muckross in co. Kerry ; and a variety of the earth black cobalt ore of Werner, has been found in the peninsula of Howth. Tin stone occurs in Croghanym«h<>U in CO. Wicklow. Porcelain earth, equal in purity to the china clay of Cornwall, has been found in the south-west of co. Wicklow. Mineral springs, chiefly chalybeate, occur in almost every county ; and those most in repute, as the resorts of invalids, are the spa of Ballyspellan near Urlingford in co. Kilkenny, the spa of Lucan near Dublin, the spa of Swanlinbar in co. Cavan, and the spa of Mallow in co. Cork.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

17. Ardagh church, Co. Cork, of unknown age

    near Ardagh · street · Cork

    The parish church at Ardagh in Co. Cork is so old that neither its date nor cost of construction is known. The parish lies on the eastern border of the barony of Imokilly, 4.5 miles north-north-west of Youghal.

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    ARDAGH, a parish on the eastern border of the baronv of Imokilly, 4^ miles north-north -west of Youghal, CO. Cork, Munster. Length, 4 miles ; breadth, nearly 3^ ; area, 7,800 acres. Pop., in 1831, 2.668; in 1841, 2,552. Houses 398. The river Toong runs southward and eastward through the centre, on its way to the Blackwater. Whitebog, the only moss, is an excellent turbary. Nearly onehalf of the land can be tilled or disposed in mea^Iow, and the remainder is upland, heathy, and pastoral. Limestone and sea-manure are so near, cheap, and abundant, as greatlv to facilitate improvement. The road from Youghal to Fermoy crosses a southern wing of the interior. — This parish is a rectory and a separate benefice in the dio. of Cloyne. Tithe composition, £600. Gross income^ ^607; nett, £534 18s. 9d. Patron, the Crown. The church is so old that neither date nor cost is known. Sittings 80 ; attendance 6. The Roman Catholic chapel is attended by from 1,400 to 1,800; and has two officiates, who officiate also at Killeagh. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 14, and the Roman Catholics to 2,747; and 3 daily schools, — one of which was aided with £2 Ids. from Lord Ponsonby, and another with £5 from that nobleman, and £8 from the National Board — had on their books 137 boys and 73 girls. In 1840, the National Board salaried a school at Inch with £8, and one at Park with £6; and granted £87 1 38. 4d. toward the building and fitting up of a boys' school and a girls' school at Inch.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 121

18. Ardmayle mansions and church

    Ardmayle · townland · Tipperary · 1814

    Near the highway between Cashel and Thurles stand the mansions of Ardmayle and Longfield. The parish church was built in 1814 at a cost of £876, mostly gifted by the late Board of First Fruits.

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    AKDMAYLE, a parish in the barony of Middlethird, 3 miles north by west of Cashel, co. Tipperary, Munster. It lies in the basin of the Suir, on the roatl Irora Cashel to Thurles, between the former town and Hulycross. The average value of the land is about 30s. per plantation acre. Near the highway are the mansions of Ardmayle and Longfield. Length of the parish, 2\ miles; 'breadth, 1}; area, 4,941 acres. Pop., in 1831. 1,914; in 1841, 1.757. Houses 251.— This parish is wholly impropriate, and constitutes a perpetual curacy in the dio. of Ca'shcl. The rectorial tithes, amounting to £150, and also £24 of the vicarial tithes, belong te W. Cooper, Esq., as lessee of the Rev. W. Sutton, and the remainder of the vicarial tithes, amounting to £138 9s. 2id., belong to Mr. W. Linton as lessee of the vicars choral of 8t. Patrick's, Cashel. Gross income of the curacy, £140 5s. lOd. ; nett, £108 8s. 10<1. The church was built in 1814, at the cost of £876 18s. 5)d. ; most of which was gifted, and the re»t lent, by the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 100 ; attendance 30. The Roman Catholic chapel is attended by between 2,000 and 3,000, and has twe ofbciates. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 37, and the Roman Catholics to 1,976; and a Natioital school bad on its books 56 boys and 22 girls.

    ARUM ILL AN, a hamlet in the parish of TuTlynakill, barony of Lower Castlereagh, co. Down, Ulster. Area, 10 acres. Pop. in 1841, 108. Houses 21.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 122

19. Armagh baronial divisions evolved from Ballyboes after 1608

    near Armagh · town · Armagh · 1608–1618

    Until 1608 the only civil divisions of County Armagh were Ballyboes, each about 60 English acres. Over the next decade baronial divisions were introduced, initially creating three baronies—O'Neilland, Fews, and Orior—later expanding to eight.

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    Division* and Towns.] — So late as the year 1608, the only civil divi$iions of the county of Armagh consisted of Ballyboes, each of which comprehended about 60 English acres. In the course ot the next ten years the baronial division was introduced. This division seems at first to have cut the county into only three baronies, named O'Neilland, Fews, and Orior ; it soon after admitted the additional denominations of Armagh and Turaney; and now, in consequence of later subdivision, it exhibits eight baronies, called Armagh, Lower Fews, Upper Fews, East O'Neilland, West O'Neilland, Lower Orior, Upper Orior,

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 130

20. Arva village and its chain of lakes

    Arvagh · town · Cavan

    The village of Arva in County Cavan is surrounded by a chain of small lakes whose shores were planted by the proprietor, the Earl of Gosford. The village sits on the south-west border of the county near Lough Gowna.

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    1631, 4,580. About 566 acres are pastoral upland } 161 acres are bog, and neariy all subservient to the supply of fuel ; and the remainder of the area is a strong clayev land, for the most part wheat-bearing, and everywhere productive of excellent oats and potato crops. Around the village of Arva is a chain of small lakes, the shores of which have been pknted by the proprietor, the Earl of Gosfbrd. The village is situated on the south-west border of the county, about 2 miles north-north-west of Lough Gouna« 3 north of Scrabby, and 8 south-south-west of Killeshandra. In 1840, a dispensary here received £54 19s., expended £56 98. 6d., and made 611 dis* pensations of medicine. Area of the village, 25 acres. Pop., in 1831, 422; in 1841, 615. Houses

    101 Arva parish is a perpetual curacy in the dio.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 138

21. Athassel parish with villages of Golden and Thomastown

    Relickmurry and Athassel · parish · Tipperary

    Athassel, also called Relickmurrt, is a parish 3 miles west of Cashel, partly in the barony of Middlethird but chiefly in Clanwilliam, County Tipperary. The Clanwilliam section contains the villages of Golden and Thomastown.

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    ATHASSEL, or Relickmurrt, a parish, S| miles west of Cashel, and partly in the barony of Middlethird, but chiefly in that of Clanwilliam, co. Tipperary, Munster. The Clanwilliam section contains the villages of Golden and Thomastown : which see. Length, 4 miles; breadth, 2|; area, 12,770 acres, — of which 562 acres are in Middlethird, Pop., in 1831, 6.801 ; in 1841, 5,431. Houses 784. Pop. of the Middlethird section, in 1841, 20QL

    ATH

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 138

22. Athlone's strategic command of the Shannon crossing

    Athlone · town · Westmeath

    Athlone occupies a uniquely commanding position near the centre of Ireland, situated on the great road between Dublin and the west at the only fordable point of the Shannon within thirty miles. This gave it control over intercourse between Connaught and Leinster, and access to both river and canal networks reaching to the Irish Sea and Atlantic.

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    Belative Position of the Town.'] — Athlone singujirly combines prime facilities for commerce, military strength, and almost metropolitan command. Situated within about 2 miles of the centre of the island, and surrounded by a low and practicable country, it sends off in all directions lines of ramifying roads ; standing on the great road between Dublin bay and the west, at the only point where the Shannon can be forded within a stretch of 30 miles, it entirely controls the intercourse between most of Connaught and Leinster; and overlooking a navigable communication, both up and down the Shannon, as well as eastward and westward at an easy distance by the Grand canal, and eastward at not much greater distance by the Royal canal, it may traffic through all the numerous ramifications of both river and canals, and outward to the Irish sea and the Atlantic ocean. Yet, except in ancient times, for its commanding the passage of the Shannon, and, in modem times, for its being a central depot for arms and ammunition, its position has been turned to surprisingly little practical account.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 142

23. Baggra mountain range between Duhallow and Muskerry

    near Boggeragh Mountains · mountain or mountain range · Cork

    The Baggra mountain range runs east and west along the border of the baronies of Duhallow and Muskerry in County Cork, extending over ten miles in length and six in breadth. Though high and wild, the tract is tabular and flat, constantly wreathed in black fogs for much of the year, but in summer becomes dry and is grazed by vast herds of cattle.

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    BAGGRA, a range of mountain along the mutual border of the baronies ef Duhallow and Muskcrr}', CO. Cork, Muiister. The range extends east and west ; measures upwards of 10 miles in length, and in some places 6 in breadth ; and divides—. though at a much less distance from the former than the latter — the river-systera of the Black water from that of the Lee. In winter, it is^ foe the most part, marshy and impracticable; but in summer, it becomes dry and covered with heath and verdure, and is then grazed by vast herds of cattle. The tract, though high and wild, is tabular or flat; it is screened on the north and west by still loftier ground ; and, during the greater part of the year, it is constantly wreathed in black and dismal fogs. Both Dr. Smith and Mr. Holmes quote, as quite descriptive of it, the following lines of Thomson : —

    - The l»n»wi-bunit earth

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 147

24. Ballinacor village and Kemmis villa on the Avonbeg

    Ballinacor · townland · Wicklow

    The hamlet of Ballinacor stands on the right bank of the Avonbeg, about 2 miles south-west of Rathdrum. A handsome recently-built Grecian villa, the seat of Mr. Kemmis, crowns a lofty piece of ground and commands a delightful view down the vale of the Avonbeg.

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    BALLINACOR, one of four denominations which constitute the ecclesiastical parish of Rathdrum, in the barony of South Ballinacor, co. Wicklow, Leinstcr. Area, 17,449 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1.221 ; in 1841, 1,359. Houses 208. The denomination does not, in modern times at least, appear to have been a separate parochial status ; yet has been practically erected into a civil parish by the proceedinjTS of the Ordnance surveyors, and of the ofllicers of the last census. In 1834, 294 of its inhabitants were miembers of the Established Church, and the rest were all Roman Catholics. The village or hamlet of Ballinacor stands on the right bank of the Avonbeg, 2 niili*s south-west of Rathdnim. The handsome, recently-built, Grecian villa of Ballinacor, the seat of Mr. Kemmis, crowns a lofty piece of ground, and commands a delightful view down the vale of the Avonbeg.

    BALLINACORRA. See BALLiNAcmtRA.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 148

25. Ballingarry hills with Knockfirine summit and mansions

    Ballingarry · town · Limerick

    A range of hills rises at Ballingarry in Upper Conello and runs east to Croome, with Knockfirine as its most conspicuous summit. The mansions of Grove, Odelville, and Glanwilliam stand in the vicinity of the town.

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    B ALLINGARRY, a parish containing a town of the same name, in the barony of Upper Conello, co. Limerick, Munster. Length, 6 miles; breadth, 4; area, 17,732 acres. Pop., in 1831, 8,651 ; in 1841. 8,679. Houses 1,321^. The surface is partly wet and clayey, but consists in general of good pasture and tillage land ; it sends off streamlets southwestward and westward toward the Deel, and northward and north-eastward toward the Maig; and it is traversed south-eastward by the road from Rathkcal« to Charleville. The town is 4 miles distant from Rathkeale. Area, 25 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1,685; in 1841, 1,690. Houses 289. A dispensary here is within the Newcastle Poor-law union ; serves for a district containing 8,921 inhabitants ; and, in 1839-40, received £161 2s., and expended £159 16s. 8d. In 1842, the Ballinrarry Loan Fund had a capital of £93, and circulated £303^ in 209 loans. A range of hills rises at Ballingarry, runs east to Croome, and sends up Knocklirine as its most conspicuous summit. In the vicinity of the town are the mansions of Grove, Odelvillc, and Glanwilliam. — This parish is a vicarage, and Br separate benelioe, in the dio. of Limerick. The vicarage appears by the registry books to include the denominations of Kilmacow and Granboth. The vicarial tithes are compounded for £300, and the rectorial for £600 ;. and the latter belong to the Earl of Cork, and are leased to the Rev. John Graves. Gross income, £312 ; nett, £220 8s. 8d. Patron, the Earl of Cork. The church is situated in the village, and was built about the year 1B12, by means of a parochial assessment, in 1809, of £746 2s. 9d., and of parochial assessments in subsequent years of unascertained amount. Sittings 150; attendance, between 60 and 70. Roman Catholic chapels at Ballingarry, Knockfirine, and Shanavngha, are served,, under one parochial arrangement, with 3 officiates, and are attended, the first by about 2,400, and each of the other two by between 400 and 500. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 188, and the Roman Catholics to 8,826 ; and 8 daily schools were all supported exclusively by fees, and had on their books 295 boys and 126 girls. In 1840, a school at Ballinleena, attended by 81 boys and 42 girls, was taken into connection with the National Board.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

26. Ballyclare market town on Six-mile Water

    near Ballyclare · town · Antrim

    Ballyclare, partly in the parish of Ballinure and chiefly in Doagh Grange, Co. Antrim, stood on Six-mile Water on the road from Antrim to Larne. It was the site of Presbyterian and Methodist meeting-houses, with monthly linen markets and fairs in May, July, August, and November.

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    BALLYCLARE, a market and post town, partly in the parish of Ballinure, barony of Lower Belfast, but chiefly in that of Doagh Grange, barony of Upper Antrim, co. Antrim, Ulster. It stands on Six-mile- Water, and on the road from Antrim to Lame, 2^ miles south-west of Ballinure, about midway between Antrim and Larne, and 93^ by way of Ballinure, north by east of Dublin. It is the site of Presbyterian and Methodist meeting-houses. Markets for the sale of linen are held monthly; and general fidrs are held in May, July, Aug., and Nov. Area of the town, 26 acres,— ^f which 6 acres are in the Ballinure section. Pop., in 1831, 824 ; in 1841, 847. Houses 160. Pop. of the Ballinure section.

    in 1831, 133: io 1841, 16a Houses 2a Pop. oi the Doagh Grange section, in 1831, 691; in 1841, 684. Houses 132.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

27. Ballydehob village under Mount Gabriel

    Ballydehob · townland · Cork

    Ballydehob stands on the road from Skibbereen to Crookhaven, on the shore of an inlet of Roaring Water Bay, and is grandly overhung by the imposing height of Mount Gabriel. In 1842 it had a loan fund with £179 capital circulating £658 in 490 loans.

