The Parliamentary gazetteer of Ireland

Each story keeps the passage it was read from. Open one to read it as the scan has it, and, where the companion has written its own telling, that too. The passages are read off photographs of the page by machine, so a word here and there comes out wrong; they are kept as the reading produced them, so you can check any of them against the scan.

1. Description of the ruins of Boyle Abbey

   Boyle · town · Roscommon

   The ruins of Boyle Abbey are located near the new bridge and the road to Sligo. The structure is cruciform and features a central square steeple, lancet-shaped windows, and the burying vault of the King family in the nave.

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   The Abbtyj] — The ruins of Boyle Abbey are situated within an enclosure about 100 yards north-northwest of the new bridge, and almost close to the new road to SHgo. The best view of them from without the enclosure, is obtained near the entrance-gate of the house of Lord Lorton's agent, and is thus described by Mr. Weld : " The part here seen consists entirely of the church and steeple, the latter rising in the centre, the north transept extending to the left, and the nave of the church to the right, under an angular point of view. No spacious or ornamented windows are observable, neither is there intricacy or varietv in the parts ; but the general effect of the ruins 18 solemn and imposing, and the lofty vaults of the circular arches in three of the sides of the steeple, soaring above the tops of the adjacent trees, comniunicate an air of grandeur to the edifice, which otherwise it might not be considered to possess. The steeple is a square tower of about 25 feet in the interior, rudelv built in the upper parts, and terminating abruptly. An abundance of ivy fringes the summit of the walls ; and, although the trees which shade the ruins are neither ver^ large nor old, yet they are disposed in a manner which contributes essentially to the embellishment of the scene." The views within the enclosure are of an altogether different character from that on the outside, and possess in the aggregate a large degree of interest ; but they comprise too many details to be capable of succinct notice. The church is cruciform, and measures from ea:«t to west 131 hei^ with a breadth of 25, and from north to south, or along the transepts, 50 feet, with a breadth of 22. The western window was a single, small, lancet-shaped opening, with carvings, now much worn, on the exterior; and the eastern window consisted of three lancet-shaped compartments, the central one of which was larger than the others. In the north side of the nave is the burying. vault of the King family, enclosed by a railing. The abbey, though a fine building, never po8se«8ed scNne features of architectural excellence ascribed to it by Arcbdall and the editor of Grose, and differs so widely from the account of it given by these writers as to render their descriptions mere ianey-writing or caricature. It belonged to the Cisterttan order of St. Bernard. Peter Mordha, its first abbot, and reputedly a man of great learning, was promoted to the see of Clonfert, and, in 117l» was drowned in the Shannon. Yet the establbhment, m it existed under him, was founded in 1148, at a pbce called Grollechdina ; and, as Boyle Abbey, it was founded in 1 161 by his successor, as an offset, or daughter, of the abbey of Mellifont. So at least says the Hiber- Ilia Doramicana; which, however, is not much to be trusted, and which treats us to a long detail of annals, containing hardly a line worth quoting. In 1603, the abbey, with some of its largest estates, was granted to Sir John King, the ancestor of the Earl of Kingston and Viscount Lorton.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 181

2. Devon cattle at bishop's grounds, Kilmore

   Kilmore · townland · Cavan

   Around Kilmore, Devon cattle were kept on the bishop's grounds and had been introduced into the neighbouring area, contrasting with the generally poor Irish-breed cattle found across most Cavan farms.

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   them to do this, as they are compelled to have some land to protect them from absolute starvation. The produce of fair arable land is, — of wheat, 79 barrels of 20 stones ; oats 8 to 10 barrels ; potatoes, 40 barrels of 48 stones : the prices about the same as in Fermanagh. The land is mostly cultivated with the spade ; a man with 16 acres did not plough any of it, having 10 or 12 acres in crop. The plough, when used, is frequently a rude instrument made by the fiirmer himself. Burning the land is partially practised, but is discouraged. • • • • The cattle generally kept by farmers are of the Irish breed, which they think best adapted to the country. About Kilmore, a number of Devons are seen in the bishop's grounds, which have also been introduced a little into the neighbourhood ; a few of the Lanarkshire Long-boms may be seen. Very few sheep are kept ; the farmers say their land is too wet for them, and their fences are bad ; but they would be very profitable in many places in the barony where not kept at all. The neglected state of these baronies is much to be regretted, having such ample natural means by fall for drainage, stone-lime, marl, and bog ; and a soil, if drained, capable of bearing good wheat, barley, clover, turnips, and other green crops." This gloomy and revolting description does not, of course, apply to every part of the county, or even to every part of the baronies of Loughtee ; nor must it be understood as asserting that no landlords encourage agriculture, or that the few who form honourable exceptions to the general rule have made spiritless or unimportant exertions ; vet, with all its sableness of colouring, it altogether fails to exhibit the barbarous and appalling condition of the upland and mere sequestered districts of the county, — regions where scarcely a crop is attempted except potatoes and a kind of black oats, — where no better an instrument of tillage is generally in use than a narrow-bladed spade, called a slog, — where the almost total absence oif roads compels the prevailing use of the slide car, — and where the miserable tenantry exist in penary, degradation, abasement, and ignorance, probably quite as ^at as the serfs of many a district in the worst regions of fevdaliied Europe during the middle ages. Yet many patches, and even belts, and expanses of the county disalay a vigour of soil, a luxiu nance of produce, a pronision of artificial embellish* ment, ano even results of nascent and enterprising georgica! improvement, which might almost cheat a stranger into the opinion that the whole county is prosperous. The grounds of Lord Famham, near KJlleshandra and Cavan, those of Mr. Coote around the lakes and along the stream of the Cootehill rivulet, and various lands near Railieborough, around Virginia, and in other localities, must very markedly be excepted from the denunciation which sound principles of economy fulminate against the great majority of the estates of the county ; and bad» even to barbarousness, though many of the prevailiag practices be, they are those of a people who must be aggregately pronounced industrious and improving, and who may almost certainly be expected to rise soon from their sloth, and learn with eagerness the lessons of amelioration which are so abundantly taeght them by the example of multitudes of their fellow-aubjects.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

3. Dinish Island terminus opposite Castletownbere

   near Dinish Island · townland · Cork

   The recommended termination of the proposed railway is upon Dinish Island, opposite Castletown-Berehaven, approximately 230 miles from Dublin and about 22 feet above the level of high water. This island site serves as the endpoint of the line from Dublin through Cork and Bantry Bay.

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   above Blarney, at a point 236 feet above the high water datum ; follows the right bank of the Martin to its confluence with the Shawnagh river ; and, where the Shawnagh, which hitherto had flowed soutii- weftward, makes a sudden deflection to a south-easterly course toward the Lee, the railway sweeps round in a south-westerlv direction, and, forcing its Mray by a half«mi]e tunnel through a ridge of bins, crosses the river and valley of the Lee near BallincolUg, at an elevation of 70 feet, 165^ miles from Dublin. It now resumes its south-westerly direction to t)ie river Bride ; passes 7 or 8 miles up the valley of that stream ; crosses to the valley of the Lee 2 or 8 miles below Macroom ; ascends the south-east side of tbe extensive swamps of tbe Lee about Toom ; passes close to Drumcarrow-castle, and tbe village of Indiegeelagh ; and thence, after skirting the north shores of the lakes above that village, crosses at their upper end, and. when 194 miles from Dublin, arrives at tbe road leading from Macroom to the celebrated pass of Cummineer, and at an altitude of 269 feet above the level of high-water mark. '* Here," says the Report, ** the facilities for railway formation are much diminished, and difficulties of gradient and physical obstacles interpose for nearly 20 miles, of a character which, if not unprecedented, is at least formidable, and in one or two of the points gigantic. It will rest with the Commissioners and the Government to determine how far the object attainable by surmounting them, is worthy of the cost which must accrue.' The railway still closely follows the Lee upwards of 3 miles ; then leaves the stream, enters the pass of Cvmmineer, plunges into a tunnel of 2,000 yards in length, and attains, at the south end of the tunnel and the pass, its maximum or summit altitude of 469 feet above high-water level, at nearly 199 miles from Dublin. The work crosses the vallev of Coomhoola by a viaduct about 600 or 700 yards in length, and about 200 feet in extreme height; skirts the head of Bantry hay ; and, approaching Glengariff south of Captain white's grounds, carves across a chain of islands and intervening vtifcters in the bays, on an embankment and occasional arching, at an elevation of 62 feet above high- water. " Glengariff bay once passed," says the Report, **the distance to Berebaven is 19 miles; and a line may be traced along the north shores of Bantry bay, cutting through the projecting points, and striding across a few snail inlets. A short tunnel of 800 yards, near Roosk, and the crossing of Adrigoole bay, are the chief points of difficulty in this distance." The termination recommended is upon Dinish Island, opposite Castletown-Berehaven, 23U miles from Dublin, and about 22 feet above the level of high- water. — Over 5 miles and 20 chains from the

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 177

4. Diocese of Connor allegedly founded by St. Angus Macnish

   Connor · townland · Antrim · 500–600

   The Diocese of Connor is traditionally attributed to St. Angus Macnish (or Macnisius), a disciple of Olcan and follower of St. Patrick, who died early in the 6th century. However, the succession of bishops cannot be traced before 1124, and the see was often called Dalriada or Dalnaruigh up to the early 15th century.

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   The Diocese of Connor is alleged, but without even a sbow of Mitisfactory evidence, to have been founded by St. ^ngus Macnish or Slacnisius, who was a dis»ci|)le of Olcaii, and a follower through Olcan's medium of St. Patrick; and who died very early in the 6th century. But the sec, up to the year 1124, cannot be traced even by the advocates of its remote antiquity ; and up to the beginning of the \5th century, it olten bore the de^ignation of Dalriada or Dalnaruigh. In 1 124, Malachi O'Morgain, afterwards archbishop of Armagh, was made bishop of this diocese ; and is said by Bernard of Clarcvalle to have found the inhabitants *' Christians in name, but pagans in practice, caring neither for the rites of marriage nor of baptism, paying neither tithe nor first-fruits, and little better than beasts of the tield." A regular succession of bishops is traced — in a list of names at least— from Malachi O'Morgain to John, who succeeded to the see in 1440. This John, of whom nothing else is known, contrived in 1442 — in spite of both the archbishop of Armagh and the king of England — to induce Pope Eugene IV. to unite the sees of Connor and Down ; and from that d;ite onward they have been invariably united.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

5. Disappearance of the island of Slade at Bannow

   Slade · townland · Wexford · 1657–1846

   Shifting sands at Bannow have drastically altered the harbour. In 1657, the island of Slade lay opposite the town separated by a broad navigable channel, but the channel has since been filled by sand, eliminating the island and leaving former rocks dry inland.

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   *^ It is not known at what precise time the submersion of this city by the sands took place ; but the process by which it was destroyed is still going on in its vicinity. Before it lies a very extensive tract of fine sand, which is continually shifting and changing its place and form. I watched its progress as it rose in little columns, like the sand pillars of African deserts on a small scale. It was driven about by the slightest wind in currents and eddies; whenever it met an obstruction, it formed round it as a nucleus, and, in the course of a few hours, nuiterially altered the appearance of any particular spot. Not only the town, but the whole harbour, has undergone an extraordinary mutation from this cause. So late as the period of the Down Survey, in 1657, in the map of this district, which I examined, the island of Slade lay opposite to the site of the town, separated from it by a broad channel ; and it appears, from other authorities, that directions were given to mariners how to steer up Uiis channel, so as to clear some rocks which lay in the middle of it. There is now no island of Slade, nor navigable channel : the whole was filled up by that process which covered the city. The dangerous rocks are high and dry at a considerable distance inland ; and a firm road, over which I passed an a carriage, with several heavy carts, now ruais across the harbour."

   As some saispidon may possibly rest on incredulous minds respecting the accuracy of Mr. Walsh's details, we shall, for the double purpose of confirming them, and of giving a little additional information, copy the Commissioners on Municipal Corporations' Report of 1833, on the * Borough of Bannow.' " There was a corporation here once ; but we did not discover any member of it remaining, except one burgess, who was admitted about 30 years ago.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 163

6. Doe Castle, seat of the Hart family

   Doe Castle · electoral division · Donegal

   Doe Castle, a plain castellated structure and former fortalice as well as mansion, stands on the shore of Sheephaven and serves as the seat of the Hart family. It is located near Ards, the seat of Alexander Stewart.

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   Pop. of the rural di-tricts. in lail, 0.015 ;• in 1841, 0,144. Houses 1,053. The coast-line weiid« pwtly along the Atlantic, but chiefly ftlong Shebphavks [which see] ; and it contains the singular phenomenon of MacSwine*8 Gun, and the long dreary promontory of Horn-Head : see these articles. About one-third of the parochial surface consists of proGlable land; and the remainder is sandhill, rock, and heathy upland of little or no valae. The profitable land lies principally along the coast, and consists of a light sandy soil. The highest ground, the summit of Muckish mountain, is on the west border, and hai an altitude above sea -level of 2,190 feet. See Muckish. The greater part of the water area ii comprised in Loughs More, Sessiah, Port, Crees, Drumleck, Natooev, Agher, Nal>o]I, and Aginnire. The demesne of llom-Head Hou<«e, the property of W. Stewart, Esq., adjoins Dunfanaghy; and has connected with it one of the largest rabbit-warrens in the kingdom. Marble -Hill, the modem mansion of G. Barclay, Esq., stands about 1^ mile east of the town. Doe-Castle, the scat of the Hart family — a plain castellated structure, formerly a fortalice'as well as a mansion — stands on the shore of the extremity of Sheephaven; and Ardi, the beautiful seat of Alexander Stewart, Esq , — a handsome modem edifice, in the midst of an extei^ sive demesne which occupies a peninsula between oflfshoots of Sheephaven — stands a mile west of Doe- Castle. See Ards. One principal raad goes eastward, and another southward from Dunfanaghy

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 211

7. Dominican convents at Esker and Boula

   Esker · townland · Galway

   Two Dominican convents were situated at Esker and Boula within the Roman Catholic diocese of Clonfert. These were listed alongside other religious houses in the diocese.

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   It iMcludes 23 parishes ; and has 21 parochial and 15 coadjutor clergy. The bishop's parishes are Loughrea and Tynagh. Tbirtv-two of the 44 chapels are reported to be " remarkably good houses, slated, large, and commodious.*' An academy has been established at Loughrea for the education of students for the Roman Catholic college. A discalced Carmelite priory, and a discalced Carmelite nunnery are at Loughrea ; a Franciscan convent at Mcelisk ; and two Dominican convents at Boula and Esker. The designations of the parishes of the diocese, together with the sites of their chapels, are, 1 . Loughrea, — Loughrea; 2. Tyna, — Tyna and Killeen; 3. KiltoUa,— Kiltolla and Killimor ; 4. KilUuadaua,— Killiuadaua and Ayle ; 5. Woodford,— Woodford and Clonea ; 6. Killimor, — Killimor and Tyrenascia ; 7. Queensborough, — Qucensborough and Taby ; 8. Ballymacwad, — Ballymacwad and Gurteen ; 9. Ballinusloe, — Ballinasloe and Crcagh ; 10. Fohana, — Fohana and Killine ; II. Leitrim, — Leitrim and Kilmeen ; 12. Ballinakill, — Knockastrim ; 13. Kiltormer, — Kiltormer and Laurencetown ; 14. Clontuskert, — Clontuskert; 15. Killeran, — Killoran and Mulla; 16. New Inn, — New Inn and Bullane ; 17. Eyrecourt, — Eyrecourt and Clonfert; 18. Killalaghton, — Killalaghton and Kilriele; 19. Carralwwn, — Carrabawn and Kill; 20. Kilcoimel, — Kilconnel and Aughrim; 21. Taughmaconnel, — Taughmaconnel ; 22. Portumna, — Portumna and Liemalash ; and 23. Lusmagh, — Lusmagh.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 212

8. Dominican friary and convent of St. Mary of the Hill, Claddagh

   Claddagh · electoral division · Galway · 1488–1800

   An ancient nunnery called the convent of St. Mary of the Hill was founded at Claddagh by the O'Hallorans and granted to the Dominicans in 1488 by papal bull. The monastery was dissolved in 1570, defaced by Lord Forbes in 1642, and razed by the corporation in 1652; the present chapel was erected about 1800.