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    BALLYDEHOB, a village in the parish of Skull, western diviMon of the barony of West Carbery, co. Cork, Munster. It stands on the road from Skibbereen to Crookhaven, and on the shore of an inlet on the west side of the bay of Roaring Water ; and is grandly overhung, at a brief distance, bv the imposing height of Mount Gabriel. See articles Gabriel and Srull. In 1842, the Ballydehob Loan Fund had a capital of £179, and circulated £058 in 490 loan*. Area of the village, 20 acres. Pop., in 1831, 601 ; in 1841, 6.30. Houses 107.

    BALLYDELAUGHY. See Balltdelouoht.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

28. Ballydonnellan House, old seat of the Donnellans

    Ballydonnellan · townland · Galway

    A hamlet in Galway near the road from Dublin to Galway, in whose vicinity stands Ballydonnellan-house, the old seat of the Donnellan family.

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    BALLYDON^f£LLAN, a hamlet in the southwest corner of the barony of Clonmacnoon, co. Galway, Connaught. It stands 4 miles south- west of Aughrim, on the road from Dublin to Galway. In its vicinity, and east of the road, is Ballydonnellanhouse, the old seat of the Donnellan family. Pop. of the village not specially returned.

    BALLYDONNELLY, a townland in the parish of Donaghmore, barony of Dungannon, co. Tyrone, Ulster. It anciently contained a fortalice, which was called Fort O'Donnelly, and occupied as the principal strength of the chief of the sept of O'Donnelly, or O'Donnell. The townland, comprising {)robably 1,000 acres, was, with other lands, granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Toby Caulfield, first Lord Charlemont ; and the site of Fort O'Donnelly was adopted, in 1614, as the site of the Charlemont erection of Castle- Caul field. See Castle-Caul-

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

29. Ballyforan village on the river Suck, Roscommon

    Ballyforan · townland · Roscommon

    Ballyforan stands on the river Suck at the western verge of Co. Roscommon, on the road between Ballinamore and Athlone. Ballyforan bridge carries the highway across the Suck into Co. Galway, and adjoining the village stands the seat of the Hon. Gonville Ffrench. Fairs were held on several dates throughout the year.

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    BALLYFORAN, a village in the parish of Taughboy, barony of Athlone, co. Roscommon, Connaugbt. It stands on the river Suck, at the western verge of the county, and on the road betweea Ballinamore and Athlone ; and is 5 miles east-southeast of the former town, and 10 west-north-west of the latter. Ballyforan bridge carries the highway across the Suck into co. Galway. Adjoining the village stands CUureville, the seat of the Hon. Oonville Ffrench. Fairs are held on Feb. 8, first Thursday of April O. S., May 19. July 6, Sept. 19, Oct. 21, and third Thursday of Dec Pop. returned wiUi the parish.

    BALLYFORAN, one of a chain of bogs, in the vicinity of the village iust noticed, co. Roscommon, Connaught. The other links are the bogs of Breagh-Beg and Derry. The three bogs have jointly an area of 1,754 English acres; and extend 3i miles along the Suck from a point J of a mile

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

30. Ballygar village near Suck river demesnes

    Ballygar · town · Galway

    A village in the parish of Killereran, Galway, standing on the road from Ballinasloe to Roscommon, near a stretch of the river Suck embellished with the demesnes of Castle-Kelly, Mount-Talbot, and Rookwood. It had a dispensary serving a district of 16,735 acres with 4,711 inhabitants.

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    BALLY6AR, a village in the parish of Killereran, baron)^ of Killian, co. Gal way, Connaught. It stands 3 miles north-east of Ballinamore, on the road thence to Roscommon, and near that stretch of the river Suck which is embellished with the demesnes of Castle-Kelly, Mount-Talbot, and Rookwood. A disipensary here is within the Ballinasloe Poor-law union, and has a district of 16,735 acres, with 4,71 1 inhabitants; and, in 1839-40, it received £183 2s., expended £127 3s. 8d., and administered to 1,572 patients. Area of the village, 20 acres. Pop., in 1841,363. Houses 52.

    BALLYGARRET, aRoman Catholic parish in tb€ county of Wexford, and dio. of Ferns, Leinster. Post-town, Gorey. The statistics are given under the civil parochial divisions.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

31. Ballymachugh parish and Lough Sheelan scenery

    Ballymachugh · parish · Cavan

    Ballymachugh parish in Cavan lies along the north and northwest sides of Lough Sheelan, separated by that lake from Meath and Longford. Its scenery is embellished by the woods and parks of Lord Farnham's seat of Arley Cottage and residences at Portland, Foxfield, Lakeview, Woodville, and others.

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    north- cast of Granard, along the north and north- went sides of Lough Sheelan ; and is separated by that lake from the counties of Meath and Longford. The land is generally fertile ; and its scenic appearance, though naturally tame, shows the embellishment of culture, and denves some beauty from the woods and parks of Lord Famham's scat of Arley Cottage, and from the ornaments around the residences of Portland, Foxfield, Lakeview, Woodville, Kilnahard, Summerville, Mullaghbog, Crover, and Woodlawn. The Ballymachugh and Drumlummon dispensary is withio the Cavan Poor-law union; and, in 1839-40, it received £127 14s., expended jb*I25 8s. 7d., and

    administered to 1,740 patients This parish is a

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

32. Ballymacormack church built by Board of First Fruits

    Ballymacormick · parish · Longford · 1827

    A Church of Ireland church was built in the parish of Ballymacormack, County Longford, in 1827, funded by a gift from the late Board of First Fruits. The church had 200 sittings and an attendance of 140.

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    BALLYMACORMACK, a parish partly in the barony of Ardagh, and partly in that of Moydovv, and situated 1 ^ mile south of Longford, co. Longford, Leinster. Length and breadth, each 3 miles. Area of the Ardagh section, 4,035 acres; of the Moydow section, 4,890 acres. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 3,936; in 1841, 3,926. Houses 650. Pop. of the Ardagh section, in 1831, 2,100; in 1841, 1,816. Houses 289. A large part of the surface is bog; and the rest is, on the average, good land. The parish enjoys nearly the same advantages of road and canal communication as the town of Longford ; and is traversed southward by the road thence to Ballymahon, and by the Longford branch of the Royal Canal. — Bally macormack is a rectory, and part of the benefice of Tehplemichael [which eee], in the dio. of Ardagh. Tithe composition, Jf200; glebe, £72 Is. Id. The church was built, in 1827, by means of a gift of £830 15s. 4^d. from the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 200 ; attendance 140. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance of 2,160; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to the chapel of Templemichael. In 1834, the parishioners consisted of 298 Onirchmen, 17 Presbyterians, and 3,680 Roman Catholics ; a Sunday school was averagely attended by 83 children; and 12 daily schools had on their books 347 boys and 232 girls. One of the daily schools was a classical one, supported by fees ; one was a girls* school, aided with £30 from subscription, the Ardagh Association, and the London Hibernian Society ; one was an infant school, aided with £15 from subscription, and £5 from the Armagh As>iOciation ; one was a boys' and girls' school, aided with £15 from subscription, and £10 from the Ardagh Association ; and all the rest were hedgeschools. In 1840, a boys* school and a girls' school were

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

33. Ballysax parish and the Curragh

    Ballysax · parish · Kildare

    The northern part of Ballysax parish, extending to over 2,400 acres, forms a section of the Curragh, the celebrated undulated down and racing-ground. Several lodges connected with the racing-ground are situated within the parish.

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    BALLYSAGG ARTMORE, a beautiful demesne on the river Black water, a little above Lismorecastle, barony of Coshbride and Coshmore, co. Waterford, Munster. Its formation was commenced not many years ago; yet its plantations sheet the declivities of the ravines, sweep round the adjacent heights, blend with the woods of Lismore-castle, and contribute much warmth and beauty to the naturally rich and the highly embellished landscape around the city of Lismore. The demesne is the propertv of Arthur Keily, Esq. See Lismors. BALLYSAKEERY. See Bausakeery. BALLYSAX, a parish in the barony of East Ophaly, 2J miles south-west of Kilcullen Bridge, CO. Kildare, Leinstcr. Length, 5^ miles; breadth, 3^ ; area, 7,207 acres, 2 roods, 3 perches. Pop., in 1831, 996; in 1841, 1,220. Houses 194. A section, con>i!<tiiig of the townlands of Ballyfair, Ballysax- Plain, Ballysax- Hills, Great Ballysax, Little Ballysax, Great Brownstown, and Little Brownstown, formerly belonged to West Ophaly, but was transferred by the Act of 6 and 7 William IV., to East Ophaly. Pop. of that section ; in 1841, 819. The soil consists chiefly of limestone gravel of a fair quality for tillage ; but all the south-west comer is tilled with a section of Maddenstown bog. 'i'be highest ground occurs toward the south, and has an altitude, of 385 feet. All the northern district, to the extent of 2,441 acres, 1 rood, 30 perches, is part of the celebrated racing-ground, and fine undulated down, called the Curragb, See Gurragh. Several of the lodges connected with the racing-groimd are in Ballysax ; and the seats of Maddenstown, Bohergo^, Ballysax- House, and Ballysax- Lodge, are situated m

    the south This parish is a rectory, and a separate

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152

34. Balrothery parish church built 1816

    Balrothery · townland · Dublin · 1816

    The church in Balrothery parish was built in 1816 by means of a loan of over £923 from the late Board of First Fruits. It had 250 sittings and attendance ranging from 60 to 200.

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    Rev. Francis Baker. A curate has a stipend of £75. The rectorial tithes are compounded for £250, and are impropriate in the trustees of Wilson's Hospital. The church was built in 1816, by means ef a loan of ^'923 Is. 6id. from the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 250 ; attendance, from GO to 200. A chapelof-ease and a Roman Catholic chapel lire in the chapelry of Balbriggan. The Roman Catholic chapel of Halrcthery has an attendance of 400; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to the chapels of Balbriggan and Balscaddan. In 1834, the parishioners consisted of 545 Churchmen, 12 Presbyterians, 18 other Protestant dissenters, and 4,479 Roman Catholics ; 3 daily schools had on their books 201 boys and 99 girls; and 3 other daily schools were attended on the average by 77 children. One of the schools was classical ; one was parochial, and received about £30 a-year from subscription ; one had £14 from the National Board, and from £25 to £30 from subscription ; and one had £7 from the Association for Discountenancing Vice, and additional aid from subscription. In 1840, the National school was in male and female departments, aided with re.<^pectively £13 and £12, and had on its books 198 boys and Ul girls.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 153

35. Balscaddan parish separated by rivulet Delvin

    near Balscaddan · street · Dublin

    The parish of Balscaddan, co. Dublin, lies on the northern frontier of the barony and is separated by the rivulet Delvin from co. Meath. There is no church in the parish, but a Roman Catholic chapel serves between 300 and 500 attendants.

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    Area of the vittage, 84 acre*. Pop., in 1841, 295. Houses 64. The parish lies on the northern frontier of the barony and county, and b separated by the rivulet Delvm from co. Meath. The land is in general good. — This parish is a vicarage, and a separate benefice, in the dio. of Dublin. Vicarial tithe composition, £6lfi; glebe, £4 4s. Gross income, £64 4s.; nett, £57 14s. ll^d. Patrons, the dean and chapter of Christ-cfaurch, Dublin. The rectorial tithes are compoonded for £120, and are appropriated to the treasurership of Christ-church« Dublin. The vicar resides on another benefice of his in the dio. ef Elphin ; and the curate of an adjoining parish, performs the occasional duties for a stipend 4>f £5 58. There is no church. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance uf between 300 and 500 ; and, in the Roman CathoUc parochial arrangement, is united to the chapels of Balbriggan and Balrothery. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 6, and the Roman Catholics to 994 ; and there were 3 daily schools, one of which was aided with £14 a-year from the National Board.

    BALSGON, a parish in the barony of Lower Deece, 4^ miles east-north-east of Trim, co. Meath, Leinster. Length, 1 4 mile; breadth, 1 ; area, 1,269 acres. Pop., in 1831, 311 ; in 1841, 340. Houses 61. The surface lies along the right bank of the Boyne, and consists of good land. Balsoon demesne is somewhat antiquated. Archbishop Usher resided and had property in the parish. The village of Bective Bridge [see that article], stands on the western frontier. — This parish is a rectory, and part of the benefice of Assey, in the dio. of Meath. See Asset. Tithe composition, £69 4s. 7d. ; glebe, £5 12s 6d. The church is an utter ruin, in the midst of an old cemetery. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 7f and the Roman Catholics to 313.; «nd there was no school.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 153

36. Bere Island and the harbour of Berehaven

    near Bear Island · island or archipelago · Cork

    Bere Island, six miles in length and rising 604 feet above sea-level, lies within Bantry Bay and screens the curved sound constituting the harbour of Berehaven.