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   Mr. Hardiman says, '* Many instances of extreme longevity occur, and the generalitv of the inhabitants live to an advanced age in the enjoyment of uninterrupted good health. Upon the interment of the dead, a custom rather of a singular nature prevails. The friends and relatives of the deceased adjourn, generally from the graveyard to some public house, in honour, as they call it, of the memory of their departed friend. Here they continue carousing the remainder of that day and night, and the grief or friendship of each individual is generally estimated by the quantity of liquor which he consumes, or the money which he expends on the occasion. Had this cuistom been known to the late General Vallancey, it in probable it might have afforded him an opportunity of tracing some affinity between our Claddagh friends and the Arabs, who, it Is said, also rejoice on the death of their friends and relatives. How far this incident would have supported an hypothesis for the learned antiquarv, this is not the place to conjecture; but it would be unju!>t to conclude this hasty sketch without testifying, that, with all their faults, these individuals possebs many good qualities."— .The friary, whose site, as we already indicated it, gives it a phyMcal as well as moral pre-eminence and command over all the village, is Dominican. An ancient nunnery of the Premonstratenses of Tuam, and called the convent of St. Mary of the Hill, was founded here by the O'Hallorans ; it soon passed, for a time, into the possession of the secular clergy ; it was, in 1488, granted, on petition of the Galwegians, and by a bull of Innocent VIII.. to the Dominicans ; it was afterwards enlarged and richly endowed by many individuals of the town ; and it eventually became one of the most opulent and powerful ei^tabIi.•ihment^( of its class in the province. In 1570, Queen Elizabeth granted to the corporation of the town part of the possessions of this monastery, then recently dissolved; in 1642, Lord Forbes converted the buildings into a battery for the reduction of the town, and, having failed in his design, he defaced the church and tore up the cemetery; and, in 1652, the corporation razed all the buildings to the ground, to prevent them from being used by Cromwell's forces as a fortification against the town. The present chapel, a plain but commodious edifice of 100 feet by 28, was erected on the site of the former about the year 1800; and the friary, an unpretending and rather lumpish edifice adjoinmg it, commands a pleasing view of the town, the harbours, the spacious bay, the wooded shores of Renvile and Ardfry, and the picturesque slopes and outline of the Clare mountains.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 207

9. Dominican friary founded at Cavan, 1300

   Cavan · town · Cavan · 1300–1393

   A Dominican friary was founded at Cavan in 1300 by Giolla Iosa Ruadh O'Reilly, dynast of Breffny. Around 1393 it was transferred from the Dominicans to the Franciscans by the founder's successor.

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   Public Buildings.'] — An old fortalioeor caatellated mansion, still called O'Reilly's Castle, and once the property of the tanist family of OHeilly, atood at an intersecrtion of the westward prindpel ttreety but can now be traced by only the local antiquarj. Another old fortalice, oescriDed in the borough cbaitcfB as "the stone House or Castle, wherein Walter Brodie, Gentleman, now resideth," stood nearly at the middle of the High- street Another mihtarf work, now called KinnypotUe Fort, is commemorated on the ncntb-east outskirt of the town. In 1300, a Dominican friary was founded by OioUa Jiosa Ruadh O'Reilly, dynast of BreflSny ; about the year 1393, it was taken from the Dominicaiit by the founder's successor, and given to the Frandscant; and, in 1649, it received into the tomb the mortal remains of the famous Irish ^neral, Owen O'JNeil, who died at Cloughoughter in this county, and ii supposed to have been poisoned. But all andent buildings, both public and private, were probably destroyed, or at least materially diamaged, by the devastations of war and conflagration. Cavan, like many other old towns, suffered severe havoc from the ruthless violence of the feudal wan; and ao late as 1690, the greater part of it waa burnt by the Enniskillenners under General Woliey, after they had defeated a body of troops in the aervioe of James II.

   Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

10. Dominican friary founded at Clonmel (1269)

    Clonmel · town · Tipperary · 1269

    A Dominican friary was founded at Clonmel in 1269 and dedicated to St. Dominic. It was one of two friaries established in the town that same year.

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    chapels present a common-place appearance. A laree nunnery stands on the south side of the river, nearly opposite the upper end of Moore's Island. In 1269, a Dominican friary was founded at Clonmel, and dedicated to St. Dominic ; and in the same year a Franciscan friarv was founded here by Otho de Qrandison. The church of the latter was a building of great magnificence, and esteemed one of the finest in Ireland ; it was noted also for possessing a pretended image of St. Francis, to which superstitious credulity ascribed a thaumaturgic power ; and, after the dissolution, it came to be used as a dissenting meetinghouse. In what is called the '* Friary Chapel Yard " occurs one of the most striking of the few remains of ancient architecture and sculpture in Clonmel, — a monumental stone belonging to the family of the Butlers; itconsistsofbluelimestone; measuresabout 7 feet in length, and 4 in breadth ; and contains, in alto relievo, twoefligies, the one of a male in complete armour, and the other of a female dressed in a loose robe which extends from the neck to the feet.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 218

11. Dominican monastery founded at Carlingford by Richard de Burgh

    Carlingford · town · Louth · 1305

    In 1305, Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, founded a Dominican monastery on the south side of Carlingford town. The extensive and picturesque ruin still exists, exhibiting traces of pointed-style architecture in its long aisle and central belfry.

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    A castle, which probably gave origin to the town, and which still exi;its as a ruin, is said, though upon doubtful authority, to have been erected, in 1210, by King John. The ruin is extensive, massive, and imposing ; it is in some places 1 1 feet thick in the walls; and it crowms, or rather covers, an abrupt rock, one side of which is washed by the sea, while the other overhangs a narrow pass between the town and the Carlingford mountains. The castle seems to have been built to command the pass; it was necessarily adapted in form to the configuration of its site ; and it seems to have enclosed various baronial halls, a court-yard, galleries, recesses, and other appliances of convenience combined with strength. The view from its summit, over the bay, the Cooley, and the mountains of Mourne, is so gnmd as almost to look lofty derision upon the efforts of the pencil. In 1305, Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, founded, on the south side of the town, a Dominican monastery ; and the extensive and picturesque ruin still exists, and exhibits, in the long aisle and central belfry, traces of that variety of the pointed style of architecture which prevailed at the period of its erection. Nearly midway between this ruin and the castle, are the ruins of a square building, with windows of an ecclesiastical character^ curiously carved with the effigies of animals and human heads, and with various fancy wreathings. Carlingford seems to have been a station of importance in even the earliest ages of the English ascendency in Ireland ; and, though never regularly walled or fortified, it was so constantly exposed to danger, from its position on the frontier of the pale, that each of its principal domestic buildings was constructed on the I

    model of a fortaUce or castle ; and, not rery nrack above half-a-century ago, it contained nttmeixHu specimens of castellated stmcturei.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 185

12. Doon Mountain on the Kerry Head peninsula

    Doon · townland · Kerry

    Doon Mountain is situated on the Kerry Head peninsula within the barony of Clanmaurice, co. Kerry. Along the west of the barony rise the Clanruddery mountains, while the Stack mountains run along the south, together defining the rugged western and southern landscape.

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    CLANMAURICE, a barony of co. Kerry, Munster. It is bounded on the west by the Atlantic ocean ; on the north-west by the estuary of the Shannon ; on the north and north-east by the barony of Iraghticonnor ; on the east by co. Limerick ; and on the south-east and south by the barony of Trughenackmy. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 17 miles ; its greatest breadth, from north to south, is 12^; and its area is 120,7^6 acres, — of which 235 acres are tideway. One stream, under the successive names of the Owenbcg, the Feale, and the Cashcn, runs along the interior boundary, from a point 10^ miles east by north of the head of Tralee bay, all the way round to the Shannon. The coast-line upon the Shaimon extends 10 miles from the Cashen river to the extremity of Kerry Head ; and the coast-line upon the Atlantic, is strictly identical with the sweep around the large bay ot Ballyheigur: which see. The rivulet Brick [see that article] has the whole of its course in the interior. A portion of the surface of the barony, along Baliyheigue bay and the rivers, is champaign ground, largely interpatched with bog, — so largely, indeed, as to comprise a great proportion of the Cashen bog district [see Cashen] ; but a vcr^ conbiderablc portion, including all the western division, most of the southern division, and part of the immediate sea-board of the Shannon, is roughly upland, or even wildly mountainous. Along the west are the Olanruddery mountains ; along the south are the Stack mountains ; and on the Kerry

    Head peninsula is Doon mountain The territory

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 207

13. Dromagh Collieries near Kanturk

    Dromagh · townland · Cork

    The Dromagh collieries near Kanturk are identified as a principal mining site in the north-west of County Cork. The coal in this district is found in deep troughs, typically of a slaty structure and softer than that of Tipperary or Kilkenny.

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    of lime-burning for centuries to come. The veins which till many of the fissures of the day-slate rock abound in iron, copper, lead, and manganese ores. The various limestone of the county differs even more in economical adaptation than m geognostic structure, and furnishes both manuring material to the agriculturist, and a marble which vies with some of the Italian to the statuary and the ornamental architect. Marl, fuller's earth, potter's clay, and brick clay, occur in considerable abundance. The principal mines and valuable quarries worked are the Allihies copper mine near Berehaven, the Audle^ copper mine near Skibbereen, the Dromagh collieries near Kanturk, the Rock&rm limestone quarries on Little Island in Cork Harbour, and the Irish Dove Marble and Limestone quarries at Carrigacramp near Cloyne.

    Woods.] — In 1841, the continuous plantations within the county consisted of 3,491 acres of oak, 644 of ash, 171 of elm. 278 of beech, 3.246 of fir. 40,706 of mixed trees, and 3,644 of orchards, — in all. 5*2,180 acres; and of these there were planted, previous to 1791, 2.790 acres of oak. 239 of ash, 45 of elm. 102 of beech, 25 of fir, 10.247 of mixed trees, and 822 of orchards. The number of detached trees, in 1841, wat. 2,301.506.— equal to 14.384 acres; and thus the total of wood was 66.564 acres.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

14. Drumcarrow Castle and Inchigeelagh village on railway route

    Inchigeelagh · townland · Cork

    The proposed railway passes close to Drumcarrow Castle and the village of Inchigeelagh, then skirts the north shores of the lakes above the village. The route ascends the south-east side of the extensive swamps of the Lee near Toom before reaching these points.

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    above Blarney, at a point 236 feet above the high water datum ; follows the right bank of the Martin to its confluence with the Shawnagh river ; and, where the Shawnagh, which hitherto had flowed soutii- weftward, makes a sudden deflection to a south-easterly course toward the Lee, the railway sweeps round in a south-westerlv direction, and, forcing its Mray by a half«mi]e tunnel through a ridge of bins, crosses the river and valley of the Lee near BallincolUg, at an elevation of 70 feet, 165^ miles from Dublin. It now resumes its south-westerly direction to t)ie river Bride ; passes 7 or 8 miles up the valley of that stream ; crosses to the valley of the Lee 2 or 8 miles below Macroom ; ascends the south-east side of tbe extensive swamps of tbe Lee about Toom ; passes close to Drumcarrow-castle, and tbe village of Indiegeelagh ; and thence, after skirting the north shores of the lakes above that village, crosses at their upper end, and. when 194 miles from Dublin, arrives at tbe road leading from Macroom to the celebrated pass of Cummineer, and at an altitude of 269 feet above the level of high-water mark. '* Here," says the Report, ** the facilities for railway formation are much diminished, and difficulties of gradient and physical obstacles interpose for nearly 20 miles, of a character which, if not unprecedented, is at least formidable, and in one or two of the points gigantic. It will rest with the Commissioners and the Government to determine how far the object attainable by surmounting them, is worthy of the cost which must accrue.' The railway still closely follows the Lee upwards of 3 miles ; then leaves the stream, enters the pass of Cvmmineer, plunges into a tunnel of 2,000 yards in length, and attains, at the south end of the tunnel and the pass, its maximum or summit altitude of 469 feet above high-water level, at nearly 199 miles from Dublin. The work crosses the vallev of Coomhoola by a viaduct about 600 or 700 yards in length, and about 200 feet in extreme height; skirts the head of Bantry hay ; and, approaching Glengariff south of Captain white's grounds, carves across a chain of islands and intervening vtifcters in the bays, on an embankment and occasional arching, at an elevation of 62 feet above high- water. " Glengariff bay once passed," says the Report, **the distance to Berebaven is 19 miles; and a line may be traced along the north shores of Bantry bay, cutting through the projecting points, and striding across a few snail inlets. A short tunnel of 800 yards, near Roosk, and the crossing of Adrigoole bay, are the chief points of difficulty in this distance." The termination recommended is upon Dinish Island, opposite Castletown-Berehaven, 23U miles from Dublin, and about 22 feet above the level of high- water. — Over 5 miles and 20 chains from the

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 177

15. Drumcondra Castle, castellated edifice

    near Drumcondra · townland · Dublin

    Drumcondra Castle, a square castellated edifice, was the seat of Richard Williams and was formerly occupied by Sir James Galbraith. It stood among several grand residences along the road from Dublin toward Clontarf.

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    artificial mineral well eager crowds of belles and lieaux, both invalid and bale. Belvidere, the seat of Sir Cor(hill Coghill, is a handsome brick building, and was formerly occupied by Lord-chancellor Lifford. Drumcondra-castle, the seat of Richard WiU liains, Eijq., is a square, castellated edifice, and was formerly occupied by Sir James Galbraith. Drumcondra-house, the seat of W. Stewart Hamilton, Esq., is a magnificent square building of Portland stone, and was erected by the late Earl of Charleville. Hampton Lodge is the seat of Mrs. Williams, the widow of the late secretary of the Bank of Ireland ; and stands amidst grounds of singular neatness. The road in view of these mansions, and along the Liffey toward Clontarf, wears almost the appearance of an extensive walk in a nobleman's demesne, overlooked by not one cabin, and umbrageously shaded by rows of stately trees. — This parish is wholly impropriate, and forms a perpetual curacy, and separate benefice, in the dio. of Dublin. Gross and nett income, £69 4s. 7|d. Patron, the corporation of the city of Dublin. The tithes belong to that corporation, but are not collected. The church was officially reported in 1837 to be in ruins, but was in use in 1B34, and had an attendance of from 150 to 300. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance of 300 ; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to the chapels of Clontarf, Coolock, and Santry. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 787* and the Roman Catholics to 1,926; a subscription infant-school had on its books 15 boys and 27 girls; and a female school, attached to a nunnery, and supported partly by the nuns and partly by subscription, had on its books 80 girls.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 220

16. Drumcondra House, Earl of Charleville's erection

    near Drumcondra · townland · Dublin

    Drumcondra House, the seat of W. Stewart Hamilton, was a magnificent square building of Portland stone erected by the late Earl of Charleville. It was noted as one of the fine mansions visible along the Liffey road toward Clontarf.

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    artificial mineral well eager crowds of belles and lieaux, both invalid and bale. Belvidere, the seat of Sir Cor(hill Coghill, is a handsome brick building, and was formerly occupied by Lord-chancellor Lifford. Drumcondra-castle, the seat of Richard WiU liains, Eijq., is a square, castellated edifice, and was formerly occupied by Sir James Galbraith. Drumcondra-house, the seat of W. Stewart Hamilton, Esq., is a magnificent square building of Portland stone, and was erected by the late Earl of Charleville. Hampton Lodge is the seat of Mrs. Williams, the widow of the late secretary of the Bank of Ireland ; and stands amidst grounds of singular neatness. The road in view of these mansions, and along the Liffey toward Clontarf, wears almost the appearance of an extensive walk in a nobleman's demesne, overlooked by not one cabin, and umbrageously shaded by rows of stately trees. — This parish is wholly impropriate, and forms a perpetual curacy, and separate benefice, in the dio. of Dublin. Gross and nett income, £69 4s. 7|d. Patron, the corporation of the city of Dublin. The tithes belong to that corporation, but are not collected. The church was officially reported in 1837 to be in ruins, but was in use in 1B34, and had an attendance of from 150 to 300. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance of 300 ; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, is united to the chapels of Clontarf, Coolock, and Santry. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 787* and the Roman Catholics to 1,926; a subscription infant-school had on its books 15 boys and 27 girls; and a female school, attached to a nunnery, and supported partly by the nuns and partly by subscription, had on its books 80 girls.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 220

17. Drumcondra village and its elegant villas

    near Drumcondra · townland · Dublin

    Drumcondra village is entered from the bridges and discloses two fine streets called Phillipsborough and Fairview Avenues, then melts gradually into country through a profusion of elegant villas and residences so that its limits cannot easily be defined.