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    Great Island, 4^ miles in length ; Little Island, 2^ miles in length ; Foaty Island, 1^ mile in length ; Hawlboline Island, and Spike Island, lie within Cork Harbour. The Sovereign Islands are a mimic group across the mouth of Oyster haven. The Barrels are a little cluster of rocks in Courtmacsherry bay. A series of islets, the chief of which are Adam*8 Island, Squince Island, Low Island, High Island, Ragged Island, Skiddy Island, and Horse Island, closely flank the coast between Ross Harbour and Toe Head. The Stags of Castlehaven are a cluster of bold, beetling rocks, one mile south oif Toe Head. Kedge Island is a pendicle of insulated ground, 2 miles eastsouth-east of the entrance of Baltimore Harbour. Cape Clear Island, terminating 7 miles southwest of the entrance of Baltimore Harbour, measuring 3| miles south-westward, and possessing an extreme altitude of 436 feet above sea-level, forms — ^with the exception of the Fastnet Rock, 3^ miles south-west of it — ^the most southerly ground in Ireland, and is the point whence most vessels sailing out to the Atlantic take their leave of British soil. Sherkin Island is separated from the north-east end of Cape Clear Island by an islet-sprinkled sound of a mile in breadth, and extends 3^ miles in length north-north-eastward, so as to screen the west side of both the entrance and the interior of Baltimore Harbour. Within a straight line drawn due west from the middle of Sherkin Island to Mizen Head, lies a crowded archipelago, whose chief islands are Innismore 2^ miles in length, Innisbcg 1^ mile, Innisdriscol 1^ mile. Castle Island 1^ mile, Horse Island 1^ mile. Long Island 2| miles. East Calf, Mid Calf, West Calf, Mutton Island, Scheme Island, Carty's Island, Moan Island, Coney Island, and Goat Island. The chief of a number of islets sprinkled athwart Dunmanus bay, are Mannin, Owen, Bulge, Cold, Carbery, Furze, Horse, Leek, and Bird Islands. Bere Island, 6 miles in length in the direction of east by north, and possessing an extreme altitude of 6d4 feet above sea-level, lies within Bantry bay 5 miles north of Sheep*s Head, and screens the whole of the curved sound of from half-a-mile to a mile in breadth, which constitutes the noble harbour of Berehaven. Whiddy Island, extending 3^ miles in length northeastward, lies 1^ mile west of the town of Bantry, and screens the whole of the west side of Bantry Harbour or anchoring ground. The islands in Bantry bay, additional to Berc and Whiddy, arc all small ; and the chief of them bear the names of Garrinish, Stuke, Horse, and Sheelhane Islands. The Grelogh Rocks and the Leek Rock lie respectively 4^ miles south and 9^ south-west of Crow Head. Dursey Island measures 4 miles in leo^h south-westward, and is separated by a narrow sound from Crow Head and the adjacent parts of the peninsula which that promontory terminates; The three islets called the Calf, the Cow, and the Bull, lie respectively IJ mile south by west, Ij mile west, and 2^ miles west of Dursey Island ; and the Cow is 1^ mile distant from the Calf, and the Bull 1 mile from the Cow. The principal islands in the Kenmare estuary, within a line drawn from the north end of Dursey Island to Lamb Head, are Rossmore, Dunkerrin, Cappancush, Sheep, Pigeon, and Green Island, and Illansloe, lUansharkey, Inniskellig, Illanleagh, Illanrane, Illanslane, and Inishfinard ; and the first and second of these — Rossmore and Dunkerrin — measure respectively 1^ mile and 1 mile in length. Two Head Island, 1 mile in length, lies half-a-mile south-west of Lamb Head. Hog and Scara Islands lie respectively 2| miles south and 3^ south by west of Hog Head. Horse Island, a mere dot of land, yet of some local note, lies close to the west side of Ballinaskelligs bay. The Great Skellig and the Little SkelHg Rocks — the former soaring to an altitude of 707 feet above sea-level, and both possessing a character of singular power and wildness — ^lie respectively 8} miles west by south and 7^ due west of Bolus Head. The Lemon Rock lies 2{ miles north-east of Little Skellig, and 4} miles west-north-west half-west of Bolus Head. Puffin Island, Ij mile in length south-westward, screens the west side of St. Finnan*s bay, and approaches within about ^ of a mile of the mainland. Valentia Island measures 6h miles south-westward, and 2^ miles north-westward, screens the whole of the curved sound of Valentia Harbour, and is diversified in its surface by the hills of Carramore, Carrabeg, and Fohilly, the last of which has an altitude of 686 feet above sea-level. The islets called Long Island and Church Island lie at the south entrance to Valentia Harbour ; and Innisbeg and Lamb Island — the former upwards of a mile in length — ^lie within the north entrance. The Blasquet Islands — consisting of Inishtuiskero, Inishbeg, the Great Blasquet, Tiraght, Inishnubro, Inishmakillaan, the Foze Rock, and a number of skerries — ^lie from 1 mile to 10 miles seaward of Dunmore Head, chiefly in the direction of south-west ; and the Great Blasquet, by much the largest island of the group, measures 3^ miles in length. A sprinkling of islets and rocks, the principal of which are Illanemeil, Illanamoyne, and Garrah Island, lie nearly under a straight line between Brandon Head and Kerry Head ; and the Mucklagh Rock and Samphire Island lie respectively in Ballyheigue bay and Tralee bay. The principal islands within the estuary of the Shannon arc Innispike,

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 8

37. Black marble at Westport, Mayo

    Westport · town · Mayo

    Black marble occurs in the neighbourhood of Westport in Mayo, under similar geological circumstances to those found in Galway.

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    and thence to Oranmore. Black marble occurs under similar circumstances in the ne^hbourhood of Westport in Majo, and of Oarlow and Kilkenny ; also mottled black and white, in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, at the base of the Galtees mountains ; likewise filled with organic remains in the neighbourhood of Cork, and many other places. 'Where carbon, the colouring matter, is wanting, we have crystalline marble of various tints, as brownish red at Armagh, white and red striped at Killamey, Kenmare, Cork Harbour, and Castletown, 9 nules north of Nenagh, co. Tipperary ; red and yellowish white at Clononey, in King's co. ; and brownish red, mottled with grey of various shades, at Ballymahon, in co. Longford. Grey and dove marbles occur in numerous places, particularly at the base of the Curlew mountain, near Lough Arrow, in CO. Sligo ; near the Seven Churches, south of Athlone, in King's co. ; and at Carrickacrump, near Cloyne, in co. Cork. Nearly the whole of the marble quarries here mentioned, dispersed from north to south, occur near the outer edge of the limestone boundary, where it rests either on the yellow sandstone, or on some older rock. When they are met with in the interior, as at Clononey and the Seven Churches in King's co., it will be seen that detached hills of yellow sandstone, as already described, rise up from beneath the limestone strata, in their immediate neighbourhood ; thus showing that the marble beds do belong to the lower portions of the series. The marble beds are succeeded by strata of grey or greyish blue limestone, which occupy a greater or less extent of country, in proportion as the strata effect a steep or slight angle of inclination from the horizon. In many cases the strata undulate, forming very flat curves ; and where such occur, of course the same bed may frequently be met with at the surface, throughout a large district. Excepting in the northern counties, where the succession of the limestone series is fiilly and closely developed, it is almost impossible to determine, with any precision, on the point where the lower limestone may be said to terminate, and the calp or the upper limestone to commence. In many localities of the midland and southern counties, the black shale or calp series is altogether wanting, or it occurs so sparingly, that, without a laborious and minute examination, it will not be detected."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

38. Boyne mouth connects navigation to Drogheda

    Drogheda · town · Louth

    The mouth of the Boyne between co. Louth and co. Meath carries large steamers and heavy vessels up to Drogheda, connecting the interior Boyne navigation with the ocean. It is the only tolerable permanent harbour between Dundalk Bay and Howth.

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    mpid tide sweeps the whole of its entrance, and, together with some sunken rooks, oocasioBs it ta be shunned bj all strangers ; the seaward end of the entrance, though exhibited in the Admiralty Charts as having a bar with onlj 12 feet of water at ebb-tide, was proved in 1824 to have, on the Tery line of the alleged bar, a depth of 5 fathoms ; and so powerfully do the tides set in from the a4iiu3ent sea to fill up the great interior space of the Lough, that there is a frequent indraught at even so great a distance as 4^ miles from the entrance. Ardglass and Killough Harbours, immediately north of St. John's Point, are small but useful ; Dundrum bay, though hurge, is unsheltered, aad has only some fishing havens ; and all the other harbours of co. Down are fit only for fishing craft, or very small trading vessels. Lough Carlingford penetrates between co. Down and oo. Louth 9^ miles north-westward to Narrow Water at Warrenpoint ; it has a bar with only 9 feet of water at low spring ebbs, so that it can be entered by laige vessels only in certain states of the tide ; aad it is justly celebrated for the brilliance and sublimity of the scenic character of its diores. The tidal current off the mouth of Lough Carlingford runs 3^ knots in spring tides. Dondalk bay, of very wide entrance and sweeping scope of interior, penetrates the land to the extreme extent of only 9 miles, and is all shallow, and over much of its space dry at low water. Between Dundaik bay and Howth occur several good tide havens, but no tolerable permanent harbour, except the mouth of the Boyne between co. Louth and co. Meath, carrying up large steamers and other heavy vessels to Drogheda, and connecting the interior Boyne navigation with the ocean. Howth Harbour, on the north side of the peninsula of Howth, naturally consists of the narrow sound between that peninsula and the island of Ireland's Eye, and it has, at an enormous expense, been artificially improved to serve as the mail-packet station to Holyhead ; but it has grievously baffled the efforts of engineers, stultified the calculations of economists, and di8^>pointed the expectations of the public.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 7

39. Brownish red crystalline marble at Armagh

    near Armagh · town · Armagh

    Crystalline marble of a brownish red tint is found in Armagh, where the colouring matter of carbon is wanting.

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    and thence to Oranmore. Black marble occurs under similar circumstances in the ne^hbourhood of Westport in Majo, and of Oarlow and Kilkenny ; also mottled black and white, in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, at the base of the Galtees mountains ; likewise filled with organic remains in the neighbourhood of Cork, and many other places. 'Where carbon, the colouring matter, is wanting, we have crystalline marble of various tints, as brownish red at Armagh, white and red striped at Killamey, Kenmare, Cork Harbour, and Castletown, 9 nules north of Nenagh, co. Tipperary ; red and yellowish white at Clononey, in King's co. ; and brownish red, mottled with grey of various shades, at Ballymahon, in co. Longford. Grey and dove marbles occur in numerous places, particularly at the base of the Curlew mountain, near Lough Arrow, in CO. Sligo ; near the Seven Churches, south of Athlone, in King's co. ; and at Carrickacrump, near Cloyne, in co. Cork. Nearly the whole of the marble quarries here mentioned, dispersed from north to south, occur near the outer edge of the limestone boundary, where it rests either on the yellow sandstone, or on some older rock. When they are met with in the interior, as at Clononey and the Seven Churches in King's co., it will be seen that detached hills of yellow sandstone, as already described, rise up from beneath the limestone strata, in their immediate neighbourhood ; thus showing that the marble beds do belong to the lower portions of the series. The marble beds are succeeded by strata of grey or greyish blue limestone, which occupy a greater or less extent of country, in proportion as the strata effect a steep or slight angle of inclination from the horizon. In many cases the strata undulate, forming very flat curves ; and where such occur, of course the same bed may frequently be met with at the surface, throughout a large district. Excepting in the northern counties, where the succession of the limestone series is fiilly and closely developed, it is almost impossible to determine, with any precision, on the point where the lower limestone may be said to terminate, and the calp or the upper limestone to commence. In many localities of the midland and southern counties, the black shale or calp series is altogether wanting, or it occurs so sparingly, that, without a laborious and minute examination, it will not be detected."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

40. Brownish red marble at Ballymahon

    Ballymahon · town · Longford

    Brownish red marble, mottled with various shades of grey, is found at Ballymahon in County Longford.

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    and thence to Oranmore. Black marble occurs under similar circumstances in the ne^hbourhood of Westport in Majo, and of Oarlow and Kilkenny ; also mottled black and white, in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, at the base of the Galtees mountains ; likewise filled with organic remains in the neighbourhood of Cork, and many other places. 'Where carbon, the colouring matter, is wanting, we have crystalline marble of various tints, as brownish red at Armagh, white and red striped at Killamey, Kenmare, Cork Harbour, and Castletown, 9 nules north of Nenagh, co. Tipperary ; red and yellowish white at Clononey, in King's co. ; and brownish red, mottled with grey of various shades, at Ballymahon, in co. Longford. Grey and dove marbles occur in numerous places, particularly at the base of the Curlew mountain, near Lough Arrow, in CO. Sligo ; near the Seven Churches, south of Athlone, in King's co. ; and at Carrickacrump, near Cloyne, in co. Cork. Nearly the whole of the marble quarries here mentioned, dispersed from north to south, occur near the outer edge of the limestone boundary, where it rests either on the yellow sandstone, or on some older rock. When they are met with in the interior, as at Clononey and the Seven Churches in King's co., it will be seen that detached hills of yellow sandstone, as already described, rise up from beneath the limestone strata, in their immediate neighbourhood ; thus showing that the marble beds do belong to the lower portions of the series. The marble beds are succeeded by strata of grey or greyish blue limestone, which occupy a greater or less extent of country, in proportion as the strata effect a steep or slight angle of inclination from the horizon. In many cases the strata undulate, forming very flat curves ; and where such occur, of course the same bed may frequently be met with at the surface, throughout a large district. Excepting in the northern counties, where the succession of the limestone series is fiilly and closely developed, it is almost impossible to determine, with any precision, on the point where the lower limestone may be said to terminate, and the calp or the upper limestone to commence. In many localities of the midland and southern counties, the black shale or calp series is altogether wanting, or it occurs so sparingly, that, without a laborious and minute examination, it will not be detected."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

41. Camlough between Slieve Gullion and Girkin

    near Camlough · village · Armagh

    Camlough is identified as one of the largest lakes in the county, situated between Slieve Girkin and Slieve Gullion. It is compared in size to other lakes in neighbouring counties.

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    Wattn.'] — The great inland sea on the north, shared bv Armagh with four other counties, will be separately described : see Neagh. A chain of small lakes occurs on the south-west bonier, 9 or 10 in number, the chief of which are called Ross, St. Patrick's, and St. Peter's. A still smaller chain on tlie western boundary, near Middletou, possesses some importance for yielding water-power to mills. A tiny kke in the vicinity of the city of Armagh, draws notice from its f:upplying the city with water. But even the largest lakes in the county, which are Camlough between Slieve Girkin and Slieve Gullion, and Clay- Lough in the vicinity of Keady, are of very inferior ma^iitude compared to the fresh- water sheets of some neighbouring counties. The navigation of the Newry canal along the eastern boundary, and that of the Ulster canal along the northern border, will be separately noticed : see Newry and Ulster. The river Bann, which continues the Newry navigation to Lou^h Neagh, has a north -north- westerly course within the county of about 1 1 miles. The Black water flows north-north-eastward along the boundary with Tyrone, over a distance of 15 or 16 miles. The Callen and Tall rivulets, which M\ into the Black water a little below Charlemont, but become confluent about 1^ mile above that point, have each a course of between 10 and 12 miles, the former in a northerly and the latter in a west-north-westerly direction. The Cushier rises on the east side of Slieve Gullion, and runs 16 miles north-north-eastward to the Newry canal. The Newtown- Hamilton river, under the successive names of Whitewater, Tullyvallen river, and Creaghan river, runs 14 miles southward past the town of Newtown-Hamilton, and passes into Louth to inosculate with the sea at the head of Dundalk bay. Taree or MuUybawn river, flows 9 miles parallel with the former, and to the east of it, and passes away to become tributary to it in Louth. The Fane, upon the south-western boundary, is exclusive of its affluent, connected with the county over only about 7 miles, and afterwards runs across a wing of Monaghan and the body of Louth to the sea at Lurgan Green. These streams, and ako the minor ones of Camlough, Tynan, and Fleury, will be more fully noticed in their alphabetical place.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 126

42. Cavan's earthquake-like low surface

    Cavan · town · Cavan

    Most of County Cavan presents a low surface broken and marred by the tilting up and cropping out of rock, resembling land shaken by an earthquake.

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    The low or champaign country of Ireland can, to a very small extent, be regarded as a series of ▼alleys like the low surface of England, and still less as an alternation of vales with hiUs as in the low grounds of Sootloid ; but on the contrary, is for the most part either such an expanse of apparently dead level, or such a sheet of fitful undulations, or such a labyrinth of diluvial hills and winding hollows, that the stranger who scans it with the most practised eye is rarely able to conjecture the direction of any one prevailing declination. A very large proportion of the low country of Ulster, particularly in Down and Armagh, is such a continuous, vast, and mazy series of low, curved, fertile hills, cut into individual isolation by sinuous dells and dingles and mimic vales, that a Briton who travels among them during only a few hours begins to feel bewilderment with their close scenes of beauty ; a considerable proportion of the entire low grounds of the kingdom, particularly the corcasses of Clare and Limerick, " the golden vale " in Limerigk and Tipperary, and the great grazing district of Dublin and Meath, present the appearance of the most luxuriant steppe or prairie, cut into small sections and sprinkled with human dwellings ; another considerable or even large proportion, as the great district called the Bog of Allen, is a dismal level of brown bog, a horrible chaos of peat and morass, occasionally broken and relieved by edgings of wood and intervening tracts of fiat arable land ; another considerable proportion, as most of the county of Longford and of the great plain of Connaught, combines the characters or interweaves the texture of the grazing fiats and the level bogs ; a smaller proportion, as the remainder of the plain of Connaught and a part of the north of Clare, is a verdant plain profusely encumbered with enormous blocks of naked rock, and forming the '^ Arabia Pctrea" of Ireland; another smaller proportion, or most of the county of Cavan, presents a prevailingly low surface, broken and marred with the tilting up and the cropping out of rock, just as if it had in some degree been shaken and disturbed by an earthquake ; and multitudes of pendicles and tiny districts dispersed throughout the greater part of the otherwise level country, are sheets of horizontal strata lying upon horizontal carboniferous limestone, and tumulated with hillocky accumulations of limestone diluvium. ''The peculiar flatness of the interior of Ireland," observes Mr. GriflSth, ''has been the probable cause of those vast accumulations of alluvial matter, composed of clay and limestone gravel, which, in the form of low but steep ridges of hill, occur so abundantly throughout the middle districts, and which are generally known by the name of Eskcrs. These ridges of limestone gravel probably cfiginated at a period when the country was either wholly or partially submerged, from eddies formed by undulations in the surface. That the surface of the country was exposed to the action of rapid currents of water, is evidenced by the deep parallel scratches, sometimes amounting to lurrows, which may be frequently observed on the surface of solid rocks, when the diluvial soil has been removed. It is probable, also, that the gravel hills were rapidly deposited from water in violent action, from their frequently consisting of an intermixture of large masses of rock partially rounded, with small gravel, and even with clay and sand, The origin of those immense tracts of bog which are everywhere spread over the interior of the fiat country may also be attributed to the stagnant water pent up, as we now find it, above the level of the dry country, by gravel hills which form a continuous ridge, though not of equal height, round the bog edge,* Thus we find Eskers surrounding the several divisions of the great Bog of Allen, and the whole of the bogs contained in the valleys of the rivers 8hannon, Suck, Brusna, Camlin, Inny, and the Barrow, and of its several tributary streams. In many parts of Ireland, the study of the gravel hills becomes highly interesting and instructive, as throwing a light on the direction of the current of the waters. Thus in the county of Mayo, to the eastward of the town of Westport, the whole of the numerous gravel hills with which the country is studded are extremely narrow in a north and south direction, and very long in an east and west direction, having bluff fietces at the eastern extremity, and deep and lengthened valleys between them. This fact shows that, in this place, the direction of the current was westward towards Clew bay ; and it may be remarked that the whole of the limertone gravel islands in that bay partake of the appearance and character of inland gravel hills. In the northern part of the county of Mayo, near to Lough Conn and Killalla bay, the direction of the gravel hills is north and south, having their bluff heads to the south ; hence it msj be argued, that in the >'icinity this current took a northerly course."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 13

43. Coleraine's steamship call-harbours

    near Coleraine · town · Derry

    Two tiny harbours near the boundary of Londonderry and Antrim serve as the call-harbour for Londonderry and Glasgow steamers heading to Coleraine. Their importance is more apparent than real, given their small size.

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    Ireland has been computed to possess 14 harbours for the largest ships, 17 for frigate^ from 30 to 40 for medium-sized merchant vessels, upwards of 24 good summer road-steads, and a very large number of harbours for fishing-boats or small sailing craft. — ^The principal of the few coves and small bays which occur between Malin Head and Innishowen Head are the bays of Culdaff^ Tremone, and Eennagoe ; but they are very confined, quite open, and not very serviceable even to yawls. From Malin Head, along a line at the mean distance of about 2 miles from the shore, to a point off Innishowen Head, the true streams of tide run six hours each way ; but within the line, at half-flood the stream turns to the west, and at half-ebb to the east. Lough Loyle enters between Magilligan Point and the main shore of Innishowen, is less than a mile wide at the entrance, penetrates the land 15 miles south-south-westward, has an extreme interior breadth of 8 miles, forms a large triangular basin with low shores on two of the sides, but is navigable only in a narrow channel along the Innishowen shore, the rest being occupied by extensive shoals and sand-banks. The mouth of the Bann, 8^ miles east by s6uth of MagiUigan Point, is narrow, highly barred, and ill-suited for either shelter or navigation ; and one of two tiny harbours, situated on the main coast near the boundary between the counties of Londonderry and Antrim, possesses more an apparent than a real importance from being the call-harbour of the Londonderry and Glasgow steamers for the town of Ooleraine. Most of the little bays upon the north coast of Antrim are as useless for commerce as they are wonderful for scenery ; but Ballycastle bay, between Kenbane Head and Fair Head, possesses capacity and shelter for small vessels. North of a line from Innistrahul, 7^ miles north-east of Malin Head, to the entrance of Ballycastle bay, the flood seta to the east six hours, and the ebb the contrary ; and south of the line, at half-flood by the shore, the stream sets to the west till half-ebb by the shore, and the contrary. The sound or strait of Eathlin, between Fair Head and Rathlin Island, is 3 miles wide, has so rapid a current as to be called the Race of Bathlin, and sometimes exhibits the phenomenon of the mirage, similar to the fata morgana. At 1^ mile north of Fair Head, spring and neap tides have a current of respectively 5 and 2^ knots ; and at 1^ mile north-east of Fair Head, they have a current of respectively 3 and 1^ knots. A current 3| miles north-east of Rathlin is called the Race of Skerrinoe, breaks heavily in blowing weather, and is said to have only 15 fathoms and a rocky bottom. The principal bays and marine inlets of the east coast of Antrim are Murloughbay, Cushendun bay. Red bay, Glenarm bay, and Lough Lame ; but only the last of these is a good harbour, or even comparatively valuable for navigation. Spring tides off these bays rise 9 feet ; and neap tides, from 4 to 5. From Tor Point to Cushendun, the tides run true six hours each way, except within a cableVlength of the shore ; from Garron Point to OushendaU, the ebb stream runs three hours to the north after low water by the shore, making nine hours ebb and three hours flood or southern stream in Red bay ; within 1 J mile of the shore, along a line from Garron Point to Ballygalley Head, there is a counter stream from half-flood to half-ebb ; and the current of spring tides, off Ballygalley Head, runs 2^ knots.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 6

44. College of St. Columba opened in Meath

    Trim · town · Meath · 1843

    The College of St. Columba, located in County Meath, was opened on August 1, 1843, in strict and exclusive connection with the United Church of England and Ireland. It was established for theology, science, and literature.

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    The colleges for theology, science, and literature, and the schools of medicine and surgery in Ireland, are Trinity College, Dublin, incorporated in 1591, and opened for students in 1593 ; the College of St. Columba, in the county of Meath, opened on Aug. 1, 1843, in strict and exdusiye connection with the United Church <k England and Ireland ; the Royal College of St. Patrick, at Maynooth, instituted by act of parliament, in 1795, for the education of Roman Catholics ; St. Patrick's College at Carlow, St. Jarlath's College at Tuam, and St. Patrick's College at Armagh, for the education of Roman Catholics ; the Roman Catholic Coll^^ at Dublin for Foreign Missions i the Royal Belfast Academical Institution, practically for the education of Protestant Dissenting ministers ; the Belfeist Academy, instituted in 1786 ; the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, founded by charter of Charles II. ; the School of Physic in Ireland ; the Association of Graduates in Medicine of Trinity College, Dublin, instituted in 1837 ; the Association of Members of the King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland, instituted in 1816 ; the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland ; the School of Surgery ; the Dublin Obstetrical Society, establiiJied in 1838 ; the Theatre of Anatomy and School of MecUcine and Surgery, in Peter-^reet, Dublin ; the Apothe* caries' Hall of Ireland ; the School of Medicine of the Apothecaries* Hall of Ireland ; the Society of Apothecaries, established in 1835 ; and the Medical Association of Ireland, established in 1839. The principal literary and scientific institutions have their seat in Dublin, and are the Royal Dublin Society, the Royal Irish Academy, the Royal Hibernian Academy, the Royal Irish Art Union, the Royal Zoological Society, the Geological Society, the Dublin Natural Histoiy Society, the Civil Engineers' Society of Ireland, the Royal Institute of Architects, the Dublin Mechanics* Institution, the Royal Agricultural Society, the Royal Horticultural Society, and the Practical Floral and Horticultural Society. One hundred and two local farming societies exist throughout Ireland, in connection with the Royal Agricultural Society. The number of newspapers in the course of publication in the boroughs of Ireland, at the close of 1843, were 7 in Belfast, 1 in Carlow, 1 in Ennis, 3 in Cork, 1 in Ballyshannon, 1 in Downpatrick, 2 in Newry, 22 in Dublin, 2 in Ennis^ kUlen, 1 in Tuam, 2 in Gbdway, 3 in Tralee, 2 in Kilkenny, 2 in Limerick, 3 in Londonderry, 1 in Longford, 2 in Drogheda, 1 in Ballina, 2 in Castlebar, 1 in Achill, 1 in Monaghan, I in Maryborough, S in Boyle, 2 in Sligo, 1 in Nenagh, 2 in Clonmel, 3 in Waterford, 2 in Athlone, and 2 in Wexford. The number of stamps issued for newspapers for a series of years from 1827 to 1841, both inclusive^ shows an increase of circulation of nearly double the amount at its commencement : —

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 88

45. Gortin the least populous poor-law union in Ireland

    Gortin · townland · Tyrone · 1838–1843

    Gortin was the smallest poor-law union by population, with only 17,315 inhabitants. This made it the least populous of all 130 unions established under the Irish Poor Law Act.