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    CLONTL-RK, a parish in the barony of Coolock; 1| mile north-east of Dublin, co. Dublin, Leinster. It contains the villages of Drumcondra, Bal- LYBouoH, and Richmond : see these articles. Length, I mile ; breadth, } ; area, 1 ,244 acres. Pop., in 1831, 2,534; in 1841, 2,721. Houses 434. Pop. of the rural districts, in 1831, 1,944;* in 1841, 850. Houses 151. The land is of excellent quality, and in the highest state of cultivation ; all of it possesses a very great value ; and a large aggregate is disposed in demesne -grounds, villagrounds, gardens, and town-parks. The south side of the parish is washed by the Tolka or Bally bough river, and by the pent-up and tidal estuary of the Liffey ; and lies in such near juxtaposition to Dublin, that its village, and its profusion of villas, may be regarded as strictly suburban. The old bridge of Ballybough, and the long, new, spacious, splendid erection called Annesley-B ridge, bring over the thoroughfare from Dublin, the former on a line with Great Britain-street and Summer-hill, and the latter on a line with Amiens-street and the Strand. The village of Drumcondra is entered immediately from these bridges, and discloses two fine streets called Phillipsborou^h and Fairview Avenues; but melts so gradually into country, through a profusion of elegant villas and other residences, that its limits cannot easily be defined. Immediately east of it is the gorgeous Charlemont demesne [see Marino]; and on the further bkirt of that demesne, at the divergence of the roads to Clontarf, Raheny, and Artane, is a handsome crescent. We cannot notice all the other objects of interest; and shall glance at only three or tour as a specimen. Clonturk-house is a plain, yellow building ; and is celebrated as the residence of the enterprising empiric Dhuval. — who, by the aid of sulphur, nails, old iron, and other appliances, got up a mineral well, — who attracted the gullible by ** fire-works, rockets, bombs, swing- 8«rangs, and bobbies,'* and who laboured to convert the place into a second Vauxhall, and drew to- bis

    • But Ibis Invludi'S Italtjrbcmgh and Richmond.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 220

18. Dry riverbed ravine between Lough Mask and Lough Corrib

    Cong · town · Mayo

    A curious ravine along the isthmus between Lough Mask and Lough Corrib has verdureless sides covered in grey rock, its bottom apparently once the path of a great river carrying the Robe and superfluent waters of Lough Mask. The waters have since sunk underground, drilling tunnelled pathways through the rock.

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    by former and partly by present action of the volumes of water which rush from Lough Mask on the north, and from turloughs and smaller lakes on the northeast and east, to the head of Lough Corrib. Along one line is a very curious ravine, whose verdureless sides are covered with a tumultuous and tumbled confusion of grey rocks, and whose bottom seems to have once been the path of a great river, which conveyed the Robe, the superfluent waters of Lough Miu>k, and all the drainage of a great extent of country to the head of Lough Corrib. But the running waters long ago sunk beneath the level of this bed, and drilled for themselves tunnelled and apparently ramified pathways through the rocky bowels of the earth ; they are heard, at various spots and through various chasms, gurgling and whirling with hollow and musical sounds far in the depths below; they circle and corruscate for a moment at the bottom of several deep cavities, and then glide off beneath the earth ; and they eventually bolt bubblingly and tumultuously up in a ^rand lacustrine whirlpool at the town, so constantly m ebullition as to look like a powerful spring many hundred times magnified, and so mighty ill the mechanical force of their ascent as to have defeated all attempts at ascertaining the depth of the orifice through which they rise. This stupendous fountain is limpid as ether, and almost as noiseless as it is irresistible ; and, while its pure, and mighty, and unceasing ascent of a thousand mimic waves and eddies works in beauteous convolutions before our memory, we feel glorious impressiveness in those divine words, which even the tiniest perennial spring illustrates: *'My words shall be in him a well of living water springing up into everlasting life." But the whole of the wonderful cavernous lornoation of the isthmus, with its grottoes, stalactites, spars, and subterranean waters, is replete with matter for salutary reflection ; and all its scenery, both above ground and below, presents such combinations of uniqueness and character as strongly arrest the attention of even children of any taste. " Cong," says Mr. Otway, "is certainly a rare phice, — it might

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 229

19. Duke of Grafton killed in Grafton's Alley, Cork

    Cork · city · Cork · 1690

    Grafton's Alley in Cork derives its name from the death of the Duke of Grafton, who was killed by the shot of a blacksmith in 1690. The alley preserves this association in its place-name.

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    ginal city^ointly form a line of 3^ furlongs southward from the North-bridge to the South-bridge; they are mutually separated— in name, at least— near the middle of the line, at the spot where now stands the exchange ; they still retain, as the site of two oi^ the old parish-churches, and in the character of many of their private edifices, memorials of their quondam importance; and they at different periods, and in compliment to successive sovereigns, temporarily bore the names of Royal-street, the Queen's Majetity'sstreet, King-street, and IIi<i Highness's-street. The Grand Parade, a very spacious street, runs 1 4 furlong northward from the river, opposite Sullivan's quay, to the west end of Patrick-ittreet, and is contniued to the north side of the island by a street utterly unworthy of so superb an associate. At the lower extremity of the Grand Parade, stands an equestrian statue of Geor^^e II. ; and near this statue is Gingle Stand, a point from which a project exiiited, in 1832, of throwing a timber bridge across the river to Sullivan's quay. The South Mull exteiuU 3 fuHungs eastward from the south end of the Grand Parade to An^le^ea bridge ; but, over about one-third of its length, is only a terrace or one-sided street overlooking the river. St. Patrick 's-strect, a very f^pacious and crowded thoroughfare, and in some retspects the most curious street in the city, goes off east south-eastward from the north end of the Grand Parade, and terminates north -north -east ward at St. Patrick's-bridge ; and it consists of three parts, each about a furlong in length, and jointlv constituting what, if completed, would be three sides of a heptagon. Another rather spacious street goes northward across the inland from Anglesen-bridge ; a straight but narrow street runs about 5 furlongs due east from the middle of South Main-street ; and very numerous streets, additional to all we have mentioned, lie east of the Main streets, and for the most part are constructed on a tolerably uniform observance of the rectilinear and rectangular alignment, but are nearly all short, narrow, dingy, or otherwise unentitled, except from incidental historical association, to any individual notice. The quays, particularly at the south point of the island in the vicinity of the Custom- Hpuse, and the ottice of the St. George Steam Packet Company, have not only a stirring and prosperous, but an ornamental and occasionally a sumptuous, appearance. Old Bride well-lant;, a very narrow and obscure alley, was formerly the site of the Corn Market, — afterwards converted into a bridewell. Portney's-lane and Dingle-lune were the site of respectively the Assembly Room and a somewhat celebrated theatre. Broad-lane also had at one time a theatre ; and, for two or three years about the middle of last century, was the place of public execution. Cross-street has its name from having: been the site of a Market Cross. Grafton's Alley has its name from bein^ the scene of the Duke of Grafton's death in I()90, from the shot of a blacksmith. Fish-Shamble-lane, now destitute of the object which obviously originated its preseist name, is said to have been known, in the days of the iri<h Volunteers, as Ireland's Kiting Liberty-street. Nilestreet was originally a canal arched over in 1705, and has its doigiiation in honour of the victory of the Nile. Grattan-street — which we formerly stated to have 'l)een so named in honour of the celelirated Henry Grattan — was ordered by the corporation, in 170f», to be called Duncan-street, in honour of Admiral Duncan ; but it reacquired its original name, in 18lM), throuii:h the influence o( Sheriff IVnrose.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

20. Duke of Ormond's review at Bennett's Bridge, 1704

    Bennettsbridge · town · Kilkenny · 1704

    Bennett's Bridge, a village on the river Nore in Kilkenny, derives its name from a bridge carrying the Dublin–Carrick-on-Suir highway. The Duke of Ormond held a celebrated review here in 1704. Ruined castles of Annamolt and Ennisnag stand in the vicinity.

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    BENNETT'S-BRIDGE, a village, partly in the parish of Treadingstown, and barony of Gowran, and partly in the parish of Danesfort and barony of Shillelogber, co. Kilkenny, Leinster. It stands on the river Nore, and on the road from Dublin to Carrickon-Suir, 5 miles south-west by south of Gowran, and 17 north-north-east of Car rick. Its name is derived from a bridge which carries the highway across the river. The Duke of Ormond held here his celebrated review in 1704. In the vicinity are the ruined castles of Annamolt and Ennisnag, and the mansions of Maiden Hall and Annamolt. Area of the village, 15 acres ; of which 9 acres are in the Gowran section. Pop., in 1831, 426 ; in 1841, 263. Houses 51. Pop. of the Gowran section, in 1831, 238; in 1841, 179. Houses 35. ^ BENOWEN, or Honowen, a parish on the west side of the barony of Kilkenny- West, 2| miles north by east of Athlone, co. Westmeath, Leinster. Length, 3^ miles ; breadth, 2| ; area, 6,887 acres, 3 roods, 27 perches,— of which 3,529 acres, 2 roods, 36 perches, are in Lough Ree, and 23 acres, 2 roods, 16 perches, are in Lough Creggan. Pop., in 1831, 1,418; in 1841, 1,548. Houses 27& The surface lies along the east side of Lough Ree, and the north tide of its expansion called Killymore Lough ; it composes beautiful, though soft scenery, particularly around the mansions of Portlick and Killinure ; and it consists of very various land, but principally of such as has a high soil. Within the parochial limits are the islands of Inchmore and Hare- Island, and the islets of Ilanbeg, Crow-Island, NunVlsland, lUndaragh, Ilanheelan, and Ilanfan. The demesnes are Killymore-House, Killinure, Glassan-Cottage,

    Lough.Ree- Lodge, Portlick- Castle and St. Marks

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 177

21. Duleek village, ruinous church and retreat pass

    Duleek · town · Meath · 1690

    Duleek village, with its large but ruinous church, lay behind James II's army's position and offered an excellent pass for a retreating army. After the Battle of the Boyne, James and his forces retreated through the pass of Duleek, a withdrawal considered admirably conducted.

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    lines, with a difficult morass on their left, with breastworks, hedges, hamlets huts, rugged banks, and deep and dangerous fords, in their front, and with the village of Duleek, its large but ruinous church, and an excellent pass for a retreating army, in their rear. William, at the bead of 30,000 Eng. lish, French, Dutch, and Danes, and accompanied by the Duke of Schomberg, the Earl of Scbomberg, GeneraU Ginkell, Douglas, and Kirk, and many other distinguished persons, arrived at the south bank after his antagonists had fully settled themselves in their strong position; and, while his army were encamping between Mellifont and Drogbeda, be advanced, with some officers, to a rising ground about 200 paces west of the ford of Oldbridge, and nearly opposite the extreme west of James* camp, remained there nearly an hour surveying the ground, and received a flesh-wound from a cannon-shot fired b^ some of James' party who had observed his motions. His artillery was now brought up, and commenced a brisk cannonade across the river; and during the night, a resolution was adopted boldly to cross the fords, and attack the enemy in their own strong position. The grand movements of the battle commenced about 6, a. m., on the 1st of July, 1690. The right wing of William's army, commanded by Count Schomberg and General Douglas, marched toward the bridge of Slane, and eventually passed the ford below the bridge, driving back a regiment of dragoons posted to oppose them, and advancing toward the main body of the enemy. Of the centre of the army, commanded by the Duke of Schomberg, the Dutch guards first entered the river at the ford ot Oldbridge, in front of a strong body placed to resist them ; the French Protestants, th6 Enniskilleners, the levies from Brandenburgb, and the English, entered at fords, or comparatively passable points lower down; and the Danish cavalry entered between the extremes. They aggregately constituted such a mass as partially to dam up the river, and raise it much bevond its natural level; and many of the infantry waded breast-high, and supported their arms above their heads. All formed, or attempted to extricate themselves, as quickly as possible on the opposite banks; but all were not honoured with success, and some who were, fought severely to attain it The Dutch, though warmly received, succeeded in dislodging their opponents; the French were broken by a charge of horse, and lost M. Callemot, their commander; a squadron of the Danish horse was chased back to the south side of the river by a party of Irish cavalry ; and Count Nassau's dragoons had difficulty in withstanding several sn>art attacks of the Duke of Berwick's guanis. The Duke of Schomberg, who was at the head of the reserve, perceived the partial disorder, hastily crossed the river to rally and encourage the French, and in a few minutes afterwards was killed; and, about the same time, Mr. Walker, the soldierclergyman, celebrated for his heroic defence of Londonderry, fell. While the conflict was in the hottest and nK»t critical condition, William, accompanied bv the Prince of Denmark, and commanding the left wing of the horse, consisting of English, Dutch, and Danes, passed at a dangerous ford, little more than a mile above Drogbeda, and careered to the support of his centre. James, throughout this eventful day, was stationed on the hill of Donore ; and, while the crown of the three kingdoms was the object of contt^^t, stood amidst his guards rather as a spectator than as a general. When William **had securely reached the hostile bank of the river, he rode to the head of Itis squadron, and presented to them the animating spectacle of a royal general, prepared, with fword in hand, to share in all their dangers.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 181

22. Dunbar's Dock in Belfast Harbour

    near Belfast · city · Antrim

    Dunbar's Dock was the farthest dock down in Belfast harbour, a tidal rather than floating dock opening on the river. It was formed by private enterprise and remained private property. The ship Dumfries-shire of 878 tons sailed up to it before the new channel was formed.

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    Harbour.'] — Some remarks on the harbour and statements respecting the improvement of the channel thence to the sea, have been made in our article on Belfast Lough. Dunbar's Dock, the farthest down in the harbour, is not a floating but a tidal dock, opening on the river, and was formed by private enterprise, and remains private property. Above this are the ship-yards and Ballast Corporation graving docks ; above these are the quays for steamers and general merchantmen ; and highest, or from the foot of High-street to the bridge, are the quays for colliers. The ship, Dumfries-shire, of 878 tons register, and carrying upwards of 1,400 tons of timber, sailed up to Dunbar*s Dock, even previous to the formation of the new channel, without unloading any portion of her carga Vessels drawing upwards of 14 feet of water can, at almost any time, reach Donegal quay, — the quay appropriated to steamers, — and can lie there at moorage. The dry docks are sufficientlv capacious to accommodate the largest vessels which frequent the harbouf. A patent slip is in one of the ship-yards. The largest vessel belonging either to Belust, or any other Irish port, is the Dumfries-shire, already noticed; and the largest vessel ever built at Belfast is the East Indiaman, the Hindoo, of 448 registered tonnage. The Ballast Corporation meet at noon on the first and third Wednesday of every month at their oflice en j Chichester Quay. The Custom-house is opposite ^ the colliers' station on Hanover Quay.—The navigft-

    242

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 174

23. Dunkittle, seat of Abraham Morris Esq.

    Dunkettle · townland · Cork

    Dunkittle, in the parish of Caherlag, was the seat of Abraham Morris, Esq., and commanded extensive views of the rich surrounding scenery. It was listed among various mansions adorning the parish.