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    TiooB to the opening of workhouses, £9,402 148. lid. was for elections of guardians, ;£37,052 188. 7^ for valuation, £3,621 Is. 6d. for vaccination, £11,956 ISs. Igd. for salaries of officers, £11,505 148. Ojd. for furniture, £2,304 148. lOjd. for fixtures and fitting, £18,434 188. 7id. for bedding, £17,722 148. Id. for clothing, £1,322 188r9^d. for utensils and materials for setting the paupers to work, and £13,061 188. 4^. for other expenses ; and of the expenses incurred subsequent to the opening of workhouses, £236,471 lis. 6|d. was for maintenance of paupers in food, medicine, clothing, fuel, Ac, £19,183 10s. Ijd. for bedding, £13,586 28. lid. for furniture, £12,036 10s. 6d. for fixtures and fitting, £4,770 Ms. Id. for utensils and materials for setting the paupers to work, £2,555 28. 5d. for vaccination, £1,523 15s. 6d. for elections of guardians, £1,369 6s. for law expenses, £8,870 in instalments of workhouse loan, £34,988 8s. 4|d. for salaries of officers, and £31,326 19b. 0^ for other expenses. The unions, in the order in which they rank, or in the •rder of the dates of their declaration, together with the extent of each in statute acres, are Limerick, 124,130; Belfast, 47,702; Rathkeale, 108,340; Newcastle, 132,895; Lisbum, 119,300; Kilmallock, 151,179 ; Lurgan, 80,120 ; Londonderry, 139,199; Kinsale, 77,770 ; Tipperary, 185,561 j Gashel, 141,360; Skibbereen, 236,398; Celbridge, 85,400; Clogheen, 73,113; Nenagh, 184,712; Kaas, 199,335; Bandon, 143,460; Middleton, 145,683; Banbridge, 124,860; Fermoy, 195,316; Mallow, 151,050; Gonmel, 89,958 ; Thurles, 125,139; €allan, 106,633; Dungarvan, 163,826; Lis- MMwe, 95,397 ; Dunshaughlin, 109,096 ; Balrothery, 76,988 ; Cork, 142,688 ; Athlone, 199,109 ; Stra- Une, 134,209; Waterford, 146,467; Armagh, 154,281; Newry, 137,911; Edenderry, 140,396; Sortin, 111,248; Castle-Derg, 9,758 ; Roscrea, 155,374; Parsonstown, 150,140; Omagh, 174,603 ; Longford, 208,625 ; Trim, 113,529 ; Galway, 217,814 ; Carrick-on-Suir, 105,543 ; Ballinasloe, 126,944 y North Dublin, 38,914 ; South Dublin, 44,474 ; Dundalk, 104,372 ; Drogheda, 101,042 ; Navan, 93,327; Ennis, 143,339 ; Kilkenny, 275,825; Kells, 114,620; Shillelagh, 58,577; Sligo, 254,995; Dungannon, 102,474; Kihrush, 115,746; ScarifT, 108,975; Kilkeel, 81,726; Ennistymon, 152,609; Rathdown, 51,154; Cootehill, 104,988; Gort, 89,828; Boyle, 181,293; Ardee, 95,039 ; Cookstown, 96,730; Canick-on-Shannon, 132,516; Manor-Hamilton, 157,159; Newtown-Ardes, 93,924; MohiU, 137,768; Loughrea, 126,095; Roscommon, 176,775; Castlerea, 239,665; Tullamore, 157,968; Tuam, 135,233 ; Newtownlimavaddy, 150,625 ; Bathdrum, 207,358 ; Mullingar, 251,054 ; Mona^ban, 112,043; Carrickmacross, 60,469; Ballinrobe, 190,635; Castleblayney, 93,504; Castlebar, 148,477 ; Bailieborough, 88,027 ; Baltinglass, 143,935 ; Magherafelt, 155,847 ; Cavan, 178,723 ; Gokraine, 112,176; Abbeyleix, 113,400; Mountmellick, 220,968; Gorey, 121,585; Dunmanway, g9,802 ; Macroom, 194,981 ; Kanturk, 247,049 ; Downpatrick, 147,367 ; Oldcastle, 108,568 ; BallyaKmey, 127,057; Enniscorthy, 192,601; Clones, 71,566; New Ross, 186,596; Listowel, 209,261 ; TMee, 350,722 ; Swineford, 133,026; Ballycastle, 102,530; Ballymena, 161,326; Lame, 117,733; Antrim, 116,342; Granard, 138,970; Wexford, 111,200; Ballyshannon, 137,024; Lisnaskea, 98,147 ; BdHna, 507,154 ; Westport, 341,117 ; Enniskillen, 231,961 ; Clifden, 191,426 ; Lowtherstown, 75,783 ; Guiow, 179,709 ; Eillamey, 253,269 ; Innishowen, 159,323 ; Cahirciveen, 146,296 ; Kenmare, 271,245 ; Btntry, 137,266 ; Donegal, 156,890 ; Stranorlar, 113,956 ; Athy, 161,878 ; Clogher, 101,203 ; Letterkenay, 101,998; Milford, 112,748; Dunfanaghy, 128,220; and Glenties, 260,625. Sufficiently full and minute statistic notices of each of the unions will be found in our article on the place whence it bai its name. As to superficial extent, the largest union is Ballina, the smallest one is North Dubfin, and the smallest rural one is Rathdown ; and as to population, the largest is South Dublin, 182,755, and the smallest is Gortin, 17,315. The electoral divisions into which each union is distributed vary in number from 8 in South Dublin to 29 in Omagh ; and each consists of townlands, lad it chargeable with the support of the poor whom it furnishes to the workhouse. The 130 workhtnaes were estimated to cost between £1,100,000 and £1,200,000 ; and they have been erected by meanf of loans from government, free of interest for 10 years, and to be repaid by annual instal- Bents within 20 years. The poor-law commissioner receives a salary of £2000 ; each of 11 assistiBt oommissioners receives a salary of £700 ; and the clerk of each union, and the master and aiatron of each workhouse, receive salaries of respectively £60, £40, and £25 or £30. The clerk of the union, however, is the returning officer of the guardians ; and, in that capacity, receives a fee distinct from his salary. The clothing and diet of the paupers, and the structure and economy of the workhouses, are noticed as follows by Mr. and Mrs. Hall : — " The clothing of the adult consists of a coat and trowscrs of barragon, cap, shirt, shoes, and stockings. The female \ are supplied with a striped jerkin, a petticoat of linsey woolsey, and another of stout cotton, a cap, riiift, shoes, and stockings. The male children have each a jacket and trowscrs of iascian, a shirt, and a woollen cap. The female children have each a cotton frock and petticoat, a oip, and a linsey woolsey petticoat. Each bed is supplied with a straw mattress, with blankets, bolsten, &c The able-bodied women and children sleep in double beds ; the sick, the infirm, and tJbt male persons sleep in single beds. The diet varies in particular unions, chiefly depending on the condition of the poor in the neighbourhood, the object being to give such diet to the inmates

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 94

46. Gougane Barra, thrilling mountain romance

    near Gougane Barra · population centre · Cork

    Lough Gougane Barra on the western margin of County Cork, a few miles west of the lakes of Inchigeelagh, is a loughlet of the most thrilling mountain romance.

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    Loogh Melvin, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim and Fermanagh, is partly overhung by the Dartry mountains, and partly bounded by low, rocky, moorish grounds ; and, with the aid of a few wooded islets, it presents, on the whole, an agreeable appearance. Loughs Macnean, Upper and Lower, on the mutual borders of counties Leitrim, Cavan, and Fermanagh, are wild sheets of water, cradled amidst a region of brilliant highland scenery. Lough Oughter, in oo. Gavan, and in the channel or river-course of the Upper Erne, is a singularly intricate and almost labyrinthine intermixture of water with bold headlands, deep, projecting, wooded peninsulas, and large fertile islands. Lough Key, in the north of co. Roscommon, and in the river-course of the Boyle, is a luscious sheet of water, gemmed with beautiful islands, and zoned with fertile and ornate grounds. Lough Gara, on the mutual borders of counties Roscommon, Mayo, and Sligo, has a singulariy beautiful outline, and possesses some extent of interesting shore, yet fails to produce a generally pleasing effect. Lough Arrow, partly on the boundary between Roscommon and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, is studded with some beautiful islands, and surrounded with not uninteresting shores. Lough Gill, partly on the mutual border of Leitrim and Sligo, but chiefly within the latter county, has some charming islands, is surrounded by bold and singularly varied mountain ranges, and has been pronounced inferior in scenery only to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Dereveragh, in co. Westmeath, is a beautiful and comparatively large sheet of water. Lough Owhel, a little south of Lough Dereveragh, is a limpid lake, fed by internal springs, and affording to the Royal Canal its main supply of water. Lough Iron, in co. West* meath, and a little north-west of Lough Owhel, has, in general, flat and boggy shores. Lough Eonel, in oo. Westmeath, and south of Lough Owhel, is languishingly beautiful Lough Sheelin, on the mutual border of counties Meath, Westmeath, and Cavan, but chiefly within the last of these counties, is a beautiful though only third-rate expanse of water, greatly adorned on its north shores by recent georgic and park improvements. Lough Ganny, Gaiinagh, or Gouna, on the mutual border of counties Longford and Cavan, forms the young Erne by its superfluent waters, and has been pronounced the most beautiful of the Leinster lakes. Lough Ramor, in the southeast of 00. Cavan, is beautified with several wooded islets, and has considerably varied shores. The CootehiH lakes, on the mutual border of counties Cavan and Monaghan, are replete with luscious beanty, and completely screened with highly embellished demesnes. Lough Derg, in the southeast eomer of co. Donegal, is a gloomy mountain lake, remarkable for St. Patrick*B Purgatory on one of its dismal islets. Lough Esk, in the south of Donegal, is a pleasant and ornate sheet of water, of medium character between highland and lowland. Lough Veagh, a little north of the eeatre of co. Donegal, is a magnificent though not large mountain lake. Lough Carrowmore, in the north-east of co. Mayo, is a dreary expanse of water, amidst a vast region of wild moorlands. Loughs Bray, in the north of co. Wicklow, are mere loughlets, remarkable for the great elevation at which they lie, and the sublime scenery in which they are cradled. The lakes of Glendalough, near the centre of co. Wicklow, are noticeable, not strictly on their own account, but in associatioo with the many and singular architectural ruins of their small and savagely wild %len. The lakes of Inchegeelagh or Allua, in the west of co. Cork, have an agreeable mountain character. Lougfa Gougane Barra, on the western margin of co. Cork, a few miles west of the lakes of Inche* geehgh, is a loughlet of the most thrilling mountain romance. The lakes of Carra, Upper and Lower, in the west of co. Kerry, lie in a wild and beautiful glen, and have, for a number of years past, commanded the attention of many visitors to the lakes of Killamey. Lough Currane, on the coast of Ballinaskelligs bay in co. Kerry, has a mingled character of mooriehncss and moun* tain might.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

47. Grey and dove marble near Lough Arrow

    near Lough Arrow · lake or lakes · Sligo

    Grey and dove coloured marbles occur at the base of the Curlew Mountains, near Lough Arrow in County Sligo.

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    and thence to Oranmore. Black marble occurs under similar circumstances in the ne^hbourhood of Westport in Majo, and of Oarlow and Kilkenny ; also mottled black and white, in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, at the base of the Galtees mountains ; likewise filled with organic remains in the neighbourhood of Cork, and many other places. 'Where carbon, the colouring matter, is wanting, we have crystalline marble of various tints, as brownish red at Armagh, white and red striped at Killamey, Kenmare, Cork Harbour, and Castletown, 9 nules north of Nenagh, co. Tipperary ; red and yellowish white at Clononey, in King's co. ; and brownish red, mottled with grey of various shades, at Ballymahon, in co. Longford. Grey and dove marbles occur in numerous places, particularly at the base of the Curlew mountain, near Lough Arrow, in CO. Sligo ; near the Seven Churches, south of Athlone, in King's co. ; and at Carrickacrump, near Cloyne, in co. Cork. Nearly the whole of the marble quarries here mentioned, dispersed from north to south, occur near the outer edge of the limestone boundary, where it rests either on the yellow sandstone, or on some older rock. When they are met with in the interior, as at Clononey and the Seven Churches in King's co., it will be seen that detached hills of yellow sandstone, as already described, rise up from beneath the limestone strata, in their immediate neighbourhood ; thus showing that the marble beds do belong to the lower portions of the series. The marble beds are succeeded by strata of grey or greyish blue limestone, which occupy a greater or less extent of country, in proportion as the strata effect a steep or slight angle of inclination from the horizon. In many cases the strata undulate, forming very flat curves ; and where such occur, of course the same bed may frequently be met with at the surface, throughout a large district. Excepting in the northern counties, where the succession of the limestone series is fiilly and closely developed, it is almost impossible to determine, with any precision, on the point where the lower limestone may be said to terminate, and the calp or the upper limestone to commence. In many localities of the midland and southern counties, the black shale or calp series is altogether wanting, or it occurs so sparingly, that, without a laborious and minute examination, it will not be detected."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

48. Hollow spar near Baltinglass

    Baltinglass · town · Wicklow

    Hollow spar in very distinct specimens was found at and near Baltinglass in County Wicklow.

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    becomes evident that the bottom of the tertiary deposit must be at least 164 feet below the lerel of the sea. The clay district of Lough Neagh is similar to the potter's clay district of Bohvey, in Devonshire ; and pits have been opened in many parts for the purpose of raising pipe day ; but hitherto no beds of a pure white colour have been discovered, at least none which preeerre their white colour when exposed to the heat of the potter's baking furnace ; but there can be no doubt, if proper trials were made in different parts of the district, that pure white potter's clay would be discovered. Potter's clay, similar to that of Lough Neagh, occurs in a valley resting on the carboniferous limestone situated to the south-east of Cahir, in the county of Tipperary ; and many years since, considerable quantities of clay were raised, and exported from thence to the potteries of England. White clay also occurs in a similar position, resting on limestone near St. John's Point, and other localities on the western bank of Lough Ree, in the county of Roscommon." Yesuvian, though of not well developed crystal, has been found at Kilranelagh, in a rock composed of common garnet, quartz, and felspar. Grenalite occurs in a micaceous compound, in the lead mines of Wicklow. The precious beryl has been found embedded in granite near Loughs Bray in CO. Wicklow. Cronebane has been found in the mountains of Wicklow and Dublin. Andalusite occurs in the micaceous schist of Djouce mountain in Wicklow. A mineral nearly allied to andalusite has been found in great abundance at Killincy in co. Dublin. A crystallized mineral of characters very similar to those of indurated talc, accompanies the andalusite of Djouce mountain. Hollow spar, in very distinct specimens, has been found at and near Baltinglass in co. Wicklow. Pitch-stone, traversing granite, occurs near Newry in co. Down. Granular sulphate of baryies, mcoompanied by iron pyrites, has been found on the shore near Clonakilty in co. Cork. Wavellite, Tery similar in its external character and in its analysis to the wavellite of Devonshire, as described bj Sir Humphrey Davy, has been found about 10 miles south-east of the city of Cork. Jaspers of Tarious sizes have been discovered in yellow clay, a few feet below the surface, near the southern extremity of the granite district in co. Kilkenny. Amethysts have been found in the cliffs in the Tidnity of Kerry Head. Transparent crystals, popularly known as Kerry stones, and harder, larger, and more brilliant than Bristol stones, are comparatively abundant in various parts of Kerry. Gold was for several years obtained in rather large quantity on the mountain of Croghan- Kinshela in co. Wicklow. Silver appears to have been obtained in considerable quantities, previous to the Carlist wars of the 17th century, in the lead mines of Antrim, Sligo, and Tipperary. Copper is found at Ross Island in the lower lake of KiUarney ; at Muckross, on the shores of that lake ; at Cronebane and Ballymurtagh in co. Wicklow ; and in some parts of counties Cork, Clare, Mcath, Waterford, and Dublin. Lead occurs near Enniscorthy in co. Wexford ; at Derrynoose in co. Armagh ; near Glendalough in co. Wicklow ; near the city of Dublin ; and in parts of counties Sligo, Antrim, Tipperary, and Donegal Iron ores are plentiful in various parts of Ireland ; and, in the 17th century, they were worked in a number of districts till the circumjacent timber available for smdting was exhausted. The grey ore of manganese has been found in the peninsula of Howth, in various parts of co. Kilkenny, in the Mayo mountains of Glanmore, and in several other counties. Cobalt accompanies the copper of Muckross in co. Kerry ; and a variety of the earth black cobalt ore of Werner, has been found in the peninsula of Howth. Tin stone occurs in Croghanym«h<>U in CO. Wicklow. Porcelain earth, equal in purity to the china clay of Cornwall, has been found in the south-west of co. Wicklow. Mineral springs, chiefly chalybeate, occur in almost every county ; and those most in repute, as the resorts of invalids, are the spa of Ballyspellan near Urlingford in co. Kilkenny, the spa of Lucan near Dublin, the spa of Swanlinbar in co. Cavan, and the spa of Mallow in co. Cork.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

49. Killybegs Harbour accommodates any vessel

    near Killybegs Harbour · estuary · Donegal

    Killybegs Harbour, on the north side of Donegal Bay, though narrow in its entrance, has well-sheltered anchorage in 6 to 8 fathoms of water and can accommodate vessels of any burden, making it one of the most capable harbours on the north-west coast.