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    CAHIRLAG, a parish in the south-west comer of the barony of Barrymore, 6 miles east by north of Cork, CO. Cork, Munster. It contains the village of New Glanmire. See Glanmire. Length, 3 miles; breadth, 1^; area, .3,557 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1,840 ; in 1841, 1,767. Houses 273. Pop. of the rural districts, in 1841, 1,567* Houses 249. The surface is separated from the barony of Cork, on the west, by the Glanmire river ; and from Little Island, on the south, by a belt or sound of Cork Harbour. The whole surface, excepting demesne grounds and woodlands, is arable ; and most of it is prime land. The valley of the Glanmire is a continuous sheet of beauty; and its eastern screen is undulated hillground, whose slopes toward the river are finely embellished with wood. The hamlet of New Glanmire, and the village of Riverstown on the Glanmire river, are, to some extent, seats of factorial industry ; and the former has long been the site of a curious bolting-mill. See Riverstown. Among various mansions which adorn the parish is Dunkittle, the seat of Abraham Morris, Esq., which commands extensive views of the rich circumjacent scenery. The road from Cork to Youghal bisects the parish eastward This parish is a rectory, and part of the

    benefice of Rathcoonet [which see], in the dio. of Cork. Tithe composition, £300; glebe, £7. The Roman Catholic chapel has an attendance of 900 ; and, in the Roman Catholic parocliial arrangement, is united to the chapel of Kilquane. In 1634, the parishioners consisted of 217 churchmen, 1 Pres- Dyterian, 17 other Protestant dissenters, and 1,699

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 182

24. Dunmanus Bay's neglected depths

    near Dunmanus Bay · bay · Cork

    Dunmanus Bay is described as being 10 miles long, without a bar, and 10 to 30 fathoms deep. Despite these impressive features, it is almost wholly neglected due to its proximity to the superior Bantry Bay.

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    tions of very different character ; the eastern, from Youghal Harbour to Cork Harbour, sloping slowly down into 6ne strands ; the central, from Cork Harbour to Baltimore Harbour, terminating in bluff faces, hillocks, hills, and steep slopes, often green or wooded, and very extensively variegated with almost every kind of intersection, from the flat sandy beach to the bold rocky cliff; and the western, from Baltimore Harbour to the Kenmare estuary, presenting frequent fiicei of grand, sublime, or savage mountain, and seldom intersected to a greater extent with lowland beach than to impart pictures^ueness and beauty to a prevailing sea-barrier of imposmg highlands. Yet the immediate coast scarcely partakes of the distinctive character of these divisions of sea-board ; but occasionally presents long breastworks of rock in front of tbe low grounds, and breaks down into snug coves and pleasant beaches at the skirts of the overhanging mountains. Youghal Harbour has a tolerable anchorage without the bar, in 6 fathoms of water ; a smidl ba^, 4 miles to the south, has good anchorage and fishmg-ground, in from 5 to 12 ^thorns, within Ring Point; the extensive sweep of Ballyootton bay, and the western half of the coast of Imokilly, are gently indented with curving creeks, and have for Uie most part a line of pleasant strand; Cork Harbour is so completely landlocked, and is environed with such exquisitely picturesque shores, as to seem a lake of the most brilliant beauty, and it could accommodate the largest fleet of the Urgest vessels, and has an anchorage in 7 fathoms of water within a cable's length of the shore ; the coast, thence to Kinsale Harbour, is jagged with various creeks, the longest of which is Oyster Harbour, but it is for the most part rockv and dangerous. Kinsale Harbour has 90 feet ot water on the bar, and interior andiorage in 7 fathoms ; the two small bavs which indent the opposite sides of the peninsula ot the Old Head of Kinsale, have good anchorage in very various depth of water ; Courtmacsherry bay is unsheltered in all its great exterior sweep, and has but small depth of water over its bar ; Cloghnakilty Harbour has onlv two fathoms of water over its liar at full sea, and conidderably endangers any vessels which it embays ; Ross bay is little more than an open roail, fully exposed to tne south-west ; Glandore Harbour has a landlocked anchorage, and a depth of from 14 to SO feet in its channel ; Castlehaven Harbour has safe anchorage in 14 feet of water, but is of limited capacity; Barlogh bay, though ramified into a few small creeks, u nearly all unsheltered from the south, or across its entrance inward ; a great compound bay, bounded on the east by Cape Clear Inland, and on the west bv the promontory of Mi sen Head, is so thickly studded with islands as to be quite an archipelago, and so multitudinously ramified bv islands and peninsulc into innumerable straits ana sounds, and iMiys and creeks, as to be almost a labvrinth of land and water, yet its subdivisions of Baltimore Harbour, Innisherkin Harbour, Roaring- Water bay. Scull Harbour, and Crookhaven, all pu44«»ii varioii4 degrees of safe accommodation for merchant vei»seU ; Dunmanus bay, though 10 miles long, without a bar, and everywhere from 10 to 3i} fathoms deep, is so near the superior bay of liantry, as to be almost wholly neglected ; and Bantry bay at once presents magnificence of scenery which might captivate a savage, offers an extent of safe harbourage which might accommodate all the shipping of Europe, and contains among other subordinate harbours, the landlocked and otherwise peculiarly 6ne one of Berebavvn.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

25. Dunmore peninsular rock as natural fortification

    Dunmore · townland · Donegal

    Mason's statistical account describes Dunmore in the glebe as a great peninsular rock with a deep ravine for an isthmus, featuring platforms shaped partly by art and a peat-bog on its summit. In ancient warfare the place might have been tenable for a short time.

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    Glacknadrummon, Larachril, Dunross, Cloncha, and Templemoyle; argillaceous »chist is quarried at Dunmore, and sometimes raised in flogs 12 feet square, but is disadvantageously situated for facility of exportation ; a reddish-coloured graiute, susceptible of a fine surface, might be raised in very large blocks at Dunmore; tinily ramified white coral forms most of the gravel in a cove of the glebe called the Port; and pebbles of great beauty, and curiously variegated, are found at Malin Head, and manufactured into trinkets. A Druidical circle occurs at Larachril; some monastic ruins at Coolort; remnants, of an antique sculptured large stone-cross, near the church ; and vestiges of old churches and cemeteries at Lagg and Templemoyle. ** Dunmore, in the glebe," says Mason's statist of the parish, ** if a great peninsular rock, the isthmus of which is a deep ravine. The upper part presents some platforms, in which nature seems to have l»een assisted by art; there is a small peat-bog on its summit. In ancient warfare, this place might have been tenable for a short time." ** Near Malin Head is a ^mHll hollow in a rock, which is filled with sea-water at every tide: it is reputed to poshcss a miraculous power of curing diseases, and is consequently a i>erious nuisance to the neighbourhood; for it invites strollers and mendicants of the worst description from the three adjoining counties, who infest the neighbourhood by their numbers, and corrupt it by their example." The chief orgies at this well, as at many others in Ireland, are drunkenness and debauchery ; and they assort so well with the corruption and ignorance of the mob, who »ec them sanctioned by superstition, that they have re»irtted the united efforts of Protestant and Roman Catholic for their suppression. The chief roads are tbo'^e from Malin towanl respectively Malin Head, Carndonagh,

    and Greencastlc This pari>h is a rectory, and a

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog

26. Dunne family's Tinnehinch seat and Castlebrack fortress in ruins

    Brittas · townland · Laois

    The Dunne family built the seat of Tinnehinch and the neighbouring fortress of Castlebrack in the Brittas demesne, both now in ruins. The demesne is described as probably the most ancient hereditary tenure in Queen's County excepting the Earl of Upper Ossory's estates.

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    the property of General Dunne, — and probably the most ancient hereditary tenure, excepting the estates of the Earl of Upper Ossory, possessed by any family in the county. The Dunne family built the seat of Tinnehinch, and the neighbouring fortress of Caitlebrark, both of which are now in ruins.

    BRITTAS CASTLE, the seat of H. Langley, Esq., 2 miles east of Thurles, co. Tipperary, Mimster.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 181

27. Earl of Cork's planned rival town at Carrigaline

    Carrigaline · town · Cork

    The first Earl of Cork, angered by the Cork corporation's refusal to sell him land, marked out the ground-plan of an extensive town at Carrigaline to rival Cork city by being closer to the sea. The plan was halted by the rebellion and abandoned at the Earl's death.

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    CARRIGALINE, a village in tbe above parish, stands on the Annabuoy river, 6 miles south-east of Cork. Though now a place of no great importance, it was once designed to be made a rival ot the city of Cork. The corporation of that city felt so suspiriou-i of the first Earl of Cork as to enter on their rouni'il-books a law that no citizen should sell to him any lands ; and the Earl, provoked by their conduct, marked out at Carrigaline the ground-plan of a very extensive town, with the design of its wielding all the advantage of greater nearness than Cork to the sea, and intercepting the larger portion of the i trade. But the plan was brought to a pause by the , rfhellion, and abandoned at the E&tV» death. The ' p.iri<h-church, situated in the village, is a very chaste specimen of modern Gothic architecture, after a design by G. R. Pain, Esq. Near the church is the ruined castle of Carrigaline, more picturesque than architecturally interesting. It surmounts a vast limestone rock, which rises abruptly from the margin of the river, and slopes gradually toward the land; and though now a time-worn and baraard pile, it wa>< once the boast of its owners, and was regarded in the time of Elizabeth as impregnable. Dr. Smith states it to have been built by the Cogmns, and afterwards possessed by the Desmonds ; and popular tradition ascribes its demolition to the rage of one of the MacDermotts, who, learning that his daughter, the wife of the lord of the castle, was illtreated, beleagured the place at the head of bis vassals, captured it, and reduced it to a ruin. A large bolting-mill, capable of supplying 20,000 barrels of riour amiually, wa<« built about 26 years ago in the vicinity of the village. Fairs are held on Easter Monday, Whitsun-Monday, Aug. 12, and Nov. 8. A commodious house was built, about 28 years ago, by public subscription, to serve as a dispensary, and \va*< (k^igned to be afterwards enlarged tor the additional purpose of a fever hospital. Tbe dispensary is now within the Kinsale Poor-law union, and serves

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 196

28. Earl of Essex attempts colonization of Belfast district

    near Belfast · city · Antrim · 1573–1576

    Walter Devereux, first Earl of Essex, next attempted to colonize the Belfast district but was as unfortunate as his predecessor. After expending large sums and fighting through conflicts, he abandoned the enterprise and died at Dublin in 1576, reportedly poisoned by the Earl of Leicester.

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    In 1571* Sir Thomas Smith and his son received from Queen Elizabeth, a grant of Belfast castle, and of a considerable tract of country around it, and within the districts of Claneboy and Great Ardes. The " Grand Inquisition of the County of Down," which records this grant, states that '*in Queen Elizabeth's earldom of Ulster, there be divers parcels of land that be waste, or inhabited by a wdcked, barbarous, and uncivil people, some Scottish, and some wild Irish ;" and that Sir Thomas Smith and his son, '* with a power of Englishmen, agree to subdue all and plant them with faithful subjects."' Bat the younger Smith, who commanded the expedition for enforcing the grant, and who entered Ulster in 1572 with the magnanimous purpose of '* subduing all," was defeated and killed ; and, in consequence, his followers were dispersed, various conditions stipulated in order to the legal establishment of the grant were not fulfilled, and the whole of the lands, along with the castle reverted to the Crown. Walter Devereux, first Earl of Essex, and father of the celebrated and hapless Earl, the favourite of the Queen, next attempted the colonization of the district; but he was as unfortunate as his predecessor ; and, after expending a large sum of money, and fighting his way through a series of conflicts, he in less than a year abandoned the enterprise, and, in 1576, died at Dublin, the poisoned victim, it was thought, of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. If, up to this date, an? town or village whaterer existed contiguous to the castle, it must have been very insignificant; for Hollinffshed's Chronicle, printed at London in 1586, though it enumerates the chief towns and havens in the counties of Antrim and Down, and notices several places which are novr mere fishing- villages, makes no mention of Belfast. — The Earl of Essex perceived the natural advantages of the town's site as a seat of population and an emporium of commerce, and strongly reoommendea the construction of a dockyard; and Sir John Perrott, on sobseqoently visiting the plaee» saw it, though then a waste, in the same light as ihm Earl, and echoed his lordship's recocnmendstioii ; but both of these &r-sighted men failed to effect any movement toward the construction of a town.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 176

29. Earl of Kildare attacks Castle-Dermot market 1532

    Castledermot · town · Kildare · 1532

    In 1532, Gerald, ninth Earl of Kildare, while in rebellion, entered Castle-Dermot on a great market-day, killed many assembled persons, plundered the inhabitants, and destroyed numerous houses with fire.

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    Sites ; and was a place of considerable strength. A bulous legend asserts that, about the year 500, St. Diermit founded here a priory for regular canons ; and a story, currently believed, though very doubtfully authenticated, asserts that Cormac of Cashel was educated in a celebrated school in the town, and interred in St. Diermit's priory, and that, about the same time, or in the year 842 or 844, the town was plundered bv the Danes. Earl Strongbow found the place, and the territory around it, in posteasion of the ancient sept of O'Tohills or O'Tooles ; and he conferred them on his follower, Walter De Riddlesford, the founder of the castle and the Crouched Friary. In 1264, after the Bourkes and Geraldinei had quarrelled respecting some land in Connaught, and had filled the kingdom with tumult and war, a meeting for the discussion of their claims was held at Castle-Dermot, and issued in Lord Theobald Butler, Lord John Cogan, the red Earl of Ulster, and Richard de Rupella, Lord-justice of Ireland, being seized by Maurice Fitzgerald and his party, and sent as prisoners to the castle of Ley. In 1315, while Bruce was overrunning ' Ireland, the Lordjustice made a great slaughter of insurgents at Castle-Dermot, who took advantage of the government being engaged with the invader to fling off their allegiance ; and next year, Bruce himself took and devastated the town, but shortly afterwards was, with much slaughter, defeated in its neighboarhood, by Lord Edmund Butler. In 1414, Archbishop Crawley, the Lord-justice, at the head of a smaU army, advanced as fiiir as Castle-Dermot to oppose a rising of rebels in Leinster ; and while he remained there, the royal forces defeated the insurgents at Kilkea. In 1499, a parliament was held in the town, and distinguished itself by several curious and memorable enactments, — among others, Uiat both deigy and lait^ should give the King a subsidy, and that the nobility should use saddles when they were on horseback, and wear their robes when tiiey were in parliament. In 1532, Gerald, ninth Earl of Kildare, while in rebellion, and running a career of devastation, entered Castle-Dermot on a great market-day, killed many of the persons who were assembled, plundered the inhabitants, and destroyed numerous houses with fire. During the rebellion of 1641, the town was alternately in the possession of the eontending parties ; in 1650, it was taken by Colooeb Reynolds and Hewson ; and since that period it hM been crumbling away in silence, — a stranger to the turbulence of war, and scarcely less a stranger to

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 205

30. Earl of Kildare burns Cashel Cathedral

    Cashel · town · Tipperary

    During the conflicts between the Butlers and Fitzeralds, the great Earl of Kildare burnt down the cathedral at Cashel. When summoned before the King of England, he excused himself by saying he would never have committed such sacrilege but was told the archbishop was certainly within it at the time; the monarch famously replied that if all Ireland could not govern this man, he was the fittest man to govern all Ireland, and appointed him viceroy.

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    ecclesiastical observances of England ; and thus they exhibit, on their very face, the fact, so studiously concealed by the great majority of writers on early Irish ecclesiastical history and antiquities, that, up to this comparatively late date, Ireland retained « large proportion of the simple creed and polity of the Culdees, and continued, in a large degree, a stranger to the opinions and observances which had long prevailed in most of the other nominally Christian countries of Europe We shall despatch what remains of the history of Cashel, by adopting the brief but quite comprehensive enough epitome of it given by Mr. and Mrs. Hall : ** During the long and cruel contests between the Butlers and Fiti^eralds, the city was a frequent sufferer. On one occasion the great Earl of Kildare burnt down the cathedral ; and having been summoned to answer for his conduct before the King of England, he assured his majesty he ' never would have thought of committing so grie vouf a sacrilege, but that he was told the arcnbishop was of a certainty at the time within it.' The comment of the monarch was equally singular and characteristic, ' If all Ireland cannot govern this man, he is the fittest man to govern all Ireland ; ' and the Earl was accordingly appointed its viceroy by patent, dated 6th Aug., 1496. In 1647> the Lord Inchiquin« at the head of the Parliamentary forces, marched against Cashel ; the citizens retired to the Rock, at both a citadel and a sanctuary, and refused the offer of Inchiquin to leave them unmolested upon payment of ^3,000 to his army : the result was, thai the fortress was taken bv storm, — many of the inhabitants, including 20 monks, were slain, — and the city, and its people, were given up to plunder." CASHIN. See Casheen. CASHLEH, or Costello, a rivulet and a hay, in the barony of MoycuUin, co. Gal way, ConnaughL The rivulet is a mountain stream of brief course, flows westward to the bay at a point near its bead, and has some fame among amateur anglers as a trouting-stream. The ba^ opens due north of Arranmore, at a distance from it of 1\ miles ; is separated by only a narrow peninsula from Greatman's Bay or Sound on the west; and penetrates the land 3^ miles northward, with a mean breadth of about 1^ mile. ** Costello bay," savs Mr. Nimmo, ** is divided by the peninsula of Killan from Greatman's Bay, and is the most eastern of the harbours of Cunnemara, the coast from thence to Gal way being a straight shore with low shares of granite, among whidh are some sandy coves. This harbour admits large ships, and, excepting the upper part, is clean and with good holding-ground. A very minute and accurate survev has been made of it, and is now engraved, in which the position of the new fishery pier and idl the dangers, with marks for avoiding them, are carefully laid down. This hay has been thought worthy of being fortified, a strong martello tower being built on the east side. Off this tower is a rock not noticed in Mackenxie's chart, nor is the shoal called Ruallachd, near the entrance, or several others in the upper end." The fisherv pier is situated in a creek on the east side of the bav, measures 280 feet in length, is quay-£Mied on eacn side, and cost £461 1 Is. ; but it is m a dilapidated state, and, in spite of a remarkable periodical influx of herrings to ue bay, is of little use. CASTLANE. See Wbitbchubcb. CASTLE-ARCHDALL, a demesne in theharonv of Lufv, CO. Fermanagh, Ulster. It adjoins the village M Ltsnarrick, on the west shore of Lower Lough Erne, 9 miles north of EnniskiUen ; and is the property of General Archdall. ** This, from its elevation and extent of wood," says Mr. Eraser, ** is the most conspicuous demesne on the shores of

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 203

31. Earl of Kildare captures and dismantles Belfast Castle, 1503

    near Belfast · city · Antrim · 1503–1512

    In 1503, Gerald, Earl of Kildare and Lord-deputy, captured Belfast Castle, dismantled it, and retired to Dublin. After the O'Neills repaired and re-occupied it, the same Earl recaptured and destroyed it again in 1512.

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    ters, and underwent dismantling and renovation, yet remain^, on the whole, in the possession of the O'Neills. In 1503, Gerald, Earl of Kildare, then Lord-deputy, captured the castle, dismantled it, and retired to Dublin ; and, again, in 1512, after it had been repaired and re-occupied by the O'Niell's, the same Earl recaptured and destroyed it. In 1552, Sir James Crofts, then Lord-deputy, garrisoned it, and probably erected outworks of it, some traces of which, in the form of strong earthen ramparts and a deep fosse, existed at the commencement of the 19th century. Hugh MacNeill Oge, of the Clan-Hugh- Boye, soon af^r received possession^ of it by legal tenure from the crown ; but being slain in a conflict with a predatory party from Scotland, was succeeded by an English officer of the name of Lane. Though the castle and the country around it were henceforth considerably under the power of the English, the latter was actually held, and the former practically overawed, by the O'Neills ; and they began to be decidedly Anglicised only when, in common with all the estates of the insurgent chiefs, they were formally confiscated after Shane or John O'Neill's rebellion.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 176

32. Ecclesiastical ruins and Celtic tower on Church Island, Lough Currane

    Church Island · island or archipelago · Kerry

    Lough Currane, on the border of the baronies of Iveragh and Dunkerrin in Kerry, contains several islands. On the largest, called Church Island, are ecclesiastical ruins and the remains of what is described as a Celtic tower.

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    lipH amidst very wild and bold scenery. The Cummar.i river [see Cl'MMara] flow^* into \U north-east corner : anil the l^opal rivulet, brinifin^; off the superfliKMit \vater.4 of the omall lake Copal, enters it on the southeast. Several i^leU variefpitc the l»oso[n of Louirh Ciirrane; and on the largcut of these, Ciilled Church Inland, are some ecclesiastical ruins and the remains of what i^ termed a Celtic tower. The river Currane, which carries off the superHuent WHter<i of the lake, has a run of only about balf-a-mile to Ballinskellif^s bay; and U stemmed by even a sprinf^-tide, over a di«taiH*e of not ntore than about I'H) yard*. The mountain torrent, called the Finglashn, flows into its south side, about half-way between the lake and the sea, and is sometimes greatly flooded. I<oui?h Currane is probably the ino-t attnctive of all Iri-ih lakes to the anf^ler; and the river has a salmon weir across the line al which the tiile and the fre^h water meet. All the rights of fishing are private property, and were granted, with the lands of Currane, in the reign of Charles II.. to Robert Reading, afterwards Sir Robert Reading.

    Cr RRENROE, a hamlet in the parish of Abbey, barony of Barren, co. Clare, Munster. It stands on the northern verge of the county and province, 6J mile-! north-west of Gort. Pop.,'in 1831, 92.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 237

33. Edmund Burke's family connection to Castletown-Roche

    Castletownroche · town · Cork · 1641

    The great-grandfather of Edmund Burke retired after 1641 to a small property near Castletown-Roche, where Burke's grandfather and father also resided. Burke himself spent his boyhood there and acquired at the school 'all that the village schoolmaster could teach.'

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    attendants, and to station the rest of his force at the outer gate and in the hall, with orders to allow no man to pass. Lord Roche invited the intruders to a repast, refused to move with them when told their errand, and eventually complied beneath the force of threats, that thev must carry him away by violence. The seneschal of Imokilly, a personal enemy and an old opponent of Raleigh, had meanwhile assembled several hundred men, to intercept the captors on their march back to Cork, and to effect the rescue of their noble prisoner. But Raleigh's party passed along a rocky and dangerous road, in a dark and stormy night, amidst torrents of rain and the roarings of a tempest ; they escaped the seneschal, and arrived safely at Cork by break of day ; and, to crown the romance of their escapade, they proved to have been employed in a bootless task, for Lord Roche was found and declared to be innocent. In the wars of the Commonwealth, Maurice, Lord Roche, adhered firmly to the cause of royalty, and was attainted and outlawed ; in 1649, his lady for some days bravely defended the castle, but eventually was compelled to surrender in consequence of the destructive fire of a battery erected on a spot still called the camp-field ; and, while Lord Roche heard of his estates being parcelled among the soldiery of Cromwell, he took service in a regiment in Fhuiders, and suffered poverty in order that he might be enabled to share his pay with the exiled Charles IL " Eventually, Lord Roche was obliged to dispose of his commission on account of his debts ; and, at the Restoration, was naturally cheered by the prospect of regaining, ^nth his honours, the property of which be had been deprived. Charles did not find it convenient, however, to recollect the liberal friend of his adversity ; and Lord Roche would have perished of want but for the charity of the Duke of Ormond. The ingratitude of Charles IL to his Irish adherents, and the descendants of those who bad died fighting against the usurper, is among the darkest blots of bis reign. Many of them had — as in the case of Lord Roche — endured not only privations but want, to support his cause ; and when he bad the means of rewarding them, and of restoring to them their forfeited lands, he treated them with indifference or levity." The last Lord Roche served as a stable-boy to a gentleman in his native country, and lived with the servants in the kitchen, but was too proud to accept wages for his services ; and a Lady Roche is still remembered by some old persons in Cork, to have begged alms along the streets of that city, in a tattered and faded court dress, when she was upwards of 70 years of age ; and she is probably the lady whom Archbishop Boulter, in 1731, recommended to the Duke of Dorset as deserving a pension* The late Sir Boyle Roche, who was manv years a member of the Irish parliament, and who ludicrously distinguished himself in that capacity by his continual blundering, is supposed to have been the nearest kinsman to the last Lord Roche. The great-grandfather of the celebrated Edmund Burke retired, after 1641, to a small property which remained to him in the vicinity of Castletown- Roche ; there Burke's grandfather and father also resided; and there he himself spent his boyhood, and acquired at the school **all that the village schoolmaster could teach." Area of the town, 76 acres. Pop., in 1831, 1,095; in 1841, 1,063. Houses 168. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 44; in manufactures and trade, 101 ; in other pursuits, 42. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 9 ; on the directing of labour, 105; on their own manual labour, 60; on means not specified, 13. CASTLETOWNSEND, a village and small sea-

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

34. Edward Bruce besieges Castleknock Castle, 1316

    Castleknock · townland · Dublin · 1316

    The castle was built in the reign of Henry II by Hugh de Tyrrel, Baron of Castleknock, and was long the residence of his descendants. In 1316, Edward Bruce besieged and captured it, taking Baron Hugh de Tyrrel and his lady prisoner and demanding a large ransom for their release.

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    area, 7,124 acres. Pop., in 1831, 4,251; in 1841, 4.063. Houses 663. Pop. of the rural districts, in 1841, 3,725. Houses 600. The parochial surface comprises part of the north side of the softly picturesque vale of the Liffey, from the Phoenix- park westward, and part of the rich and lusciously pretty plain which is traversed by the Royal Canal. Numerous villas adorn the banks of the Liffey ; and gardens, shrubberies, and profuse beauties of culture, embellish the general surface. Mr. Fraser succinctly describes, in the following terms, very nearlv all the scenery and contents of the parish, as beheld along the road from Dublin to Navan, across its interior : ** The plantations of the Phcenix-park on the left are ioined by those of the villa grounds which adorn the left banks of the Liffey for many miles above the city ; and, in connection with them, at 4 miles from the town, the church, castle-ruins, and moat of Castle-Knock, as seen from this road, compose an interesting group. On the right, the bank forming the northern boundary of the narrow winding glade, through which the Tolka streamlet forces its tortuous course, is clothed with the hedge-row trees of several villas which link in with the plantations of Sheephill, the seat of James Hans Hamilton, Esq.*' The ruins of the castle at the village occupy the summit of a bold, broken, and lofty hillock, which commands a view over the plain as far as to the hill of Maynooth ; and consist of part of a round tower or keep, one side of the intrenchments, and a little postern door in one of the battlement walls. A manifestly fabulous story says that the castle was a royal Danish residence, and that St. Patrick visited it to attempt the conversion to Christianity of a Danish King, called Morrishtac. Other traditions are afloat respecting it, of a still more incredible and stupid character. The castle was built in the reign of Henry II., by Hugh de Tvrrel, Boron of Castle- Knock, and was long after the residence of his descendants. In 1316, Edward Bruce besieged and captured it, made Baron Hugh de Tvrrel and his lady prisoners, and would not release them till they paid a large ransom. In 1642, Colonel Monk, afterwards celebrated as the Duke of Albemarle, captured the castle, killed 80 adherents of royalty in assaulting it, and afterwards put others to death on the gibbet In 1647, the castle was taken from the republicans by Owen-Ros O'Neill, and Sir Thomas Esmond, Bart, at the head of a loyal force ; and at that time, or soon after, it was dismantled, and abandoned to decay. An abbey for regular canons of the order of Augustine was founded at the end of the 13th centurv, or beginning of the 14th, by Richard Tyrrel; anci its church was used, after the dissolution, as the parochial place of worship. The Tyrrel ftunily, who took designation from Castle- Knock, were connected with the Tyrrels, sires, and afterwards princes, of Poix in Picardy, whose title and estate eventuidly passed by marriiige to the ducal house of De Noailles ; and they and other Tyrrels have, from an early date, figured conspicuously m the English county of Essex, and the Irish counties of Dubhn, Meath, and Westmeath. In the latter part of the 14th centurv, Robert Serjeant became Baron of Castle-Knock, but whether by creation, writ of summons, or marriage with an heiress of the Tyrrels, is not known. The village of Castle-Knock is a mere hamlet in bulk. Area, 21 acres. Pop., in 1831, 188; in 1841, 156. Houses 31. A dispensary here is within the North Dublin Poor-law union, and serves for a pop. of 5,665; and, in 1839. it expended £166 I4s. 7d., and administered to 1,592 patients — Castle- Knock pariih is a vicamge in the dio. of Dublin. Vicarial tithe composition, £200; glebe, £136 8s. ]}d. The rectorial tithes are appropriate, and consist of two

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 205

35. Edward Bruce defeated English forces at Connor, 1315

    Connor · townland · Antrim · 1315

    In 1315, Edward Bruce defeated the English forces under Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, at Connor and took possession of the town. This was a significant military engagement in the Bruce campaign in Ireland.

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    CONNOR, a village, and the head of a diocese, stands in the above parish, barony of Lower Antrim^ CO. Antrim, Ulster. Its site is on the left bank of the Glenwhirry rivulet, and on the road from Ballymena to Cammoney, or the east road from Ballymeui to Belfast, H miles south-south-east of Ballymena, 16} north b^ west of Belfiut, and 96} north of Dublin. Immediately to the west of it, and so near as to be virtually omted with it, stands the villa^ of Kblls : see that article. Connor was at one time a wallf^d town, and must therefore have possessed soma importance ; but it is supposed to have decayed after the eruption of the Irish m 1333; and it has long been little DDore than a rural hamlet, making an obscure figure in trade, and exhibiting the fiirce of nominal dty character amidst poverty, depopulation, and tka utter absence of every appliance of either a great town Of the seat of a bishopric What little trade supports it belongs more to Kells and the adiaoent open country than to it; and what epiaoopal prerogatives or desiguatioiis are affirmed of it, are, aa far aa the village is coneemcd, mere idle fictions. Fairs are held on Feb. 1, Blay 1, Aug. 2, and Oct. 2a In 1315, Edward Bruce defeated at Connor the English forces under Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster, and took posaesaioa of tke town. Area of

    CON

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

36. Edward Bruce plunders and destroys Belfast Castle, 1315

    near Belfast · city · Antrim · 1315

    Edward Bruce, in his expedition of 1315, is supposed to have found Belfast Castle in existence and to have plundered and destroyed it. The notice of the havoc he worked in its vicinity is regarded by some as the earliest historical notice of Belfast.

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    History.'] — The name Belfast is a corruption of the words Beala-fearsaidh, signifying, in a free translation, *the town of the ford or ferry at the river's mouth.' The ford in the Lagan, to which the name alludes, was an important pass in the rude and tumultuous history of early times. Though the town itself is modern, its site is known in ancient history, and was called successively Beala-fearsaidh and Le Ford by the English and the Normans. A castle was naturally erected for controlling the pass across the river ; and, though not fixed to any date by existing historical record, is supposed, from antiquarian deduction, to have been built bv the celebrated John de Courcey, or some of bis followers. This castle was inferior in strength to that of Carrickfergus, and was held in conjunction with it, and as a subordinate strength, by the English. Edward Bruce, in bis expedition of 1315, is supposed to have found the castle in existence, and to have plundered and destroyed it ; and the notice of the havoc be worked in its vicinity is regarded by some as the earliest historical notice of Belfast In 1333, the rebellious English murdered William de Burgb, Earl of Ulster, in the castle ; and invited the native Irish to their assistance from beyond the Bann, whither they bad been driven by the invaders from England. The chiefs of the Irish septs, with their barbarian followers, now poured down upon the northern border of the English Pale, and almost annihilated whatever civilization had been introduced; and that sept of the O'Neills, who were known as the Clan-Hugh- Boye, and from whom the corrupted name of Claneboye is retained in the modem topographical nomenclature of part of Downshire, took possession of the castle of Belfast, and wielded its strength in subordination to the feudal purposes of their toparchical rule. During the subsequent times, when the assured English Pale extended no £srther north than to Drogheda, and the castle of Carrickfergus was the only English strength north of the Newry mountain::, the castle of Belfast frequently exchanged

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 176

37. Edward Roche's improvement of 1,700 acres at Kildinon

    Kildinan · townland · Cork

    The late Edward Roche, Esq., of Kildinon improved 1,700 acres of mountainous land in Barrymore barony, rendering it partially arable and leasing it at 2s. 6d. per acre on 31-year leases, capitalizing on its southern exposure.