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    are Clew bay at Wegtport, Galway bay at Oolway, the estuary of the Shannon, and the bay of Dublin. The outer part of Sligo bay measures 7 miles across the entrance, and though capacious is very much exposed ; the two inner parts, called Ardnaglass Harbour and Drumcliffe bay, are large and sheltered but very shallow ; and the central inner part, constituting Sligo Harbour proper, is furnished outside of the bar with a pier which, though of rather troublesome access, possesses very important adaptation to an already considerable and a prospectiyely great trade. Ballyshannon and Donegal harbours, at respectively the south side and the head of Donegal bay, are estuarial and of small capacity and not much depth ; yet both are valuable ; and the former, in particular, might, with the help of a canal or a railway to Lower Lough Erne, become a marine outlet to all the internal navigations of the west and north-west of Ireland. The principal inlets on the north side of Donegal bay are Inver bay, MacSwine*s bay, Killybegs Harbour, and Fintragh bay ; and the third of these — Killybegs Harbour — though narrow in the entrance, has a wellsheltered anchorage in from 6 to 8 £Eithoms of water, and can accommodate vessels of any burden. Donegal bay itself, apart from the inlets upon its shores, is a mere miniature gulf^ quite open to the west, and often tossed into tremendous tumult by gales firom the Atlantic. The larger bays and estuaries between Teelin Head and Horn Head, are Loughrusb^ and Loughrusmore south of Dawras Head, Guibarra bay north of Dawras Head, Innisfere and Guidore bays several miles south of Bloody Foreland, and Ballyness bay several miles east of Bloody Foreland ; and the smaller bays and harbours of noticeable character are Malin bay between Teelin Head and Rossan Point, Glen bay immediately north of Rossan Point, Dawras bay between Loughrusmore and Dawras Head, Trawenagh bay an arm of Guibarra bay, Maghery bay north of Trawenagh, Donglo Harbour north-east of Maghery bay, Rutland Harbour between Rutland Island and the mainland, and Ourran's Port between Bloody Foreland and Ballyness bay ; but— estimating the two classes jointly — some of the bays are destitute of shelter, others are shallow, intricate, and foul, others afford good shelter and accommodation to fishing craft, and only one or two are fit for the uses of coasting vessels. The tidal current between Bloody Foreland and Horn Head a little to seaward, or through the sound between Tory Island and the mainland, runs at the rate of 2 knots in spring tides, and three-fourths of a mile in neap tides. Sheephaven, immediately east of the Horn Head peninsula, measures 4^ miles across the entrance, penetrates the land 8^ miles southward, sends off a small ramification to the town of Dunfiemaghy, and, though exposed over the greater part of its surface, is hindered from subordination to extensive trade only by the remoteness and poverty of the upland country which surrounds it. Mulroy bay sinuously penetrates the land in a prevailingly southern direction to the extent of 14 miles, but has an extreme breadth of 3^ miles, and is aggregately shallow, intricate, and unsuited to general navigation. Lough Swilly measures 4^ miles across the entrance, penetrates the land 25^ miles southward, contains some excellent interior harbours, possesses perfectly safe anchoring ground for the largest man-of-war, is capable of sheltering and accommodating half the fleets of Europe, and boasts a series of highly diversified and strongly picturesque shores ; yet it is frequented by comparatively very few trading vessels, and is shamefully little known either to merchants or to men of taste. Strathbreaga bay, which washes the south-west side of the peninsula of Malin, is a shallow and intricate inlet, pf no value whatever to navigation. From Horn Head east-north-eastward to MaUn Head, the true stream of tide sets along a line at the mean distance of about 4^ miles from the intervening headlands, six hours each way ; but within side of the line, the stream turns at half-flood to the west, and at half-ebb to the east.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 7

50. Market-house designed by Archbishop Stewart

    near Armagh · town · Armagh

    The neat market-house in Armagh was designed at his own expense by Archbishop Stewart. It stands among the notable public erections of the city.

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    thieves, in old basso relievo; the others are so much obliterated, that I leave tbeiv solution to more expert antiquarians ; they appear rather a kind of rude ornanaental fret-work, than any distinct characters." The present n^at market-house was designed at his own expense by Archbishop Stewart. Among the numerous erections of Archbishop Robinson was an assembly-room, which, while dedicated to fashionable dissipation, was yet designed to subserve charitable purposes, but which, as it aware of the incongruity between its objects, he left quite incomplete. The card and supper rooms are on a large scale; the ball-room is 60 feet by 30; and the kitchens and servants' apartments are

    suitably laid out The Mall, already repeatedly

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 137

51. Mottled marble at Mitchelstown

    Mitchelstown · town · Cork

    Mottled black and white marble is found in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, situated at the base of the Galtee Mountains.

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    and thence to Oranmore. Black marble occurs under similar circumstances in the ne^hbourhood of Westport in Majo, and of Oarlow and Kilkenny ; also mottled black and white, in the neighbourhood of Mitchelstown, at the base of the Galtees mountains ; likewise filled with organic remains in the neighbourhood of Cork, and many other places. 'Where carbon, the colouring matter, is wanting, we have crystalline marble of various tints, as brownish red at Armagh, white and red striped at Killamey, Kenmare, Cork Harbour, and Castletown, 9 nules north of Nenagh, co. Tipperary ; red and yellowish white at Clononey, in King's co. ; and brownish red, mottled with grey of various shades, at Ballymahon, in co. Longford. Grey and dove marbles occur in numerous places, particularly at the base of the Curlew mountain, near Lough Arrow, in CO. Sligo ; near the Seven Churches, south of Athlone, in King's co. ; and at Carrickacrump, near Cloyne, in co. Cork. Nearly the whole of the marble quarries here mentioned, dispersed from north to south, occur near the outer edge of the limestone boundary, where it rests either on the yellow sandstone, or on some older rock. When they are met with in the interior, as at Clononey and the Seven Churches in King's co., it will be seen that detached hills of yellow sandstone, as already described, rise up from beneath the limestone strata, in their immediate neighbourhood ; thus showing that the marble beds do belong to the lower portions of the series. The marble beds are succeeded by strata of grey or greyish blue limestone, which occupy a greater or less extent of country, in proportion as the strata effect a steep or slight angle of inclination from the horizon. In many cases the strata undulate, forming very flat curves ; and where such occur, of course the same bed may frequently be met with at the surface, throughout a large district. Excepting in the northern counties, where the succession of the limestone series is fiilly and closely developed, it is almost impossible to determine, with any precision, on the point where the lower limestone may be said to terminate, and the calp or the upper limestone to commence. In many localities of the midland and southern counties, the black shale or calp series is altogether wanting, or it occurs so sparingly, that, without a laborious and minute examination, it will not be detected."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

52. Mount Leinster and Blackstairs interior range

    near Mount Leinster · mountain or mountain range · Carlow

    The Mount Leinster and Blackstairs mountains, located between County Wexford and County Carlow, are strictly an interior range extending parallel to the coast at a mean distance of 22 miles. Their principal summit is Mount Leinster at 2,604 feet.

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    Kippure mountain 2,473, a height 2| miles north-east of Kippure 1,716, a height 1| mile westnorth-west of Kippure 2,364, Butter mountain 1,459, a height 1^ mile east of Butter mountain 1,532, a height 3 miles east-north-east of Butter mountain 2,033, Slieveroe 1,093, Sorrel Hill 1,975, a height 1^ mile east of Sorrel Hill 926, a height 2 miles south-west of the village of Sranamuck 2,364, a height H mile east-south-east of Sranamuck 1,631, Djoucc mountain 2,384, a height 2^ miles south-east of Djouce 1,056, Sugarloaf mountain 1,651, a height 1^ mile west of Sugarloaf 1,073, a height 4j miles south of Sorrel Hill 1,551, Thonelagee 2,683, a height 1| mile north of Thonela^ 2,307, a height 4j miles north-north-east of Thonelagee 2,364, Trooperstown Hill 1,407, a height 6J miles north of Trooperstown Hill 1,581, a height 5J miles north-west of Ashford 1,183, Slievecradoe 1,791, a height 4 miles south-east of Slievecradoe 2,095, a height 4 miles west-north-west of Slievercadoe 703, a height 5 miles south-west of Slievecradoe 861, a height 5 miles south of Slievecradoe 1,037, Comaderry 2,296, a height 3 miles north-west of Comaderry 1J930, a height 3 miles north by west of Comaderry 981, Lugduff 2,148, a height 2| miles north-east of Lugduff 1,833, Carrickmore 1,252, and a height 3^ miles north of Carrickmore 653 ; and the principal sunmiits south of a line drawn from Wicklow Head through Lugnaquilla, are Timorin 1,023, a height 3 miles east of Timorin 1,256, Mount Caldeen 2,143, Knockreagh 1,559, a height 3 miles south-east of Knockreagh 474, Knockpatrick 851, Slievenamow 1,478, a height Ij mile south-south-west of Slievenamow 865, Croghan 2,175, Bola Hill 894, a height 1 mile west by south of Bathdrum 704, a height 1^ mile west-north-west of Rathdrum 759, Collon 782, Knockreagh 1| mile east-south-east of Rathvilly 593, Eagle Hill 973, Cushlawn 1,318, a height 5^ miles south-east of Eagle Hill 1,416, a height 5| miles south-south-east of Slievenamow 1,279, a height 2 miles south of Cushlawn 744, a height 3 J miles south-south-west of Bohi Hill 860, Croghan-Kinshela 1,985, a height 3 miles west of Arklow 410, a height 1^ mile south of Arklow 411, a height 6| miles south-west of Tinnehely 1,381, a height 3J miles south-west of Tinnehely 1,171, a height 1| mile west of Tinnehely 1,312, Conna Hill 1,491, Kilkevin Hill 1,063, Slieveboy 1,384, and Tara Hill 825,— The Mount Leinster and Blackstairs mountains, between co. Wexford and co. Carlow, are strictly an interior range, and extend parallel with the coast at the mean distance from it of 22 miles ; and their principid summits are Mount Leinster 2,604 feet, Blackstairs mountain 2,411, and White mountain 1,627. A congeries west and south-west of New Ross, and from 10^ to 16^ miles distant from the sea, have for their chief summits Cammerous Hill 598 feet, Carrickbum 766, Killegney 537, Lackan 628, and Slievekelter 887. The Forth mountain, a little west of the town of Wexford, has an altitude of 774 feet.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 16

53. Natural and architectural landmarks of Arklow parish

    Arklow · town · Wicklow

    The parish of Arklow is distinguished by the river Ovoca, the castellated mansion of Glenart on its banks, and the auriferous Croghan mountain on the Wexford boundary. These features contribute to the parish's rich landscape and scenic character.

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    southern extremity of the barony of Arklow, to, Wicklow, Leinster. It contains the town of Arklow: see next article. Length and breadth, each 3^ miles; area, 8,127 acres. Pop., in 1831, 6,511 ; in 1841, 6,236. Houses 1,026. Pop. of the rural districts, in 1831, 2,128; in 1841, 2,963. Houses 502. Three of its most renaarkable objects are the magnificent river Ovoca, which drains it south-eastward to the sea ; the noble, castellated and woodenvironed mansion of Glenart, which adorns the bank of that stream ; and the auriferous mountain Croghan, which shoots up on the boundary with ca Wexford. See OvocA, Glenart, and Croghan. Shelton, the demesne of the Earl of Wicklow, though not within the parish, extends close along its boundary, and contributes exulting features to its scenery. See Shelton. Ballyrane-house, within a mile of the town of Arklow, commands a fine view of the seaboard and the ocean. Lambarton-house, about halfa-mile south of the town, overlooks an exquisite fore and middle ground of wood and hill and sea, with the magnificent mountain-range around Lugnaquilla in the perspective. Emma- Vale, a mansion I ^ mile west of the town, has fine plantations of its own, and looks out upon a wooded expanse of 800 acres around Kilcarra. Emoolew, a lodge on the south side of the town, vies with Lambarton in its view of sea and mountain. Cooladangan, near the boundary with CO. Wexford, is a comfortable and well-sheltered seat. The scenery of the parish, whether that within its own limits, or that beheld from its vantagegrounds, or that constituted by the blending of the two, is full of character, rich in beauty, and imposing in power; but, in its principal groupings, will be noticed in separate articles, — chiefly Ballt Arthur, and those already noted. The vale of the Ovoca, with its flanking hills and lateral glens and mountain and sea perspectives, is such a natural picture gallery in itself that its contents, in order to be estimated, must be seen piece by piece. Elsewhere, the parochial surface varies, in the very prodigality of landscape, from the Alpine height, to the flat band of sea-beach or alluvium. From Croghan, whose summit soars 2,044 feet above sea-level, the ground rolls fitfully down to the shore, picturesquely contoured in height and hollow, and starting up, immediately on the coast, in the low conical hills called the greater and the smaller Arklow rocks. The soil of the parish is partly light, but prevailingly good. ^

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 122

54. Navigation on the Maine at Castlemaine

    Castlemaine · town · Kerry

    The Maine river enters the head of Castlemaine Harbour and serves as a navigable route. It can be navigated from the Inch bar to the bridge of Castlemaine, covering a distance of about 12 miles.

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    estuary, is a romantic mountain rivulet. The Currane and the Inny, which enter BallinaskelligB bay, and the Fartin, which flows into Valentia Harbour, are of small note. The Oarra or Tinganff, which enters the lower part of Castlemaine Harbour, descends from a grandly romantic glen, and traverses the powerfully picturesque lakes of Oarra. The Laune or Lane carries off the Buperfluent waters of the celebrated lakes of Killamey, and enters Castlemaine Harbour near its head ; and its principal tributaries are the Flesk and the Deanagh into the Lower Lake, and the Oiddagh, the Lishadan, and the Anagarry, into its own current. The Maine enters the head of Castlemaine Harbour, and is navigable from the Inch bar to the bridge of Castlemaine, a distance of about 12 miles; and its principal tributaries are the Fleskroe, the Aunahity, the Keelbredagh, and the Castle river. The Cashen river is formed by the Feale, the Gale, and the Brick ; it drains smaU parts of counties Limerick and Cork, and a large proportion of the north of co. Kerry ; it is tidal, and navigable for vessels of 10 tons, over a distance of 6 miles ; and the principal tributaries of its forming streams are the Shannaw into the Brick, and the Brenagh, the Owenbeg, the Ullahan, the UUa, and the Smearla, into the Feale. The river Shannon drains a small part of co. Cavan, a large part of co. Leitrim, very nearly the whole of co. Roscommon, very nearly the whole of co. Longford, a pendicle of co. Meath, a large part of co. Westmeath, the larger part of King^s co., a considerable part of co. Qalway, a large part of co. Tipperary, the greater part of co. Clare, very nearly the whole of co. Limerick, and a considerable part of co. Kerry ; its principal tributaries are the Arigna, the Foerus, the Boyle, the Owenure, and the Cronagh in Roscommon, the Clonard, the fiamlin, the Kenagh, and the Inny in Longford, the Suck between Roscommon and Oalway, the Blackwater and the Brosna in King^s co., the Little Brosna between King's co. and Tipperary, the BaUyshmel and the Rosmore in Qalway, the Borris-o*-kane, the Kenagh, and the Kilmastulla in Tipperary, the Scarriff, the Blackwater, the Ougamee, and the Fergus in Clare, and the Mulkem, the Groody, the Maig, the Deel, and the Ovan in Limerick ; it is tidal, deeply navigable, and in a certain sense estuariid, all the way to the city of Limerick ; it sends off the estuary of the Fergus from its north side, and has a series of small harbours on both the north side and the south, particularly at Clare, Kildysert, the mouth of the Maig, the mouth of the Deel, Glynn, Tarbert, and Kilrush, between the city and the ocean ; it is navigable for river craft, partly up its own channel and partly by canal, from Limerick to KiUaloe ; it is navigated by steam-vessels from KiBaloe to Athlone, and by river craft from Athlone to Lough Allen ; and it comipands all the ramifications of inland navigation in the centre, east, and west, of Ireland, and is proposed to be connected also with the basin of the Erne, and thence with all the inland navigation of the north and north-east of Ireland. The Bunbeg and the Ennistymon rivers possess considerable volume ; bat the other streams of the west side of Clare are of no note.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

55. Newry River and Lough Carlingford

    near Newry · town · Down

    The Newry river flows into the head of Lough Carlingford and, though short, is navigable to Newry and connected by artificial navigation with the Upper Bann and Lough Neagh.

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    The riyer Foyle is formed by the Finn and the Moume, both voluminous streams, at the bridge of Liffbrd ; drains large sections of the counties of Donegal, Tyrone, and Londonderry ; and, over the lower part of its course, is identified with the shallow but wide marine expansion of Lough Foyle. It is tidal from Magilligan Point to Castle-Finn, a distance of 35 miles ; and navigable for sea-borne vessels to the bridge of Londonderry, a distance of 20 miles, — and for small craft or lighters to the canal at Strabane, and to Castle-Finn, distances above Londonderry of respectively 8 and 17 miles. Its tributkries are the Roe and the Faughan, flowing into the Londonderry side of Lough Foyle ; the Bermot, the Ballymagorry, the Soolybum, and the Bumdale, the two former on the east bank, and the two latter on the west bank, between Londonderry and Lifibrd ; the Derg, joining the Moume, 5 miles above Strabane ; the Moumebeg, joining the Derg, 2 miles above Castle-Derg ; the Eillinbum, the Glenderagin bum, and the Leheny bum, joining the Berg ; the Moyle, the Monterlony, and the Strule, which unite in the vicinity of Newtown-Stewart to form the Moume ; and the Drumnakilty, Berach, Braea, Ballinahally, Whiggery, Fintona, Glenelly, and Owenreagh, bums and rivulets, falling into the great head streams. — The river Bann drains Urge portions of the counties of Down, Armagh, Tyrone, Londonderry, and Antrim, rises on the south side of the Moume mountains, traverses Lough Neagh, and falls into the sea 5 miles westsouth-west of the boundary between Antrim and Londonderry. It is tidal and navigable to the Balmon-Leap at Coleraine, a distance of 4 miles ; and its tributaries are the Ballymoncy, on its right bank, 4 miles above Coleraine, — the Roe, or Macaskin, on its left bank, 4^ miles above Coleraine, — the Agivey, on its left bank, 5 miles above Coleraine, — the Clady, on its left bank, a little below the bridge of Portglenone, — the Ballinderry, on the west side of Lough Neagh, — the Blackwater, at the south-west comer of Lough Neagh, — ^the Six-mile- Water, at the northeast comer of Lough Neagh, — ^and the Maine Water, east of the middle of the north end of Lough Neagh. — The Bush river, on the north coast of co. Antrim, runs only 10 miles, and is occasionally very shallow. The Glenariff and the Glenarm rivulets, on the east coast of Antrim, are tidal over a distance of respectively about 100 perches and about 500 yards ; and all the other rivulets of the north and east of Antrim, have a brief run, are unnavigable, and are Fery slenderly affected by the tides. — ^The Lagan rises among the Slieve-Croob mountains, drains a large part of co. Down, and a considerable part of co. Antrim, and falls into the head of Belfiist Lough at the town of Belfast ; and it is naturally navigable to the vicinity of Lislmm, and is connected by an artificial navigation with Lough Neagh. The Blackwater and the Ballinahinch rivulets fall into the west side of Lough Strangford ; and the latter forms a small estoarial harbour in the vicinity of Downpatrick. The Blackstaff, the Slidderyford, the Kilkeel, and the other rivulets which flow down the east side of co. Down to -the Irish sea, are all very inconsiderable. The Newry river flows into the head of Lough Carlingford ; and, though of comparatively small length and volume, is navigable to Newry, and connected, by artificial navigation, with the Upper Bann and Lough Neagh. — ^The Flurry and the Castletown or Dundalk rivulets drain most of the southern district of co. Armagh, and the northern district of co. Louth, and fidl into Dundalk Harbour, at the head of Dundalk bay ; the Fane rivulet drains portions of counties Aniutgh, Monaghan, and Louth, and falls into Dundalk bay in the vicinity of Lurgan-Green ; and the Glyde and the Dee drain portions of co. Monaghan and co. Meath, and a large portion of co. Louth, and have a joint embouchure at the south side of Dundalk bay. — The Boyne rises in the north-west of 00. Kildare, drains small portions of King^s co., and counties Westmeath, Cavan, and Louth, and bisects and drains the greater part of co. Meath ; it is navigable by sea-bome vessels to Drogheda, tidal to Oldbridge 2^ miles above Drogheda, and navigable, with artificial aid, and by river craft, to Navan ; and its principal tributaries are the Yellow river from King's co., the Blackwater from eo. Kildare, the Stonyford river from co. Westmeath, and the Blackwater and its affluent the Moynalty from co. Cavan. — Nanny Water drains most of the coast district of co. Meath ; but it is •I little practical note. A stream along the boundary between co. Meath and co. Dublin, and four

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

56. North-western mountains of Mayo

    Mayo · parish · Mayo

    The north-western mountains of Mayo are bounded by Clew Bay to the south and Lough Conn and the lower Moy valley to the east. They occupy a space of nearly 26 by 28 miles and are always within 14 miles of the ocean or one of its great inlets.

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    The western mountains of Clare, or those situated between the valley of the Fergus and the Atlantic, and in the baronies of Corcomroe and Burren, include a few considerable summits, but consist for the most part of simply the higher grounds of a sort of moorish tableau ; they are, in no instance, farther than 16^ miles from the sea ; and their principal summits are a height of 554 feet in the parish of Eilmichael, a height of 700 in Eilmurry, Enocknaboley 701, a height of 425 in Eildysert, two heights of 500 and 699 in Clondagad, two heights of 669 and 672 in Eilmaley, Slievecallan 1,282, two heights of 661 and 843 in Eilfarboy, two heights of 487 and 493 in Inagh, a height of 485 in Eilmanaheen, a height of 510 in Eilmacrehy, Slievebeg 525, two heights of 635 and 920 in Rathbomey, the Slieve-Elva mountains 1,134, 1,109, and 1,004, two heights of 562 and 678 in Eillilagh, Turlough Hill 945, Cappanavalla 1,023, a height of 821 in Eillonaghan, two heights of 1,044 and 647 in Gleninagh, Moneen mountain 862, and a height of 1,008 in Oughtmana. The Sliove-Bamagh mountains, or south-eastern mountains of Clare, are a wholly interior congeries, at the distance of from 30 to 40 miles from the sea, and situated between the Ougamee and the Shannon ; and their principal summits are two heights of 566 and 1,010 in the parish of Eilfinaghta, Enockaphunta 843, a height of 1,018 in Eilseily, Enockglass 541, Cragnamurragh 1,729, Glennagalliagh in Eillokennedy 1,458, Glennagalliagh in Eillaloe 1,746, Enocknalecka 818, a height of 1,019 in Ogonelloe, and a height of 1,353 in Eillaloe. The Slieve-Baughta Mountains are separated from the preceding congeries only by the valley of Scarriff; they extend about 17 miles north-north-eastward, so as to form a screen to the greater part of Lough Derg ; they are situated at the distance of from 12 to 24^ miles from the head of Qalway bay ; and their principal summits are two heights of 829 and 990 in the parish of Inchicronan, four heights of 1,064, 533, 755, and 308 in Tullagh, five heights of 1,312, 448, 569, 724, and 992 in Feakle, three heights of 765, 1,126, and 1,028 in Moynoe, a height of 944 in Tomgraney, a height of 977 in Eilthomas, three heights of 1,060, 1,207, and 799 in Eilleenadeema, the Scalp 1,074, three heights of 692, 602, and 562 in Ballinakill, a height of 655 in Inniscalthra, and a height of 407 in Eilbeaconty. The Cunnemara mountains occupy the greater part of the area between Lough Corrib and the sea, and between Galway bay and Eillery Harbour ; their remotest summit is 20^ miles distant from the sea ; their principal summits within the barony of MoycuUen, or in the south, are Booroughauu Hill 541 feet, Eeeraun-Duff Hill 420, Enockaunanilra 627, two heights of 737 and 1,138 in the parish of Eilcommon, and a height of 633 in Eillanin; the principal summits on the mutual boundary of the baronies of Ross and Ballinahinch are four of 2,128, 2,307, 2,193, and 1,536 feet ; the principal summits within the barony of Ross, or in the north-east, are Bunnocuneen 1,902, Devil's Mother 2,131, five heights of 1,370, 1,230, 2,218, 2,052, and 1,383 in the parish of Ross, and a height of 1,697 in the parish of Ballinrobe ; and the principal summits within the barony of Ballinahinch, or in the centre and the north-west, are Bencullagh 2,084, Benbawn 2,395, Bencorr 2,336, Benlettery 1,904, Garraun 1,973, a height of 1,172 in the parish of Ballinakill, a height of 700 in Oraey, and five heights of 987, 428, 1,024, 1,164, and 741 in Moyrus. The southern mountains of Mayo, or those of Murrisk and Slieve-Partree, are partly situated between Eillery Harbour and Clew bay, and extend 21 miles eastward from the Atlantic ; and their principal summits are Benbury 2,610 feet, Muikea 2,682, Bengorm 2,224, BengorriflT 2,039, Farmnamore 2,210, a height 3 miles north-east of Farmnamore 1,694, Toneysall 1,270, Slieve-Bohaun 1,294, Curveigh 704, Slieve-Mahanagh 785, Bohen 723, Oughty 1,104, Croaghpatrick 2,510, Enockfoda 957, Enockakishaun 1,286, and Corvockbrack 1,287. The north-western mountains of Mayo are bounded on the south by Clew bay, and on the east by Lough Conn and the lower valley of the Moy ; they occupy a space of nearly 26 miles by 28, yet are in no instance further than 14 miles from either the open ocean or some great inlet of it ; and their principal summits are Enockletteragh 1,509 fieet, a height 2| miles south of Enockletteragh 1,766, Benmore 791, Slieveglory 937, Enocknatintree 1,646, Cushcancurragh 2,262, Slieveturk 1,322, Nephinbeg 2,012, Slievealp 1,084, Slievecar 2,368, Croghan 802, Enocklettercass 1,208, Buckogh 1,922, Berreencorrough 2,295, Laplagh 462, Enockmore 1,259, Spinkanilra 1,290, a height 3 miles north-east of Spinkanilra 1,655, a height 2 miles north-north-east of Spinkanilra 420, Nephin 2,646, Enockshandrim 430, Trista Hill 430, Slievemore 439, Glenoastle Hill 760, Gortmore 790, Enocknalower 613, Cubbin 876, Garraphuill 891, a height 5 miles north-east of Garraphuill 1,092, Clinsk 1,002, Tannymore 1,117, Glencolry 1,155, Maumakeogh 1,243, Eeadochmeel 776, Enocknadurave 667, a height 3 miles south of Enocknadurave 661, Aughaleague 786, and Enockbohe 472. Slievecama, an isolated height, 20 miles due east of the middle of the head of Clew bay, has an altitude of 855 feet. A small interior range commences 10]^ miles east-north-east of Slievecama, extends 12^ miles east by northward to the vicinity of Lough Cara, is situated at the mean distance of 23 miles from the northigcoast, and has

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 18

57. Pitch-stone near Newry

    near Newry · town · Down

    Pitch-stone traversing granite occurs near Newry in County Down.