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    B ARRYMORE, a barony nearly in the middle of the eastern half of co. Cork, Mkmster. It is bounded on the north by Fermoy and Condons ; on the east by Kiinataloon and ImoKilly ; on the south by Cork Harbour and the river Lee ; and on the west by Cork and Barretts. Its greatest length, from east to west, is 17 miles; its greatest breadth, in the opposite direction,, is 14^ miles; and its area is 1 55,686 acres, — of which 4,431 acres are tideway. If viewed as consisting of three belts or sections, extending from west to east, the northern belt is the sange ot uplands, or Nagle Mountains, between the valleys of the Blackwater and the Bride, the central belt IS the head- screens and the valley of the Bride, and the southern and broadest belt is the sea-board ef the upper part of Cork Harbour, and chiefly the double basin of the two confluent streams of the Middle ton nvec. The Nagle Mountains and other high grounds aggregately cover the greater part of the area, and are roughly, loftily, and rather sterilelv upland. Yet many of the mountainous tracts, which are unfrequented in winter by either man or beast, become comnaratively pleasant and inhabitable in summer; and an expanse of 1,700 acres, which had little to recommend it except southern exposure and gradual declination, was improved, rendered partially arable, and let out in leases of 31 years at 2s. 6d. per acre, by the late Edward Roche, Esq., of Kildinon. Dr. Smith characterises many of the mountains as, in summer, ** no unelegant places of abode," and adds, *' The vast and extended prospect they afford over the well-cultivated plains beneath them, at once fill the eye with delight, and the mind with satisfaction. In dry weather, the air is far from being unwholesome, being then filled with aromatic perfumes from various plants ; and the heath, from its russet brown, is then in flower, and clothed in purple and scarlet." The lower northern declivities of the Nagle Mountains, the vale of the Bride, the immediate sea-board of Cork Harbour, and the greater part of the eastern border, largely consist of good land, and enjoy the high advantage of having limestone either on the spot or within easy carrying distance. Such is the topography of the barony, as the latter was constituted previous to the changes effected by the authority of the Act 6 and 7 William IV. ; and it is effected by these changes only to the following extent, — three townlands of respectively the parihhes of Titeskin, Aghada, and Corkbeg, containing, in 1841, a pop. of 810, have been transferred from Barry more to Imokilly, — the parish of Coole, containing a pop. of 283, has been transferred from Kiinataloon to Barrymore, — one townland of tiie parish of Dungourney, and two townlands of the parish of Garrame-Kennefeck, containing a pop. of 522, have been transferred from Imokilly to Barrymore, — and fourteen townlands of the pansh of DunbuUogue, and three of the parish of Whitechurch, containing a pop. of 2,664, have been transferred from £a<it Muskerry to Barrymore. The barony, as now constituted, contains part of the parishes of Britway, Castle- Lyons, Clonmult, DunbuUogue, Dungourney, Garrane-Kennefeck, Knockmourne, Middleton, Mogeetsha, St. Michael's, and Whitechurch ; and the whole of the parishes of Ardnageehy, Ballycurranv, HHllydeloher, BallyspelUne, CahirW, Carrigtohill, (Monmt'l, Gortroe, Inchinabackv, Rillaspugmullane, Kilquane, Kilshanahan, Lisgoold, Little Island, Rath. rorniack, Templebodan, Templenacarriga, Templernhin. and Templeusque. The chief towns are Cove ! 4ui 1 Katbcoimuck ; and the villages are comparatively '

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 164

38. Elected mayor-admiral governs Claddagh community

    Claddagh · electoral division · Galway

    The Claddagh community periodically elected one of their own number as chief magistrate, called mayor on land and admiral at sea, a custom from time immemorial. He ruled according to their own laws, settled fishery disputes, and possessed such decisive authority that appeals to the legally constituted authorities were virtually unknown.

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    The inhabitants of Claddagh not only appear to have been originally a colony, some say from Spain ; but they retain as rigidly exclusiveness of social po-ition, and marked peculiarities of government, manners, dress, and language, as if they had no later than yesterday arrived from a strange land. One of their own number is periodically elected by them, and has been so from time immemorial, to act as their chief magistrate ; he resembles the Brughaid, or head villager of an ancient clan in its hereditary canton ; he bears the title of mayor on land, and that of admiral at sea; he rules the community according to their own laws and customs, and settles all their fishfry disputes ; he possesses, by universal consent, so de<*isive an authority, that a case is rarely known of appeal from his judgment to any of the legally constituted authorities of the land ; and he wears in the village no emblem of power, and even at sea is distinguished only by having a whiter sail than his neighbours, and by having colours attached to his boat's mast-head. The people care not a rush for politics, and do not understand them; they are exempt from all government taxes; they have, in even the most troubled times, been distinguished for their loyalty ; and when the Lords-lieutenant, Anglesey and Mulgrave, not many years ago made their respective progress through the west, to quell popular comtnotion, and conciliate agrarian insurgents, the Clii(l(!agh-men acted to both as escort or guard-ofhoiiour in their procession through the town of Galway. The whole population, till of late, were not only unlettered, but profoundly uncognizant of any a<l vantage of education; and though they have, in some instances, begun to look with a little tolerance upon schoolmasters, they still maintain, in the aggngatc. an old prejudice, that either to speak English, to >end a child to school, or to suffer the presence of a pedui^'ogue, is a di««grace. Their language is a har-h and dissonant dialect of the Erse, so peculiarly tluir own as not to be quite intelligible to the native Iri>li in their immediate vicinity. They have « strong aversion to all strangers, and will not permit any to settle in the village. The women possett un-

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 207

39. English character of districts east of Mallow and Bandon

    Mallow · town · Cork · 1841

    The low countries east of Mallow and Bandon presented much of an English character in houses, fields, enclosures, park scenery, costume, and manners. Despite occasional prevalence of hut-like homes and miserable peasant dress, these districts showed a comparatively high aggregate of improvement.

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    Agriculture, — The soil of the coal-formation district is cold, retentive, and moorish; that of the limestone districts is warm and friable ; and that of the greater part of the schistose-formation districts is dry, sandy, and what has technically been termed hungry. — requiring rich and constant manuring. Agricultural practice presents almost every variety, from the most antiquated and barbarous to the most improved and scientific methods of culture ; so that to describe it in detail, would be nearly to exhibit all the existing phases of agricultural practice in the kingdom. Nearly all the western districts and a considerable proportion of the central ones, are either not at lUl or very slightly touched by the improvement spirit of the last hundred, and especially of the last fifty, years ; and there an indigent and half-starving peasantry may be seen scratching moors, lacerating slopes and bogs, and scourging to destruction opulent low grounds, in a fashion which fills an intelligent stranger with wonder that they contrive either to raise food or to pay rents. But the eastern lowland districts and the vicinities of numerous towns and demesnes, exhibit a comparatively high aggregate of improvement ; and, in particular, the lower valleys of the Lee and the Blackwater, and the low country between Cork Harbour and the eastern boundary display very nearly as opulent results of georgical science, and as large and flaunting accumulations of the means of comfort as some of the choicest districts of England. A large proportion of proprietors are resident; numbers of families are resident who form — what over most of Ireland is a sad want — an intelligent middleclass ; and the greater part of the low countries east of Mallow and Bandon — even in spite of the occasional predominance of the hut-like home, and the miserable dress of the peasantry — present^ as to at once houses, fields, enclosures, park scenery, and even costume and manners — verv much of an English character. In 1841, the total of farms measuring from 1 acre to 5 acres, was 13.683; from 5 to 15 ucres. 15.790 ; from 15 to 30 acres, 10,302 ; and upwards of 30 acres. 5,G9i.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

40. Erection of St. Paul's parish on Dunscombe's Marsh

    Saint Paul's · parish · Cork · 1724–1725

    The east marsh and Dunscombe's Marsh became so extensively built up and populated that they were erected into the parish of St. Paul's and provided with a parochial place of worship.

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    leading to them removed. In 1712-13, the wooden brid^it at the north and south enda of the city were pulled down, and nuperKeded by handsome stone erections. In 1719, Mr. E^iward Webber constructed the public wM. c&XXed the Mardyke, nearly an Eng. Iii>h mile in length, westward along a marnh to near the point where the Lee forks into two main-channels ; and, at its termination, he built a brick house, and enclosed a tea-garden, which became a favourite summer resort of tne citizens. Hammond's Marsh, which lay between the town and the commencement of this promenade, was also provided with public gardens, and had **a large and pleasant bowling-green, planted on its margin with trees kept regularly cut." In 17*2-5, the east marsh and DunscoinbeV .Marsh had become so extensively edificed and peopled as to be erected into the pansh of St. Paul*!*, and provided with a parochial place of worship. In 17 lo and 17*2B, gaols for the county at large, > and for the county of the citv, supplanted the old castles and gates which Btoo<l at tne ends of the miiin street, and had then become ruinous; but these gaols were incommodiou'* and ungraceful structures, as insecure as they were lumpibh, and they have necessarily been swept away in the progress of a maturing improvement. The various canals and ditches, which cut the site and immediate environs of the old town into a labyrinth of islets, were gradually arched over; and the roadways which superseded them combined with the embankments, and raised grounds upon periodically flooded marshes, to consolidate the whole tract between the two outer channels of the Lee into one island. In 1774, the canal which ran through the middle of the present Henry-street was arched; in 177B, the canal between Hammond's quay and the west side of the city walls was converted into a street which received the name of the celebrated Grattan ; in 1780, a canal between Tuckey's quay and the Mall, was formed into the present Grand Parade ; in 17B3, the canal between Long quay and Colville's quay became Patrick -street ; about the same time, the Potatoe quay dock, between the subsequent corn market and bridewell, was covered in ; in 1795. the canal called Fenn's quay, was converted into Nile-street; and soon after other canals were formed into Nelson's-place and the South Mall, — the latter the best street in Cork. Improvements, or rather exten&iions, were commenced aNo around the quondam villages of Old Cork and Blackpool; and these have so far and rapidly pushed series of street-lines along the extreme sides of the Lee, and up the adjacent slopes, as practically to have placed two large towns in juxtaposition with the renovated and extended river-girt city of the marshes.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

41. Erne navigation from Belturbet via Ulster canal

    Belturbet · town · Cavan

    The only water navigation available to County Cavan ran down the Erne from Belturbet to Lough Erne, connecting through the Ulster canal to the wider water communications of the north-east of the kingdom.

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    the greater part of the crofls-roads are ill-pUnned, and so miserably kept as to be, in some plaoei or seasons, nearly impracticable. The county tufTeyor is officially stated, in a report of 1842, to have inspected the formation of 78 miles of new road since his appointment, and to have 3,000 miles of road under his charge. In 1841, a new road was formed from Ballyconnel toward Enniskillen and Sligo ; and the roads from Cavan to Cootehill, from Ballybane to Newbliss, and from Arvagh toward Longford, were altered. The principal lines of road through the county are 4 in number, and all traverse it in divections between north by west and north-west by north : one enters from the south-east extFcmity, and passes through Kingscourt, Shircock, and Coote.. hill, toward Clones ; the second enters 5^ miles west of the former, passes through Bailieboroii^, and joins the former a little south of Cootehill; the third enters a little east of Lough Ramor, passes through Virginia, Ballyjamesduff, and Cavan, sends off branches to Belturbet and toward Clones, and departs in the direction of Enniskillen; and the fourth enters between Loughs Ramor and Sheelan, passes through Ballynenagh, Killeshandra, and Swanlinbar, and departs to ramify itself toward Enniskillen and Sligo. The only navigation enjoved by the county is down the Erne from Belturbet to Lough Erne, and thence, throi^h the Ulster canal» to the ramified water communications of the northeast of the kingdom. The Dublin and Enniskillen line of railway, as projected by the C^mmissiooers, traverses the county in considerable nearness to the track of the Enniskillen mail-road, — touching Virgiiiia, passing near Ballyjamesduff, and touching the town of Cavan.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

42. Essex and Perrott foresee Belfast as dockyard site

    near Belfast · city · Antrim

    The Earl of Essex recognized Belfast's natural advantages as a seat of population and emporium of commerce, and recommended constructing a dockyard. Sir John Perrott, on visiting the place, saw it similarly though then a waste, but neither man effected any movement toward building a town.

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    In 1571* Sir Thomas Smith and his son received from Queen Elizabeth, a grant of Belfast castle, and of a considerable tract of country around it, and within the districts of Claneboy and Great Ardes. The " Grand Inquisition of the County of Down," which records this grant, states that '*in Queen Elizabeth's earldom of Ulster, there be divers parcels of land that be waste, or inhabited by a wdcked, barbarous, and uncivil people, some Scottish, and some wild Irish ;" and that Sir Thomas Smith and his son, '* with a power of Englishmen, agree to subdue all and plant them with faithful subjects."' Bat the younger Smith, who commanded the expedition for enforcing the grant, and who entered Ulster in 1572 with the magnanimous purpose of '* subduing all," was defeated and killed ; and, in consequence, his followers were dispersed, various conditions stipulated in order to the legal establishment of the grant were not fulfilled, and the whole of the lands, along with the castle reverted to the Crown. Walter Devereux, first Earl of Essex, and father of the celebrated and hapless Earl, the favourite of the Queen, next attempted the colonization of the district; but he was as unfortunate as his predecessor ; and, after expending a large sum of money, and fighting his way through a series of conflicts, he in less than a year abandoned the enterprise, and, in 1576, died at Dublin, the poisoned victim, it was thought, of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester. If, up to this date, an? town or village whaterer existed contiguous to the castle, it must have been very insignificant; for Hollinffshed's Chronicle, printed at London in 1586, though it enumerates the chief towns and havens in the counties of Antrim and Down, and notices several places which are novr mere fishing- villages, makes no mention of Belfast. — The Earl of Essex perceived the natural advantages of the town's site as a seat of population and an emporium of commerce, and strongly reoommendea the construction of a dockyard; and Sir John Perrott, on sobseqoently visiting the plaee» saw it, though then a waste, in the same light as ihm Earl, and echoed his lordship's recocnmendstioii ; but both of these &r-sighted men failed to effect any movement toward the construction of a town.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 176

43. Fair or Gallows Green common in Cavan

    Cavan · town · Cavan

    The only remaining public property of the borough of Cavan is a waste and stony common of about 14 acres lying on the top of a hill, called the Fair or Gallows Green. All other borough lands had been alienated at a very early date.

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    all at a very early (late have been alienated ; and now Crtvan town belongs to Lords Farnham and Annesley, Tullyniongan to Lord Maryborough and j\lrs. Foster. Kilnevarron to Mr. Radclitfe, Drompoone to Mr. Saunderson, Dromeleagh chiefly to Lord Anno^ley, and Rossgoglan to Miss Andrew and Kiehard Bell. There is no public revenue ; and the only remaining public property is a waste and i^tony common of about 14 acres lying on the top of a bill, and called the Fair or Gallows Green. A p;irty of the county constabulary are the only police. An attempt was made, in 1830, to introduce some of the provisions of the Act for watching, cleaning, and lighting; but it failed through informality. The btreets and roads are maintained in repair by presentme.'it of the county Grand Jury. A borough court of record, authorized by charter, has not been held since \706. A town court, of the nature of a courtleet, for regulating municipal affairs, is also extinct. A court of pctty-sess»ions is held every Tuesday; and a court of quarter-sessions, and the court of assize for the county, twice a-year. A presbytery of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland has its seat in Cavan ; exercises inspection over 9 congregations ; and meets on the 2d Tuesday of Aug., Nov., Feb., and May.

    Statistics.'] — Area of the town, 170 acres. Pop., in 1831, 2,931; in 1841.3,740. Houses 522. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 1^ ; in manufacturcs and trade, 341; in other pursuits, 199. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 41 ; on the directing of labour, 317 ; on their own manual labour, 269 ; on means not specified, (i3. Males at and above 5 years of age who could read and write, 877 ; who could read but not write, 229 ; who could neither read nor write, 5'2S. Females at and above 5 years of age who could read and write, 471 ; who could read but not write, 413; who could neither read nor write, 839.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

44. Farnham Demesne near Cavan town

    Farnham · townland · Cavan

    The noble demesne of Farnham, situated one and a half miles west of Cavan town, abounds in the beauties of cultivation and embellishment. It imparts an air of joyousness to the surrounding countryside.