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    becomes evident that the bottom of the tertiary deposit must be at least 164 feet below the lerel of the sea. The clay district of Lough Neagh is similar to the potter's clay district of Bohvey, in Devonshire ; and pits have been opened in many parts for the purpose of raising pipe day ; but hitherto no beds of a pure white colour have been discovered, at least none which preeerre their white colour when exposed to the heat of the potter's baking furnace ; but there can be no doubt, if proper trials were made in different parts of the district, that pure white potter's clay would be discovered. Potter's clay, similar to that of Lough Neagh, occurs in a valley resting on the carboniferous limestone situated to the south-east of Cahir, in the county of Tipperary ; and many years since, considerable quantities of clay were raised, and exported from thence to the potteries of England. White clay also occurs in a similar position, resting on limestone near St. John's Point, and other localities on the western bank of Lough Ree, in the county of Roscommon." Yesuvian, though of not well developed crystal, has been found at Kilranelagh, in a rock composed of common garnet, quartz, and felspar. Grenalite occurs in a micaceous compound, in the lead mines of Wicklow. The precious beryl has been found embedded in granite near Loughs Bray in CO. Wicklow. Cronebane has been found in the mountains of Wicklow and Dublin. Andalusite occurs in the micaceous schist of Djouce mountain in Wicklow. A mineral nearly allied to andalusite has been found in great abundance at Killincy in co. Dublin. A crystallized mineral of characters very similar to those of indurated talc, accompanies the andalusite of Djouce mountain. Hollow spar, in very distinct specimens, has been found at and near Baltinglass in co. Wicklow. Pitch-stone, traversing granite, occurs near Newry in co. Down. Granular sulphate of baryies, mcoompanied by iron pyrites, has been found on the shore near Clonakilty in co. Cork. Wavellite, Tery similar in its external character and in its analysis to the wavellite of Devonshire, as described bj Sir Humphrey Davy, has been found about 10 miles south-east of the city of Cork. Jaspers of Tarious sizes have been discovered in yellow clay, a few feet below the surface, near the southern extremity of the granite district in co. Kilkenny. Amethysts have been found in the cliffs in the Tidnity of Kerry Head. Transparent crystals, popularly known as Kerry stones, and harder, larger, and more brilliant than Bristol stones, are comparatively abundant in various parts of Kerry. Gold was for several years obtained in rather large quantity on the mountain of Croghan- Kinshela in co. Wicklow. Silver appears to have been obtained in considerable quantities, previous to the Carlist wars of the 17th century, in the lead mines of Antrim, Sligo, and Tipperary. Copper is found at Ross Island in the lower lake of KiUarney ; at Muckross, on the shores of that lake ; at Cronebane and Ballymurtagh in co. Wicklow ; and in some parts of counties Cork, Clare, Mcath, Waterford, and Dublin. Lead occurs near Enniscorthy in co. Wexford ; at Derrynoose in co. Armagh ; near Glendalough in co. Wicklow ; near the city of Dublin ; and in parts of counties Sligo, Antrim, Tipperary, and Donegal Iron ores are plentiful in various parts of Ireland ; and, in the 17th century, they were worked in a number of districts till the circumjacent timber available for smdting was exhausted. The grey ore of manganese has been found in the peninsula of Howth, in various parts of co. Kilkenny, in the Mayo mountains of Glanmore, and in several other counties. Cobalt accompanies the copper of Muckross in co. Kerry ; and a variety of the earth black cobalt ore of Werner, has been found in the peninsula of Howth. Tin stone occurs in Croghanym«h<>U in CO. Wicklow. Porcelain earth, equal in purity to the china clay of Cornwall, has been found in the south-west of co. Wicklow. Mineral springs, chiefly chalybeate, occur in almost every county ; and those most in repute, as the resorts of invalids, are the spa of Ballyspellan near Urlingford in co. Kilkenny, the spa of Lucan near Dublin, the spa of Swanlinbar in co. Cavan, and the spa of Mallow in co. Cork.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 23

58. Rathdown the smallest rural poor-law union

    Rathdown · barony · Dublin · 1838–1843

    Rathdown was noted as the smallest rural poor-law union in Ireland, covering 51,154 statute acres. While North Dublin was smaller overall, Rathdown held the distinction among rural unions.

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    TiooB to the opening of workhouses, £9,402 148. lid. was for elections of guardians, ;£37,052 188. 7^ for valuation, £3,621 Is. 6d. for vaccination, £11,956 ISs. Igd. for salaries of officers, £11,505 148. Ojd. for furniture, £2,304 148. lOjd. for fixtures and fitting, £18,434 188. 7id. for bedding, £17,722 148. Id. for clothing, £1,322 188r9^d. for utensils and materials for setting the paupers to work, and £13,061 188. 4^. for other expenses ; and of the expenses incurred subsequent to the opening of workhouses, £236,471 lis. 6|d. was for maintenance of paupers in food, medicine, clothing, fuel, Ac, £19,183 10s. Ijd. for bedding, £13,586 28. lid. for furniture, £12,036 10s. 6d. for fixtures and fitting, £4,770 Ms. Id. for utensils and materials for setting the paupers to work, £2,555 28. 5d. for vaccination, £1,523 15s. 6d. for elections of guardians, £1,369 6s. for law expenses, £8,870 in instalments of workhouse loan, £34,988 8s. 4|d. for salaries of officers, and £31,326 19b. 0^ for other expenses. The unions, in the order in which they rank, or in the •rder of the dates of their declaration, together with the extent of each in statute acres, are Limerick, 124,130; Belfast, 47,702; Rathkeale, 108,340; Newcastle, 132,895; Lisbum, 119,300; Kilmallock, 151,179 ; Lurgan, 80,120 ; Londonderry, 139,199; Kinsale, 77,770 ; Tipperary, 185,561 j Gashel, 141,360; Skibbereen, 236,398; Celbridge, 85,400; Clogheen, 73,113; Nenagh, 184,712; Kaas, 199,335; Bandon, 143,460; Middleton, 145,683; Banbridge, 124,860; Fermoy, 195,316; Mallow, 151,050; Gonmel, 89,958 ; Thurles, 125,139; €allan, 106,633; Dungarvan, 163,826; Lis- MMwe, 95,397 ; Dunshaughlin, 109,096 ; Balrothery, 76,988 ; Cork, 142,688 ; Athlone, 199,109 ; Stra- Une, 134,209; Waterford, 146,467; Armagh, 154,281; Newry, 137,911; Edenderry, 140,396; Sortin, 111,248; Castle-Derg, 9,758 ; Roscrea, 155,374; Parsonstown, 150,140; Omagh, 174,603 ; Longford, 208,625 ; Trim, 113,529 ; Galway, 217,814 ; Carrick-on-Suir, 105,543 ; Ballinasloe, 126,944 y North Dublin, 38,914 ; South Dublin, 44,474 ; Dundalk, 104,372 ; Drogheda, 101,042 ; Navan, 93,327; Ennis, 143,339 ; Kilkenny, 275,825; Kells, 114,620; Shillelagh, 58,577; Sligo, 254,995; Dungannon, 102,474; Kihrush, 115,746; ScarifT, 108,975; Kilkeel, 81,726; Ennistymon, 152,609; Rathdown, 51,154; Cootehill, 104,988; Gort, 89,828; Boyle, 181,293; Ardee, 95,039 ; Cookstown, 96,730; Canick-on-Shannon, 132,516; Manor-Hamilton, 157,159; Newtown-Ardes, 93,924; MohiU, 137,768; Loughrea, 126,095; Roscommon, 176,775; Castlerea, 239,665; Tullamore, 157,968; Tuam, 135,233 ; Newtownlimavaddy, 150,625 ; Bathdrum, 207,358 ; Mullingar, 251,054 ; Mona^ban, 112,043; Carrickmacross, 60,469; Ballinrobe, 190,635; Castleblayney, 93,504; Castlebar, 148,477 ; Bailieborough, 88,027 ; Baltinglass, 143,935 ; Magherafelt, 155,847 ; Cavan, 178,723 ; Gokraine, 112,176; Abbeyleix, 113,400; Mountmellick, 220,968; Gorey, 121,585; Dunmanway, g9,802 ; Macroom, 194,981 ; Kanturk, 247,049 ; Downpatrick, 147,367 ; Oldcastle, 108,568 ; BallyaKmey, 127,057; Enniscorthy, 192,601; Clones, 71,566; New Ross, 186,596; Listowel, 209,261 ; TMee, 350,722 ; Swineford, 133,026; Ballycastle, 102,530; Ballymena, 161,326; Lame, 117,733; Antrim, 116,342; Granard, 138,970; Wexford, 111,200; Ballyshannon, 137,024; Lisnaskea, 98,147 ; BdHna, 507,154 ; Westport, 341,117 ; Enniskillen, 231,961 ; Clifden, 191,426 ; Lowtherstown, 75,783 ; Guiow, 179,709 ; Eillamey, 253,269 ; Innishowen, 159,323 ; Cahirciveen, 146,296 ; Kenmare, 271,245 ; Btntry, 137,266 ; Donegal, 156,890 ; Stranorlar, 113,956 ; Athy, 161,878 ; Clogher, 101,203 ; Letterkenay, 101,998; Milford, 112,748; Dunfanaghy, 128,220; and Glenties, 260,625. Sufficiently full and minute statistic notices of each of the unions will be found in our article on the place whence it bai its name. As to superficial extent, the largest union is Ballina, the smallest one is North Dubfin, and the smallest rural one is Rathdown ; and as to population, the largest is South Dublin, 182,755, and the smallest is Gortin, 17,315. The electoral divisions into which each union is distributed vary in number from 8 in South Dublin to 29 in Omagh ; and each consists of townlands, lad it chargeable with the support of the poor whom it furnishes to the workhouse. The 130 workhtnaes were estimated to cost between £1,100,000 and £1,200,000 ; and they have been erected by meanf of loans from government, free of interest for 10 years, and to be repaid by annual instal- Bents within 20 years. The poor-law commissioner receives a salary of £2000 ; each of 11 assistiBt oommissioners receives a salary of £700 ; and the clerk of each union, and the master and aiatron of each workhouse, receive salaries of respectively £60, £40, and £25 or £30. The clerk of the union, however, is the returning officer of the guardians ; and, in that capacity, receives a fee distinct from his salary. The clothing and diet of the paupers, and the structure and economy of the workhouses, are noticed as follows by Mr. and Mrs. Hall : — " The clothing of the adult consists of a coat and trowscrs of barragon, cap, shirt, shoes, and stockings. The female \ are supplied with a striped jerkin, a petticoat of linsey woolsey, and another of stout cotton, a cap, riiift, shoes, and stockings. The male children have each a jacket and trowscrs of iascian, a shirt, and a woollen cap. The female children have each a cotton frock and petticoat, a oip, and a linsey woolsey petticoat. Each bed is supplied with a straw mattress, with blankets, bolsten, &c The able-bodied women and children sleep in double beds ; the sick, the infirm, and tJbt male persons sleep in single beds. The diet varies in particular unions, chiefly depending on the condition of the poor in the neighbourhood, the object being to give such diet to the inmates

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 94

59. Red ochre cliffs of Bengore Head

    Bengore Head · promontory · Antrim

    The cliffs westward of Bengore Head feature remarkable beds of red ochre that contrast distinctly with the black colour of the surrounding trap rocks. These ochreous strata serve as the chief indicators for tracing the different beds of trap in the area.

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    The trap of Antrim has attracted so much attention, and been so frequently described, that it requires from us but slender notice. The upper surface of the chalk which it covers, presents a rough serrated outline, such as belongs to a rock long exposed to erosion ; and its hollows are filled sometimes by the trap itself, and sometimes bv a disintegration of it, in the form of a brown ochreous substance, mixed with such blood -red flints as appear to the eye 1o be solid, but fall into fragments at a stroke of the hammer. While the chalk in contact «'ith the superincumbent trap has not been altered in character, that which is in contact with trapdikes or the larger trap protruf^ions has been changed into granular marble. The trap rocks, though not displayiiig the same approach to parallelism in the apper and lower surface of each stratum as the sedimentary rocks, are much more regularly arranged in beds than has generally been supposed ; and, throughout the northern part of the county, they present, in a proximate sense, the phenomena of quite regular stratification. Yet the beds of red ochre, which form so remarkable a feature in the rliffs westward of Bengore Head, and figure so distinctly in contrast to the black colour of the trap both above and beneath them, and which, in some places, become porphyritic, and pass insensibly into clay porphyry, are the oidy or at least the chief indications by which the character of the different beds of trap can be traced ; for any one trappean stratum «o frequently changes from coarse and crystalline to fine-grained and earthy, that in one part it might be called greenstone, in another basalt, and in a third amygdaloidal wacke. But with the assistance of the ochreous strata, as well as partially with that of a bed of wood coal, the succession of the trap strata, particularly between Glenarm and the Giant's Causeway, has been somewhat accurately ascertained. We have, in an ascending scries, first, amygdaloidal trap, from 20 to 50 feet thick, but sometimes passing into greenstone, and affecting a columnar structure ; next, greenstone, from 30 to 80 feet thick, sometimes amorphous, and sometimes rudely columnar ; next, the same rock, from (50 to 100 feet thick, pass- ^g iiometimes into basalt, and sometimes into amygdaloidal wacke ; next, six alternations of blackgrained trap with thin irregular beds of red ochre, 70 feet thick ; next, red ochreous clay, now 20 and now 200 feet thick, graduating into lilac-coloured litbomarge, speckled with white; next, reddish-black ferruginous clay, 1 foot thick ; next, the great range of columnar basalt, 45 feet thick, which appears loo feet above high water at Bengore Head, dips toward the west, and forms the basaltic pavement of the Giant's Causeway by its intersection with the plme of the sea ; next, irregularly cohunnar basalt, about 50 feet thick, containing a stratum of wacke and another of wood-coal, and consisting of small columns which are variously horizontal, oblique, and vertical, and are frequently bent in fantastic forms ; next, columnar basalt, about 50 feet thick, not quite so regular in its columns as the great or Causeway range ; and, finally, six strata of rudely columnar and amorphous trap, 164 feet thick, including two beds of red ochre.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 115

60. Remains of Ballylough castle near Bushmills

    near Ballylough · townland · Antrim

    A demesne two miles south of Bushmills in the barony of Dunluce lies in the vale of the Bush river and is the property of W. Trail, Esq. It contains some remains of the old castle of Ballylough.

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    BALLYLOUGH, a demesne, 2 miles south of Bushmills, in the barony of Dunluce, co. Antrim. It lies in the vale of the Bush river, on the road from Derrykeighan to Bushmills ; is the property of \V. Trail, E>q. ; and contains some remains of^ the old castle of Ballylough. I.

    strong ruins, one of them about 30 feet square. Ballyloughan-castle formerly belonged to the Kavanaghs; and, at the end of the IGth century, was occupied by Donagh Kavanagh, second son ot Mur. ragh Ballagh, styled king of Leinster. It soon afterwards became the property of the Bagenal £imily, and is now in the possession of Henry Bruen, Esq.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 152