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    Environs.'^ — The environs of Cavan are nearly all undulated with swell, tumulus, and hill, very various in outline, generally verdant in dress, and decidedly picturesque in character and grouping. The demesnes of Farnham and Kilmore, the one noble and the other episcopal, and situated respectively 1 1 mile west, and 2^ south-west of the town, abound in the beauties of cultivation and embellbhment, and communicate an air of joyousness to all the country in their vicinity. See Farnham and Kilmore. But, with the exception of these grounds, and of some other and inconsiderable portions of land, all the beautiful country around the town, is so grievously maltreated by a barbarous system of agricultural economy, as to have both its pleasantness marred, and its vigour seriously neutralized. Small enclosures mince it down into the merest pendicles, in a manner destructive alike to ornamental appearance and to profitable culture ; the little green hills are Bubsectioned and cut to pieces, till the enclosures athwart their surface resemble an ill-contrived network; and the wretched ditches are carried along hollows, across descents, and in all other absurd directions fitted to counteract, rather than effect, the drainage of the spongy soil and very retentive subsoil which prevail.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 206

45. Father Burke finds few traces of Monastery of the Bann

    near Coleraine · town · Derry · 1751

    In 1751, Father Burke recorded from his own observation that after diligent inquiry he could find but few traces of the church and convent of the Monastery of the Bann near Coleraine. The last prior of the convent was Shane O'Boyle.

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    that, in 1171, the church of Coleraine "ahbey/* in common with several other churches, was plundered by Manus MacDunlave A monastery, situated to the west of the town, and called the Monastery of the Bann, was dedicated to the Virgin Mary in 1244, and probably was founded in that year, but \s alleged by a crowd of careless copyists to have been founded in the 5th century by the noble family of the O'Cahans, or by the ^ucKvelins. In 1484, this monastery was remodelled by the Dominican order ; and, in 1644, it was erected into an university by the general council of Rome. " Whoever chooses to dip further into the monastic history of this place," sa^s Mr. Sampson, ** may consult the Hibernia Dominicana: he will there find, among other thingji, a recital concerning t miraculous triumph of the Virgin's image over the English, or rather Scottish Bishop, Brutus Babington, and all his attendants, in 1611. Father Burke records, from his own observation, that, in 1751, after diligent inquiry, he could find but few traces of this church and convent. The farms belonging to this convent \vere surrendered to the Commissioners of King James I., and by him granted to the London Society. The last prior was Shane O'Boyle. It appears to have been a very eminent foundation, and is recorded to have sent forth two bishops, two authors, and eight martyrs."

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 228

46. Fee-supported schools at Cong and Cregdotty

    Cong · town · Mayo · 1838

    Schools at Cong and Cregdotty were supported wholly by fees. In 1838, the National Board also granted funds toward the erection and furnishing of a school at Cross.

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    Oroits inrome, £499 158. 9)d. ; nett, £413 Ui. 3d. Patron, the diocesan. Though the benefice ii called a rectory, two-thirdi of the tithes of certain denominations, compounded for ^18 9*. 2Jd., are appropriated to the prebend of Killybegs ; and the whole of the tithes on the property of Sir Richard O'Donnel, Bart., comprising about one-fourth of the parish, are impropriate in Sir Richard. The church was built, in 1813, by means of a loan of £590 15t. 44(1. from the late Board of First Fruits. Sittings 150 : attendance, from 40 to 60. The Roman Catholic chapel has two officiates, and an attendance of from 1,400 to 1.500. Another Roman Catholic place of meetinf^, variously a private house and the open air according to the state of the weather, b at Carranomona, and has an attendance of 500; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, it is united to the chapels of Fairhill, Finny, and Maam, in the parish of Ross. In 1834, the Protestants amounted to 108, and the Roman Catholics to 8,880; 2 hedge-schools had an average attendance of 43 children; and 8 other daily schools ba<l on their books 284 boys and 207 girls. Two of the schools, at Carrokeel, the one for boys and the other for girls, were salaried the former with £8, and the latter with £6 from the National Board ; one at Nymphsfield glebe was entirely supported by the rector; one at Funchau^h had some advantages from Mr. D'Arcy ; one for girls at Ballymagibhon was wholly supported by Mr. Finn ; one for boys at Bally magibbon was aided with £\0 a-vear and a house from Mr. Finn; and the other •chools at Cong and Cregdotty were supported wholly by fees. In 1838, the National Board granted £160 toward the erecting and furnishing of t school at Cross.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 229

47. Fermoy as the O'Keifs principality

    Fermoy · townland · Cork

    The territory forming the modern barony of Fermoy was a principality of the O'Keifs and bore the name Fearmuagby before the Anglo-Norman conquest.

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    The ancient territory of Cork — or that which, at the period of the Anglo-Norman invasion, included the present territory of Cork, and was defined by well -established limits— comprehended also a considerable tract of what now forms the counties of Kerry. Limerick, and Waterford, and was divided into Desmond or South Munster on the west, Carbery on the 8outh-west and south, Mu^kerry or West Mun>ter in the centre and the east, and Home minor or U'»!^ fixed districts in the east. This territory ioruKMl, for some time l>efore the arrival of Earl StronKbow, a separate kingdom, under the sway of the MucCarthys ; yet it was rather overawed by them as indisputably the strongest sept than strictly consolidated into one dominion ; and it suffered great fluctuations in the distribution of its sub-divisional districts, and was practically cut into various sections, and placed beneath the uncertain and often coiitlicting control of toparchs. Muskerry, for example, experienced successively great contractions and great dilatations of its limits; and the large tract which now forms the baronies of Fermoy, tMangibboM, Orrery, and Kilmore, was a principality of the O'Keifs, and bore the name of Fearmuagby, — that of which the modern Fermoy is a corruption. The toparchs or chieftains next in power to the hovereif^n MacCarthys, were the O' Keifs on the northcast of .Muskerry, the MacDonoughs on the northwe>t of Mu>kerry, the O'Lehaiis on the south-east of Muskerry, the 0*Learys on the south-west of JVIuNkerry, the O'Donovans and O'Driscols in Car- Ixry. arui the O'SuUivans in Desmond. In 1172, Dermod MacCarthy, king of Cork, swore fealty to Henry II.; but soon afterwards he threw off the yoke to which he had submitted, made an attack by land upon the Fnglii^h under Raymond 1e Gross, and despatched from Cork a fleet of 85 vessels which attacked Farl Strongl)ow at Dungarvan. His kingdom wa> in con>equcnce forfeited to the Crown; and, with the exception of the city of Cork and the adjuining cantred which were res€rve<l to the king, it was h11 bestowed, in 1177t upon Robert Fitsbtcpheii and Milo Dc Cogari.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

48. Fever Hospital for Cork city and liberties

    Cork · city · Cork · 1839–1840

    The Fever Hospital in Cork was intended for the sick poor of the city and liberties but also admitted many patients from the county. It had accommodation for 180 beds and in 1839-40 admitted 1,970 patients.

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    Cork Infirmary is capable of containing 120 beds; and, in 1839-40, it admitted 1,271 intern patients, administered to about 9,000 extern patients, and expended £1,000 4s. 4d. The South Cork IiiHrnwrv is capable of containing 1 1)4 beds ; and, in l839> 40, It admitted 828 intern patients, administered to 9,270 extern patients, and expended £1,707 15«. Od. Each of the infirmaries has a medical staff of two physicians and two surgeons who receive no salary, and a resident house surge<m-apothecary ; and the two institutions have, for 10 or 11 years past, lieen proposed to be mutually consolidated. — The Fever Uospiul is intended for the sick poor of the City and Liberties, but admits many patients from the county; it contains accommodation for 180 l>eds; and, in 1839-40, it admitted 1,970 patients, and ex-

    pended £1.494 8s. Id The dispensaries of the City

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

49. Fever Hospital in Clonmel

    Clonmel · town · Tipperary · 1839–1840

    Clonmel possessed a very well-managed fever hospital that served the needs of the poor-law union, admitting over a thousand patients in 1839-40.

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    Poor 'law Union.'] — The Clonmel Poor-law union ranks as the 22d ; and was declared on 18th March, ]8.'>9. It lies partly in Waterford and partly in Tipperary ; and it comprises an area of 140 statute square inile>, or 89,*J58 acres, with a pop., in 1831, of 37,301. The number of elected and ex-officio guardians is respectively 21 and 7. The electoral divisions are 10 in number; and take their designations from Clonmel, Kilsheelan, Temple-Etny, Lisronagh, Newchapel, Innislonaghty, Kilronan, St. Mary s, Killaloaii, and Rathgormack. The total of valued tenements in the union is 5,266; and of these, 2,468 are valued under £5,— 255 under £6,-232 under £7,— 17i» under £8,-159 under £9,-126 under £10,— llhJ under £12,-177 under £14,-57 under £15,— ^) under £1().— 85 under £18,-84 under £20,~ 227 under £-25,-147 under £30,-235 under £40, — 172 under £50,— and 391 at and above £50. The total nett annual value of property rated, is £89,830 17s. tUd. : the number of persons rated is 5,463; and of these. 808 are rated for a valuation not exceeding i:],_.ji>-2 not exceeding £2, — 316 not exceeding £3,— 184 not exceeding £4,— and 138 not exceeding Xb. The fever hospital in Clonmel is a very su[H rior well-managed institution, and is more than ^ul^u-ient lor the wants of the union ; and, in 1839-40, it rereivrd £(W8 Os. 5d.. expended £821 17». 6d., and admitted 1,093 patients. A snaall surgical bosr)ital, (Mpiible of containing 15 beds, was erected sevrral years ago in Clonmel, half by county pre* Miitinent, and half by a donation from the Savings' It.uik Committee, and is supported by private contributiuns; and, during 1840, it admitted 15 cases of hevere accidents, and expended £58. The dispenvaries of the union are three in number, and pretty e(|UHlly distributed, and have their seats at Clonmel, KiUheelun. and Poulmurka; but that at Clonmel has greatly too wide a sphere, serving for a dbtrict wLich, in' 18(1, contained a pop. of 22,288. to

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 219

50. Fire destroys Clogher antiquities in 1396

    near Clogher · town · Tyrone · 1396

    A great fire in 1396 swept away the church, chapels, and minor religious houses of Clogher. The author notes that this convenient destruction makes the abundant antiquities of Clogher highly suspicious.

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    said to be commemorated in the name Clogher. The residence of very ancient toparchs is next alleged to have stood at the place, and to have made it the metropolis of the petty principality of Errigal; a fact pretended to be thoroughly vouched by the circumstance of a neighbouring parish being called to this day Errigal- Keerogue. An abbey, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, is next alleged to have been founded previous to the date of the pretended similar institution at Armagh, and to have been presided over by St. Patrick, preparatory, or at least prior, to his commencing at Armagh the work of abbot, of archbishop, of primate, or of whatever other character fancy may assign to him in that ecclesiastical metropolis. A cell and monastery are next alleged to have l>een founded, several years before the close of the 5th century, by St. Macjrtin; and are of course very stoutly vouched by the fact, that this Macartins name is retained in the full designation of the modern parochial-cathedral church. All these structures are probably as undiscoverable by a calm and cautious antiquary, as they are invisible to a passing tourist ; and even storied structures of Inter periods possibly did not all exist in just the form, and for exactly the u.ses, which current description assigns them. We are told that the church of Clogher was rebuilt in 1041, and dedicated to St. Macartin ; that it was re-edified and eidarged, in 12U5, by Bishop Matthew MacCathasaidh ; and tiiat, at various periods preceding the close of the 14th century, there were built two chapels and a number of minor religious houses. But, in 1396, a fire is admitted to have swept the whole away ; and, in the absence of any very authentic documentary evidence, this occurrence, so wondrously convenient for the visionary antiquaries, may be quoted as quite a satisfactory reason for a man's cherishing no great faith in the abundant and singularly suspicious antiquities of Clogher.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 209

51. Firmount: Abbe Edgeworth's residence, confessor to Louis XVI

    Clonbroney · townland · Longford

    The demesne of Firmount was the residence of the late Abbe Edgeworth, who served as confessor to Louis XVI and attended him to the scaffold. Part of the Abbe's house and chapel still survived within the Lissard demesne at the time of writing.

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    CLONBRONEY. or Clonbrone. a parish, partly in the barony of Anlaph, but chiefly in that of Oranard, 5\ miles west of the town of Granard, co. Longford, Leinster. The Granard section contains the village of Ballinalee : which sec. Length, southsouth-eastward, 7 miles ; breadth, from 5 furlongs to 3^ miles. Area of the Ardagh section, 482 acres, 3 roods, 33 perches; of the Granard section, 12,224 acres, 3 roods, 28 perches, — of which 124 acres, 2 roods, 16 perches are water. Pop. of the whole, in la-Jl, 5,471 ; in 1841, 5,1 14. Houses 890. Pop. of the Ardagh section, in 1831, 175; in 1841, 44. Houses 9. Pop. of the rural districts of the Granard section, in 1831, 5.041 ; in 1841, 4,771. Houses 831. The land, regarded in the average, is of middle-rate quality, and worth about 24s^ per iicre. The declination is to the south, along the ea*<t side of the Camlin river. Roads radiate from Ballinalee toward respectively Granard, liOngford, Edgeworthstown. and Carrickon- Shannon. Loughs Gurteen and Currygrane lie nearly in the centre of the parish, and comprise most of its water-area. Near the base of Caimc Hill is Kilshruly, the seat of Mnjor T. Edgeworth; and on the road from Edgeworthstown to Ballinalee, is Lissard, the seat of John O'Ferral, Esq. The demesne of Firmount, the residence of the late Abbe Edgeworth, who was confessor to Louis XVI., and attended him to the scaffold, is now included in that of Lissard, and still contains part of the Abbe's hou<c and chap<>l. Other demesnes are Garvagh, Whitehill, Currygrane, Lark field, and Glen-Lodge. A nunnery is alleged to have been founded at Clonbroney by St. Patrick, — to have been the retreat of the two Emerijts, — sisters of St. Guascat, abbot of Lerha,— .and to have been destroyed by fire in 778. — This parish is a vicarage, and a sepanite benefice, in the dio. of Ardagh. Vicarial tithe compoMtion, £1(>6 3s. Id. ; glebe, £57. Gross income, £223 3s. Id. ; nctt, £176 4^. 2d. Patron, the diocesan. A curate has a stipend of £75. One part of the rectorial tithes is compounded for £124 12s. 3}d., and belongs to the diocesan and is demised ; and another part is compounded for £1 15 7s. 8:^d., and is impropriate in Michael Nelligan, Esq. The church was built in 1826, by means of a loan of £1,015 7s. 8id. from the late Board of First Fruits, and enlarged, in 1832, by means of a loan of £200 from that Board, and donations of aggregately £130 from Lady Rosse, Col. Palliser, and the vicar. Sittings 300; attendance 250. A schoolhouse at the extremity of the parish is also used every Thursday as a parochial place of worship. Two Roman Catholic chapels have each an attendance of 1,000; and, in the Roman Catholic parochial arrangement, are mutually united. In 18.34. the parishioners consisted of 824 Churchmen, 79 Presbyterians, and 4,050 Roman Catholics ; a Protestant Sunday school bad on its books 71 boys and 69 girls; 2 Roman Catholic Sunday schools had 280 boys and 420 girls ; and 6 daily schools — 2 of which were salaried by the Ardagh Association, and 1 by the National Board — had on their books 286 boys and 163 girls. In 1840, the National Board granted £74 3s. 4d. toward the erection of a school at Castlebrock ; and had a school at Clord)roney, and a male school and a female school at Ballinalee.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 211

52. First cotton cloth woven in Ireland by M'Cracken ancestor

    near Belfast · city · Antrim

    The first piece of cotton cloth woven in Ireland was made by an ancestor of Mr. Francis M'Cracken of Belfast. This marked the origins of what was once a flourishing cotton manufacture in the town that had since grievously declined.

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    The cotton roanufiicture was at one time flourishing, but has grievously declined. The first piece of cotton cloth woven in Ireland, was made by an ancestor of Blr. Francis M'Cracken of Bettut^ us

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 173

53. Fishing rights of Lough Currane granted to Sir Robert Reading

    Lough Currane · lake or lakes · Kerry · 1660–1685

    All fishing rights on Lough Currane and the river Currane in Kerry are private property, granted with the lands of Currane during the reign of Charles II to Robert Reading, who was afterwards Sir Robert Reading.

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    lipH amidst very wild and bold scenery. The Cummar.i river [see Cl'MMara] flow^* into \U north-east corner : anil the l^opal rivulet, brinifin^; off the superfliKMit \vater.4 of the omall lake Copal, enters it on the southeast. Several i^leU variefpitc the l»oso[n of Louirh Ciirrane; and on the largcut of these, Ciilled Church Inland, are some ecclesiastical ruins and the remains of what i^ termed a Celtic tower. The river Currane, which carries off the superHuent WHter<i of the lake, has a run of only about balf-a-mile to Ballinskellif^s bay; and U stemmed by even a sprinf^-tide, over a di«taiH*e of not ntore than about I'H) yard*. The mountain torrent, called the Finglashn, flows into its south side, about half-way between the lake and the sea, and is sometimes greatly flooded. I<oui?h Currane is probably the ino-t attnctive of all Iri-ih lakes to the anf^ler; and the river has a salmon weir across the line al which the tiile and the fre^h water meet. All the rights of fishing are private property, and were granted, with the lands of Currane, in the reign of Charles II.. to Robert Reading, afterwards Sir Robert Reading.

    Cr RRENROE, a hamlet in the parish of Abbey, barony of Barren, co. Clare, Munster. It stands on the northern verge of the county and province, 6J mile-! north-west of Gort. Pop.,'in 1831, 92.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 237

54. Fitzgeralds seize Carlow castle, 1494

    Carlow · townland · Carlow · 1494–1537

    In 1494, the Fitzgeralds seized Carlow castle and held it until after the unsuccessful rebellion of Lord Thomas Fitzgerald. The castle and town had long been in the possession of the Kavanaghs and other native chiefs.

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    The Kavanaghs and other native chiefs paid little regard to the political arrangements of the English ; and seem to have early reacquired their consequence within the county, and to have obtained ascendeiicy over it, and long retained it with the town and castle in their possession. In 1494, the Fitzgeraldf seised the castle, and they held it till after the unsuccessful rebellion of Lord Thomas FiUgerald. In 1537, the Crown resumed possession of the lordship, and afterwards granted large estates in the county to the family of Butler. In 1567, Sir Peter Carew, the descendant of the former proprietors of Idrone, reacquired possession of the barony ; and he is celebrated for at once overawing and conciliating the Kavanaghs, inducing them to yield him uncontested authority, and exerting a benign influence on the social condition of the community. About 1580, a chief of the Kavanaghs was intrusted with both the seneschalship of the county, and the management of the Carew barony of Idrone; and he so abased the confidence reposed in him as to renounce allegiance, as>ert a right of sovereignty over all the territory which hail been ruled by Deroood MacMurrough, and levy forces for vindicating and establishing his claim. From 1590 till IGOl he remained constantly in arms, conducted a scourging system of predatory warfare, scoured the country as far as to the fastnesses of Wick low, and usually had 1,000 men or upwards of his own name under his command; and he was eventually reduced to submission by Sir Oliver Lambert. During the rebellion of I79B, tiie county was the theatre of several actions; and sus-

    tained—4:hiefly at Carlow, Bagnalstown, Leighlin- Bridge, and Borris — an amount of damage, for which the sum of £24,854 of compensation was claimed.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 188

55. Formation of the Grand Parade from a canal

    Grand Parade · street · Cork · 1780

    In 1780, a canal situated between Tuckey's quay and the Mall was formed into the present Grand Parade in Cork.

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    leading to them removed. In 1712-13, the wooden brid^it at the north and south enda of the city were pulled down, and nuperKeded by handsome stone erections. In 1719, Mr. E^iward Webber constructed the public wM. c&XXed the Mardyke, nearly an Eng. Iii>h mile in length, westward along a marnh to near the point where the Lee forks into two main-channels ; and, at its termination, he built a brick house, and enclosed a tea-garden, which became a favourite summer resort of tne citizens. Hammond's Marsh, which lay between the town and the commencement of this promenade, was also provided with public gardens, and had **a large and pleasant bowling-green, planted on its margin with trees kept regularly cut." In 17*2-5, the east marsh and DunscoinbeV .Marsh had become so extensively edificed and peopled as to be erected into the pansh of St. Paul*!*, and provided with a parochial place of worship. In 17 lo and 17*2B, gaols for the county at large, > and for the county of the citv, supplanted the old castles and gates which Btoo<l at tne ends of the miiin street, and had then become ruinous; but these gaols were incommodiou'* and ungraceful structures, as insecure as they were lumpibh, and they have necessarily been swept away in the progress of a maturing improvement. The various canals and ditches, which cut the site and immediate environs of the old town into a labyrinth of islets, were gradually arched over; and the roadways which superseded them combined with the embankments, and raised grounds upon periodically flooded marshes, to consolidate the whole tract between the two outer channels of the Lee into one island. In 1774, the canal which ran through the middle of the present Henry-street was arched; in 177B, the canal between Hammond's quay and the west side of the city walls was converted into a street which received the name of the celebrated Grattan ; in 1780, a canal between Tuckey's quay and the Mall, was formed into the present Grand Parade ; in 17B3, the canal between Long quay and Colville's quay became Patrick -street ; about the same time, the Potatoe quay dock, between the subsequent corn market and bridewell, was covered in ; in 1795. the canal called Fenn's quay, was converted into Nile-street; and soon after other canals were formed into Nelson's-place and the South Mall, — the latter the best street in Cork. Improvements, or rather exten&iions, were commenced aNo around the quondam villages of Old Cork and Blackpool; and these have so far and rapidly pushed series of street-lines along the extreme sides of the Lee, and up the adjacent slopes, as practically to have placed two large towns in juxtaposition with the renovated and extended river-girt city of the marshes.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

56. Formation of the South Mall from canals

    South Mall · street · Cork

    Soon after 1795, additional canals in Cork were converted into Nelson's-place and the South Mall, with the latter becoming the best street in the city.

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    leading to them removed. In 1712-13, the wooden brid^it at the north and south enda of the city were pulled down, and nuperKeded by handsome stone erections. In 1719, Mr. E^iward Webber constructed the public wM. c&XXed the Mardyke, nearly an Eng. Iii>h mile in length, westward along a marnh to near the point where the Lee forks into two main-channels ; and, at its termination, he built a brick house, and enclosed a tea-garden, which became a favourite summer resort of tne citizens. Hammond's Marsh, which lay between the town and the commencement of this promenade, was also provided with public gardens, and had **a large and pleasant bowling-green, planted on its margin with trees kept regularly cut." In 17*2-5, the east marsh and DunscoinbeV .Marsh had become so extensively edificed and peopled as to be erected into the pansh of St. Paul*!*, and provided with a parochial place of worship. In 17 lo and 17*2B, gaols for the county at large, > and for the county of the citv, supplanted the old castles and gates which Btoo<l at tne ends of the miiin street, and had then become ruinous; but these gaols were incommodiou'* and ungraceful structures, as insecure as they were lumpibh, and they have necessarily been swept away in the progress of a maturing improvement. The various canals and ditches, which cut the site and immediate environs of the old town into a labyrinth of islets, were gradually arched over; and the roadways which superseded them combined with the embankments, and raised grounds upon periodically flooded marshes, to consolidate the whole tract between the two outer channels of the Lee into one island. In 1774, the canal which ran through the middle of the present Henry-street was arched; in 177B, the canal between Hammond's quay and the west side of the city walls was converted into a street which received the name of the celebrated Grattan ; in 1780, a canal between Tuckey's quay and the Mall, was formed into the present Grand Parade ; in 17B3, the canal between Long quay and Colville's quay became Patrick -street ; about the same time, the Potatoe quay dock, between the subsequent corn market and bridewell, was covered in ; in 1795. the canal called Fenn's quay, was converted into Nile-street; and soon after other canals were formed into Nelson's-place and the South Mall, — the latter the best street in Cork. Improvements, or rather exten&iions, were commenced aNo around the quondam villages of Old Cork and Blackpool; and these have so far and rapidly pushed series of street-lines along the extreme sides of the Lee, and up the adjacent slopes, as practically to have placed two large towns in juxtaposition with the renovated and extended river-girt city of the marshes.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 234

57. Fortress and tower built after 1796 invasion at Bantry

    near Bantry Bay · bay · Cork · 1796–1830

    A fortress and tower were built at considerable expense on Bantry Bay following the 1796 French invasion attempt. Though they could not offer serious military resistance to future invaders, they added much to the picturesque beauty of the surrounding scenery.

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    BANTRY, a spacious and sublimely scenic bay in the baronies of Bere and Bantry, co. Cork, Munster. It penetrates the country ea«t-north-eastward ; and is separated from Dunmanus bay, on the right, by a peninsula of 2^ miles in mean breadth, — and from the Keumare rirer or estuary, on the left, by a peninsula of about 7^ miles in mean breadth. It enters between Sheep Head on the right, and Blackhall Head, or the most southerly termination of the Berehaven mountains, on the left ; and it is 8 miles wide at the entrance. Its length is 20 miles ; and its interior breadth varies between 2} and 8, and in general is upwards of 5. Its chief expansions or offshoots are Berehaven bay, commencing 3| miles from Blackhall Head ; Ardagh bay, commencing 2| miles from Berehaven bay ; the magnificently picturesque harbour or bay of Glengariff, penetrating northward from near the bead of the west side ; three small estuaries at the extreme east-north-east; and the small cove at the town of Bantry. The principd islands are Bere and Whiddy, the former covering Berehaven, and the latter lying off the town of Bantry ; and on the east side of \Vhiddy are four isles, called Chapel, Horse, Hog, and Rabbit Islands. The depth of water north of Bere islands is from 10 to 16 fathoms ; south of that island, from 30 to 40 ; eastward to Whiddy island, from 15 to 25; and in the roadstead for ships between Whiddy and the mainland, from 24 to 40, on good anchorage ground. Bere island acts as a breakwater, and keeps the surface of the interior calm, during the strong and prevalent south-west winds ; and so safe and capacious is the bay that nearly all the shipping of Europe could shelter in it in deep water. **In exploring the bay," says the author of the Guide to Killarney, **the informed tourist will find its interest heightened by many traditionary and historical recollections. He will hear or recollect, with a smile, the antiquarian dreams of the venerable visionary Keating, according to whom the antediluvian Beth landed here, and first took possession of the green isUnd, with three men and fifty women. Here, on a small island, his attention will oe directed to the site of a fortress belonging to that consummate statesman and leader, Carew, Lord- President of Munster in the days of Elizabeth. Here also he will recollect the descent of a French fleet in 1789,* under the command of Monsieur Perrault, which was only saved from the English fleet under Herbert by the unfavourable state of the wind, which did not permit more than a partial attack. And here also, last not least, he will recall the more formidable event of 1796, when this island was providentially rescued by a hurricane of unparalleled fury, from the most formidable fleet that ever left the shores of France, bearing a force which there was no preparation to repel. Connected with this recollection, strikingly conspicuous as a feature of the surrounding scenery, appear the fortress and tower built at considerable expense after this invasion. Of these the best that may be said is, that they add much to the picturesque beauty of the scene ; and although they cannot offer the slightest obstacle to future in-

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 164

58. Founding and enrichment of Clifden town

    Clifden · town · Galway

    John D'Arcy, the most extensive landowner of Connemara, constructed the town of Clifden and greatly enriched its environs within a very few years. This development also involved the reclamation of moorland desert into productive fields.

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    little promontory, to the castellated entrance of Clifden-castle, and to a view of that mansion's demesne, and of a far-away perspective of sea and mountain which thrills even a phlegmatic mind with delight. Soaring heights and expanding woods rise behind the mansion ; the castle looks boldly out from the centre, amidst shelter on the west, the north, and the east ; a fine bloping lawn in front, reaches down to the beautiful landlocked bay; and a diversified sea-board and coast-line on the west, form the foreground of a sea-view which dimly blends in the far distance with cloud and sky. An upper or mountain road from the town to the castle discloses the same objects in grouping with others replete with sublimity and force, and strongly reminds one of some select district among the northern spurs of the Alps. •* I was delighted," says Mr. Inglis, ** with the new views which the road discloses, — more Swiss in character than anything I had seen in Ireland. The mountain-range behind Clifden — the Twelve Pins of Binnabola — is almo<t worthy of Switzeiland. In its outline, nothing can be finer." The castle is a modern castellated edifice, remarkable chiefly for the magnificence of its site, and for the association of its name with a series of rapid and singular improvements, which include the conversion of a bog into the lawn of the demesne, the origination and prosperity of the town, and the reclamation from moorland desert to pro<luctive fields of a considerable portion of the surrounding country. John D'Arcy, Esq., the proprietor of the mansion, is the most extensive landowner of Cunnemara except Mr. Martin of Ballinahinch ; and he achieved, within a very few years, the construction of the town and the great enrichment of its environs.

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 207

59. Founding and rapid growth of Clifden town

    Clifden · town · Galway · 1812–1826

    The attempt to build Clifden began around 1812 with little success for ten years. By 1822 it had only one slated house and a few thatched cabins, but after harbour works were undertaken the town grew rapidly, acquiring import trade with Liverpool, herring curing, a brewery, distillery, grain-mills, and over 100 houses by the mid-1820s.

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    The attempt to build the town of Clif<ien, or rather to induce persons to become settlers and to build houses on its site, seems to have been commenced about the year 1812; but, during ten years, it was followed with exceedingly little success. In 1822, the village consisted of only one slated or twostory house and a few thatched cabins, and exhibited nothing but scenes of misery and despair ; and then a vigorous effort was made to raise its condition ; and the poor of the place were employed in building the harbour- works of part of Doobeg wall and m the upper quay. So rapidly did the nascent town now grow that, in 1824, it yielded a direct revenue of £3,000 m-year from its trade togovennnent ; and, in 1820, it had a direct import trade with Liverpool, — an incipient import timtMrr trade with America, — • tra<le in curing, storing, and exporting herrings, — • regular market for grain, a brewery, a distillery, and grain-mills, — about 30 shops, the owners of several of which had risen, in the space of 3 ^ears, from a property of less than £50^ to one ot from £500 to £1,000, — and upwards of 100 tolerable house*, mostly of two stories, and roofed with Bangor slatet. A curious fact is, that, in so speedily working the town into this condition, as well as in promoting ita subsequent prosperity, Mr. D*Arcy, its proprietor, did not incur the cost of a shill'ing. He simply ** pointed out the advantages which would accrue to this remote neighlK>urhoo<l from having a town and A sea-port so situated ; and he offered leases for ever of a plot of ground for building, together with 4 acres of mountain-land, at but a short distance from the proposed site of the town, at 25s. per acre. This offer was most advantageous, even leaving out of account the benefit which would necessarily be conferred by a town on a district where the common necessaries of life had to be purrhaocd 30 miles distant ; and where there was no market and no meant of export for agricultural produce : and so the town of Clifden was founded and grew." The town i»

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    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 207

60. Founding of the see of Cashel

    Cashel · town · Tipperary · 900–1152

    The see of Cashel claims to have been founded at the beginning of the 10th century and erected into an archbishopric in 1152. The diocese covered much of Tipperary with small portions in Limerick and Kilkenny.

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    7V<r Diocese.'] — The see of Cashel claims to have been founded — some special pleaders say, restored — at the beginning of the 10th century, and to have Inen erected into an archbishopric in 1152. The see of Emly, which also advances some claim to have been an archbishopric, was united to it by act of parliiunent in the 11th year of the reign of Elizabeth ; and the sees of Waterford and Lismore, forming at that time an united diocese, were united to the-e by the recent Church Temporalities Act. See Kmi.v. Waterford, and Likmore. — Thedioceseof Cit^hel includes small pendicles on the western border of the county of Kilkenny and the eastern border of the county of Limerick; but, with the execptiori of these, it all lies in the county of Tipperary, comprehends mo*t of the central division, and upwards of half of the southern division of that eouiity, but is excluded from the northern division by the diocese of Killaloe, and from the south-westtrn division by the diocese of Emly. Dr. Beaufort states its length and breadth at respectively 28 and 'J.? niib's ; it's area, in Tipperary, at 276,550 acres ; it< area, in Limerick and Kilkenny, at respectively 850 and ('»i O acres ; and its parishes at 90 in Tipperary, one in Limerick, and part of one in Kilkenny. The Ecclesia-fical Commissioners state its length and breadth

    Internet Archive parliamentaryga00unkngoog, Chapter 202